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Liu Y, Meng Y, Zhang J, Gu L, Shen S, Zhu Y, Wang J. Pharmacology Progresses and Applications of Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6777-6809. [PMID: 38983131 PMCID: PMC11232884 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s458910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine is a common antimalarial drug and is listed in the World Health Organization Standard List of Essential Medicines because of its safety, low cost and ease of use. Besides its antimalarial property, chloroquine also was used in anti-inflammatory and antivirus, especially in antitumor therapy. A mount of data showed that chloroquine mainly relied on autophagy inhibition to exert its antitumor effects. However, recently, more and more researches have revealed that chloroquine acts through other mechanisms that are autophagy-independent. Nevertheless, the current reviews lacked a comprehensive summary of the antitumor mechanism and combined pharmacotherapy of chloroquine. So here we focused on the antitumor properties of chloroquine, summarized the pharmacological mechanisms of antitumor progression of chloroquine dependent or independent of autophagy inhibition. Moreover, we also discussed the side effects and possible application developments of chloroquine. This review provided a more systematic and cutting-edge knowledge involved in the anti-tumor mechanisms and combined pharmacotherapy of chloroquine in hope of carrying out more in-depth exploration of chloroquine and obtaining more clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
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Chueh KS, Lu JH, Juan TJ, Chuang SM, Juan YS. The Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Application of Autophagy for Urological Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14887. [PMID: 37834333 PMCID: PMC10573233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process known as autophagic flux, involving the engulfment of damaged proteins and organelles by double-membrane autophagosomes. It comprises microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy. Macroautophagy consists of three stages: induction, autophagosome formation, and autolysosome formation. Atg8-family proteins are valuable for tracking autophagic structures and have been widely utilized for monitoring autophagy. The conversion of LC3 to its lipidated form, LC3-II, served as an indicator of autophagy. Autophagy is implicated in human pathophysiology, such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and immune disorders. Moreover, autophagy impacts urological diseases, such as interstitial cystitis /bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC), chemotherapy-induced cystitis (CIC), radiation cystitis (RC), erectile dysfunction (ED), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer. Autophagy plays a dual role in the management of urologic diseases, and the identification of potential biomarkers associated with autophagy is a crucial step towards a deeper understanding of its role in these diseases. Methods for monitoring autophagy include TEM, Western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and genetic tools. Autophagosome and autolysosome structures are discerned via TEM. Western blot, immunofluorescence, northern blot, and RT-PCR assess protein/mRNA levels. Luciferase assay tracks flux; GFP-LC3 transgenic mice aid study. Knockdown methods (miRNA and RNAi) offer insights. This article extensively examines autophagy's molecular mechanism, pharmacological regulation, and therapeutic application involvement in urological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Shun Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds (CAFEC), General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Jui Juan
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mien Chuang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Mu N, Wang Y, Li X, Du Z, Wu Y, Su M, Wang Y, Sun X, Su L, Liu X. Crotonylated BEX2 interacts with NDP52 and enhances mitophagy to modulate chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:645. [PMID: 37777549 PMCID: PMC10542755 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain expressed X-linked gene 2 (BEX2) encoded protein was originally identified to promote transcription by interacting with several transcription factors in the DNA-binding complexes. Recently, BEX2 was found to be localized in cytosol and/or mitochondria and regulate apoptosis in cancer cells and tumor growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its roles in cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we report that crotonylated BEX2 plays an important role in inhibiting chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis via enhancing mitophagy in human lung cancer cells. BEX2 promotes mitophagy by facilitating interaction between NDP52 and LC3B. Moreover, BEX2 crotonylation at K59 is critical in the BEX2-mediated mitophagy in lung cancer cells. The K59R mutation of BEX2 inhibits mitophagy by affecting the interaction of NDP52 and LC3B. BEX2 expression is elevated after anticancer drug treatment, and its overexpression inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. In addition, inhibition of BEX2-regulated mitophagy sensitizes tumor cells to apoptosis. Furthermore, BEX2 promotes tumor growth and inhibits apoptosis by regulating mitophagy in vivo. We also confirm that BEX2 is overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma and is associated with poor prognosis in lymph node metastasis-free cancer. Therefore, combination treatment with pharmaceutical approaches targeting BEX2-induced mitophagy and anticancer drugs may represent a potential strategy for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyuan Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingdi Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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Kolahdouzmohammadi M, Pahlavan S, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Tahamtani Y, Totonchi M. Activation of AMPK promotes cardiac differentiation by stimulating the autophagy pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:939-955. [PMID: 37040028 PMCID: PMC10409960 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a critical catabolic process for cell survival against different types of stress, has a role in the differentiation of various cells, such as cardiomyocytes. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy-sensing protein kinase involved in the regulation of autophagy. In addition to its direct role in regulating autophagy, AMPK can also influence other cellular processes by regulating mitochondrial function, posttranslational acetylation, cardiomyocyte metabolism, mitochondrial autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. As AMPK is involved in the control of various cellular processes, it can influence the health and survival of cardiomyocytes. This study investigated the effects of an AMPK inducer (Metformin) and an autophagy inhibitor (Hydroxychloroquine) on the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs). The results showed that autophagy was upregulated during cardiac differentiation. Furthermore, AMPK activation increased the expression of CM-specific markers in hPSC-CMs. Additionally, autophagy inhibition impaired cardiomyocyte differentiation by targeting autophagosome-lysosome fusion. These results indicate the significance of autophagy in cardiomyocyte differentiation. In conclusion, AMPK might be a promising target for the regulation of cardiomyocyte generation by in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Pahlavan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang H, Shi Y, Ma D, Cao M, Sun Y, Jiang X, Xu Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Shi Y, Wang K. Cinchonine exerts anti-tumor and immunotherapy sensitizing effects in lung cancer by impairing autophagic-lysosomal degradation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114980. [PMID: 37301135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are several treatments approaches available for lung cancer; however, patients who develop drug resistance or have poor survival rates urgently require new therapeutic strategies for lung cancer. In autophagy, damaged proteins or organelles are enclosed within autophagic vesicles with a bilayer membrane structure and transported to the lysosomes for degradation and recirculation. Autophagy is a crucial pathway involved in the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damaged mitochondria. Meanwhile, inhibiting autophagy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, we found for the first time that Cinchonine (Cin) can act as an autophagy suppressor and exert anti-tumor effects. Cin significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells in vitro and the tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, without obvious toxic effects. We found that Cin suppressed the autophagic process by blocking autophagosome degradation through the inhibition of the maturation of lysosomal hydrolases. Cin-mediated autophagy inhibition resulted in the elevated ROS level and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which in turn promoted apoptosis. N-acetylcysteine, a potential ROS scavenger, significantly suppressed Cin-induced apoptosis. Additionally, Cin upregulated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in lung cancer cells by inhibiting autophagy. Compared with monotherapy and control group, the combined administration of anti-PD-L1 antibody and Cin significantly reduced tumor growth. These results suggest that Cin exerts anti-tumor effects by inhibiting autophagy, and that the combination of Cin and PD-L1 blockade has synergistic anti-tumor effects. The data demonstrates the significant clinical potential of Cin in lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Dannv Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqing Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Yuchao Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Xinyuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Yongfang Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Yueli Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China.
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Waickman AT, Newell K, Endy TP, Thomas SJ. Biologics for dengue prevention: up-to-date. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:73-87. [PMID: 36417290 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2151837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is a worsening global public health problem. The vector-viral-host interactions driving the pathogenesis of dengue are multi-dimensional. Sequential dengue virus (DENV) infections with different DENV types significantly increase the risk of severe disease. Treatment is supportive in nature as there are no licensed anti-DENV antivirals or immuno-therapeutics. A single dengue vaccine has widely been licensed with two others in advanced clinical development. Dengvaxia® has been licensed in numerous countries but uptake has been slow as a result of safety signals noted in the youngest recipients and those who were dengue naïve at the time of vaccination. AREAS COVERED In this review, the current state of dengue vaccine and antiviral drug development will be discussed as well as new developments in controlled human infection models to support product development. EXPERT OPINION The world needs a safe and efficacious tetravalent dengue vaccine capable of protecting multiple different populations across a broad age range and different flavivirus immunologic backgrounds. Safe and effective antivirals are also needed to prevent or attenuate dengue disease in the unvaccinated, in cases of vaccine failure, or in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Krista Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
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Zhang Z, Chen WQ, Zhang SQ, Bai JX, Liu B, Yung KKL, Ko JKS. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits pancreatic cancer progression through blockade of p38 MAPK-regulated autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154406. [PMID: 36029643 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer has been characterized by poor prognosis, early metastasis and dissatisfactory treatment outcome. The high basal level of autophagy in tumor cells leads to chemoresistance and tumor progression. Thus, it is imminent to explore novel effective chemotherapeutic adjuvants to increase patients' survival rate. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a bioactive flavonoid obtained from the Traditional Chinese herbal medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra, and it possesses a broad range of pharmacological effects. In this study, the anti-cancer effect of ISL in pancreatic cancer treatment and the underlying mechanism are investigated. METHODS MTT assay, colony formation and EdU analysis were performed to explore the growth inhibition of ISL on pancreatic cancer cells. Apoptosis were analyzed using TUNEL and flow cytometry. The formations of autophagosomes were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. RFP-GFP-LC3B probe was applied to detect the autophagy flux. To assess the structural interaction of ISL with p38 protein, molecular docking assays were performed. The molecular mechanism was elucidated by using western immunoblotting. Subsequently, the inhibition of ISL on tumor growth was determined in vivo using pancreatic tumor mice model. RESULTS ISL inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo. ISL caused accumulation of autophagosome through blockade of late stage autophagic flux. Moreover, autophagy inducer rapamycin enhanced ISL-evoked cell growth inhibition and promoted apoptosis, while inhibition of autophagosome formation by siAtg5 attenuated ISL-induced apoptosis. It is remarkable that ISL synergistically sensitized the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil on pancreatic cancer cells as both drugs induced autophagy. Molecular docking analysis has indicated that ISL acted by direct targeting of p38 MAPK, which was confirmed by ISL-induced phosphorylation of p38. The autophagy flux induced by p38 inhibitor SB203580 was blocked by ISL, with further increasing toxicity of ISL in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSION The results have revealed that ISL inhibited pancreatic cancer progression by blockade of autophagy through p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen-Qing Chen
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shi-Qing Zhang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Bai
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ken Kin-Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Joshua Ka-Shun Ko
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Li B, Cao Q, Liu Z. The treatment effects of Trametes Robiniophila Murr against colorectal cancer: A mini-review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:981516. [PMID: 35991644 PMCID: PMC9381862 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.981516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide disease threatening people's lives. Surgery and chemotherapy are still the main methods for CRC treatment. However, the side effects and chemotherapeutic drug resistance restrict the application of chemotherapy. Trametes Robiniophila Murr, also known as Huaier, is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for more than 1,600 years. Huaier extracts have promising anti-cancer effects on hepatoma, breast cancer, and gastric cancer. Nowadays, the tumor inhibition of Huaier on CRC has attracted more and more attention. This review mainly provides the possible anti-tumor mechanisms of Huaier for CRC treatment in apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation of tumor cells, preventing epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), weakening proliferation and differentiation of CRC stem cells, decreasing the vessel density in tumor tissues, and enhancing the immune system and chemotherapeutic efficacy. Huaier extract may be a good candidate for CRC treatment, especially when combined with other chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Education, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zhuo Liu
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Zhang Z, Chen WQ, Zhang SQ, Bai JX, Lau CL, Sze SCW, Yung KKL, Ko JKS. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 inhibits pancreatic cancer growth by suppressing autophagy and reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906625. [PMID: 35935871 PMCID: PMC9355328 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is amongst the most lethal malignancies, while its poor prognosis could be associated with promotion of autophagy and the tumor immune microenvironment. Studies have confirmed the pro-tumorigenic nature of the cathelicidin family of peptide LL-37 in several types of cancer. However, at higher doses, LL-37 exerts significant cytotoxicity against gastrointestinal cancer cells. In our study, we investigated the anti-tumorigenic potential of LL-37 in pancreatic cancer and the underlying mechanisms. Our results have shown that LL-37 inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that LL-37 induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further study indicates that LL-37 suppressed autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells through activation of mTOR signaling, leading to more accumulation of ROS production and induction of mitochondrial dysfunctions. With combined treatment of LL-37 with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, LL-37-induced ROS production and cancer cell growth inhibition were attenuated. Subsequent in vivo study has shown that LL-37 downregulated the immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2 macrophages while upregulated the anti-cancer effectors CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. By using an in vitro co-culture system, it was shown that promotion of M2 macrophage polarization would be suppressed by LL-37 with inhibition of autophagy, which possessed significant negative impact on cancer growth. Taken together, our findings implicate that LL-37 could attenuate the development of pancreatic cancer by suppressing autophagy and reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen-Qing Chen
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shi-Qing Zhang
- Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Bai
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ching-Lam Lau
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Cho-Wing Sze
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ken Kin-Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Ken Kin-Lam Yung, ; Joshua Ka-Shun Ko,
| | - Joshua Ka-Shun Ko
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Ken Kin-Lam Yung, ; Joshua Ka-Shun Ko,
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10
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Zhang Z, Yung KKL, Ko JKS. Therapeutic Intervention in Cancer by Isoliquiritigenin from Licorice: A Natural Antioxidant and Redox Regulator. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071349. [PMID: 35883840 PMCID: PMC9311861 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress could lead to a variety of body dysfunctions, including neurodegeneration and cancer, which are closely associated with intracellular signal transducers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been suggested that ROS is the upstream regulator of autophagy, and that it provides a negative feedback regulation to remove oxidative damage. Defects in the ROS-autophagic redox homeostasis could lead to the increased production of ROS and the accumulation of damaged organelles that in turn promote metabolic reprogramming and induce tumorigenesis. One significant characteristic of pancreatic cancer is the reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism, which facilitates the rapid growth, invasiveness, and the survival of cancer cells. Thus, the rectification of metabolic dysfunction is essential in therapeutic cancer targeting. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a chalcone obtained from the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, which is a powdered root licorice that has been consumed for centuries in different regions of the world. ISL is known to be a natural antioxidant that possesses diversified functions, including redox regulation in cells. This review contains discussions on the herbal source, biological properties, and anticancer potential of ISL. This is the first time that the anticancer activities of ISL in pancreatic cancer has been elucidated, with a coverage of the involvement of antioxidation, metabolic redox regulation, and autophagy in pancreatic cancer development. Furthermore, some remarks on related compounds of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway of ISL will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Golden Meditech Centre for Neuroregeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Kin-Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Golden Meditech Centre for Neuroregeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (K.K.-L.Y.); (J.K.-S.K.); Tel.: +852-3411-7060 (K.K.-L.Y.); +852-3411-2461 (J.K.-S.K.)
| | - Joshua Ka-Shun Ko
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (K.K.-L.Y.); (J.K.-S.K.); Tel.: +852-3411-7060 (K.K.-L.Y.); +852-3411-2461 (J.K.-S.K.)
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11
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Zhang S, Dong Y, Chen X, Tan CSH, Li M, Miao K, Lu JH. Toosendanin, a late-stage autophagy inhibitor, sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer to irinotecan chemotherapy. Chin Med 2022; 17:55. [PMID: 35524271 PMCID: PMC9074333 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer that develops resistance to chemotherapy frequently. Autophagy has been reported as a pro-survival response to chemotherapeutic drugs in TNBC, and suppression of autophagy can be a strategy to overcome drug resistance. Methods The efficacy of toosendanin (TSN) in blocking autophagy flux was measured by western blot analysis of autophagy markers, and the fluorescent imaging of RFP-GFP-LC3 probe. The co-localization of autophagosomes and lysosomes was analyzed by fluorescent imaging. Then, lysosome function was determined by measuring the lysosomal pH value and the activity of lysosomal hydrolytic proteases. For in vitro study, human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cell lines were used for evaluating the anti-proliferative effect. For in vivo study, the RFP-GFP-LC3 MDA-MB-231 xenograft nude mice received intraperitoneal injection of irinotecan (10 mg/kg), TSN (0.5 mg/kg) or a combination, and the autophagy activity and cell apoptosis were determined in tumor tissue. The degree of pathological injury of tissue was evaluated by liver index. Results The natural autophagy inhibitor TSN, a triterpenoid extracted from Melia toosenda Sieb. et Zucc, potently inhibited late-stage autophagy in TNBC cells. This effect was achieved via elevating lysosome pH rather than blocking the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. We further investigated the effects of TSN on the in vitro and in vivo TNBC models, in combination with chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan (or its active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin), a topoisomerase I inhibitor showing therapeutic potential for TNBC. The data showed that TSN blocked 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38)/irinotecan-induced protective autophagy, and significantly induced apoptosis in TNBC cells and tumor xenograft models when compared to SN-38/irinotecan alone group. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00605-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chris Soon Heng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Miao
- MOE Frontier Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
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12
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Targeting Drug Chemo-Resistance in Cancer Using Natural Products. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101353. [PMID: 34680470 PMCID: PMC8533186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
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13
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Liu H, Wei J, Sang N, Zhong X, Zhou X, Yang X, Zhang J, Zuo Z, Zhou Y, Yang S, Du J, Zhao Y. The novel LSD1 inhibitor ZY0511 suppresses diffuse large B-cell lymphoma proliferation by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Med Oncol 2021; 38:124. [PMID: 34491469 PMCID: PMC8423655 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A) is an attractive agent for treatment of cancer. However, the anti-tumor effect of LSD1 inhibitors against diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. Here, we report that KDM1A is overexpressed in human DLBCL tissues and negatively related to overall survival rate of DLBCL patients. ZY0511, a novel and potent LSD1 inhibitor developed by our group, inhibited the proliferation of human DLBCL cells. ZY0511 interacted with LSD1, induced methylation level of histone 3 lysine 4 and histone 3 lysine 9 in DLBCL cells. Mechanistically, transcriptome sequencing results indicated that ZY0511 induced the genes enrichment significantly related to cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis signaling pathways. Further study confirmed that ZY0511 blocked cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and expression of CDK4 and cyclin D1. ZY0511 decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and induced apoptosis, which can be reverted by a pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK. Moreover, ZY0511 treatment significantly increased autophagy-associated marker proteins and autophagosomes formation in DLBCL cells. In vivo xenograft experiments confirmed that intraperitoneal administration of ZY0511 significantly suppressed SU-DHL-6 xenograft tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, our findings identify that ZY0511 inhibits DLBCL growth both in vitro and in vivo via the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and LSD1 inhibitor might be a promising strategy for treating DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xi Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zeping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junrong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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14
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Apilan AG, Mothersill C. Targeted and Non-Targeted Mechanisms for Killing Hypoxic Tumour Cells-Are There New Avenues for Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168651. [PMID: 34445354 PMCID: PMC8395506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A major issue in radiotherapy is the relative resistance of hypoxic cells to radiation. Historic approaches to this problem include the use of oxygen mimetic compounds to sensitize tumour cells, which were unsuccessful. This review looks at modern approaches aimed at increasing the efficacy of targeting and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissues and asks the question of whether non-targeted effects in radiobiology may provide a new “target”. Novel techniques involve the integration of recent technological advancements such as nanotechnology, cell manipulation, and medical imaging. Particularly, the major areas of research discussed in this review include tumour hypoxia imaging through PET imaging to guide carbogen breathing, gold nanoparticles, macrophage-mediated drug delivery systems used for hypoxia-activate prodrugs, and autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, this review outlines several features of these methods, including the mechanisms of action to induce radiosensitization, the increased accuracy in targeting hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue, preclinical/clinical trials, and future considerations. Conclusions: This review suggests that the four novel tumour hypoxia therapeutics demonstrate compelling evidence that these techniques can serve as powerful tools to increase targeting efficacy and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue. Each technique uses a different way to manipulate the therapeutic ratio, which we have labelled “oxygenate, target, use, and digest”. In addition, by focusing on emerging non-targeted and out-of-field effects, new umbrella targets are identified, which instead of sensitizing hypoxic cells, seek to reduce the radiosensitivity of normal tissues.
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15
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Liu G, Lai D, Jiang Y, Yang H, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Liu D, Pang Y. Demethylzeylasteral Exerts Antitumor Effects via Disruptive Autophagic Flux and Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells and Increases Cell Chemosensitivity to 5-Fluorouracil. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:851-863. [PMID: 34102996 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demethylzeylasteral (ZST93), a pharmacologically active triterpenoid monomer extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF), has been reported to exert antineoplastic effects in several cancer cell types. However, the anti-tumour effects of ZST93 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antitumor effects of ZST93 on cell cycle arrest, disruptive autophagic flux, apoptotic cell death, and enhanced chemosensitivity to 5-FU in humans CRC cells. METHODS The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, and autophagy analysis were used to evaluate the effects of ZST93 on cell viability, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and autophagy in two human CRC cell lines. Moreover, ZST93's combined anti-tumour effects with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were evaluated. RESULTS ZST93 inhibited CRC cell proliferation and growth. It was responsible for blocked cell cycle transition by arresting CRC cells in the G0/G1 phase via down-regulation of CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1, and c-MYC. Moreover, ZST93 induced suppressive autophagic flux and caspase-3-dependent cell death, which were further strengthened by the blocking of the autophagy process using chloroquine (CQ). Moreover, ZST93 enhanced CRC cells' chemosensitivity to 5-FU via modulation of autophagy and apoptosis. CONCLUSION ZST93 exerts anti-tumour effects via disruptive autophagic flux and apoptotic cell death in human CRC cells and increases cell chemosensitivity to 5-FU. These results provide insights into the utilisation of ZST93 as an adjuvant or direct autophagy inhibitor and suggest ZST93 as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Dengxiang Lai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjing Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Antitumor Natural Drugs, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Antitumor Natural Drugs, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Antitumor Natural Drugs, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Pang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Antitumor Natural Drugs, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
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16
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Role of Hypoxia-Mediated Autophagy in Tumor Cell Death and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030533. [PMID: 33573362 PMCID: PMC7866864 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death or type I apoptosis has been extensively studied and its contribution to the pathogenesis of disease is well established. However, autophagy functions together with apoptosis to determine the overall fate of the cell. The cross talk between this active self-destruction process and apoptosis is quite complex and contradictory as well, but it is unquestionably decisive for cell survival or cell death. Autophagy can promote tumor suppression but also tumor growth by inducing cancer-cell development and proliferation. In this review, we will discuss how autophagy reprograms tumor cells in the context of tumor hypoxic stress. We will illustrate how autophagy acts as both a suppressor and a driver of tumorigenesis through tuning survival in a context dependent manner. We also shed light on the relationship between autophagy and immune response in this complex regulation. A better understanding of the autophagy mechanisms and pathways will undoubtedly ameliorate the design of therapeutics aimed at targeting autophagy for future cancer immunotherapies.
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17
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Endy TP, Keiser PB, Cibula D, Abbott M, Ware L, Thomas SJ, Polhemus ME. Effect of Antimalarial Drugs on the Immune Response to Intramuscular Rabies Vaccination Using a Postexposure Prophylaxis Regimen. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:927-933. [PMID: 31743394 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine can impair the immune responses to intradermal rabies vaccination. Current guidelines recommend an extra intramuscular dose be given for postexposure prophylaxis in previously unvaccinated persons taking any antimalarial drug. METHODS We conducted a randomized, open-label, single-site study in 103 previously unvaccinated healthy adults age ≥18 to ≤60 years old to evaluate the effects of chloroquine, atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone), and doxycycline on the antibody response to a purified chick embryo cell vaccine, given on a postexposure prophylaxis schedule. All treatment groups received antimalarials 14 days prior to and during vaccination. RESULTS All subjects achieved accepted neutralizing antibody titers of ≥0.5 IU/mL following the second rabies vaccination dose and maintained this protection through the duration of the study. We observed a reduction in rabies antibody geometric mean titer in the chloroquine versus control groups 28 days after vaccination: 2.3 versus 6.87 IU/mL, respectively (P < .001, t test). A significant difference was not observed for those taking Malarone or doxycycline. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that there is no reduction of rabies antibody response in subjects taking Malarone or doxycycline, but a significant reduction in those taking chloroquine; however, accepted antibody levels were achieved for all 3 antimalarials. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02564471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Endy
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Paul B Keiser
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Don Cibula
- Department of Public Health, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mark Abbott
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Ware
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mark E Polhemus
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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18
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Sharma P, Dando I, Strippoli R, Kumar S, Somoza A, Cordani M, Tafani M. Nanomaterials for Autophagy-Related miRNA-34a Delivery in Cancer Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1141. [PMID: 32792960 PMCID: PMC7393066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved physiological process with a fundamental role during development, differentiation, and survival of eukaryotic cells. On the other hand, autophagy dysregulation is observed in many pathological conditions, including cancer. In particular, tumor growth and progression are accompanied and promoted by increased autophagy that allows cancer cells to escape apoptosis and to proliferate also in harsh microenvironments. It is, therefore, clear that the impairment of the autophagic process may represent a valid strategy to inhibit or reduce cancer growth and progression. Among the plethora of molecular players controlling cancer growth, a group of small endogenous noncoding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) has recently emerged. In fact, miRNAs can act as either oncogenes or oncosuppressors depending on their target genes. Moreover, among miRNAs, miRNA-34a has been connected with both tumor repression and autophagy regulation, and its expression is frequently lost in many cancers. Therefore, enforced expression of miRNA-34a in cancer cells may represent a valid strategy to reduce cancer growth. However, such strategy is limited by the fast biodegradation and short half-life of miRNA-34a and by the lack of an efficient intracellular delivery system. The following review describes the autophagic process and its role in cancer as well as the role of miRNAs in general and miRNA-34a in particular in regulating tumor growth by modulating autophagy. Finally, we describe the use of nanoparticles as a promising strategy to selectively deliver miRNA-34a to tumor cells for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ilaria Dando
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | | | - Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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DeVorkin L, Pavey N, Carleton G, Comber A, Ho C, Lim J, McNamara E, Huang H, Kim P, Zacharias LG, Mizushima N, Saitoh T, Akira S, Beckham W, Lorzadeh A, Moksa M, Cao Q, Murthy A, Hirst M, DeBerardinis RJ, Lum JJ. Autophagy Regulation of Metabolism Is Required for CD8 + T Cell Anti-tumor Immunity. Cell Rep 2020; 27:502-513.e5. [PMID: 30970253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell survival process essential for the regulation of immune responses to infections. However, the role of T cell autophagy in anti-tumor immunity is less clear. Here, we demonstrate a cell-autonomous role for autophagy in the regulation of CD8+ T-cell-mediated control of tumors. Mice deficient for the essential autophagy genes Atg5, Atg14, or Atg16L1 display a dramatic impairment in the growth of syngeneic tumors. Moreover, T cells lacking Atg5 have a profound shift to an effector memory phenotype and produce greater amounts of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Mechanistically, Atg5-/- CD8+ T cells exhibit enhanced glucose metabolism that results in alterations in histone methylation, increases in H3K4me3 density, and transcriptional upregulation of both metabolic and effector target genes. Nonetheless, glucose restriction is sufficient to suppress Atg5-dependent increases in effector function. Thus, autophagy-dependent changes in CD8+ T cell metabolism directly regulate anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay DeVorkin
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Nils Pavey
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Gillian Carleton
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Comber
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Cally Ho
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin McNamara
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Haochu Huang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Kim
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lauren G Zacharias
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wayne Beckham
- BC Cancer-Vancouver Island Centre, Medical Physics, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Alireza Lorzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Science Center, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julian J Lum
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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20
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Liu T, Zhang J, Li K, Deng L, Wang H. Combination of an Autophagy Inducer and an Autophagy Inhibitor: A Smarter Strategy Emerging in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:408. [PMID: 32322202 PMCID: PMC7156970 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is considered a cytoprotective function in cancer therapy under certain conditions and is a drug resistance mechanism that represents a clinical obstacle to successful cancer treatment and leads to poor prognosis in cancer patients. Because certain clinical drugs and agents in development have cytoprotective autophagy effects, targeting autophagic pathways has emerged as a potential smarter strategy for cancer therapy. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that autophagy inhibition augments the efficacy of anticancer agents in various cancers. Autophagy inhibitors, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have already been clinically approved, promoting drug combination treatment by targeting autophagic pathways as a means of discovering and developing more novel and more effective cancer therapeutic approaches. We summarize current studies that focus on the antitumor efficiency of agents that induce cytoprotective autophagy combined with autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss the challenge and development of targeting cytoprotective autophagy as a cancer therapeutic approach in clinical application. Thus, we need to facilitate the exploitation of appropriate autophagy inhibitors and coadministration delivery system to cooperate with anticancer drugs. This review aims to note optimal combination strategies by modulating autophagy for therapeutic advantage to overcome drug resistance and enhance the effect of antitumor therapies on cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangdi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingnan Deng
- Department of Digestion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University TCM, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Abstract
Autophagy is a self-eating catabolic pathway that contributes to liver homeostasis through its role in energy balance and in the quality control of the cytoplasm, by removing misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and lipid droplets. Autophagy not only regulates hepatocyte functions but also impacts on non-parenchymal cells, such as endothelial cells, macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. Deregulation of autophagy has been linked to many liver diseases and its modulation is now recognized as a potential new therapeutic strategy. Indeed, enhancing autophagy may prevent the progression of a number of liver diseases, including storage disorders (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease), acute liver injury, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic alcohol-related liver disease. Nevertheless, in some situations such as fibrosis, targeting specific liver cells must be considered, as autophagy displays opposing functions depending on the cell type. In addition, an optimal therapeutic time-window should be identified, since autophagy might be beneficial in the initial stages of disease, but detrimental at more advanced stages, as in the case of hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, identifying biomarkers of autophagy and methods to monitor autophagic flux in vivo are important steps for the future development of personalized autophagy-targeting strategies. In this review, we provide an update on the regulatory role of autophagy in various aspects of liver pathophysiology, describing the different strategies to manipulate autophagy and discussing the potential to modulate autophagy as a therapeutic strategy in the context of liver diseases.
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22
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Liang N, He Q, Liu X, Sun H. Multifaceted roles of ATM in autophagy: From nonselective autophagy to selective autophagy. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:177-184. [PMID: 30847960 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is best known for its critical nuclear roles in the DNA damage response (DDR), cell cycle checkpoints, and the maintenance of gene stability. In this review, we highlight the multifaceted cytoplasmic functions of ATM in autophagy. We focused on the functions of ATM in nonselective autophagy in cancer. An Oncomine database analysis showed a tight association between ATM and autophagy in various cancers. In particular, its mechanisms in nonselective autophagy, those induced by ionizing radiation (IR), are illustrated in detail and involve the MAPK14 pathway, mTOR pathway, and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes. Recently, an increasing number of studies revealed that autophagy could also be highly selective. We additionally emphasized the novel roles of ATM in selective autophagy, including mitophagy, pexophagy, and lipophagy. The regulation of these processes mainly involves ATM-PEX5, ATM-AMPK-TSC2-mTORC1-ULK1, PPM1D-ATM-MTOR, PINK I/Parkin, and NAD+/SIRT1. We aimed to provide new perspectives on the importance of ATM in the diverse field of autophagy. The intricate regulation of ATM in autophagy still requires further investigation, which would enhance our understanding of its role in cell dynamics and homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Our review highlighted the multifaceted cytoplasmic functions of ATM on autophagy. First, we focused on the functions of ATM in nonselective autophagy within cancer especially those induced by IR, involving the MAPK14 pathway, mTOR pathway, and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes. These provided a theoretical understanding of tumour radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity. In addition, we emphasized the novel roles of ATM in selective autophagy, including mitophagy, pexophagy, and lipophagy. This review provides new perspectives on the importance of ATM in the diverse field of autophagy, which would provide more information on its role in whole cell dynamics and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qiao He
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
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23
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Arshad F, Khan MF, Akhtar W, Alam MM, Nainwal LM, Kaushik SK, Akhter M, Parvez S, Hasan SM, Shaquiquzzaman M. Revealing quinquennial anticancer journey of morpholine: A SAR based review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:324-356. [PMID: 30776694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morpholine, a six-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen and one oxygen atom, is a moiety of great significance. It forms an important intermediate in many industrial and organic syntheses. Morpholine containing drugs are of high therapeutic value. Its wide array of pharmacological activity includes anti-diabetic, anti-emetic, growth stimulant, anti-depressant, bronchodilator and anticancer. Multi-drug resistance in cancer cases have emerged in the last few years and have led to the failure of many chemotherapeutic drugs. Newer treatment methods and drugs are being developed to overcome this problem. Target based drug discovery is an effective method to develop novel anticancer drugs. To develop newer drugs, previously reported work needs to be studied. Keeping this in mind, last five year's literature on morpholine used as anticancer agents has been reviewed and summarized in the paper herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Arshad
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Lalit Mohan Nainwal
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Kaushik
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | | | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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24
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Zheng K, He Z, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Selective Autophagy Regulates Cell Cycle in Cancer Therapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:104-125. [PMID: 30662557 PMCID: PMC6332805 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant function of cell cycle regulators results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, making them attractive therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Indeed, survival of many cancers exclusively relies on these proteins, and several specific inhibitors are in clinical use. Although the ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for the periodic quality control of cell cycle proteins during cell cycle progression, increasing evidence clearly demonstrates the intimate interaction between cell cycle regulation and selective autophagy, important homeostasis maintenance machinery. However, these studies have often led to divergent rather than unifying explanations due to complexity of the autophagy signaling network, the inconsistent functions between general autophagy and selective autophagy, and the different characteristics of autophagic substrates. In this review, we highlight current data illustrating the contradictory and important role of cell cycle proteins in regulating autophagy. We also focus on how selective autophagy acts as a central mechanism to maintain orderly DNA repair and genome integrity by degrading specific cell cycle proteins, regulating cell division, and promoting DNA damage repair. We further discuss the ways in which selective autophagy may impact the cell cycle regulators, since failure to appropriately remove these can interfere with cell death-related processes, including senescence and autophagy-related cell death. Imbalanced cell proliferation is typically utilized by cancer cells to acquire resistance. Finally, we discuss the possibility of a potent anticancer therapeutic strategy that targets selective autophagy or autophagy and cell cycle together.
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25
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Bar-Shai A, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Ahimor A, Ophir N, Rotem M, Alcalay Y, Fireman E. A novel combined score of biomarkers in sputum may be an indicator for lung cancer: A pilot study. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:139-144. [PMID: 30222960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and there is an urgent need for sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers. METHODS The study population included 60 patients (31 with lung cancer and 29 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) and thirty healthy individuals comprised the control group. Measurements of neutrophil, beclin-1, VEGF, ICAM, VCAM, and TNF-alpha levels in induced sputum were analyzed as possible biomarkers for lung cancer. RESULTS Neutrophil, beclin-1, VEGF, ICAM and TNF-alpha levels of lung cancer patients differed significantly compared to those of COPD patients and healthy controls. A novel combined-score was created which was found to increase the likelihood to belong to the cancer group by 70% (odds-ratio 1.70 CI = 1.310-2.224,p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Biomarkers of autophagy, angiogenesis and inflammation in lung-cancer patients are significantly different from controls, and combination of these markers may be an indicator for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Bar-Shai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Barzilai Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Ashkelon, Israel; Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Laboratory National Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Laboratory National Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Ahimor
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Barzilai Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Noa Ophir
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Laboratory National Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Rotem
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Barzilai Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Yifat Alcalay
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Laboratory National Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Fireman
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Laboratory National Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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26
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Daskalaki I, Gkikas I, Tavernarakis N. Hypoxia and Selective Autophagy in Cancer Development and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:104. [PMID: 30250843 PMCID: PMC6139351 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen availability, a condition known as hypoxia, is a common feature of various pathologies including stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. Hypoxia adaptation requires coordination of intricate pathways and mechanisms such as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the unfolded protein response (UPR), mTOR, and autophagy. Recently, great effort has been invested toward elucidating the interplay between hypoxia-induced autophagy and cancer cell metabolism. Although novel types of selective autophagy have been identified, including mitophagy, pexophagy, lipophagy, ERphagy and nucleophagy among others, their potential interface with hypoxia response mechanisms remains poorly understood. Autophagy activation facilitates the removal of damaged cellular compartments and recycles components, thus promoting cell survival. Importantly, tumor cells rely on autophagy to support self-proliferation and metastasis; characteristics related to poor disease prognosis. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular crosstalk between hypoxia response mechanisms and autophagy could provide important insights with relevance to cancer and hypoxia-related pathologies. Here, we survey recent findings implicating selective autophagy in hypoxic responses, and discuss emerging links between these pathways and cancer pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Daskalaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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27
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Verbaanderd C, Maes H, Schaaf MB, Sukhatme VP, Pantziarka P, Sukhatme V, Agostinis P, Bouche G. Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO)-chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as anti-cancer agents. Ecancermedicalscience 2017; 11:781. [PMID: 29225688 PMCID: PMC5718030 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2017.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are well-known 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial agents. Scientific evidence also supports the use of CQ and HCQ in the treatment of cancer. Overall, preclinical studies support CQ and HCQ use in anti-cancer therapy, especially in combination with conventional anti-cancer treatments since they are able to sensitise tumour cells to a variety of drugs, potentiating the therapeutic activity. Thus far, clinical results are mostly in favour of the repurposing of CQ. However, over 30 clinical studies are still evaluating the activity of both CQ and HCQ in different cancer types and in combination with various standard treatments. Interestingly, CQ and HCQ exert effects both on cancer cells and on the tumour microenvironment. In addition to inhibition of the autophagic flux, which is the most studied anti-cancer effect of CQ and HCQ, these drugs affect the Toll-like receptor 9, p53 and CXCR4-CXCL12 pathway in cancer cells. In the tumour stroma, CQ was shown to affect the tumour vasculature, cancer-associated fibroblasts and the immune system. The evidence reviewed in this paper indicates that both CQ and HCQ deserve further clinical investigations in several cancer types. Special attention about the drug (CQ versus HCQ), the dose and the schedule of administration should be taken in the design of new trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciska Verbaanderd
- Anticancer Fund, Brussels, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium.,Cell Death Research and Therapy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Maes
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco B Schaaf
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vikas P Sukhatme
- GlobalCures, Inc, Newton, MA 02459, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Current address: Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pan Pantziarka
- Anticancer Fund, Brussels, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium.,The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust, London KT1 2JP, UK
| | | | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Follo C, Cheng Y, Richards WG, Bueno R, Broaddus VC. Inhibition of autophagy initiation potentiates chemosensitivity in mesothelioma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:319-332. [PMID: 29073722 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of inhibiting autophagy in cancer are still controversial, with differences in outcome based on the type of tumor, the context and the particular stage of inhibition. Here, we investigated the impact of inhibiting autophagy at different stages on chemosensitivity using 3-dimensional (3D) models of mesothelioma, including ex vivo human tumor fragment spheroids. As shown by LC3B accumulation, we successfully inhibited autophagy using either an early stage ULK1/2 inhibitor (MRT 68921) or a late stage inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine). We found that inhibition of autophagy at the early stage, but not at late stage, potentiated chemosensitivity. This effect was seen only in those spheroids with high autophagy and active initiation at steady state. Inhibition of autophagy alone, at either early or late stage, did not cause cell death, showing that the inhibitors were non-toxic and that mesothelioma did not depend on autophagy at baseline, at least over 24 h. Using ATG13 puncta analysis, we found that autophagy initiation identified tumors that are more chemosensitive at baseline and after autophagy inhibition. Our results highlight a potential role of autophagy initiation in supporting mesothelioma cells during chemotherapy. Our work also highlights the importance of testing the inhibition of different stages in order to uncover the role of autophagy and the potential of its modulation in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Follo
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yao Cheng
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William G Richards
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raphael Bueno
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Virginia Courtney Broaddus
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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29
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Lou JS, Bi WC, Chan GKL, Jin Y, Wong CW, Zhou ZY, Wang HY, Yao P, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Ginkgetin induces autophagic cell death through p62/SQSTM1-mediated autolysosome formation and redox setting in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93131-93148. [PMID: 29190983 PMCID: PMC5696249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting cell death by autophagy could be a novel treatment for cancer. The major player in autophagy, p62, serves as a good therapeutic target. Ginkgetin, a biflavonoid from Ginkgo biloba leaves, exhibited promising anticancer activity in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, with an IC50 lower than that of cisplatin. This anticancer effect of ginkgetin was illustrated in a xenograft nude mouse model. Ginkgetin induced autophagic cell death in A549 cells, and this effect was markedly reversed by chemical and genetic approaches. Ginkgetin showed potential binding affinity to p62. Upregulation of p62 through chemical and genetic means decreased cell death, lysosome acidification, and autophagosome formation, which consequently disrupted autolysosome formation. In addition, the decreased autophagy induced by p62 overexpression increased Nrf2/ARE activity and the oxygen consumption rate and decreased on formation of reactive oxygen species. These phenomena were exhibited in a reciprocal manner when p62 was knocked down. Thus, p62 may be a potential target in ginkgetin-induced autophagic cell death, and ginkgetin could be developed as a novel anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Shu Lou
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Chuan Bi
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gallant K L Chan
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chau-Wing Wong
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Zhou
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huai-You Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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30
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Mitophagy and age-related pathologies: Development of new therapeutics by targeting mitochondrial turnover. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:157-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism by which cellular material is delivered to lysosomes for degradation, leading to the basal turnover of cell components and providing energy and macromolecular precursors. Autophagy has opposing, context-dependent roles in cancer, and interventions to both stimulate and inhibit autophagy have been proposed as cancer therapies. This has led to the therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cancer to be sometimes viewed as controversial. In this Review, we suggest a way forwards for the effective targeting of autophagy by understanding the context-dependent roles of autophagy and by capitalizing on modern approaches to clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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32
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Hydroxychloroquine and risk of cancer in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: propensity score matched landmark analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80461-80471. [PMID: 29113317 PMCID: PMC5655212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine inhibits systemic inflammation and autophagy and may thus have antineoplastic effects [1]. We investigated the effect of hydroxychloroquine on cancer risk in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome(pSS). We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database to compare cancer incidence between incident pSS patients with or without at least 6-month hydroxychloroquine use within a 1- or 3-year period. Propensity score matched landmark analysis was used. We included 4194 alive patients without cancer 1 year after pSS diagnosis from 2000 through 2005. The propensity score matched 1148 patients with at least 6-month hydroxychloroquine exposure at 1 year after diagnosis and 1148 patients without. Median follow-up after the 1-year landmark was 6 years. During follow up 62 hydroxychloroquine users and 56 non-hydroxychloroquine users developed cancer. Kaplan-Meier estimates showed no difference in overall survival between hydroxychloroquine users and non-users in the 1-year. Hydroxychloroquine was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.11 (95% CI, 0.78-1.60) in 1-year landmark analysis. In 3-year landmark analysis, hydroxychloroquine was associated with a HR for cancer of 1.37 (95% CI, 0.97-1.94). This propensity score matched landmark analysis of Taiwanese patients with incident pSS found that hydroxychloroquine was not associated with cancer risk nor protection.
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33
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Kulkarni YM, Kaushik V, Azad N, Wright C, Rojanasakul Y, O'Doherty G, Iyer AKV. Autophagy-Induced Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells by a Novel Digitoxin Analog. J Cell Physiol 2017; 231:817-28. [PMID: 26264876 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a novel derivative of Digitoxin, termed "MonoD", which demonstrates cytotoxic effects in lung cancer cells with much higher potency as compared to Digitoxin. Our data show that within 1 h of MonoD treatment, H460 cells showed increased oxidative stress, increased formation of autophagic vacuoles, and increased expression of pro-autophagic markers Beclin-1 and LC3-II. Cells pretreated with MnTBAP, a superoxide scavenger not only lowered superoxide production, but also had lower levels of LC3-II and Beclin-1. Prolonged treatment with MonoD-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. We investigated MonoD-dependent regulation of Akt and Bcl2, proteins that are known regulators of both autophagy and apoptosis. Molecular and pharmacologic inhibitors of Bcl2 and Akt, when combined with MonoD, led to higher expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1 as compared to MonoD alone, suggesting a repressive effect for these proteins in MonoD-dependent autophagy. Pretreatment of cells with an autophagy inhibitor repressed the apoptotic potential of MonoD, confirming that early autophagic flux is important to drive apoptosis. Therapeutic entities such as MonoD that target multiple pathways such as autophagy and apoptosis may prove advantageous over current therapies that have unimodal basis for action and may drive sustained tumor regression, which is highly desirable. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 817-828, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh M Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Vivek Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Clayton Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, Virginia
| | - George O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anand Krishnan V Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
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Han B, Zhao Y, Lin Y, Fu S, Wang L, Zhang M, Tie R, Wang B, Luo Y, Liu L, Yu J, Huang H. Hydroxychloroquine sensitizes chronic myeloid leukemia cells to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated lysis independent of autophagy. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1810-1820. [PMID: 28339029 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the only autophagy inhibitor in clinical use and it has shown great potential in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). By inhibiting autophagy, HCQ enhances the anti-CML efficiency of chemotherapy. In the present study, we demonstrated that HCQ sensitized CML cells to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated lysis. HCQ inhibited autophagy in CML cells, but the sensitizing effects of HCQ were autophagy-independent. Since the sensitization was not mimicked by ATG7 knockdown and even occurred in the absence of ATG7. We revealed that in a time-dependent manner HCQ induced the expression of NKG2D ligand ULBP4 on the surface of CML cells. This marks the leukemia cell for recognition by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Blocking the interaction of NKG2D with its ligands deleted the sensitizing effects of HCQ. In addition, we showed that HCQ did not affect the synthesis or degradation of ULBP4, but induced the translocation of ULBP4 from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. Our results uncovered a previously unknown mechanism for HCQ in CML treatment that underlines the ability of HCQ to modulate the immune visibility of CML cells, and pave the way to the development of new combination treatments with HCQ and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Autophagy/genetics
- Autophagy-Related Protein 7/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Humans
- Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/biosynthesis
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Han
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shan Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Limengmeng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Research progress of hydroxychloroquine and autophagy inhibitors on cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 79:287-294. [PMID: 27889812 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the analog of chloroquine, augments the effect of chemotherapies and radiotherapy on various tumors identified in the current clinical trials. Meanwhile, the toxicity of HCQ retinopathy raises concern worldwide. Thus, the potent autophagy inhibitors are urgently needed. METHODS A systematic review was related to 'hydroxychloroquine' or 'chloroquine' with 'clinical trials,' 'retinopathy' and 'new autophagy inhibitors.' This led to many cross-references involving HCQ, and these data have been incorporated into the following study. RESULTS Many preclinical studies indicate that the combination of HCQ with chemotherapies or radiotherapies may enhance the effect of anticancer, providing base for launching cancer clinical trials involving HCQ. The new and more sensitive diagnostic techniques report a prevalence of HCQ retinopathy up to 7.5%. Lys05, SAR405, verteporfin, VATG-027, mefloquine and spautin-1 may be potent autophagy inhibitors. CONCLUSION Additional mechanistic studies of HCQ in preclinical models are still required in order to answer these questions whether HCQ actually inhibits autophagy in non-selective tumors and whether the extent of inhibition would be sufficient to alter chemotherapy or radiotherapy sensitivity.
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Zhou J, Li G, Zheng Y, Shen HM, Hu X, Ming QL, Huang C, Li P, Gao N. A novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor liensinine sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapy through DNM1L-mediated mitochondrial fission. Autophagy 2016; 11:1259-79. [PMID: 26114658 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1056970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy inhibition has been widely accepted as a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer, while the lack of effective and specific autophagy inhibitors hinders its application. Here we found that liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits late-stage autophagy/mitophagy through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This effect is likely achieved via inhibiting the recruitment of RAB7A to lysosomes but not to autophagosomes. We further investigated the effects of autophagy inhibition by liensinine on the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs and found that cotreatment of liensinine markedly decreased the viability and increased apoptosis in breast cancer cells treated with various chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanistically, we found that inhibition of autophagy/mitophagy by liensinine enhanced doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis by triggering mitochondrial fission, which resulted from dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of DNM1L. However, blocking autophagosome/mitophagosome formation by pharmacological or genetic approaches markedly attenuated mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in cells with combinatatorial treatment. Moreover, liensinine was synergized with doxorubicin to inhibit tumor growth in MDA-MB-231 xenograft in vivo. Our findings suggest that liensinine could potentially be further developed as a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor, and a combination of liensinine with classical chemotherapeutic drugs could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- a College of Pharmacy; 3rd Military Medical University ; Chongqing , China
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37
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The Progress of Mitophagy and Related Pathogenic Mechanisms of the Neurodegenerative Diseases and Tumor. NEUROSCIENCE JOURNAL 2015; 2015:543758. [PMID: 26779531 PMCID: PMC4686711 DOI: 10.1155/2015/543758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrion, an organelle with two layers of membrane, is extremely vital to eukaryotic cell. Its major functions are energy center and apoptosis censor inside cell. The intactness of mitochondrial membrane is important to maintain its structure and function. Mitophagy is one kind of autophagy. In recent years, studies of mitochondria have shown that mitophagy is regulated by various factors and is an important regulation mechanism for organisms to maintain their normal state. In addition, abnormal mitophagy is closely related to several neurodegenerative diseases and tumor. However, the related signal pathway and its regulation mechanism still remain unclear. As a result, summarizing the progress of mitophagy and its related pathogenic mechanism not only helps to reveal the complicated molecular mechanism, but also helps to find a new target to treat the related diseases.
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38
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Orfali N, O'Donovan TR, Nyhan MJ, Britschgi A, Tschan MP, Cahill MR, Mongan NP, Gudas LJ, McKenna SL. Induction of autophagy is a key component of all-trans-retinoic acid-induced differentiation in leukemia cells and a potential target for pharmacologic modulation. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:781-93.e2. [PMID: 25986473 PMCID: PMC4948855 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the accumulation of immature blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. Pharmacologically overcoming the differentiation block in this condition is an attractive therapeutic avenue, which has achieved success only in a subtype of AML, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Attempts to emulate this success in other AML subtypes have thus far been unsuccessful. Autophagy is a conserved protein degradation pathway with important roles in mammalian cell differentiation, particularly within the hematopoietic system. In the study described here, we investigated the functional importance of autophagy in APL cell differentiation. We found that autophagy is increased during all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced granulocytic differentiation of the APL cell line NB4 and that this is associated with increased expression of LC3II and GATE-16 proteins involved in autophagosome formation. Autophagy inhibition, using either drugs (chloroquine/3-methyladenine) or short-hairpin RNA targeting the essential autophagy gene ATG7, attenuates myeloid differentiation. Importantly, we found that enhancing autophagy promotes ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation of an ATRA-resistant derivative of the non-APL AML HL60 cell line (HL60-Diff-R). These data support the development of strategies to stimulate autophagy as a novel approach to promote differentiation in AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Autophagy-Related Protein 7
- Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Chloroquine/pharmacology
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Granulocytes/pathology
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Orfali
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Leslie C. Quick, Jr., Laboratory, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Hematology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tracey R O'Donovan
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Leslie C. Quick, Jr., Laboratory, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michelle J Nyhan
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Leslie C. Quick, Jr., Laboratory, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Adrian Britschgi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mary R Cahill
- Department of Hematology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sharon L McKenna
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Leslie C. Quick, Jr., Laboratory, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Liang N, Zhong R, Hou X, Zhao G, Ma S, Cheng G, Liu X. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) participates in the regulation of ionizing radiation-induced cell death via MAPK14 in lung cancer H1299 cells. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:561-72. [PMID: 26269117 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in response to DNA damage has previously been studied, but its underlying mechanisms specific to ionizing radiation (IR) have remained to be elucidated. In this study, function of ATM on radiation-induced cell death in lung cancer H1299 cells was analysed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human lung cancer cells, H1299, were used, and cell models with ATM(-/-) and MAPK14(-/-) were established by genetic engineering. Radiosensitivity was analysed using colony formation assays. Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation were implemented to detect protein expression and interaction. MDC staining and GFP-LC3 relocalization were used to detect autophagy. RESULTS Autophagy as well as phosphorylation of ATM was activated by ionizing radiation. Both the inhibitor of ATM, KU55933 and ATM silencing reduced phosphorylation of ATM and MAPKAPK2 expression. Both ATM(-/-) and MAPK14(-/-) cells displayed hypersensitivity. IR increased autophagy level by more than 129% in DMSO-treated cells, while only by 47% and 27% in KU55933-treated and ATM(-/-) cells respectively. MAPK14 knock-down alone gave rise to the basal autophagy level, but decreased notably after IR. KU55933 and ATM knock-down inhibited IR-induced autophagy by activating mTOR pathways. Both Beclin1-PI3KIII and Beclin1-MAPKAPK2 interactions as were remarkably affected by silencing either ATM or MAPK14. CONCLUSIONS ATM promoted IR-induced autophagy via the MAPK14 pathway, mTOR pathway and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes. MAPK14 contributed to radiosensitization of H1299 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xue Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 1st Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shumei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, 1st Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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40
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The anticancer effect of Huaier (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:12-21. [PMID: 25955759 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trametes robiniophila Murr. (Huaier) is a sandy beige mushroom found on the trunks of trees and has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for ~1,600 years. The anticancer effects of Huaier have attracted increasing worldwide interest in recent years. Accumulating evidence suggests that the anticancer mechanism of Huaier may be associated with various biological activities, such as inhibition of cell proliferation, anti-metastasis, interference with tumor angiogenesis and tumor-specific immunomodulatory effect. Animal and experimental studies suggest that Huaier is a promising anticancer agent. Further clinical research is warranted to illustrate the untapped chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of Huaier either alone or in conjunction with existing therapies.
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Abstract
Signaling through programmed death 1 (PD-1) expressed by activated T lymphocytes inhibits their function and is a major mechanism for suppressing antitumor T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment. Recent clinical trials show that blockade of the B7-H1(programmed death ligand 1 [PD-L1])/PD-1 pathway with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 is active in several malignancies and produces durable responses in a subset of patients. Clinical response to these agents may be limited by other mechanisms of T-lymphocyte suppression in the tumor microenvironment, or absence of a significant tumor-specific T cell response in the tumor. Combinations with other therapies are likely to address at least several of the major mechanisms of resistance, supported by abundant preclinical data in animal tumor model systems. The combination of anti-PD-1 with anti-CTLA-4 demonstrated promising activity in metastatic melanoma and is being tested in multiple other malignancies. Other combinations based on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade are either in early clinical development or in planning stages. Many of the combinations based on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade are expected to produce a higher incidence of autoimmune-like toxicities, but clinical experience with agents such as ipilimumab suggests that toxicities will be manageable and reversible and the overall risk-benefit ratio will be acceptable.
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Li K, Chen X, Liu C, Gu P, Li Z, Wu S, Xu K, Lin T, Huang J. Pirarubicin induces an autophagic cytoprotective response through suppression of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in human bladder cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:380-5. [PMID: 25791481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pirarubicin is widely used in intravesical chemotherapy for bladder cancer, but its efficacy is limited due to drug resistance; the mechanism has not been well studied. Emerging evidence shows that autophagy can be a novel target for cancer therapy. This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in pirarubicin-treated bladder cancer cells. Bladder cancer cells EJ and J82 were treated with pirarubicin, siRNA, 3-methyladenine or hydroxychloroquine. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were tested by cell survival assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Autophagy was evaluated by immunoblotting before and after the treatments. The phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, serine/threonine kinase p70 S6 kinase, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 were also investigated by immunoblotting. We found that pirarubicin could induce autophagy in bladder cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, hydroxychloroquine or knockdown of autophagy related gene 3 significantly increased apoptosis in pirarubicin-treated bladder cancer cells. Pirarubicin-induced autophagy was mediated via the mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, autophagy induced by pirarubicin plays a cytoprotective role in bladder cancer cells, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy may improve efficacy over traditional pirarubicin chemotherapy in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiqing Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuohang Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxu Wu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Xu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic degradation process in which cellular proteins and
organelles are engulfed by double-membrane autophagosomes and degraded in lysosomes.
Autophagy has emerged as a critical pathway in tumor development and cancer therapy,
although its precise function remains a conundrum. The current consensus is that
autophagy has a dual role in cancer. On the one hand, autophagy functions as a tumor
suppressor mechanism by preventing the accumulation of damaged organelles and
aggregated proteins. On the other hand, autophagy is a key cell survival mechanism
for established tumors; therefore autophagy inhibition suppresses tumor progression.
Here, we summarize recent progress on the role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and
cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhi
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
CenterDallas, Texas
75390USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, Texas
75390USA
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Kim HY, Jung HU, Yoo SH, Yoo KS, Cheong J, Park BS, Yun I, Yoo YH. Sorafenib overcomes the chemoresistance in HBx-expressing hepatocellular carcinoma cells through down-regulation of HBx protein stability and suppresses HBV gene expression. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:61-9. [PMID: 25218348 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that HBx expression has anti-apoptotic effects, resulting in increased drug resistance in HCC cells. Thus, we examined if sorafenib efficiently induces apoptosis in HBx-overexpressing HCC cells. Noticeably, sorafenib efficiently induced apoptosis, even in HBx-expressing HepG2 cells, indicating that the HBx protein does not attenuate sorafenib-induced apoptosis. We next investigated if sorafenib modulates autophagy, allowing HCC cells to overcome the chemoresistance conferred by the HBx protein. Although autophagy plays a cytoprotective role against sorafenib-induced lethality, sorafenib was effective irrespective of HBx protein overexpression. We next examined if sorafenib exerts its cytotoxic effect via direct effects on the HBx protein. Importantly, sorafenib decreased HBx protein stability through a proteasome-dependent degradation pathway. Moreover, sorafenib decreased HBV gene expression and viral promoter activity. Taken together, sorafenib efficiently induces apoptotic cell death in HBx-expressing HCC cells via the downregulation of the HBx protein, a key factor in the anti-cancer drug resistance observed in HBV-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Busan 602-714, South Korea
| | - Hye Uk Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Busan 602-714, South Korea
| | - Seung Hee Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Busan 602-714, South Korea
| | - Ki Soo Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Busan 602-714, South Korea
| | - JaeHun Cheong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Bong Soo Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dentistry, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Il Yun
- Departments of Dental Pharmacology and Biophysics, School of Dentistry and Research Institute for Oral Biotechnology, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Busan 602-714, South Korea.
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45
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Kimura T, Shirakawa R, Yaoita N, Hayashi T, Nagano K, Horiuchi H. The antimalarial drugs chloroquine and primaquine inhibit pyridoxal kinase, an essential enzyme for vitamin B6 production. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3673-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Autophagy, or 'self-eating', is an adaptive process that enables cells to cope with metabolic, toxic, and even infectious stressors. Although the adaptive capability of autophagy is generally considered beneficial, autophagy can also enhance nutrient utilization and improve growth characteristics of cancer cells. Moreover, autophagy can promote greater cellular robustness in the context of therapeutic intervention. In advanced prostate cancer, preclinical data provide evidence that autophagy facilitates both disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Notably, androgen deprivation therapy, taxane-based chemotherapy, targeted kinase inhibition, and nutrient restriction all induce significant cellular distress and, subsequently, autophagy. Understanding the context-dependent role of autophagy in cancer development and treatment resistance has the potential to improve current treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Indeed, preclinical studies have shown that the pharmacological inhibition of autophagy (with agents including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, metformin, and desmethylclomipramine) can enhance the cell-killing effect of cancer therapeutics, and a number of these agents are currently under investigation in clinical trials. However, many of these autophagy modulators are relatively nonspecific, and cytotoxicity in noncancerous tissues is still a concern. Moving forward, refinement of autophagy modulation is needed.
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47
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Maes H, Kuchnio A, Peric A, Moens S, Nys K, De Bock K, Quaegebeur A, Schoors S, Georgiadou M, Wouters J, Vinckier S, Vankelecom H, Garmyn M, Vion AC, Radtke F, Boulanger C, Gerhardt H, Dejana E, Dewerchin M, Ghesquière B, Annaert W, Agostinis P, Carmeliet P. Tumor vessel normalization by chloroquine independent of autophagy. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:190-206. [PMID: 25117709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been evaluated as an autophagy blocker for cancer treatment, but it is unknown if it acts solely by inhibiting cancer cell autophagy. We report that CQ reduced tumor growth but improved the tumor milieu. By normalizing tumor vessel structure and function and increasing perfusion, CQ reduced hypoxia, cancer cell invasion, and metastasis, while improving chemotherapy delivery and response. Inhibiting autophagy in cancer cells or endothelial cells (ECs) failed to induce such effects. CQ's vessel normalization activity relied mainly on alterations of endosomal Notch1 trafficking and signaling in ECs and was abrogated by Notch1 deletion in ECs in vivo. Thus, autophagy-independent vessel normalization by CQ restrains tumor invasion and metastasis while improving chemotherapy, supporting the use of CQ for anticancer treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Autophagy-Related Protein 5
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chloroquine/pharmacology
- Chloroquine/therapeutic use
- Drug Synergism
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/blood supply
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Maes
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Kuchnio
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksandar Peric
- Department of Human Genetics and VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, B-3000 Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Stijn Moens
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Nys
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Quaegebeur
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Schoors
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Wouters
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, Embryo and Stem Cells Unit, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Embryo and Stem Cells Unit, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Garmyn
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory Dermatology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Freddy Radtke
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Science, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Boulanger
- Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM UMR-970, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Vascular Biology Program, IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Department of Human Genetics and VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, B-3000 Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) represents a stress test for tumor cells and T cells. Mechanisms exist that allow cells to survive this stress, including suboptimal target block, alternative signaling pathways, and autophagy. Rapamycin-resistant effector T (T-Rapa) cells have an altered phenotype that associates with increased function. Ex vivo rapamycin, when used in combination with polarizing cytokines and antigen-presenting-cell free costimulation, is a flexible therapeutic approach as polarization to T-helper 1 (Th1)- or Th2-type effectors is possible. Murine T-Rapa cells skewed toward a Th2-type prevented graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) more potently than control Th2 cells and effectively balanced GVHD and graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects. A phase II clinical trial using low-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation demonstrated that interleukin-4 polarized human T-Rapa cells had a mixed Th2/Th1 phenotype; T-Rapa cell recipients had a balanced Th2/Th1 cytokine profile, conversion of mixed chimerism toward full donor chimerism, and a potentially favorable balance between GVHD and GVT effects. In addition, a phase I clinical trial evaluating autologous T-Rapa cells skewed toward a Th1- and Tc1-type is underway. Use of ex vivo rapamycin to modulate effector T-cell function represents a promising new approach to transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
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49
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Nencioni A, Cea M, Montecucco F, Longo VD, Patrone F, Carella AM, Holyoake TL, Helgason GV. Autophagy in blood cancers: biological role and therapeutic implications. Haematologica 2014; 98:1335-43. [PMID: 24006406 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.079061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell recycling process the molecular apparatus of which has been identified over the past decade. Autophagy allows cells to survive starvation and inhospitable conditions and plays a key role in numerous physiological functions, including hematopoiesis and immune responses. In hematologic malignancies, autophagy can either act as a chemo-resistance mechanism or have tumor suppressive functions, depending on the context. In addition, autophagy is involved in other important aspects of blood cancers as it promotes immune competence and anti-cancer immunity, and may even help enhance patient tolerance to standard treatments. Approaches exploiting autophagy, either to activate or inhibit it, could find broad application in hematologic malignancies and contribute to improved clinical outcomes. These aspects are discussed here together with a brief introduction to the molecular machinery of autophagy and to its role in blood cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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50
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Panzarini E, Dini L. Nanomaterial-induced autophagy: a new reversal MDR tool in cancer therapy? Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2527-38. [PMID: 24921216 DOI: 10.1021/mp500066v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most of the therapeutic strategies to counteract cancer imply killing of malignant cells. The most exploited cell death mechanism in cancer therapies is apoptosis, but recently, a lot of papers report that other mechanisms, mainly autophagy, could represent a new line of attack in the fight against cancer. One of the limitations for the effectiveness of the approved clinical treatments is the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) which enables the cancer cells to develop resistance to therapy, especially for chemotherapy. The MDR mechanisms include (a) decreased uptake of drug, (b) reduced intracellular drug concentration by efflux pumps, (c) altered cell cycle checkpoints, (d) altered drug targets, (e) increased metabolism of drugs, (f) induced emergency response genes to impair apoptotic pathway, and (g) altered drug detoxification. Great efforts have been made to reverse MDR. Currently, autophagy and nanosized drug delivery systems (DDSs) belonging to nanomaterials (NMs) provide alternative strategies to circumvent MDR. Nanosized DDSs are very promising tools to accumulate chemotherapeutics at targeting sites and control temporal and spatial drug release into tumor cells. On the other hand, autophagy could overrule drug resistance upon its activation by ensuring cell death via switching its prosurvival role to a prodeath one or by mediating the occurrence of cell death, i.e., apoptosis or necrosis. Likewise, the autophagy inhibition could counteract MDR by sensitizing the cells to anticancer molecules, i.e., Src family tyrosine kinase (SFK) inhibitors or 5-fluorouracil. Noteworthy, autophagy has been recently indicated to be a common cellular response to NMs, corroborating the fascinating idea of the exploitation of NM-induced autophagy in nanomedicine therapy. This review focuses on recently published literature about the relationship between MDR reversal and NMs or autophagy pointing to hypothesize a pivotal role of autophagy modulation induced by NMs in counteracting MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento , 73100 Lecce, Italy
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