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Estornut C, Rinaldi G, Carceller MC, Estornut S, Pérez-Leal M. Systemic and local effect of oxidative stress on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: systematic review. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:453-463. [PMID: 38376817 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease of the mouth. It is characterised by the appearance of painful ulcers in the oral mucosa. RAS is believed to be a multifactorial disease with genetic predisposition, environmental factors and alterations in the immune system. Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between free radicals and the antioxidant system, also appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of RAS. Several risk factors, such as smoking, iron and vitamin deficiency and anxiety, may contribute to the development of the disease. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may help in the prevention and treatment of RAS. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases for articles on oxidative stress in patients with RAS from 2000 to 2023. Studies analysing oxidant and antioxidant levels in the blood and saliva of RAS patients and healthy controls were selected. Of 170 potentially eligible articles, 24 met the inclusion criteria: 11 studies on blood samples, 6 on salivary samples and 7 on both blood and salivary samples. Multiple oxidative and antioxidant markers were assessed in blood and saliva samples. Overall, statistically significant differences were found between RAS patients and healthy controls for most markers. In addition, increased oxidative DNA damage was observed in patients with RAS. Patients with RAS show elevated levels of oxidative stress compared to healthy controls, with a significant increase in oxidative markers and a significant decrease in antioxidant defences in saliva and blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Estornut
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Giulia Rinaldi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Carmen Carceller
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | | | - Martín Pérez-Leal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Wyszyńska M, Czelakowska A, Rosak P, Kasperski J, Łopacińska M, Ghanem A, Mertas A, Skucha-Nowak M. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Oral Bacterial Flora in Patients Wearing Complete Dentures and on the Level of Exhaled Nitric Oxide as a Marker of Inflammation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5556. [PMID: 37685622 PMCID: PMC10488653 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled nitric oxide is helpful in the diagnosis of the inflammation process. The study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 disease on the oral bacterial flora of patients using complete dentures with a diagnostic device that measures the level of NO in exhaled air. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included patients using upper and lower acrylic complete dentures. All patients participating in the study were vaccinated against COVID-19. The patients were divided into two groups. A dental examination was conducted in each group. The NO concentration was measured using the Vivatmo Pro device. An oral microbiological examination was performed by taking a swab from the bottom of the mouth. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of NO in relation to the number of bacteria from isolated families in the study and control groups and no statistically significant correlations between the level of NO and the number of bacteria from all families in the control and study group. Significantly higher NO values were present in the vaccinated and COVID-19-positive history population compared to the vaccinated and with no COVID-19 history population (patients with no clinical symptoms of infection or unaware they had COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS There are statistically significant differences in NO distribution in the considered populations: vaccinated and sick, and vaccinated and with a negative history of COVID-19. The measurement of NO in exhaled air can be a complementary, non-invasive diagnostic and inflammation monitoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wyszyńska
- Department of Dental Materials, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czelakowska
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (A.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Przemysław Rosak
- Specialist Dental Practice Przemysław Rosak, 13 Piłsudskiego Street, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kasperski
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (A.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Łopacińska
- Institute of Dentistry and General Medicine, 8 Łabędzia Street, 40-534 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Amir Ghanem
- Doctoral’s School, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Anna Mertas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Skucha-Nowak
- Department of Dental Propedeutics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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Zhang F, Sun J, Shi F, Han Q, Shi Y, Yang L, Wang K, Dong B, Wang L, Xu L. Nanometric Surface-Selective Regulation of Au/In 2O 3 Nanofibers as an Exhaled H 2S Chemiresistor for Periodontitis Diagnosis. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3530-3539. [PMID: 36367464 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, timely early intervention for periodontitis is a great challenge because the indicator is imperceptible. The exhaled H2S is considered to be a promising biomarker for fast and invasive periodontitis screening; however, the high-performance H2S gas sensor with excellent selectivity and sensitivity which is applicable to the oral cavity remains technically challenging. Herein, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-functionalized Au/In2O3 nanofiber (NF) sensor for H2S exhalation analysis was developed to flexibly and effectively modulate the selectivity of the sensor. Through optimizing the specific binding capacity to H2S by systematic adjustment with terminal groups and alkyl chains of SAMs, the sensing performance of the SAM-functionalized Au/In2O3 NF sensor is greatly enhanced. In the optimal (Au/In2O3-MPTES) sensor, the functionalization of the MPTES molecule could achieve significant response enhancement because of the stronger interaction between the sulfhydryl group at the end of the MPTES and H2S. Density functional theory simulation supports the proposed selective sensing mechanism via the analysis of adsorption energy and charge density distribution. The sensor exhibited a high response to H2S (1505.3-10 ppm) at an operating temperature of 100 °C with a low practical detection limit of 10 ppb and 13-145 fold enhanced selectivity. Furthermore, the Au/In2O3-MPTES sensor was successfully applied to distinguish the breath of healthy individuals and patients with severe periodontitis. This study provides novel design insights for the development of highly selective gas sensors for clinical aids in the diagnosis and detection of oral diseases such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrou Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyu Shi
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yujia Shi
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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An Evidence-Based Review of Application Devices for Nitric Oxide Concentration Determination from Exhaled Air in the Diagnosis of Inflammation and Treatment Monitoring. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134279. [PMID: 35807523 PMCID: PMC9268246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air is used in diagnostics and monitoring the pathologies not only in the respiratory system but also in the oral cavity. It has shown a huge increase in its level in asthma and diseases of the oral cavity. It seems reasonable to undertake research on the impact of inflammation on the level of NO in exhaled air. The aim of the study is to make an evidence-based review of the application of NO levels in exhaled air in the diagnosis of inflammation and treatment monitoring on the basis of selected measuring devices. Methods and Results: This paper presents an example of the application of NO measurement in exhaled air in individual human systems. Selected measuring devices, their non-invasiveness, and their advantages are described. Discussion: The usefulness of this diagnostic method in pathologies of the oral cavity was noted. Conclusions: Measuring the level of NO in exhaled air seems to be a useful diagnostic method.
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers in Oral Lichen Planus. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9914652. [PMID: 34616506 PMCID: PMC8490066 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9914652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, which might be caused by oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defense. Objective To systematically investigate the markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in the saliva and blood from OLP patients and healthy controls. Methods The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were systematically queried to collect data from studies in which oxidative stress/antioxidant markers from OLP and healthy subjects had been evaluated until March 10, 2021. Results A total of 28 studies fulfilled inclusion criteria, and 25 of them, having 849 OLP patients and 1,052 control subjects and analyzing 12 oxidative stress and antioxidant state marker levels, were subjected to meta-analysis. We found a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and uric acid (UA) and a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the saliva and serum/plasma of OLP patients. Moreover, a significant elevation of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and advanced oxidation protein product (AOOP) level and a decrease in vitamin C were also observed in the saliva of the OLP group. In contrast, salivary vitamin A, zinc, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin E, and nitrite were not significantly different between the two groups. In single studies, markers of oxidative stresses such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 8-isoprostanelevels were elevated in OLP, and antioxidant parameters such as glutathione (GSH) and total protein (TP) levels were dysregulated. Conclusion This meta-analysis helps to clarify the profile of oxidative stress and antioxidant state markers in OLP patients although existing evidence is rather heterogeneous and many studies are affected by several limitations. Larger and more standardized studies are warranted to ascertain whether these markers are potential causes or effects of OLP and whether antioxidant therapy improving oxidative stress will be useful.
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Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Manzano-Moreno FJ, Ruiz C, Illescas-Montes R. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145173. [PMID: 32708341 PMCID: PMC7403990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a highly versatile biological fluid that is easy to gather in a non-invasive manner—and the results of its analysis complement clinical and histopathological findings in the diagnosis of multiple diseases. The objective of this review was to offer an update on the contribution of salivary biomarkers to the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases of the oral cavity, including oral lichen planus, periodontitis, Sjögren’s syndrome, oral leukoplakia, peri-implantitis, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Salivary biomarkers such as interleukins, growth factors, enzymes, and other biomolecules have proven useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases, facilitating the early evaluation of malignization risk and the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment. However, further studies are required to identify new biomarkers and verify their reported role in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
| | - Victor J. Costela-Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Manzano-Moreno
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958243497
| | - Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Alamir AWH, Arakeri G, Patil S, Awan KH, Kujan O, Aljabab A, Fonseca F, Brennan PA. Association of nitric oxide with oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:345-350. [PMID: 30725513 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) has been postulated to have a mediator role in the pathogenesis of several diseases including oral lichen planus (OLP). This systematic review aimed to quantify the existing literature and assess the association of NO and OLP. METHODS The focused question being addressed was "Is there an association between nitric oxide and OLP?" PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science, and grey literature from January 1990 to August 2018 were searched. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection using specified eligibility criteria. RESULTS Seven studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. All of these were case-control studies and 151 patients with OLP were evaluated (mostly females), with an age ranged from 20 to 75 years. The included studies showed a significant higher NO levels in OLP patients compared to the healthy controls, with two studies demonstrated a higher NO levels in erosive OLP compared to non-erosive OLP. CONCLUSION These findings support that an association exists between higher NO concentration and OLP. However, larger high-quality studies with refined methodological design are needed to confirm the role of NO in the aetiology and pathogenesis of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab H Alamir
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gururaj Arakeri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Habib Awan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
| | - Omar Kujan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah.,UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Abdulsalam Aljabab
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Felipe Fonseca
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Xue Y, Chen G, Wu Z, Fang H. Serum levels of total antioxidant status, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14039. [PMID: 30653111 PMCID: PMC6370179 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common inflammatory ulcerative conditions of oral cavity with uncertain etiology. Several studies have reported that oxidative stress may be associated with RAS. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in minor RAS (MiRAS) patients with healthy individuals and determine the possible association of MiRAS with the 3 physiological parameters mentioned above. METHODS Ninety patients with idiopathic MiRAS and 90 race-, age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in this study. All these subjects were allocated to 3 groups: MiRAS patients in the active stage (Group A); the same MiRAS patients in Group A in the inactive stage (Group B); healthy individuals without MiRAS (Group C). Serum levels of TAS, NO and NOS were determined by the spectrophotometric method. Independent sample t test and paired t test were performed for statistical evaluation. RESULTS Serum TAS level of Group A was significantly decreased than that of Group C, whereas the serum level of NO was significantly higher in Group A as compared to Group C (P < .05). The serum levels of TAS and NO in Group B were no significant differences when compared with those in Group A or Group C. No significant differences in NOS activities were also found between the 3 groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS MiRAS is associated with decreased TAS and increased NO levels, but NOS may not play an important role in the aetiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, the 980th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Stomatology, the 980th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Stomatology, the 980th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang
| | - Zhongyin Wu
- Department of Stomatology, the 980th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang
| | - Huiqing Fang
- Department of Stomatology, the 980th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang
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Yang XY, Li XZ, Zhang SN. Metabolomics analysis of oral mucosa reveals profile perturbation in reticular oral lichen planus. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:28-32. [PMID: 30218656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucosal disorder and potentially oral premalignant lesion affecting the stratified squamous epithelia. In OLP, reticular type is the most common clinical form of the disease. However, little is known about it. Metabolomics analysis may help to investigate the disease pathogenesis and to improve clinical treatment. METHODS Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) system, XCMS software, SIMCA software, and OSI / SMMS software were integrated to identify differentially expressed metabolites for the pathways and pathology analysis. RESULTS Totally, 21 modulated metabolites were identified, whose dysregulations affected 30 metabolic pathways. Through an impact-value screen (impact-value>0.1), 8 pathways were selected as the significantly dysregulated pathways. Pathological network showed that these metabolites participated in 5 pathological processes, that is, inflammatory lesion, DNA damage and repair disorder, apoptosis process, oxidative stress injury, and abnormal energy expenditure. CONCLUSION The study revealed the metabolic perturbation of oral mucosa in reticular OLP, which may provide an important reference for the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and the discovery of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yan Yang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xu-Zhao Li
- Pharmacy School, Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Shuai-Nan Zhang
- Pharmacy School, Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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Humberto JSM, Pavanin JV, Rocha MJAD, Motta ACF. Cytokines, cortisol, and nitric oxide as salivary biomarkers in oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e82. [PMID: 30110084 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP) is still not fully elucidated, and it is believed that its development could involve a neuro-immune-endocrine profile. This systematic review investigated the relationship between cytokines, cortisol, and nitric oxide (NO) in the saliva of OLP patients. An electronic search was conducted in Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, LIVIVO, and Web of Science databases with no restriction of language to identify studies published up to December 2017. Data extraction was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 140 articles were retrieved, and 32 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria (cytokines = 17; cortisol = 9; NO = 6). The most studied cytokines in the saliva of OLP patients were interleukins IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-ү, and TNF-α, which were higher in OLP patients than in healthy controls (HC). Salivary cortisol was found to be higher in OLP than in HC in most (55.5%) of the selected studies, and all studies related to NO found higher levels of this marker in OLP than in HC. Despite controversial results, our review suggests that OLP patients have an increased inflammatory response, as indicated by the proinflammatory profile of salivary cytokines. In addition, we conclude that salivary cytokine and NO measurements may have significant diagnostic and prognostic potential for monitoring disease activity and therapeutic responses in OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Silva Martins Humberto
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Veronezi Pavanin
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Stomatology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Alves da Rocha
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Stomatology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Rezaei F, Soltani T. Evaluation and Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva Between Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis and Healthy Subjects. Open Dent J 2018; 12:303-309. [PMID: 29755602 PMCID: PMC5925858 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common chronic ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa and its development may be associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in patients with minor RAS. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, 27 patients with minor RAS and 28 age- and sex-matched controls without RAS were enrolled. TAC was measured in unstimulated saliva for patients (during active lesion phase and after healing) and controls by immunologic assay. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 using paired and unpaired t-tests (P<0.05). Results: Salivary TAC levels of patients presented a significant increase from active lesion phase (0.26±0.16) to healing time (0.43±0.41); (P=0.034). There was no significant difference in the level of salivary TAC between patients during active lesion phase and controls (0.24±0.13); (P=0.641). Conclusion: Increasing level of salivary TAC may be involved in remission of RAS lesions, suggesting its evaluation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Taher Soltani
- School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Rezaei F, Mohhamadi R. Comparison of Saliva Nitric Oxide between Chronic Kidney Disease Before and After Dialysis and with Control Group. Open Dent J 2018; 12:213-218. [PMID: 29643947 PMCID: PMC5876925 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a chronic progressive disorder and a major cause of death and disability in all countries. In the kidneys, Nitric Oxide (NO) has involved in several important cellular processes including glomerular and modular hemodynamics set-out, tubular - glomerular feedback reaction, renin releasing and extracellular fluid volume but NO can act as an inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress factor in high levels. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary levels of NO in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis compared to the healthy subjects and evaluate the effect of dialysis on the level of NO in saliva. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, 30 hemodialysis patients and 30 healthy controls that were matched for age and sex were selected. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all subjects. In the patient’s group, half an hour before starting dialysis first sampling and two hours after the completion of dialysis second sampling were collected. NO concentration in the samples was measured by using the Griess method. For data analysis, SPSS software version 16, Mann Whitney-U and Wilcoxon test were used. The level of significance was considered 0.05. Results: Mann-Whitney U test showed that the average concentration of salivary NO in patients with CKD (pre-dialysis and after dialysis) was higher than in the control group. The average concentration of salivary NO in patients with CKD was reduced after hemodialysis. Conclusion: Hemodialysis reduces salivary NO levels in CKD patients. It seems that hemodialysis has a role in decreasing the concentration of this inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Mohhamadi
- School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Hendek MK, Şenses F, Kisa Ü, Aksoy N, Tekin U. Is the Level of Nitric Oxide in the Dental Follicular Tissues of Impacted Third Molars With a History of Recurrent Pericoronitis a True Marker of Oxidative Stress? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75:2058-2062. [PMID: 28495408 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) is an indicator of oxidative stress in several tissues. Its role in dental follicular (DF) tissues of impacted third molars with a history of recurrent pericoronitis is not well elucidated. The present study compared NO levels between inflamed and noninflamed DF tissues of impacted third molars with a history of recurrent pericoronitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed. The study sample included inflamed DF tissues (test group) with certain local inflammatory symptoms, such as pain, tenderness, swelling, and erythema and noninflamed DF tissues (control group) without local inflammatory symptoms of impacted mandibular third molars. Each patient contributed only 1 specimen to the samples. All tissues samples were biochemically investigated for NO levels as an indicator of oxidative stress. The primary predictor variable was inflammatory status; secondary predictor variables were age and gender. The primary outcome variable was NO level. Descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted. RESULTS The test group consisted of 57 patients (28 men, 29 women; mean age, 23.28 ± 5.16 yr) and the control group consisted of 57 patients (30 men, 27 women; mean age, 23.02 ± 5.42 yr). No relevant intergroup differences were noted for demographic findings such as age and gender. NO levels were significantly higher in inflamed DF tissues of impacted third molars than in noninflamed DF tissues (P < .05). CONCLUSION Results of this study showed that NO might be used as an indicator of oxidative stress and the necessity to remove impacted mandibular third molars with a history of recurrent pericoronitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Karsiyaka Hendek
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Şenses
- Doctor, Atasehir Oral and Dental Health Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Üçler Kisa
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Nurkan Aksoy
- Doctor, Department of Biochemistry, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Tekin
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Hassona Y, Scully C. Salivary changes in oral mucosal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:111-27. [PMID: 26662486 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a unique biological fluid that can be easily collected and analyzed with low cost and low morbidity. Therefore, there is a growing attention for using salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progress and response to treatment. Salivary changes have been described in relation to oral mucosal diseases. This article discusses the causes and consequences of salivary hypofunction and presents a review of the literature related to changes in salivary parameters in various oral mucosal diseases and in systemic diseases with possible oral mucosal involvement.
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Tvarijonaviciute A, Aznar-Cayuela C, Rubio CP, Ceron JJ, López-Jornet P. Evaluation of salivary oxidate stress biomarkers, nitric oxide and C-reactive protein in patients with oral lichen planus and burning mouth syndrome. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:387-392. [PMID: 27862315 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress factors and C-reactive protein in the saliva of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS). METHODS This consecutive, cross-sectional study included 20 patients with OLP, 19 with burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and 31 control subjects. The oral cavity of each patient was examined and patients responded to a quality of life questionnaire (OHIP-14) and the xerostomia inventory. The following parameters were measured in whole non-stimulated saliva: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC); total antioxidant capacity (TAC); cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC); ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP); C-reactive protein (CRP); nitric oxide; nitrates; and nitrites. RESULTS The OLP group presented statistically significant differences in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (29 600 cps) in comparison with the control group (39 679 cps) (P < 0.05). In the BMS group, ROS was 29 707 cps with significant difference in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). Significantly higher salivary nitric oxide (145.7 μmol) and nitrite (141.0 μmol) levels were found in OLP patients in comparison with control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Increases in nitric oxide and C-reactive protein were found in the saliva of OLP patients in comparison with BMS and control patients. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Aznar-Cayuela
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pia López-Jornet
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Bredell MG, Ernst J, El-Kochairi I, Dahlem Y, Ikenberg K, Schumann DM. Current relevance of hypoxia in head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:50781-50804. [PMID: 27434126 PMCID: PMC5226620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck cancer (HNC) is a complex mix of cancers and one of the more common cancers with a relatively poor prognosis. One of the factors that may assist us in predicting survival and allow us to adjust our treatment strategies is the presence of tumor hypoxia. In this overview we aim to evaluate the current evidence and potential clinical relevance of tumor hypoxia in head and neck cancer according to an extensive search of current literature.An abundance of evidence and often contradictory evidence is found in the literature. Even the contradictory evidence and comparisons are difficult to judge as criteria and methodologies differ greatly, furthermore few prospective observational studies exist for verification of the pre-clinical studies. Despite these discrepancies there is clear evidence of associations between prognosis and poor tumor oxygenation biomarkers such as HIF-1α, GLUT-1 and lactate, though these associations are not exclusive. The use of genetic markers is expanding and will probably lead to significantly more and complex evidence. The lack of oxygenation in head and neck tumors is of paramount importance for the prediction of treatment outcomes and prognosis. Despite the wide array of conflicting evidence, the drive towards non-invasive prediction of tumor hypoxia should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius G. Bredell
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Ernst
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhem El-Kochairi
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuliya Dahlem
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Ikenberg
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Desiree M. Schumann
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Preethi S, Jose JI, Sivapathasundharam B, Sabarinath B. Evaluation of Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels in Smokers, Tobacco Chewers and Patients with Oral Lichenoid Reactions. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC63-6. [PMID: 26894179 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16517.7126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, acts as a signalling molecule affecting numerous physiological and pathological processes. Role of nitric oxide as a mediator in tobacco related habits and the resultant oral lichenoid reactions was assessed. AIM The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the salivary nitric oxide levels in normal patients with that of smokers, tobacco chewers and patients with oral lichenoid reactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty patients were enrolled in the study which included 30 healthy patients without any chronic inflammatory lesion and habit as controls (group I), 30 smokers without the habit of tobacco/betel nut chewing and any oral lesion (group II), 30 tobacco chewers without the habit of smoking and any oral lesion (group III) and 30 histologically confirmed cases of oral lichenoid reaction with the habit of tobacco usage (group IV). Saliva from these patients was collected and the nitrite concentration was assessed. RESULTS Our results concluded that there was highly significant increase in the nitric oxide levels in smokers, tobacco chewers and patients with oral lichenoid reactions compared to that of controls. Also, there was a significant increase in nitric oxide levels in patients with smoking associated oral lichenoid reactions in comparison with smokers and in patients with lichenoid reactions associated with tobacco chewing in comparison with tobacco chewers. CONCLUSION Estimation of salivary nitric oxide levels is a simple, non-invasive procedure and could be analysed to suggest the role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of these lesions. The increased activity of the enzyme may indicate that nitric oxide has a pathophysiological role in these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Preethi
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, India
| | - Joy Idiculla Jose
- Head of Department, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College , India
| | - B Sivapathasundharam
- Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, India
| | - B Sabarinath
- Reader, Department of Oral Pathology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, India
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Sukuroglu E, Güncü GN, Kilinc K, Caglayan F. Using Salivary Nitrite and Nitrate Levels as a Biomarker for Drug-Induced Gingival Overgrowth. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:87. [PMID: 26649282 PMCID: PMC4664664 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Drug-induced gingival overgrowth has a multifactorial nature and the pathogenesis is still uncertain. It has been suggested that Nitric Oxide (NO) might play a role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced gingival overgrowth due to the contribution of NO to immune response and matrix degradation. NO levels in biological fluids have been used as a diagnostic biomarker in many diseases. The aim of this study is to determine whether NO levels in plasma, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can serve as a potential biomarker for the evaluation of drug-induced gingival overgrowth risk. Materials and Methods: A total of 104 patients, receiving cyclosporine A (n = 35), phenytoin (n = 25), nifedipine (n = 26), or diltiazem (n = 18) participated in the study. The amount of gingival overgrowth was evaluated with two indices and was given as percentage. Periodontal clinical parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding time index (GBTI), and probing depth (PD) were also assessed. Saliva, GCF, and plasma samples were obtained from each participants. Nitrite and nitrate levels in saliva, GCF, and plasma were analyzed by Griess reagent. Results: Salivary nitrite and nitrate levels in responders were significantly higher than those in non-responders in only phenytoin group (p < 0.05). Nitrite and nitrate levels of gingival crevicular fluid and plasma did not significantly differ between responders and non-responders in all study groups (p > 0.05). Salivary nitrite levels exhibited a significant correlation with PD, GBTI, severity of gingival overgrowth (%GO), and GCF volume (p < 0.05). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was detected between saliva and plasma nitrate levels (p < 0.005). However, both nitrite and nitrate levels in GCF and plasma demonstrated no significant correlation with clinical parameters, GO severity, and GCF volume (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Salivary nitrite and nitrate levels could be used as periodontal disease biomarkers in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth, and that saliva seems to have a better diagnostic potential than GCF and plasma for the evaluation of drug-induced gingival overgrowth risk. However, when all drug groups were considered, saliva nitrite and nitrate levels could not be used as a biomarker for drug-induced gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Sukuroglu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Güliz N Güncü
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kamer Kilinc
- Department of Biochemistry, TOBB University of Economics and Technology Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feriha Caglayan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Madhulika N, Rangdhol RV, Sitra G, Ballaiah J, Jaikumar RA, Brooklyin S. A case-control study to detect the extent of DNA damage in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions using comet assay. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:S451-6. [PMID: 26538896 PMCID: PMC4606638 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.163499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to quantify the extent of DNA damage in lymphocytes of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid reactions (OLRs) using comet assay. Methodology: Lymphocytes from peripheral blood were subjected to alkaline comet assay. Comet length (CL), head diameter (HD), percentage of DNA in head, tail length (TL), percentage of DNA in tail, tail intensity, tail mean and tail moment were compared between study group (OLP and OLR) and control group using Student's t-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the linear association between the variables. Results: Significantly higher levels of DNA damage was present in study group as reflected by CL, HD and TL, tail intensity and tail moment with P = 0.0001; percentage of DNA in head and tail with P = 0.02 and tail mean with P = 0.012. Conclusion: This study brings out the fact that DNA damage measured by comet assay was greater in the study group when compared to the control group. As a reflection of uniqueness, this study crowns the scenario with respect to early detection and prevention of potentially malignant disorders and the process of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Madhulika
- Department of Oral Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - R Vishwanath Rangdhol
- Department of Oral Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - G Sitra
- Department of Oral Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - John Ballaiah
- Department of Oral Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - R Arun Jaikumar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rajah Mutiah Dental College, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Brooklyin
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Akbari M, Afshari R, Sharif M, Hashemy SI, Majidinia S. Evaluation of the effect of diacetyl morphine on salivary factors and their changes after methadone therapy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:730-4. [PMID: 25825098 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychoactive drugs are responsible for pathological changes in the mouth including dental caries, which most troublesome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of heroin on several salivary factors which are involved in the oral health and their changes after methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients with heroin abuse history, who referred to Imam Reza Hospital for MMT were included. Saliva sampling was carried out two times; at the first visit (time 1) and repeated 1 month after MMT (time 2). The saliva was analyzed immediately to evaluate the total volume, Ph, CPR, the Uric acid concentration, nitric oxide and antioxidant capacity. RESULTS The mean values for saliva volume, pH, CRP, Uric acid, antioxidant and nitric oxide were 0.38 ± 0.14, 7.63 ± 1.22, 5.2 ± 2.3, 1.47 ± 0.8, 0.80 ± 0.23, and 0.26 ± 0.03, respectively at first visit and 0.34 ± 0.22, 7.37 ± 1.01, 6.1 ± 2.6, 2.18 ± 0.9, 0.74 ± 0.3 and 0.29 ± 0.08 after 1 month of MMT. These values are below the normal ranges; however, there was no significant difference between two times in term of saliva volume, pH and saliva component (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Heroin addiction changed the effective salivary factors and therefore could negatively contribute to oral health. These factors were not return to the normal range after 1 month of MMT. Physicians should be informed about focusing on oral health in patients under MMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Akbari
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Afshari
- Associate Professor, Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sharif
- Dentist, Department of Operative and Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Majidinia
- Assistant Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Material Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Phone: +98 5118829501, e-mail:
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21
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Comparison of salivary nitric oxide and epidermal growth factor level between diabetic patients and healthy individuals. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-014-0207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Yildirim M, Baysal V, Inaloz HS, Doguc D. The Significance of Serum Nitric Oxide Levels in Behçet's Disease and Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. J Dermatol 2014; 31:983-8. [PMID: 15801262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is an inflammatory multisystem disorder characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, arthritis, uveitis, and thrombophlebitis; it can involve several organs. However, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be seen without a confirmed diagnosis of BD. Moreover, there is no way of predicting whether a patient with RAS will develop BD. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical synthesized from L-arginine by one of the family of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Increased production of NO during several inflammatory and infectious processes has been recently postulated. Our aim was to investigate the serum NO levels in patients with active and inactive BD and RAS. Forty-six patients with BD, 30 patients with RAS and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The patients with BD were separated into two groups: clinically active (n = 24) and inactive (n = 22). A blood sample was collected from all subjects in order to determine their serum NO levels. In patients with active BD, higher serum levels of NO metabolite were found in comparison with patients with inactive BD, in patients with RAS, or healthy controls (p < 0.05). We also found higher serum NO metabolite levels in patients with RAS than in healthy controls (p < 0.05). In patients with inactive BD, statistically significant higher levels of serum NO levels were found in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). However, we found no statistically significant difference between the patients with inactive BD and RAS, which indicated that inactive BD cannot be distinguished from RAS by serum NO levels. We conclude that serum NO levels may be an important marker for estimating the severity of BD. However, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yildirim
- University of Suleyman Demirel, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Isparta, Turkey
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in oral lichen planus: An immunohistochemical study for the correlation between vascular and inflammatory reactions. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Topcu Ali O, Akalin FA, Sahbazoglu KB, Yamalik N, Kilinc K, Karabulut E, Tözüm TF. Nitrite and nitrate levels of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in subjects with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2014; 5:e5. [PMID: 25089177 PMCID: PMC4115597 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nitrosative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva nitrite and nitrate levels in periodontally healthy and diseased sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 60 individuals including, 20 chronic periodontitis and 20 gingivitis patients and 20 periodontally healthy controls participated in the present study. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival index and plaque index were assessed, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva samples were obtained from the subjects, including 480 GCF samples and 60 unstimulated whole saliva samples. Nitrite and nitrate were analyzed by Griess reagent. RESULTS Total GCF nitrite levels were higher in gingivitis and periodontitis groups (1.07 [SD 0.62] nmol and 1.08 [SD 0.59] nmol) than the control group (0.83 [SD 0.31] nmol) (P < 0.05) but did not differ significantly between gingivitis and periodontitis groups (P > 0.05). The difference in GCF nitrate level was not significant among the control, gingivitis and periodontitis groups (7.7 [SD 2.71] nmol, 7.51 [SD 4.16] nmol and 7.38 [SD 1.91] nmol). Saliva nitrite and nitrate levels did not differ significantly among three study groups. Saliva nitrate/nitrite ratios were higher in periodontitis and gingivitis groups than the control group. A gradual decrease in nitrate/nitrite ratio in GCF was detected with the presence of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS It may be suggested that nitrite in gingival crevicular fluid is a better periodontal disease marker than nitrate and may be used as an early detection marker of periodontal inflammation, and that local nitrosative stress markers don't show significant difference between the initial and advanced stages of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Topcu Ali
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Ferda Alev Akalin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | | | - Nermin Yamalik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Kamer Kilinc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Erdem Karabulut
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Tolga Fikret Tözüm
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
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Ratajczak-Wrona W, Jablonska E, Antonowicz B, Dziemianczyk D, Grabowska SZ. Levels of biological markers of nitric oxide in serum of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Int J Oral Sci 2013; 5:141-5. [PMID: 23970140 PMCID: PMC3967335 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was a determination of the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and its biological markers such as malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and nitrotyrosine in the serum of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity and identification of the relationships between NO and those markers. These studies were performed on patients with SCC of the oral cavity before and after treatment. Griess reaction was used for the estimation of the total concentration of NO in serum. The nitrotyrosine level in serum was assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, and MDA level using a spectrophotometric assay. Higher concentrations of NO in blood serum were determined in patients with stage IV of the disease before treatment in comparison to the control group and patients with stages II and III of the disease. Moreover, higher concentrations of MDA and nitrotyrosine were determined in the serum of patients in all stages of the disease in comparison to healthy people. After treatment, lower concentrations of NO in the serum of patients with stage IV of the disease were observed in comparison to the amounts obtained prior to treatment. In addition, lower levels of nitrotyrosine in the serum of patients with all stages of the disease were recorded, whereas higher concentrations of MDA were determined in these patients in comparison to results obtained before treatment. The compounds formed with the contribution of NO, such as MDA and nitrotyrosine, may lead to cancer progression in patients with SCC of the oral cavity, and contribute to formation of resistance to therapy in these patients as well. Moreover, the lack of a relationship between concentrations of NO and MDA, and between NO and nitrotyrosine in serum suggests that the process of lipid peroxidation and nitration in patients with SCC does not just depend on NO.
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de Carvalho EC, Cárnio EC, Khouri VY, Guilherme C, dos Santos CB, Pace MA. [Examination of the oral cavities of patients with cancer: clinical evaluation and indirect measurement of the nitric oxide level]. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2013; 47:101-6. [PMID: 23515809 DOI: 10.1590/s0080-62342013000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This observational study aimed to verify the association between the clinical state of the oral cavity (based on the Index of Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth and the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index) and the indirectly determined nitric oxide level in patients with oncologic and hematologic diseases. This study included 20 hospitalized patients who were in the evaluation phase prior to starting chemotherapy and who had been diagnosed with leukemia (35%), lymphoma (50%) or myeloma (15%). Fifty percent of these patients had normal oral health (no injury or trauma), and most had satisfactory (35%) or typical (35%) hygiene, but 30% had poor or very poor hygiene. The indirectly measured levels of nitric oxide ranged from 13.34 to 257. The nitric oxide level was not associated with other parameters, and there was great variability in its level. Further studies are necessary given the potential of using this indicator in the early detection of oral diseases.
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Kapoor C, Wadhwan V, Vaidya S, Malik S. Triology of nitric oxide, mast cell and stress in pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 17:156-62. [PMID: 24250071 PMCID: PMC3830219 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.119741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is chronic, autoimmune, mucocutaneous disease. Numerous etiological factors have been proposed, but an authoritative and exact source of the disease has not been brought forward. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), mast cell (MC) and stress are considered to play a key role in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis generating nitric oxide (NO). AIM To evaluate the salivary NO levels, mast cells and stress levels and to correlate them in pathogenesis of OLP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted using saliva samples of patients. The study consisted of two groups: Group-I constituted the subjects with OLP group (n=25) and group II comprised the control group (n=25). The saliva of the patients was evaluated using Griess Reagent and Spectrophotometer, MC count done by using special stains, and stress levels measured using DASS Scale. RESULTS The difference between the means was found to be highly significant (P < 0.05). The intergroup comparison of optical density (OD) values, a mast cell count and stress level was found to be highly significant. CONCLUSION Salivary NO, increase in mast cell count and stress has a definitive role in OLP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Kapoor
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College, Budh, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Chavan M, Jain H, Diwan N, Khedkar S, Shete A, Durkar S. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a review. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:577-83. [PMID: 22413800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common clinical condition producing painful ulcerations in oral cavity. The diagnosis of RAS is based on well-defined clinical characteristics but the precise etiology and pathogenesis of RAS remain unclear. The present article provides a detailed review of the current concepts and knowledge of the etiology, pathogenesis, and management of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chavan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College, Pune, India.
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Petti S, Rabiei M, De Luca M, Scully C. The magnitude of the association between hepatitis C virus infection and oral lichen planus: meta-analysis and case control study. Odontology 2011; 99:168-78. [PMID: 21505737 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with oral lichen planus (OLP), a case-control study and a meta-analysis were designed to investigate the magnitude of such an association. A total of 413 presumptive OLP patients (18-75 years) who referred to a dental clinic in Rasht (Iran) were consecutively selected. OLP was diagnosed clinically (typical forms) and histologically (atypical forms) by a calibrated examiner. A total of 487 adults (20-77 years) attending the same dental clinic were the controls. The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age, gender and occupation. Subjects were tested for anti-HCV antibodies. The odds ratio (OR) for OLP attributable to HCV infection was non-significant [OR 1.2, 95% confidence interval (95CI) 0.3-4.8], suggesting that the association between HCV and OLP was weak in the Iranian context. Meta-analysis of observational studies characteristics of primary studies were that cases were diagnosed clinically (only typical forms) and histologically and exposure was assessed through anti-HCV antibodies. Exposed/unexposed cases/controls were extracted and zero values were appropriately transformed. As much as 44 studies, including the present, were located. Publication bias could not be totally excluded. The pooled OR, estimated using the random-effect model, was 2.8 (95CI 2.4-3.2). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of results. Subgroup analysis showed non-significant differences between American/European and Asian/African studies. The fraction of global OLP cases associated with HCV (population attributable fraction) was 2.1% (95CI 1.9-2.2%). Although HCV and OLP were significantly associated, the majority of OLP patients were not affected by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sanarelli Building, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Ergun S, Troşala ŞC, Warnakulasuriya S, Özel S, Önal AE, Ofluoğlu D, Güven Y, Tanyeri H. Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant profile in patients with oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:286-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vitral JCDA, Fraga MR, de Souza MA, Ferreira AP, Vitral RWF. In-vitro study of cellular viability and nitric oxide production by J774 macrophages stimulated by interferon gamma with ceramic, polycarbonate, and polyoxymethylene brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137:665-70. [PMID: 20451786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ceramic brackets are chemically inert in the oral cavity, whereas polycarbonate and polyoxymethylene brackets can degrade and release bisphenol-A and formaldehyde, respectively. More reliable tests are needed to assess the potential toxicity of these materials. In addition to traditional cytotoxicity tests, the study of nitric oxide (NO) cellular production stimulated by a specific material has been shown to be a reliable tool for evaluating cytotoxic potential. The purpose of this study was to assess, with esthetic brackets, cellular viability by 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo) in the macrophage cell line J774 stimulated with interferon gamma. Interferon gamma is a key cytokine in the activation of macrophages, plays an important role in immunologic processes, and also quantifies NO production by these macrophages. METHODS Well plates were seeded with 2 x 104 J774 cells per well, in a volume of 100 microL, resuspended in Roswell Park Memorial Institute Supplemented Medium 1640. The macrophage cell line J774 was stimulated with interferon gamma. Ceramic, polycarbonate, and polyoxymethylene brackets were added and kept in the culture for 24, 48, or 72 hours in 5% carbon dioxide at 37 degrees C; the control samples did not include brackets. At the end of each incubation period, the supernatant was collected for posterior NO quantification, and the cells were evaluated for cytotoxicity. RESULTS Cellular viability in all groups was higher at 72 hours than at 24 hours. The final means in the bracket groups did not show significant differences compared with the control group. NO production was significantly greater in all groups at the final time than at the initial time. However, the brackets with the interferon gamma stimulation did not result in greater NO production than did the cells in the control group.
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Miozza V, Borda E, S-Borda L, Busch L. Increase nitric oxide synthase activity in parotid glands from rats with experimental periodontitis. Oral Dis 2010; 16:801-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pourahmad M, Rahiminejad M, Fadaei S, Kashafi H. Effects of camel thorn distillate on recurrent oral aphthous lesions. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2010; 8:348-52. [PMID: 20136677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near 20 % of people suffer from recurrent oral aphthous ulcers. These painful ulcers are found on the oral mucosa. We conducted this study to evaluate the effect of the camel thorn distillate on this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS 93 patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers were selected and divided into two groups. One group was given a placebo (n = 44) and the other was given camel thorn distillate (n = 49). The diameter of the lesions and the severity of the pain were measured 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after initiation of therapy. The lesion diameters and pain scores of the two groups were compared using the t-test. RESULTS Complete resolution time ranged from 3 to 7 days (mean = 4.02) in the group treated with camel thorn distillate, whereas in the control group, complete resolution time ranged from 7 to 14 days (mean = 8.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of camel thorn distillate is comparable to that of other drugs used to treat oral aphthous ulcers. Its therapeutic effect may be due to the flavanones (alhagitin and alhagidin) that are present in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Pourahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Culla B, Guida G, Brussino L, Tribolo A, Cicolin A, Sciascia S, Badiu I, Mietta S, Bucca C. Increased oral nitric oxide in obstructive sleep apnoea. Respir Med 2009; 104:316-20. [PMID: 19854036 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia and snoring-related mechanical trauma contribute to airway inflammation in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Increased exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), an airway inflammation marker, has been reported in OSA patients. We propose the measure of NO in the oral cavity (oNO) as marker of oropharyngeal inflammation in OSA. METHODS We compared oNO and FENO of 39 OSA patients with those of 26 mild asthmatics (ASTHMA), 15 patients with chronic rhinitis or rhinosinusitis (CRS) and 24 healthy subjects. A special device was used for oNO measurement. Apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index, mean and nadir SaO2 were calculated from the polysomnography. RESULTS oNO was significantly increased in OSA (104.2 95%CI 80.2-135.5ppb) as compared to ASTHMA (71.9 95%CI 56.3-91.9ppb; p=0.015), CRS (54.4 95%CI 40.2-73.7ppb; p=0.009) and healthy subjects (63.6 95%CI 59-73ppb; p<0.001). oNO was directly related to AHI (r=0.466, p=0.003) and to minutes slept with SaO2 <90% (r=0.471, p=0.011) and it was inversely related to nadirSaO2 (r=-0.393, p=0.018). FENO was highest in asthmatics (40.3 95%CI 32.5-50.1ppb) and only slightly elevated in OSA (23.1 95%CI 19,8-28.3ppb) and CRS (22.8 95%CI 16.8-32.5ppb). CONCLUSIONS The finding that oral NO is increased in OSA and is related to upper airway obstructive episodes and to hypoxemia severity, strengthens the clinical and pathogenic role of oral inflammation in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Culla
- Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine V, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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A 12-Month Evaluation of Nitrite Oxide Metabolism Around Immediate and Conventionally Loaded Dental Implants. IMPLANT DENT 2009; 18:27-37. [DOI: 10.1097/id.0b013e318195aaa3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Çağlayan F, Miloglu, Altun O, Erel, Yılmaz AB. Oxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Dis 2008; 14:700-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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da Silva LPN, Issa JPM, Bel EAD. Action of nitric oxide on healthy and inflamed human dental pulp tissue. Micron 2008; 39:797-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takahama U, Ryu K, Hirota S. Chlorogenic acid in coffee can prevent the formation of dinitrogen trioxide by scavenging nitrogen dioxide generated in the human oral cavity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:9251-9258. [PMID: 17924708 DOI: 10.1021/jf071700r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Coffee contains antioxidants like chlorogenic acid and its isomers. In this report, effects of coffee on the nitrite-induced N2O3 formation were studied using whole saliva and bacterial fraction prepared from the saliva. The formation of N2O3 was measured by fluorescence increase due to the transformation of 4,5-diaminofluorescein to triazolfluorescein. Coffee inhibited the nitrite-induced fluorescence increase, and 50% inhibition was observed at several microg of coffee/mL in bacterial fraction of saliva as well as whole saliva. During the inhibition of the fluorescence increase, concentration of chlorogenic acid and its isomers decreased. It is discussed that the reduction of NO2 by chlorogenic acid and its isomers contributed to the coffee-dependent inhibition of the fluorescence increase as N2O3 is formed from NO and NO2. When coffee was added to whole saliva, chlorogenic acid and its isomers bound to cells in the saliva. The rate of the fluorescence increase in bacterial fraction, which was prepared at defined periods after the ingestion of coffee, was increased to the rate before the ingestion of coffee with a half-time of about 1 h. This result suggests that chlorogenic acid and its isomers remained in the oral cavity for a few hours after ingestion of coffee. The significance of coffee drinking and rinsing of the mouth with coffee for the health of the oral cavity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umeo Takahama
- Department of Bioscience, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Tao XA, Li CY, Rhodus NL, Xia J, Yang XP, Cheng B. Simultaneous detection of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in lesional tissues and whole unstimulated saliva from patients with oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 37:83-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cutando A, Arana C, Gómez-Moreno G, Escames G, López A, Ferrera MJ, Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Local Application of Melatonin Into Alveolar Sockets of Beagle Dogs Reduces Tooth Removal–Induced Oxidative Stress. J Periodontol 2007; 78:576-83. [PMID: 17335383 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory hormone melatonin is secreted by saliva into the oral cavity, where it may protect the mucosal and gingival tissues from radical damage. To date, no studies have addressed the potential beneficial role of melatonin in the acute inflammatory response that follows oral surgical interventions, especially tooth extractions. The aim of this study was to determine whether tooth extraction induces changes in plasma oxidative stress levels, and whether melatonin treatment may counteract these changes. METHODS Maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars of 16 adult Beagle dogs were extracted under general anesthesia. Eight dogs were treated with 2 mg melatonin placed into the alveolar sockets, whereas the other eight dogs received only vehicle. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) levels were determined in plasma, whereas glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GRd) activities were measured in red blood cells before and 24 hours after tooth extraction. RESULTS Removal of the premolars and molars caused a significant rise in plasma LPO and NOx levels and in the erythrocyte GSSG/GSH ratio, whereas melatonin treatment restored the normal values of these parameters. Also, melatonin slightly increased erythrocyte GRd activity without changing GPx activity. CONCLUSION For the first time to our knowledge, the results show that during the immediate postoperative period following tooth extraction, there is a significant increase of oxidative stress, which is counteracted by the administration of melatonin into the alveolar sockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cutando
- Department of Special Care in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Takahama U, Hirota S, Oniki T. Quercetin-dependent scavenging of reactive nitrogen species derived from nitric oxide and nitrite in the human oral cavity: interaction of quercetin with salivary redox components. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:629-39. [PMID: 16581012 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the human oral cavity, nitrite is reduced to nitric oxide (NO) by certain bacteria. The NO formed reacts with O2 to generate NO2 and then with NO2 producing N2O3. In this study, N2O3 produced by the reaction between NO and NO2 was detected by fluorescence increase due to the transformation of 4,5-diaminofluorescein to fluorescent triazolfluorescein. Nitrite-induced fluorescence increase in the bacterial fraction of saliva was completely inhibited by 1muM quercetin and the complete inhibition continued until almost all quercetin had been oxidized. Nitrite-induced fluorescence increase was also observed in the saliva which contained salivary redox components. Quercetin effectively inhibited the fluorescence increase. During the inhibition of the fluorescence increases by quercetin, the flavonol was oxidized. NO2 seemed to participate in the oxidation. The main oxidation product was 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxy-3(2H)-benzofurane. Thiocyanate inhibited the fluorescence increase in bacterial fraction and duration of the complete inhibition by quercetin was prolonged by SCN-. The inhibition and the prolongation are discussed to be due to SCN--dependent inhibition of oxidation of nitrite to NO2 by salivary peroxidase. Quercetin cooperated with ascorbate to inhibit the fluorescence increase. From the results obtained in this study, it is deduced (1) that quercetin can protect human oral cavity from damages induced by reactive nitrogen species and (2) that the protective function of quercetin may be significant when antioxidant capacity of saliva is decreased by periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umeo Takahama
- Department of Bioscience, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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Uğar-Cankal D, Ozmeric N. A multifaceted molecule, nitric oxide in oral and periodontal diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366:90-100. [PMID: 16387291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with multiple effects on different tissues. NO takes important roles in vasodilatation, bacterial challenge and cytokine stimulation, regulation of mineralized tissue function, neurotransmission, and platelet aggregation, etc. However, under pathological conditions, NO has damaging effects. NO is synthesized by NO synthases (NOS) and inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS) is closely related to the pathophysiological characteristics of inflammatory diseases such as periodontal diseases. The expression of iNOS has been investigated in salivary gland-related diseases, temporomandibular joint disorders and oral cancer as well. The beneficial and damaging effects of NO in diseases related with periodontal, dental and maxillofacial area are discussed in this review. The biological pathways involved with NO and NO inhibitors may be good drug targets to have a role in the future management of patients with diseases in orofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Uğar-Cankal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Biskek caddesi 84.sokak 06510 Emek, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tavares FN, Gonçalves PL, Porto SAC, Pereira FEL, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R. Nitric oxide levels are not changed in saliva of patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 38:453-5. [PMID: 16410917 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822005000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine nitric oxide metabolite levels in saliva samples from hepatitis C virus-positive patients in an attempt to test the hypothesis if increased levels of nitric oxide metabolites correlates with the presence of HCV-RNA in saliva. Saliva of 39 HCV-positive patients and 13 HCV-negative patients, without clinical or laboratorial evidence of liver disease were tested for nitric oxide metabolites. HCV-RNA was detected in serum and saliva by a RT-PCR method and nitric oxide level was determined by evaluation of its stable degradation products, nitrate and nitrite. No differences were found between the concentration of nitrite in saliva from HCV patients and controls, in despite of the presence or not of HCV RNA in saliva. Patients with HCV and cirrhosis had higher concentrations of nitrite but not significantly different from the control group or the groups of anti-HCV patients without cirrhosis. Increased levels of nitrite were not detected in anti-HCV positive patients, an indirect indication that chronic sialoadenitis are infrequent in these patients or occurs with low intensity not sufficient to increase nitric oxide metabolite levels in saliva.
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Coşkun S, Karataş F, Acartürk F, Olmuş H, Selvi M, Erbaş D. The effect of L-NAME administrations after oral mucosal incision on wound NO level in rabbit. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 278:65-9. [PMID: 16180090 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-6628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to comparatively investigate the effect of inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an isoform non-specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), after oral mucosal incision on wound tissue NO levels. A standard incision was applied to the oral mucosa of rabbits. After oral mucosal incision, rabbits were divided into five groups as follows: (1) Untreated incisional group (control); (2) Titanium (Ti) implanted group; (3) Ti + Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 implanted group; (4) Ti + PEG 4000 + L-NAME (2 x 10(-4) M) implanted group and (5) i.p. L-NAME administrated group (10 mg/kg). At 5 days after oral incision operations, wound tissue strips and plasma were obtained from rabbits. Oral wound tissue and plasma nitric oxide, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total sulfhydryl group (RSH) levels were investigated. Plasma TBARS and NOx levels decreased after i.p. L-NAME administration. Total RSH group levels were not changed in all groups (p>0.05). This means that L-NAME inhibits the deteriorating effects of free radicals without affecting healing. L-NAME in PEG and titanium also has no effect on tissue and plasma NOx levels. These findings indicate that NO generation will not be affected both Ti and local nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Coşkun
- Department of Biology, Science & Art Faculty, Gazi University, Beşevler Ankara 06500, Turkey.
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Chaiyarit P, Ma N, Hiraku Y, Pinlaor S, Yongvanit P, Jintakanon D, Murata M, Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. Nitrative and oxidative DNA damage in oral lichen planus in relation to human oral carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:553-9. [PMID: 16128740 PMCID: PMC11160045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which has been clinically associated with development to oral cancer. A double immunofluorescence labeling study found that 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) accumulated in oral epithelium in OLP and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) biopsy specimens, whereas little or no immunoreactivity was observed in normal oral mucosa. Colocalization of 8-nitroguanine and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was found in oral epithelium of OLP and OSCC. Immunoreactivity of 3-nitrotyrosine, which is formed by protein tyrosine nitration and is considered to be a biochemical marker for inflammation, was also observed in oral epithelial cells and colocalized with 8-nitroguanine. Accumulation of p53 was more strongly observed in oral epithelium in OSCC than OLP, whereas there was no p53 accumulation in normal oral mucosa. Our findings demonstrate that iNOS-dependent DNA damage in OLP may lead to p53 accumulation in not only OLP but also OSCC. We conclude that the formation of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions including 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxodG may contribute to the development of oral cancer from OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponlatham Chaiyarit
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Reznick AZ, Hershkovich O, Nagler RM. Saliva--a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:111-8. [PMID: 15162153 PMCID: PMC2364762 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal (OP) cancer, which is usually squamous cell carcinoma, is the most common head and neck malignancy and accounts for 2–4% of all new cancers. It is primarily induced by exposure to tobacco. The paradigm of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced OP cancer's pathogenesis is based on the assumption that a constant direct attack of various CS carcinogens causes widespread accumulating cellular and DNA aberrations in the OP mucosal cells, in turn eventually resulting in malignant transformation. However, there is never a direct contact between CS and the OP mucosa. Saliva, bathing the mucosa from the oral cavity to the larynx, always intervenes, and CS must first interact with saliva before it reaches the mucosa. The current study investigated the role of saliva in the pathogenesis of OP cancer. A synergistic effect of CS and saliva on oral cancer cells was demonstrated. This synergism is based on the reaction between redox active metals in saliva and low reactive free radicals in CS, which results in the production of highly active hydroxyl free radicals. Thus, when exposed to CS, salivary behavior is reversed and the saliva loses its antioxidant capacity and becomes a potent prooxidant milieu. The devastating role of CS-borne aldehydes was demonstrated as well. Based on these results and on our recent reports demonstrating that CS destroys various salivary components, including protective ones such as peroxidase, the most important salivary antioxidant enzyme, a comprehensive view of the pivotal role of saliva in the pathogenesis of CS-induced OP cancer is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Reznick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Biochemistry Laboratory and Salivary Clinic, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - O Hershkovich
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Biochemistry Laboratory and Salivary Clinic, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - R M Nagler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Biochemistry Laboratory and Salivary Clinic, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Biochemistry Laboratory and Salivary Clinic, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. E-mail:
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Yamaguchi M, Abiko Y, Nishimura M, Saitoh M, Kaku T. An Immunohistochemical Study of the Localization of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and Heat Shock Protein (HSP) in Pleomorphic Adenoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.37.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Michiko Nishimura
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Masato Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Tohru Kaku
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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Iwase M, Watanabe H, Kondo G, Ohashi M, Nagumo M. Enhanced susceptibility of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to FAS-mediated apoptosis by cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:619-625. [PMID: 12845662 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our study was conducted to investigate whether anticancer drugs, cisplatin (CDDP) and/or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), can modulate Fas-mediated apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. When OSCC cell lines, NA and HSC-4, were treated with CDDP and/or 5-FU, Fas and its mRNA expression on the plasma membrane were enhanced. An increase in caspase-3 and -8 activities was then observed by the addition of agonistic anti-Fas antibody, CH-11. Apoptosis of OSCC cells treated with anticancer drugs were significantly enhanced by CH-11, whereas untreated cells were nearly resistant to apoptosis. Moreover, the combination of CDDP and 5-FU resulted in an increasing susceptibility to apoptosis. Caspase-3 and -8 inhibitors, but not caspase-9 inhibitor, reduced Fas-mediated apoptosis enhanced by the anticancer drugs. Furthermore, OSCC cells treated with anticancer drugs exhibited decreased cellular FADD-like interleukin 1-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) levels, whereas neither the Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) nor procaspase-8 changed the expression. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotide to c-FLIP confirmed that down-regulation of c-FLIP induced sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that CDDP and 5-FU may enhance the susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis through down-regulation of c-FLIP. From these findings, a new potential strategy may be developed to improve the efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Iwase
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Kondo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohashi
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Nagumo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Although previously regarded as a toxic pollutant gas, nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived molecule that plays a key role in many physiological and pathological processes. It is produced in vivo from the amino acid L-arginine by a complex family of enzymes termed nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Since its discovery as a biological messenger in 1987, NO has been implicated in many disease processes, ranging from septic shock to cancer. It is a highly reactive free radical and causes concentration-dependent conformational changes in proteins, enzymes and DNA, predominantly by its reaction with transition metals and thiol residues. Although high concentrations of NO are cytotoxic, the levels produced in many human cancers possibly facilitate tumour growth and dissemination. The interest in this molecule by scientists and clinicians involved with the oral cavity and head and neck regions is fairly recent, and only a tiny minority of 50,000 papers currently cited on NO relate to diseases in this anatomical area. This review gives an overview of NO, outlining its basic chemistry, formation by NOS and its possible roles in the oral diseases studied to date. The implications for possible therapeutic manipulation of NO are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Brennan
- Department of Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, UK.
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