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Xu Y, Shu M, Tang B, Zhang S. Association between house dust endotoxin and kidney injury: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. Int Urol Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s11255-024-04143-0. [PMID: 39012582 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust endotoxin is thought to be associated with systemic inflammatory responses and respiratory diseases. Previous studies have indicated that lung injury and systemic inflammation could lead to kidney damage. However, the potential link between house dust endotoxin and the increased risk of kidney injury remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study and retrospective study aim to investigate the relationship between house dust endotoxin levels and renal markers, specifically the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), utilizing data from the NHANES 2005-2006 survey cycle. RESULTS Proteinuria was assessed using the UACR, with values categorized into negative (UACR ≤ 30 mg/g) and positive (UACR > 30 mg/g) groups. Significant differences in house dust endotoxin levels were observed between these groups (p value = 0.003). Weighted logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of house dust endotoxin were associated with an increased rate of positive UACR (OR [95% CI]: 1.57 [1.20, 2.05]; p value = 0.003). This association remained significant after adjusting for covariates such as age, gender, race, poverty income ratio (PIR), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and hypertension (OR [95% CI]: 1.46 [1.08, 1.97]; p-Value = 0.021). However, no significant correlation was found between house dust endotoxin levels and eGFR (Estimate [95% CI]: 1.19 [-1.28, 3.66]; p value = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a significant association between house dust endotoxin levels and proteinuria, based on data from the NHANES 2005-2006 survey cycle. This association indicates that elevated levels of house dust endotoxin may be linked to kidney damage. Further research is necessary to elucidate the specific relationship between exposure to house dust endotoxin and the risk of developing kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- The medical record department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Maojiao Shu
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Siliang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Das D, Ahmad S, Kirshner J. Opportunities and Challenges Associated with the Uptake of Residential Clean Fuel Usage. Curr Environ Health Rep 2024; 11:204-209. [PMID: 38468075 PMCID: PMC11082035 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-024-00438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Almost 3 billion people worldwide use solid fuel for cooking and heating. This review examines (i) household energy practices and infrastructures and their influence on fuel usage in different contexts; (ii) barriers in adoption of household clean energy technologies and uses in diverse settings and population groups and (iii) potential air pollution exposure reduction in homes through using processed fuel. RECENT FINDINGS Population health burden from solid fuel combustion-derived particulate air pollution has been estimated in several low- and middle-income countries. However, such studies have not been carried out in high income countries (e.g., UK). Irrespective of the region, fuel prices are the most dominant factor influencing the choice of fuel. Laboratory studies suggest processed fuel - pellets and briquettes - reduce particulate matter emissions by 70-80% and can be a promising alternative. Adoption of clean fuels for domestic energy needs facilitates progress towards five of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There is evidence that a variety of factors, including cost savings, encourage and hinder such uptake. These factors include price fluctuations, expenses, and the usage of clean fuels. Due to their distinct development scenarios, more expansive policy frameworks, and political economies of energy, these determinants are localized in character and differ significantly amongst economies. Therefore, in order to create innovative plans for the adoption of clean fuel use, strategies centred on local settings must be developed while keeping broad socio-technical and socio-economic issues in mind. Solid fuel processing - pelletization and briquetting - have the potential to reach Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)-like emissions, and could be a potential strategy to mitigate exposure to household air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan Das
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Joshua Kirshner
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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Johnes C, Sharpe RA, Menneer T, Taylor T, Nestel P. Using Sensor Data to Identify Factors Affecting Internal Air Quality within 279 Lower Income Households in Cornwall, South West of England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1075. [PMID: 36673833 PMCID: PMC9858683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Poor air quality affects health and causes premature death and disease. Outdoor air quality has received significant attention, but there has been less focus on indoor air quality and what drives levels of diverse pollutants in the home, such as particulate matter, and the impact this has on health; (2) Methods: This study conducts analysis of cross-sectional data from the Smartline project. Analyses of data from 279 social housing properties with indoor sensor data were used to assess multiple factors that could impact levels of particulate matter. T-Tests and Anova tests were used to explore associations between elevated PM2.5 and building, household and smoking and vaping characteristics. Binary logistic regression was used to test the association between elevated particulate matter and self-reported health; (3) Results: Of the multiple potential drivers of the particulate matter investigated, smoking and vaping were significantly associated with mean PM2.5. Following multivariate analysis, only smoking remained significantly associated with higher mean concentrations. Properties in which <15 cigarettes/day were smoked were predicted to have PM2.5 concentrations 9.06 µg/m3 higher (95% CI 6.4, 12.82, p ≤ 0.001) than those in which residents were non-smokers and 11.82 µg/m3 higher (95% CI 7.67, 18.19, p ≤ 0.001) where >15 cigarettes were smoked; (4) Conclusions: A total of 25% of social housing properties in this study experienced levels of indoor PM greater than WHO guideline levels for ambient air pollution. Although there are many factors that impact air quality, in this study the main driver was smoking. This highlights the importance of targeting smoking in indoor environments in future smoking cessation and control policy and practice and of understanding how pollutants interact in the home environment. There is also a need for further research into the impact on indoor air quality of vaping, particularly due to the rise in use and uncertainty of its long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Johnes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard A. Sharpe
- Wellbeing and Public Health Service, Cornwall Council, Truro TR1 3AY, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Tamaryn Menneer
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Timothy Taylor
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Penelope Nestel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Wei S, Semple S. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) from non-tobacco sources in homes within high-income countries: a systematic review. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2022; 16:553-566. [PMID: 36467893 PMCID: PMC9703437 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-022-01288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The health impacts associated with exposure to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are well recognised. There is a substantial number of studies characterising PM2.5 concentrations outdoors, as well as in homes within low- and middle-income countries. In high-income countries (HICs), there is a sizeable literature on indoor PM2.5 relating to smoking, but the evidence on exposure to PM2.5 generated from non-tobacco sources in homes is sparse. This is especially relevant as people living in HICs spend the majority of their time at home, and in the northern hemisphere households often have low air exchange rates for energy efficiency. This review identified 49 studies that described indoor PM2.5 concentrations generated from a variety of common household sources in real-life home settings in HICs. These included wood/solid fuel burning appliances, cooking, candles, incense, cleaning and humidifiers. The reported concentrations varied widely, both between sources and within groups of the same source. The burning of solid fuels was found to generate the highest indoor PM2.5 concentrations. On occasion, other sources were also reported to be responsible for high PM2.5 concentrations; however, this was only in a few select examples. This review also highlights the many inconsistencies in the ways data are collected and reported. The variable methods of measurement and reporting make comparison and interpretation of data difficult. There is a need for standardisation of methods and agreed contextual data to make household PM2.5 data more useful in epidemiological studies and aid comparison of the impact of different interventions and policies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-022-01288-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wei
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
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Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in a Metropolitan City of Pakistan. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:761-765. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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White JD, Wyss AB, Hoang TT, Lee M, Richards M, Parks CG, Beane-Freeman LE, Hankinson JL, Umbach DM, London SJ. Residential Wood Burning and Pulmonary Function in the Agricultural Lung Health Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:87008. [PMID: 36006053 PMCID: PMC9406613 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low- and middle-income countries, burning biomass indoors for cooking or heating has been associated with poorer lung function. In high-income countries, wood, a form of biomass, is commonly used for heating in rural areas with increasing prevalence. However, in these settings the potential impact of chronic indoor woodsmoke exposure on pulmonary function is little studied. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of residential wood burning with pulmonary function in case-control study of asthma nested within a U.S. rural cohort. METHODS Using sample weighted multivariable linear regression, we estimated associations between some and frequent wood burning, both relative to no exposure, in relation to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC), their ratio (FEV 1 / FVC ), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). We examined effect modification by smoking or asthma status. RESULTS Among all participants and within smoking groups, wood burning was not appreciably related to pulmonary function. However, in individuals with asthma (n = 1,083 ), frequent wood burning was significantly associated with lower FEV 1 [β : - 164 mL ; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 261 , - 66 mL ], FVC (β : - 125 mL ; 95% CI: - 230 , - 20 mL ), and FEV 1 / FVC (β : - 2 % ; 95% CI: - 4 , - 0.4 % ), whereas no appreciable association was seen in individuals without asthma (n = 1,732 ). These differences in association by asthma were statistically significant for FEV 1 (p i n t e r a c t i o n = 0.0044 ) and FEV 1 / FVC (p i n t e r a c t i o n = 0.049 ). Frequent wood burning was also associated with higher FeNO levels in all individuals (n = 2,598 ; β : 0.1 ln ( ppb ) ; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.2), but associations did not differ by asthma or smoking status. DISCUSSION Frequent exposure to residential wood burning was associated with a measure of airway inflammation (FeNO) among all individuals and with lower pulmonary function among individuals with asthma. This group may wish to reduce wood burning or consider using air filtration devices. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D. White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Annah B. Wyss
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thanh T. Hoang
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mikyeong Lee
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Christine G. Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane-Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David M. Umbach
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie J. London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Braun M, Klingelhöfer D, Müller R, Groneberg DA. The impact of second-hand smoke on nitrogen oxides concentrations in a small interior. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11703. [PMID: 34083603 PMCID: PMC8175351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), especially nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are among the most hazardous forms of air pollution. Tobacco smoke is a main indoor source of NOx, but little information is available about their concentrations in second-hand smoke (SHS), particularly in small indoors. This study presents data of NOx and its main components nitric oxide (NO) and NO2 in SHS emitted by ten different cigarette brands measured in a closed test chamber with a volume of 2.88 m3, similar to the volume of vehicle cabins. The results show substantial increases in NOx concentrations when smoking only one cigarette. The NO2 mean concentrations ranged between 105 and 293 µg/m3, the NO2 peak concentrations between 126 and 357 µg/m3. That means the one-hour mean guideline of 200 µg/m3 for NO2 of the World Health Organization was exceeded up to 47%, respectively 79%. The measured NO2 values show positive correlations with the values for tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide stated by the cigarette manufacturers. This study provides NO2 concentrations in SHS at health hazard levels. These data give rise to the necessity of health authorities' measures to inform about and caution against NOx exposure by smoking in indoor rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Medical Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Mannan M, Al-Ghamdi SG. Indoor Air Quality in Buildings: A Comprehensive Review on the Factors Influencing Air Pollution in Residential and Commercial Structure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3276. [PMID: 33810001 PMCID: PMC8004912 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide people tend to spend approximately 90% of their time in different indoor environments. Along with the penetration of outside air pollutants, contaminants are produced in indoor environments due to different activities such as heating, cooling, cooking, and emissions from building products and the materials used. As people spend most of their lives in indoor environments, this has a significant influence on human health and productivity. Despite the two decades of indoor air quality (IAQ) research from different perspectives, there is still a lack of comprehensive evaluation of peer-reviewed IAQ studies that specifically covers the relationship between the internal characteristics of different types of building environments with IAQ to help understand the progress and limitations of IAQ research worldwide. Therefore, this review of scientific studies presents a broad spectrum of pollutants identified in both residential and commercial indoor environments, highlighting the trends and gaps in IAQ research. Moreover, analysis of literature data enabled us to assess the different IAQs in buildings located in different countries/regions, thus reflecting the current global scientific understanding of IAQ. This review has the potential to benefit building professionals by establishing indoor air regulations that account for all indoor contaminant sources to create healthy and sustainable building environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sami G. Al-Ghamdi
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar;
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9
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Niculita-Hirzel H, Yang S, Hager Jörin C, Perret V, Licina D, Goyette Pernot J. Fungal Contaminants in Energy Efficient Dwellings: Impact of Ventilation Type and Level of Urbanization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144936. [PMID: 32650626 PMCID: PMC7400204 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of growing fungi in the indoor environment has been associated with the development of respiratory problems such as asthma or allergic rhinitis, as well as the worsening of respiratory pathologies. Their proliferation indoors could be a result of water leakage or inadequate ventilation. Although the factors promoting mould growth have been widely investigated in traditional dwellings, little work has been done in energy efficient dwellings. Here, the effectiveness of ventilation type, i.e., natural or mechanical, in influencing mould development was estimated in 44 recent and 105 retrofitted energy efficient dwellings. Fungi growing on surfaces were investigated in the dwellings situated in rural, peri-urban, and urban regions of Switzerland. The presence of these fungi was also investigated in bedroom settled dust. Information on building characteristics and owners' lifestyle were collected. Significant associations were found with the level of urbanisation, the location of mouldy area in dwellings, and the diversity of fungal taxa. Dwellings in peri-urban zones showed the most frequent fungal contamination in the owners' bedroom and the highest diversity of fungal genera among dwellings. While the urbanisation level or the ventilation type favoured no specific genus, we found marked disparities in the diversity of fungi growing on surfaces in naturally ventilated versus mechanically ventilated dwellings. Aspergillus, in particular, was a frequent surface contaminant in bedrooms with natural ventilation, but not in those mechanically ventilated. We observed a strong association between fungal growth on surfaces and the number of fungal particles counted in the settled dust of owners' bedrooms. These results demonstrate the importance of ventilation systems in energy efficient dwellings in controlling fungal proliferation in living areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Niculita-Hirzel
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Corinne Hager Jörin
- HumanTech Institute, School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | | | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Joëlle Goyette Pernot
- Transform Institute, School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
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Vicente ED, Vicente AM, Evtyugina M, Oduber FI, Amato F, Querol X, Alves C. Impact of wood combustion on indoor air quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135769. [PMID: 31818582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The incomplete wood combustion in appliances operated in batch mode is a recognised source of both in- and outdoor airborne pollutants, especially particulate matter (PM). Data on pollutant levels and PM characteristics in households with wood burning devices in developed countries are scarce with most studies describing stove change out programmes or other intervention measures. The aim of the present study was to simultaneously evaluate indoor and outdoor concentrations of CO, CO2 and PM10 during the operation of wood burning appliances (open fireplace and woodstove) in unoccupied rural households. PM10 samples were analysed for water soluble inorganic ions, major and trace elements, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and detailed organic speciation. The CO 8-hour average concentrations did not exceed the protection limit despite the sharp increases observed in relation to background levels. During the open fireplace operation, PM10 levels rose up 12 times compared to background concentrations, while the airtight stove resulted in a 2-fold increase. The inhalation cancer risk of particulate bound PAHs in the room equipped with woodstove was estimated to be negligible while the long-term exposure to PAH levels measured in the fireplace room may contribute to the development of cancer. The excess lifetime cancer risk resulting from the particle-bound Cr(VI) exposure during the fireplace and woodstove operation was higher than 1.0 × 10-6 and 1.0 × 10-5, respectively. Levoglucosan was one of the most abundant individual species both indoors and outdoors. This study underlines air pollution hazards and risks arising from the operation of traditional wood burning appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A M Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Evtyugina
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F I Oduber
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Zhang T, Chillrud SN, Yang Q, Pitiranggon M, Ross J, Perera F, Ji J, Spira A, Breysse PN, Rodes CE, Miller R, Yan B. Characterizing peak exposure of secondhand smoke using a real-time PM 2.5 monitor. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:98-107. [PMID: 31610044 PMCID: PMC7137634 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although short-duration elevated exposures (peak exposures) to pollutants may trigger adverse acute effects, epidemiological studies to understand their influence on different health effects are hampered by lack of methods for objectively identifying peaks. Secondhand smoke from cigarettes (SHS) in the residential environment can lead to peak exposures. The aim of this study was to explore whether peaks in continuous PM2.5 data can indicate SHS exposure. A total of 41 children (21 with and 20 without SHS exposure based on self-report) from 28 families in New York City (NY, USA) were recruited. Both personal and residential continuous PM2.5 monitoring were performed for five consecutive days using MicroPEM sensors (RTI International, USA). A threshold detection method based on cumulative distribution function was developed to identify peaks. When children were home, the mean accumulated peak area (APA) for peak exposures was 297 ± 325 hour*µg/m3 for children from smoking families and six times that of the APA from non-smoking families (~50 ± 54 hour*µg/m3 ). Average PM2.5 mass concentrations for SHS exposed and unexposed children were 24 ± 15 µg/m3 and 15 ± 9 µg/m3 , respectively. The average SHS exposure duration represents ~5% of total exposure time, but ~13% of children's total PM2.5 exposure dose, equivalent to an additional 2.6 µg/m3 per day. This study demonstrated the feasibility of peak analysis for quantifying SHS exposure. The developed method can be adopted more widely to support epidemiology studies on impacts of short-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Yang
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Masha Pitiranggon
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - James Ross
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Frederica Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Avrum Spira
- Boston University-Boston Medical Center Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick N. Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
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Yu J, Tang Y, Xu J. Effects of indoor coal fine particulate matter on the expression levels of inflammatory factors in ovalbumin-induced mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:57-66. [PMID: 30713661 PMCID: PMC6334494 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00221e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cooking and heating with coal is the main source of household air pollution in acid rain-plagued areas of China and is a leading contributor to disease burden. In this study, we investigated the adverse effects of exposure to indoor fine particulate matter emission from coal combustion on the expression levels of inflammatory factors in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mice. Methods: Forty BALB/c male mice were randomly divided into four groups (control group, PM2.5 group, OVA group, and OVA + PM2.5 group; n = 10) and treated with ovalbumin (OVA) or PM2.5, alone or together. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-17 (IL-17), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) protein expression levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additionally, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) IgE and IgG1 levels were measured. The mRNA expression levels of IL-7 and IFN-γ in pulmonary tissue were also analyzed. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), inflammatory cell counts, and histopathological examinations were also performed. Results: Exposure to PM2.5 + OVA induced abnormal pathological changes and inflammatory responses in lungs compared to the control. The levels of IL-4, IL-7, IL-8 and IL-17 in BALF from the OVA + PM2.5 group were higher than those in BALF from the control group, OVA group, and PM2.5 group (P < 0.05). PM2.5 plus OVA significantly raised the serum IgE and IgG1 levels compared with the control group. An increasing IL-7 mRNA trend was found among the treatment groups (P < 0.05). The expression level of IFN-γ mRNA was significantly higher in the control group than in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Indoor coal PM2.5 was sufficient by itself to cause inflammatory cellular infiltration of pulmonary tissue, leading to organelle injury and physiological structure change. Additionally, it promoted the occurrence and development of asthma by influencing the expression levels of IL-7 and various relevant inflammatory factors (such as IL-4 and IL-8) and changing the equilibrium between Treg and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- School of Public Health , Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou 563099 , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86851-28642732
| | - Yin Tang
- School of Public Health , Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou 563099 , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86851-28642732
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health , Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou 563099 , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86851-28642732
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Semple S, Turner S, O'Donnell R, Adams L, Henderson T, Mitchell S, Lyttle S, Amos A. Using air-quality feedback to encourage disadvantaged parents to create a smoke-free home: Results from a randomised controlled trial. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:104-110. [PMID: 30076982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if low-cost air-quality monitors providing personalised feedback of household second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations plus standard health service advice on SHS were more effective than standard advice in helping parents protect their child from SHS. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial of a personalised intervention delivered to disadvantaged mothers who were exposed to SHS at home. Changes in household concentrations of fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) were the primary outcome. METHODS Air-quality monitors measured household PM2.5 concentrations over approximately 6 days at baseline and at one-month and six-months post-intervention. Data on smoking and smoking-rules were gathered. Participants were randomised to either Group A (standard health service advice on SHS) or Group B (standard advice plus personalised air-quality feedback). Group B participants received personalised air-quality feedback after the baseline measurement and at 1-month. Both groups received air-quality feedback at 6-months. RESULTS 120 mothers were recruited of whom 117 were randomised. Follow up was completed after 1-month in 102 and at 6-months in 78 participants. There was no statistically significant reduction in PM2.5 concentrations by either intervention type at 1-month or 6-months, nor significant differences between the two groups at 1-month (p = 0.76) and 6-month follow-up (p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Neither standard advice nor standard advice plus personalised air-quality feedback were effective in reducing PM2.5 concentrations in deprived households where smoking occurred. Finding ways of identifying homes where air-quality feedback can be a useful tool to change household smoking behaviour is important to ensure resources are targeted successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen Turner
- Respiratory Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- RCO Consulting, 1 Thorters Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Adams
- Tobacco Control, NHS Lanarkshire, Hamilton, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Henderson
- Tobacco Control, NHS Lanarkshire, Hamilton, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Mitchell
- Tobacco Control, NHS Lanarkshire, Hamilton, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Lyttle
- Tobacco Control, NHS Lanarkshire, Hamilton, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Amos
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Sharpe RA, Taylor T, Fleming LE, Morrissey K, Morris G, Wigglesworth R. Making the Case for "Whole System" Approaches: Integrating Public Health and Housing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2345. [PMID: 30355973 PMCID: PMC6267345 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Housing conditions have been an enduring focus for public health activity throughout the modern public health era. However, the nature of the housing and health challenge has changed in response to an evolution in the understanding of the diverse factors influencing public health. Today, the traditional public health emphasis on the type and quality of housing merges with other wider determinants of health. These include the neighbourhood, community, and "place" where a house is located, but also the policies which make access to a healthy house possible and affordable for everyone. Encouragingly, these approaches to policy and action on housing have the potential to contribute to the "triple win" of health and well-being, equity, and environmental sustainability. However, more effective housing policies (and in public health in general) that adopt more systemic approaches to addressing the complex interactions between health, housing, and wider environment are needed. This paper illustrates some of the key components of the housing and health challenge in developed countries, and presents a conceptual model to co-ordinate activities that can deliver the "triple win." This is achieved by offering a perspective on how to navigate more effectively, inclusively and across sectors when identifying sustainable housing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sharpe
- Public Health, Cornwall Council, Truro TR1 3AY, UK.
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
| | - Tim Taylor
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
| | - Karyn Morrissey
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
| | - George Morris
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
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Dobson R, Semple S. "How do you know those particles are from cigarettes?": An algorithm to help differentiate second-hand tobacco smoke from background sources of household fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:344-347. [PMID: 29929126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second-hand smoke (SHS) at home is a target for public health interventions, such as air quality feedback interventions using low-cost particle monitors. However, these monitors also detect fine particles generated from non-SHS sources. The Dylos DC1700 reports particle counts in the coarse and fine size ranges. As tobacco smoke produces far more fine particles than coarse ones, and tobacco is generally the greatest source of particulate pollution in a smoking home, the ratio of coarse to fine particles may provide a useful method to identify the presence of SHS in homes. METHODS An algorithm was developed to differentiate smoking from smoke-free homes. Particle concentration data from 116 smoking homes and 25 non-smoking homes were used to test this algorithm. RESULTS The algorithm correctly classified the smoking status of 135 of the 141 homes (96%), comparing favourably with a test of mean mass concentration. CONCLUSIONS Applying this algorithm to Dylos particle count measurements may help identify the presence of SHS in homes or other indoor environments. Future research should adapt it to detect individual smoking periods within a 24 h or longer measurement period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
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16
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Caillaud D, Leynaert B, Keirsbulck M, Nadif R. Indoor mould exposure, asthma and rhinitis: findings from systematic reviews and recent longitudinal studies. Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27:27/148/170137. [PMID: 29769295 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0137-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and World Health Organization (WHO) reports, this review provides an overview of the literature published from 2006 to 2017 on the associations between indoor mould exposure and asthma and rhinitis separately in children and adults with a focus on longitudinal epidemiological studies.A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature was performed, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, longitudinal, incident case-control and panel studies. 61 publications were identified reporting visible mould or mould odour or quantitative assessment of culturable fungi or mould species.In children, visible mould and mould odour were associated with the development and exacerbations of asthma, providing sufficient evidence of a causal relationship. Results from population-based studies in adults were too few and divergent to conclude at more than a limited level of evidence. Exposure to mould in a work building was associated with the incidence and exacerbations of occupational asthma, and we concluded at a sufficient evidence for an association. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and longitudinal studies on the relationships between mould exposure and allergic rhinitis provide sufficient evidence of an association.This review extended the conclusions of the IOM and WHO reports, and highlighted the need for further longitudinal studies on asthma in adults, and on rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Caillaud
- Pulmonary and Allergology Dept, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benedicte Leynaert
- INSERM, UMR1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases. Epidemiology, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UMR 1152, Paris, France
| | - Marion Keirsbulck
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rachel Nadif
- INSERM, U1168, VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Villejuif, France.,Univ Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
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Wang F, Wang J, Li Y, Han X, Hu H, Yu C, Yuan J, Yao P, Miao X, Wei S, Wang Y, Chen W, Liang Y, Guo H, Zhang X, Yang H, Wu T, He M. Associations between daily cooking duration and the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population: A cross-sectional study. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:238-246. [PMID: 29028277 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological studies indicated that ambient air pollution was positively associated with diabetes. Few studies investigated the associations between household air pollution, for example, daily cooking duration and diabetes or prediabetes. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the associations of daily cooking duration with the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among a middle-aged and elderly population. A total of 26 089 individuals (11 250 males and 14 839 females) derived from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study were included. Daily cooking duration was assessed by questionnaire. Diabetes and prediabetes were identified according to the criterion of American Diabetes Association. No significant association was observed between daily cooking duration and the prevalence risk of diabetes (odds ratio[OR] = 0.97, 95% confidence interval[CI]: [0.81-1.16], P for trend = .74); however, longer daily cooking duration was associated with higher prevalence risk of prediabetes (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.07-1.47; P for trend = .003) and hyperglycemia (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.41; P for trend = .005). Our study suggested that daily cooking duration was not associated with diabetes but with higher prevalence risk of prediabetes/hyperglycemia in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - C Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - P Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - S Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - W Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Yang
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - T Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chen ML, Chou LN, Zheng YC. Empowering Retailers to Refuse to Sell Tobacco Products to Minors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020245. [PMID: 29389864 PMCID: PMC5858314 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke are major environmental risk factors that negatively influence health. It is recommended that tobacco product manufacturers and retailers receive empowerment counseling programs to achieve adolescent health targets. The present study conducted an empowerment counseling session to counsel tobacco product retailers in refusing to sell tobacco products to minors. The three stages of this study were conducted from March 2015 to February 2017. The results revealed that 74% of retailers were selling tobacco products to minors at baseline, 40% at stage two and 15% at stage three. These represent significant reductions in selling tobacco products to minors (all stage differences p < 0.001). However, experimental design studies could be used to examine the empowerment counseling program for preventing tobacco sales to minors in the future. Moreover, health care providers should collaborate with tobacco product retailers to design unique empowerment counseling sessions for specific regions to improve retailers' capabilities for self-management in terms of tobacco hazard prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Li Chen
- Department of Respiratory Care and Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Na Chou
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan 700, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Cheng Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
- Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
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Edwards R. Lest We Forget: Harm-Reduction Research is Important and Increasing, but Other Facets of Tobacco Control Research Remain a High Priority. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:145-146. [PMID: 29301003 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chen ML, Chou LN, Zheng YC. Providing a Clean Environment for Adolescents: Evaluation of the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E634. [PMID: 28608829 PMCID: PMC5486320 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking not only damages the health of adolescents, but also contributes to air pollution. The Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act in Taiwan stipulates that cigarettes should not be sold to persons younger than 18 years. Therefore, schools should actively educate students and raise awareness of the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act to reduce the level of damage to the health of adolescents and maintain good air quality. This study had two main goals: (1) to evaluate the stipulation that no person shall provide tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 and the effects of counseling strategies on store managers confirming customer ages before tobacco sale in southern Taiwan; and (2) to evaluate the situation of tobacco hazard prevention education conducted by school in southern Taiwan. A cross-sectional design was adopted for this study. Study I: The investigation involved an analysis of 234 retailers including convenience stores (n = 70), grocery stores (n = 83), and betel nut stalls (n = 81). The results indicated that among the 234 retailers, 171 (73.1%) of them routinely failed to confirm the buyers' ages before allowing them to purchase tobacco. The number of retailers who exhibited failure to confirm customer ages before selling tobacco products had decreased from 171 (73.1%) to 59 (25.2%) and that of those who confirmed customer ages before selling tobacco products had increased from 63 (26.9%) to 175 (74.8%) after counseling strategies had been provided, thereby revealing statistical significance (χ² = 11.26, p < 0.001). Study II: A total of 476 (89.1%) participants had received tobacco hazards prevention education and 58 (10.9%) had not. Among the various residential areas, the highest percentage of participants that did not received tobacco hazards prevention education located in the plane regions (8.4%). The government organizations should continue to adopt counseling strategies to reduce the rate of disobedience of the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act by selling tobacco products to minors. Schools should pay close attention to tobacco hazard prevention education for junior high school students to ensure that such students are adequately educated about tobacco hazard prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Li Chen
- Department of Respiratory Care and Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Puzi City 61363, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Na Chou
- Nursing Department, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan 700, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Cheng Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus and Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City 61363, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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Wiśniewska K, Lewandowska AU, Witkowska A. Factors determining dry deposition of total mercury and organic carbon in house dust of residents of the Tri-city and the surrounding area (Baltic Sea coast). AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2017; 10:821-832. [PMID: 29046736 PMCID: PMC5624982 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-017-0471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find out what factors determine the deposition levels of mercury and organic carbon in household dust in the Tri-city region (southern Baltic Sea coast). Analyses were performed on samples collected over the period of 2 years, from 2013 to 2015, always in the heating season. The deposition of organic carbon was between 4and 210 mg m-2 month-1, while mercury deposition ranged from 4 to 1336 ng m-2 month-1. Deposition of mercury in household dust during the heating season was three times lower and deposition of organic carbon one and a half times lower than outdoor deposition obtained in the Baltic Sea region by other researchers. In the non-heating period, deposition of mercury in household dust was similar to outdoor deposition while deposition of OC was one and a half times higher. Both of the analyzed dust components reached higher deposition in rural areas than in cities, and both mercury and organic carbon were found to have higher deposition in single-family houses than in buildings housing several families. The increased level of OC was conditioned by the vicinity of the building to a road or street with a high level of traffic, and dust collected on the ground floor had higher Hg depositions. The presence of plants and pets, as well as smoking more than ten cigarettes per day, resulted in higher depositions of both the compounds present in household dust within the Tri-city region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Wiśniewska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anita Urszula Lewandowska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Witkowska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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Wyss AB, Jones AC, Bølling AK, Kissling GE, Chartier R, Dahlman HJ, Rodes CE, Archer J, Thornburg J, Schwarze PE, London SJ. Particulate Matter 2.5 Exposure and Self-Reported Use of Wood Stoves and Other Indoor Combustion Sources in Urban Nonsmoking Homes in Norway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166440. [PMID: 27855223 PMCID: PMC5113953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined particulate matter (PM) exposure from self-reported use of wood stoves and other indoor combustion sources in urban settings in developed countries. We measured concentrations of indoor PM < 2.5 microns (PM2.5) for one week with the MicroPEM™ nephelometer in 36 households in the greater Oslo, Norway metropolitan area. We examined indoor PM2.5 levels in relation to use of wood stoves and other combustion sources during a 7 day monitoring period using mixed effects linear models with adjustment for ambient PM2.5 levels. Mean hourly indoor PM2.5 concentrations were higher (p = 0.04) for the 14 homes with wood stove use (15.6 μg/m3) than for the 22 homes without (12.6 μg/m3). Moreover, mean hourly PM2.5 was higher (p = 0.001) for use of wood stoves made before 1997 (6 homes, 20.2 μg/m3), when wood stove emission limits were instituted in Norway, compared to newer wood stoves (8 homes, 11.9 μg/m3) which had mean hourly values similar to control homes. Increased PM2.5 levels during diary-reported burning of candles was detected independently of concomitant wood stove use. These results suggest that self-reported use of wood stoves, particularly older stoves, and other combustion sources, such as candles, are associated with indoor PM2.5 measurements in an urban population from a high income country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annah B. Wyss
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Anette K. Bølling
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Chartier
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hans Jørgen Dahlman
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles E. Rodes
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Janet Archer
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Thornburg
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Per E. Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie J. London
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jackson-Morris A, Fujiwara PI, Pevzner E. Clearing the smoke around the TB-HIV syndemic: smoking as a critical issue for TB and HIV treatment and care. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2016; 19:1003-6. [PMID: 26260816 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The collision of the tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics has been described as a 'syndemic' due to the synergistic impact on the burden of both diseases. This paper explains the urgent need for practitioners and policy makers to address a third epidemic that exacerbates TB, HIV and TB-HIV. Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Smoking is more prevalent among persons diagnosed with TB or HIV. Smoking is associated with tuberculous infection, TB disease and poorer anti-tuberculosis treatment outcomes. It is also associated with an increased risk of smoking-related diseases among people living with HIV, and smoking may also inhibit the effectiveness of life-saving ART. In this paper, we propose integrating into TB and HIV programmes evidence-based strategies from the 'MPOWER' package recommended by the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Specific actions that can be readily incorporated into current practice are recommended to improve TB and HIV outcomes and care, and reduce the unnecessary burden of death and disease due to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jackson-Morris
- Department of Tobacco Control, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - E Pevzner
- International Research and Programs Branch, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Jackson-Morris A, Bleymann K, Lyall E, Aslam F, Bam TS, Chowdhury I, Daouda EA, Espinosa M, Romo J, Singh RJ, Semple S. Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Methods to Assess Compliance With Smoke-Free Regulations: A Multi-Center Study in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1258-64. [PMID: 26814194 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have enacted legislation banning smoking in public places, yet enforcement remains challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a validated low-cost methodology (the Dylos DC1700) to provide objective evidence of smoke-free (SF) law compliance in hospitality venues in urban LMIC settings, where outdoor air pollution levels are generally high. METHODS Teams measured indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and systematically observed smoking behavior and SF signage in a convenience sample of hospitality venues (bars, restaurants, cafes, and hotels) covered by existing SF legislation in Mexico, Pakistan, Indonesia, Chad, Bangladesh, and India. Outdoor air PM2.5 was also measured on each sampling day. RESULTS Data were collected from 626 venues. Smoking was observed during almost one-third of visits with substantial differences between countries-from 5% in India to 72% in Chad. After excluding venues where other combustion sources were observed, secondhand smoke (SHS) derived PM2.5 was calculated by subtracting outdoor ambient PM2.5 concentrations from indoor measurements and was, on average, 34 µg/m(3) in venues with observed smoking-compared to an average value of 0 µg/m(3) in venues where smoking was not observed (P < .001). In over one-quarter of venues where smoking was observed the difference between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations exceeded 64 µg/m(3). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that low-cost air quality monitoring is a viable method for improving knowledge about environmental SHS and can provide indicative data on compliance with local and national SF legislation in hospitality venues in LMICs. IMPLICATIONS Air quality monitoring can provide objective scientific data on SHS and air quality levels in venues to assess the effectiveness of SF laws and identify required improvements. Equipment costs and high outdoor air pollution levels have hitherto limited application in LMICs. This study tested the feasibility of using a validated low-cost methodology in hospitality venues in six LMIC urban settings and suggests this is a viable method for improving knowledge about SHS exposure and can provide indicative data on compliance with SF legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Jackson-Morris
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland;
| | - Kayleigh Bleymann
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Elaine Lyall
- Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Fouad Aslam
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Tara Singh Bam
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ishrat Chowdhury
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Elhadj Adam Daouda
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mariana Espinosa
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jonathan Romo
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Rana J Singh
- Department of Tobacco Control, The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sean Semple
- Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; Center for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Sharpe RA, Cocq KL, Nikolaou V, Osborne NJ, Thornton CR. Identifying risk factors for exposure to culturable allergenic moulds in energy efficient homes by using highly specific monoclonal antibodies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 144:32-42. [PMID: 26546982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in identifying culturable allergenic fungi present in visible mould growth in energy efficient homes, and to identify risk factors for exposure to these known allergenic fungi. Swabs were taken from fungal contaminated surfaces and culturable yeasts and moulds isolated by using mycological culture. Soluble antigens from cultures were tested by ELISA using mAbs specific to the culturable allergenic fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., Ulocladium, Alternaria, and Epicoccum spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., and Trichoderma spp. Diagnostic accuracies of the ELISA tests were determined by sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S-ITS2-encoding regions of recovered fungi following ELISA. There was 100% concordance between the two methods, with ELISAs providing genus-level identity and ITS sequencing providing species-level identities (210 out of 210 tested). Species of Aspergillus/Penicillium, Cladosporium, Ulocladium/Alternaria/Epicoccum, Fusarium and Trichoderma were detected in 82% of the samples. The presence of condensation was associated with an increased risk of surfaces being contaminated by Aspergillus/Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp., whereas moisture within the building fabric (water ingress/rising damp) was only associated with increased risk of Aspergillus/Penicillium spp. Property type and energy efficiency levels were found to moderate the risk of indoor surfaces becoming contaminated with Aspergillus/Penicillium and Cladosporium which in turn was modified by the presence of condensation, water ingress and rising damp, consistent with previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Le Cocq
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- University of Exeter Medical School, The Veysey Building, Salmon Pool Lane, Exeter EX2 4SG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Osborne
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
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Tunno BJ, Kyra Naumoff Shields, Cambal L, Tripathy S, Holguin F, Lioy P, Clougherty JE. Indoor air sampling for fine particulate matter and black carbon in industrial communities in Pittsburgh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:108-115. [PMID: 26204046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Impacts of industrial emissions on outdoor air pollution in nearby communities are well-documented. Fewer studies, however, have explored impacts on indoor air quality in these communities. Because persons in northern climates spend a majority of their time indoors, understanding indoor exposures, and the role of outdoor air pollution in shaping such exposures, is a priority issue. Braddock and Clairton, Pennsylvania, industrial communities near Pittsburgh, are home to an active steel mill and coke works, respectively, and the population experiences elevated rates of childhood asthma. Twenty-one homes were selected for 1-week indoor sampling for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) during summer 2011 and winter 2012. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine contributions from both outdoor concentrations and indoor sources. In the models, an outdoor infiltration component explained 10 to 39% of variability in indoor air pollution for PM2.5, and 33 to 42% for BC. For both PM2.5 models and the summer BC model, smoking was a stronger predictor than outdoor pollution, as greater pollutant concentration increases were identified. For winter BC, the model was explained by outdoor pollution and an open windows modifier. In both seasons, indoor concentrations for both PM2.5 and BC were consistently higher than residence-specific outdoor concentration estimates. Mean indoor PM2.5 was higher, on average, during summer (25.8±22.7 μg/m3) than winter (18.9±13.2 μg/m3). Contrary to the study's hypothesis, outdoor concentrations accounted for only little to moderate variability (10 to 42%) in indoor concentrations; a much greater proportion of PM2.5 was explained by cigarette smoking. Outdoor infiltration was a stronger predictor for BC compared to PM2.5, especially in winter. Our results suggest that, even in industrial communities of high outdoor pollution concentrations, indoor activities--particularly cigarette smoking--may play a larger role in shaping indoor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Tunno
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kyra Naumoff Shields
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Leah Cambal
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Sheila Tripathy
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Fernando Holguin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Environmental Medicine Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Paul Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Semple S, Apsley A, Azmina Ibrahim T, Turner SW, Cherrie JW. Fine particulate matter concentrations in smoking households: just how much secondhand smoke do you breathe in if you live with a smoker who smokes indoors? Tob Control 2015; 24:e205-11. [PMID: 25331379 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using data on fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) concentrations in smoking and non-smoking homes in Scotland to estimate the mass of PM2.5 inhaled by different age groups. METHODS Data from four linked studies, with real-time measurements of PM2.5 in homes, were combined with data on typical breathing rates and time-activity patterns. Monte Carlo modelling was used to estimate daily PM2.5 intake, the percentage of total PM2.5 inhaled within the home environment and the percentage reduction in daily intake that could be achieved by switching to a smoke-free home. RESULTS Median (IQR) PM2.5 concentrations from 93 smoking homes were 31 (10-111) μg/m(3) and 3 (2-6.5) μg/m(3) for the 17 non-smoking homes. Non-smokers living with smokers typically have average PM2.5 exposure levels more than three times higher than the WHO guidance for annual exposure to PM2.5 (10 μg/m(3)). CONCLUSIONS Fine particulate pollution in Scottish homes where smoking is permitted is approximately 10 times higher than in non-smoking homes. Taken over a lifetime many non-smokers living with a smoker inhale a similar mass of PM2.5 as a non-smoker living in a heavily polluted city such as Beijing. Most non-smokers living in smoking households would experience reductions of over 70% in their daily inhaled PM2.5 intake if their home became smoke-free. The reduction is likely to be greatest for the very young and for older members of the population because they typically spend more time at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Semple
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Apsley
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tengku Azmina Ibrahim
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Stephen W Turner
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
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Meier R, Schindler C, Eeftens M, Aguilera I, Ducret-Stich RE, Ineichen A, Davey M, Phuleria HC, Probst-Hensch N, Tsai MY, Künzli N. Modeling indoor air pollution of outdoor origin in homes of SAPALDIA subjects in Switzerland. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 82:85-91. [PMID: 26070024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the shrinking spatial contrasts in outdoor air pollution in Switzerland and the trends toward tightly insulated buildings, the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) needs to understand to what extent outdoor air pollution remains a determinant for residential indoor exposure. The objectives of this paper are to identify determining factors for indoor air pollution concentrations of particulate matter (PM), ultrafine particles in the size range from 15 to 300nm, black smoke measured as light absorbance of PM (PMabsorbance) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and to develop predictive indoor models for SAPALDIA. Multivariable regression models were developed based on indoor and outdoor measurements among homes of selected SAPALDIA participants in three urban (Basel, Geneva, Lugano) and one rural region (Wald ZH) in Switzerland, various home characteristics and reported indoor sources such as cooking. Outdoor levels of air pollutants were important predictors for indoor air pollutants, except for the coarse particle fraction. The fractions of outdoor concentrations infiltrating indoors were between 30% and 66%, the highest one was observed for PMabsorbance. A modifying effect of open windows was found for NO2 and the ultrafine particle number concentration. Cooking was associated with increased particle and NO2 levels. This study shows that outdoor air pollution remains an important determinant of residential indoor air pollution in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Meier
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Inmaculada Aguilera
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Regina E Ducret-Stich
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Ineichen
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mark Davey
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ming-Yi Tsai
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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Coker ES, Smit E, Harding AK, Molitor J, Kile ML. A cross sectional analysis of behaviors related to operating gas stoves and pneumonia in U.S. children under the age of 5. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:77. [PMID: 25648867 PMCID: PMC4321321 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poorly ventilated combustion stoves and pollutants emitted from combustion stoves increase the risk of acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRI) in children living in developing countries but few studies have examined these issues in developed countries. Our objective is to investigate behaviors related to gas stove use, namely using them for heat and without ventilation, on the odds of pneumonia and cough in U.S. children. Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) was used to identify children < 5 years who lived in homes with a gas stove and whose parents provided information on their behaviors when operating their gas stoves and data on pneumonia (N = 3,289) and cough (N = 3,127). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between each respiratory outcome and using a gas stove for heat or without ventilation, as well as, the joint effect of both behaviors. Results The adjusted odds of parental-reported pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08, 4.03) and cough (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.43) were higher among children who lived in homes where gas stoves were used for heat compared to those who lived in homes where gas stoves were only used for cooking. The odds of pneumonia (aOR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.98), but not cough (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.75), was higher among those children whose parents did not report using ventilation when operating gas stoves compared to those who did use ventilation. When considering the joint association of both stove operating conditions, only children whose parents reported using gas stoves for heat without ventilation had significantly higher odds of pneumonia (aOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.32, 7.09) and coughing (aOR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.30) after adjusting for other risk factors. Conclusions Using gas stoves for heat without ventilation was associated with higher odds of pneumonia and cough among U.S. children less than five years old who live in homes with a gas stove. More research is needed to determine if emissions from gas stoves ventilation infrastructure, or modifiable behaviors contribute to respiratory infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Coker
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Ellen Smit
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Anna K Harding
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - John Molitor
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Molly L Kile
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Sharpe RA, Thornton CR, Nikolaou V, Osborne NJ. Higher energy efficient homes are associated with increased risk of doctor diagnosed asthma in a UK subpopulation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 75:234-244. [PMID: 25498485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The United Kingdom (UK) has one of the highest prevalence of asthma in the world, which represents a significant economic and societal burden. Reduced ventilation resulting from increased energy efficiency measures acts as a modifier for mould contamination and risk of allergic diseases. To our knowledge no previous study has combined detailed asset management property and health data together to assess the impact of household energy efficiency (using the UK Government's Standard Assessment Procedure) on asthma outcomes in an adult population residing in social housing. METHODS Postal questionnaires were sent to 3867 social housing properties to collect demographic, health and environmental information on all occupants. Detailed property data, residency periods, indices of multiple deprivation (IMD) and household energy efficiency ratings were also investigated. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals while allowing for clustering of individuals coming from the same location. RESULTS Eighteen percent of our target social housing population were recruited into our study. Adults had a mean age of 59 (SD±17.3) years and there was a higher percentage of female (59%) and single occupancy (58%) respondents. Housing demographic characteristics were representative of the target homes. A unit increase in household Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) rating was associated with a 2% increased risk of current asthma, with the greatest risk in homes with SAP >71. We assessed exposure to mould and found that the presence of a mouldy/musty odour was associated with a two-fold increased risk of asthma (OR 2.2 95%; CI 1.3-3.8). A unit increase in SAP led to a 4-5% reduction in the risk of visible mould growth and a mouldy/musty odour. DISCUSSION In contrast to previous research, we report that residing in energy efficient homes may increase the risk of adult asthma. We report that mould contamination increased the risk of asthma, which is in agreement with existing knowledge. Exposure to mould contamination could not fully explain the association between increased energy efficiency and asthma. Our findings may be explained by increased energy efficiency combined with the provision of inadequate heating, ventilation, and increased concentrations of other biological, chemical and physical contaminants. This is likely to be modified by a complex interaction between occupant behaviours and changes to the built environment. Our findings may also be confounded by our response rate, demographic and behavioural differences between those residing in low versus high energy efficient homes, and use of self-reported exposures and outcomes. CONCLUSION Energy efficiency may increase the risk of current adult asthma in a population residing in social housing. This association was not significantly modified by the presence of visible mould growth, although further research is needed to investigate the interaction between other demographic and housing characteristic risk factors, especially the impact of fuel poverty on indoor exposures and health outcomes. STUDY IMPLICATIONS A multidisciplinary approach is required to assess the interaction between energy efficiency measures and fuel poverty behaviours on health outcomes prior to the delivery of physical interventions aimed at improving the built environment. Policy incentives are required to address fuel poverty issues alongside measures to achieve SAP ratings of 71 or greater, which must be delivered with the provision of adequate heating and ventilation strategies to minimise indoor dampness. Changes in the built environment without changes in behaviour of domicile residents may lead to negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- University of Exeter Medical School, The Veysey Building, Salmon Pool Lane, Exeter EX2 4SG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Osborne
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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Sharpe R, Thornton CR, Osborne NJ. Modifiable factors governing indoor fungal diversity and risk of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:631-41. [PMID: 24471926 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to dampness and fungi in the home is a known risk factor for individuals with allergic asthma. Inadequate heating and ventilation may lead to dampness and concomitant increased exposure to spores of allergenic fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi have been cultured from sputum of asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals, and implicated in the initiation or exacerbation of asthma. Indoor environmental factors influence the presence and concentrations of fungal propagules and, in turn, risk of asthma outcomes. This review aims to identify modifiable risk factors in the built environment that have been shown to influence fungal composition indoors, and to examine this association with the risk of asthma development and/or exacerbation. A complex interaction between residential characteristics, the built environment and the behaviour of people regulate the diversity and concentrations of indoor fungi. Modifiable factors include build age, architectural design, level of maintenance, variations in construction materials, presence of pets, heating and ventilation patterns. Risk of fungal contamination and asthma outcomes are also influenced by low occupant awareness concerning potential health effects and socio-economic factors. Addressing these factors provides an opportunity to improve future housing interventions, though it is not clear how the built environment and occupant behaviours interact to modify the diversity of indoor fungi and resultant risk of asthma. A combination of housing improvements combined with awareness programmes and the alleviation of fuel poverty can be used to lower the allergen burden associated with damp homes. Further research is needed to identify factors that regulate the concentration and diversity of indoor fungi and how this may act as a modifier for asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK
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Alves C, Calvo AI, Marques L, Castro A, Nunes T, Coz E, Fraile R. Particulate matter in the indoor and outdoor air of a gymnasium and a fronton. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12390-402. [PMID: 24938814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An indoor/outdoor monitoring programme of PM10 was carried out in two sports venues (a fronton and a gymnasium). Levels always below 50 μg m(-3) were obtained in the fronton and outdoor air. Due to the climbing chalk and the constant process of resuspension, concentrations above 150 μg m(-3) were registered in the gymnasium. The chalk dust contributed to CO3 (2-) concentrations of 32 ± 9.4 μg m(-3) in this sports facility, which represented, on average, 18 % of the PM10 mass. Here, the carbonate levels were 128 times higher than those registered outdoors. Much lower concentrations, around 1 μg m(-3), were measured in the fronton. The chalk dust is also responsible for the high Mg(2+) concentrations in the gym (4.7 ± 0.89 μg m(-3)), unfolding a PM10 mass fraction of 2.7 %. Total carbon accounted for almost 30 % of PM10 in both indoor spaces. Aerosol size distributions were bimodal and revealed a clear dependence on physical activities and characteristics of the sports facilities. The use of climbing chalk in the gymnasium contributed significantly to the coarse mode. The average geometric mean diameter, geometric standard deviation and total number of coarse particles were 0.77 μm, 2.79 cm(-3) and 28 cm(-3), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Alves
- Centre for Environment and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Sarigiannis DΑ, Karakitsios SP, Kermenidou M, Nikolaki S, Zikopoulos D, Semelidis S, Papagiannakis A, Tzimou R. Total exposure to airborne particulate matter in cities: the effect of biomass combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:795-805. [PMID: 25000575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study deals with the seasonal variability of PM exposure and the effect that biomass combustion has upon it in the urban environment. The study is based on measurements, chemical analyses and modeling results performed in Thessaloniki (Greece). The measurements campaign included the assessment of outdoor and indoor air quality and the evaluation of biomass use for domestic heating. The outdoor measurements highlighted a significant increase of PM10 (from 30.1 to 73.1 μg/m(3)) and PM2.5 (from 19.4 to 62.7 μg/m(3)) concentrations during the transition from the warm to the cold period of the year 2012 compared to 2011. The increase in ambient air PM during the winter was attributed to the use of biomass burning for space heating. The latter was verified by the presence of levoglucosan in the PM (concentrations up to 8 μg/m(3)), especially for samples taken from the urban background site. Outdoor PM concentrations were also modeled using an artificial neural network model taking into account major meteorological parameters; the latter explained more than 90% of PM10 and PM2.5 day-to-day variability. Indoor concentrations followed a similar pattern, while in the case of fireplace use, average daily concentrations rise to 10 μg/m(3) and 14 μg/m(3) for PM2.5 and PM10 respectively. Indoor air concentrations were affected the most by the ambient air particle infiltration. Indoor air quality went down after 3h of open fire biomass combustion for space heating. Personal exposure was significantly determined by overall indoor air quality. Yet, dynamic exposure analysis revealed that peaks of intake do not correspond to peaks of ambient air PM concentrations altering thus total exposure patterns. Thus, cost-effective public health protection has to aim at reducing the exposure profile of susceptible population sub-groups combining awareness raising, emission reduction measures and financial incentives to influence the choice of space heating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Α Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Natural and Renewable Resource Exploitation Laboratory, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Spyros P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Natural and Renewable Resource Exploitation Laboratory, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianthi Kermenidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Nikolaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zikopoulos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stauros Semelidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos Papagiannakis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roxani Tzimou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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McGrath JA, Byrne MA, Ashmore MR, Terry AC, Dimitroulopoulou C. Development of a probabilistic multi-zone multi-source computational model and demonstration of its applications in predicting PM concentrations indoors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:798-806. [PMID: 24907614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper highlights the development and application of the probabilistic model (IAPPEM), which predicts PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the indoor environments. A number of features are detailed and justified through simulated comparison, which are shown to be necessary when modelling indoor PM concentrations. A one minute resolution predicts up to 20% higher peak concentrations compared with a 15 min resolution. A modified PM10 deposition method, devised to independently analyse the PM2.5 fraction of PM10, predicts up to 56% higher mean concentrations. The application of the model is demonstrated by a number of simulations. The total PM contribution, from different indoor emission sources, was analysed in terms of both emission strength and duration. In addition, PM concentrations were examined by varying the location of the emission source. A 24-hour sample profile is simulated based on sample data, designed to demonstrate the combined functionality of the model, predicting PM10 and PM2.5 peak concentrations up to 1107±175 and 596±102 μg m(-3) respectively, whilst predicting PM10 and PM2.5 mean concentrations up to 259±21 and 166±11 μg m(-3) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McGrath
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - M A Byrne
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - M R Ashmore
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - A C Terry
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - C Dimitroulopoulou
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon, UK
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Semple S, Latif N. How Long Does Secondhand Smoke Remain in Household Air: Analysis of PM2.5 Data From Smokers’ Homes. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:1365-70. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Choi H, Spengler J. Source attribution of personal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture using concurrent personal, indoor, and outdoor measurements. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 63:173-81. [PMID: 24316321 PMCID: PMC3908783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relative importance of multiple indoor and outdoor venues on personal exposure concentrations to pro-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) remains poorly understood. This is particularly challenging because many c-PAHs share sources and occur as a complex mixture. Accurate and precise apportionment of personal exposure according to exposure venues could aid in the understanding of human health effects due to a given source. Here, we partitioned indoor and personal exposure concentrations to seven c-PAHs and pyrene according to the indoor- and outdoor-origins. METHODS A simultaneous, integrated monitoring of personal, indoor and outdoor concentrations of nine PAHs was conducted in 75 homes for a consecutive 48-hour period across a two-year period in Kraków, Poland. Due to few known indoor sources for chrysene, we used this PAH species as a tracer for infiltration of outdoor PAHs. Personal and indoor concentrations of seven c-PAHs and pyrene were apportioned to home indoor, non-home indoor and outdoor origins. RESULTS Using Chrysenein/Chryseneout as proxy for an infiltration factor, Finf, infiltrated PAHs of outdoor origin are overall higher in concentration than those emitted from the indoor origin. Average contribution by the outdoor sources on B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F were 92%, 79%, and 78% across all seasons, respectively. In contrast, in homes where a household member smoked, average contributions by the outdoor sources on B[ghi]P, B[a]P, D[ah]A, and IP were lower (i.e., 67%, 65%, 67%, and 66%, respectively). Season-averaged contributions by the outdoor sources on personal exposure to B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F were 92%, 74%, and 77%, respectively. On the other hand, season-averaged home indoor source contributions on personal exposure to B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F were estimated at 6%, 15%, and 19%, respectively. Similar contributions by season-averaged home indoor sources on personal exposure were estimated at 28% for B[ghi]P, 31% for B[a]P, 25% for D[ah]A, and 28% for IP. CONCLUSION Of the seven c-PAHs, B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F are enriched in indoor and personal exposure concentrations from the outdoor coal-combustion. B[ghi]P, B[a]P, D[a,h]A, and IP, PAHs with some of the highest carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies, are considerably enriched by cigarette smoke in addition to the outdoor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, SUNY at Albany, School of Public Health, One University Place, Room 153, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States.
| | - John Spengler
- Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Room 406A, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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McNamara M, Thornburg J, Semmens E, Ward T, Noonan C. Coarse particulate matter and airborne endotoxin within wood stove homes. INDOOR AIR 2013; 23:498-505. [PMID: 23551341 PMCID: PMC4556095 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from indoor biomass burning are a major public health concern in developing areas of the world. Less is known about indoor air quality, particularly airborne endotoxin, in homes burning biomass fuel in residential wood stoves in higher income countries. A filter-based sampler was used to evaluate wintertime indoor coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀₋₂.₅) and airborne endotoxin (EU/m³, EU/mg) concentrations in 50 homes using wood stoves as their primary source of heat in western Montana. We investigated number of residents, number of pets, dampness (humidity), and frequency of wood stove usage as potential predictors of indoor airborne endotoxin concentrations. Two 48-h sampling events per home revealed a mean winter PM₁₀₋₂.₅ concentration (± s.d.) of 12.9 (± 8.6) μg/m³, while PM₂.₅ concentrations averaged 32.3 (± 32.6) μg/m³. Endotoxin concentrations measured from PM₁₀₋₂.₅ filter samples were 9.2 (± 12.4) EU/m³ and 1010 (± 1524) EU/mg. PM₁₀₋₂.₅ and PM₂.₅ were significantly correlated in wood stove homes (r = 0.36, P < 0.05). The presence of pets in the homes was associated with PM₁₀₋₂.₅ but not with endotoxin concentrations. Importantly, none of the other measured home characteristics was a strong predictor of airborne endotoxin, including frequency of residential wood stove usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. McNamara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - J. Thornburg
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - E. Semmens
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - T. Ward
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - C. Noonan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Semple S, Ibrahim AE, Apsley A, Steiner M, Turner S. Using a new, low-cost air quality sensor to quantify second-hand smoke (SHS) levels in homes. Tob Control 2013; 24:153-8. [PMID: 24046213 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if a low-cost particle counter, the Dylos DC 1700, can be used in homes to quantify second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations. METHODS Participants were recruited from a hospital-based study of attitudes on smoking. Two photometric devices (Dylos DC1700 and Sidepak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor) capable of measuring and logging concentrations of particulate matter were placed in smoking and non-smoking homes for approximately 24h. Acquired data were randomly allocated to one of two groups: one was used to generate a calibration equation using regression techniques; the second was used for validation of the generated model. The mean difference and limits of agreement between the two instruments were calculated using the validation dataset. Summary air-quality results were also compared across the entire dataset. RESULTS Over 500 001 minute concentration measurements were collected from 34 homes. 25 301 randomly selected paired-measurements were used to generate a calibration equation (R(2) 0.86) converting the particle number concentration from the Dylos to a mass concentration of PM2.5 as measured by the Sidepak. The mean difference (limits of agreement) between the remaining 25 102 paired measurements was -0.09 (-49.7 to 49.5) with 3.2% of values outside the limits of agreement. Differences in the air quality information generated by the two instruments were generally small and unlikely to impact on user interpretation. CONCLUSIONS The Dylos appears to be a valid instrument for measuring PM2.5 in household settings. The Dylos may be useful in air quality-based interventions designed to change smokers' behaviours with the possibility of encouraging cessation and/or smoke-free homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Semple
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Center for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Azmina Engku Ibrahim
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew Apsley
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Markus Steiner
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Stephen Turner
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Galea KS, Hurley JF, Cowie H, Shafrir AL, Sánchez Jiménez A, Semple S, Ayres JG, Coggins M. Using PM2.5 concentrations to estimate the health burden from solid fuel combustion, with application to Irish and Scottish homes. Environ Health 2013; 12:50. [PMID: 23782423 PMCID: PMC3702424 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study estimates the potential population health burden from exposure to combustion-derived particulate air pollution in domestic settings in Ireland and Scotland. METHODS The study focused on solid fuel combustion used for heating and the use of gas for cooking. PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) was used as the pollutant mixture indicator. Measured PM2.5 concentrations in homes using solid fuels were adjusted for other sources of PM2.5 by subtracting PM2.5 concentrations in homes using gas for cooking but not solid fuel heating. Health burden was estimated for exposure indoors 6 pm - midnight, or all day (24-hour), by combining estimated attributable annual PM2.5 exposures with (i) selected epidemiological functions linking PM2.5 with mortality and morbidity (involving some re-scaling from PM10 to PM2.5, and adjustments 'translating' from concentrations to exposures) and (ii) on the current population exposed and background rates of morbidity and mortality. RESULTS PM2.5 concentrations in coal and wood burning homes were similar to homes using gas for cooking, used here as a baseline (mean 24-hr PM2.5 concentrations 8.6 μg/m3) and so health impacts were not calculated. Concentrations of PM2.5 in homes using peat were higher (24-hr mean 15.6 μg/m3); however, health impacts were calculated for the exposed population in Ireland only; the proportion exposed in Scotland was very small. The assessment for winter evening exposure (estimated annual average increase of 2.11 μg/m3 over baseline) estimated 21 additional annual cases of all-cause mortality, 55 of chronic bronchitis, and 30,100 and 38,000 annual lower respiratory symptom days (including cough) and restricted activity days respectively. CONCLUSION New methods for estimating the potential health burden of combustion-generated pollution from solid fuels in Irish and Scottish homes are provided. The methodology involves several approximations and uncertainties but is consistent with a wider movement towards quantifying risks in PM2.5 irrespective of source. Results show an effect of indoor smoke from using peat (but not wood or coal) for heating and cooking; but they do not suggest that this is a major public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Galea
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Hilary Cowie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy L Shafrir
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sean Semple
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jon G Ayres
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marie Coggins
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
Almost 3 billion people worldwide burn solid fuels indoors. Despite the large population at risk worldwide, the effect of exposure to indoor solid fuel smoke has not been adequately studied. Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use is strongly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory tract infections, and lung cancer, and weakly associated with asthma, tuberculosis, and interstitial lung disease. Tobacco use further potentiates the development of respiratory disease among subjects exposed to solid fuel smoke. There is a need to perform additional interventional studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Sood
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC 10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Mills LM, Semple SE, Wilson IS, MacCalman L, Amos A, Ritchie D, O'Donnell R, Shaw A, Turner SW. Factors influencing exposure to secondhand smoke in preschool children living with smoking mothers. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1435-44. [PMID: 22422926 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The health effects on young children of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) are well described. Recent work suggests that over one quarter of school-aged children in Scotland are regularly exposed to SHS in the home. The study was designed to describe SHS exposure in preschool children whose mothers smoked and identify factors that influence exposure. METHODS Smoking mothers with at least one child aged 1-5 years were recruited to the Reducing Families' Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in the Home study. Concentrations of airborne particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in size (PM(2.5)) in the home were measured together with child's salivary cotinine. Demographics including age, accommodation type, socioeconomic status, and number of cigarettes smoked at home were recorded. RESULTS Data were collected from 54 homes. In 89% of the homes, concentrations of PM(2.5) exceeded health-based guidance values at some point of the day. Household PM(2.5) concentrations were highest during the evening hours of 6 p.m. to midnight. Younger children had higher salivary cotinine concentrations than older children, and the geometric mean of salivary cotinine was 2.36 ng/ml. Household smoking restrictions and maternal confidence in enforcing smoking restrictions in their own home were strongly associated with child's SHS exposure. CONCLUSIONS Preschool children's exposure to SHS in homes where the mother smokes is considerable. Interventions and policy development to increase parental awareness of the health effects of SHS and provide parents with the confidence to implement smoke-free households are required to reduce the SHS exposure of preschool age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey M Mills
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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