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Feng D, Liu Y, Zuo F, Liu F, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Guo X, Tian J. LncRNA SOX21-AS1 Promotes Activation of BV2 Cells via Epigenetical Silencing of SOCS3 and Aggravates Parkinson's Disease. Gerontology 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39047719 DOI: 10.1159/000539784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LncRNAs perform a crucial impact on microglia's activation in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, our purpose was to probe the function and involved mechanism of lncRNA SOX21-AS1 on microglial activation in PD. METHODS Mice were treated with MPTP, and BV2 cells were treated with LPS/ATP to build PD animal and cell models. Genes' expression was measured using RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and IHC stain. ELISA was applied for testing inflammatory factors' levels. Cell viability and apoptosis were tested using kits. RIP and RNA pull-down assay were utilized for monitoring the bond of SOX21-AS1 to EZH2, and ChIP was applied for affirming the bond between EZH2 and SOCS3's promoter. RESULTS The expression of SOX21-AS1 and SOCS3 was abnormal in PD cell and animal models. Inhibition of SOX21-AS1 repressed LPS/ATP-induced activation in BV2 cells and nerve damage caused by activated BV2 cells, alleviating the pathological features of PD mice. Further studies found that SOX21-AS1 epigenetically inhibited SOCS3 by recruiting EZH2 to SOCS3 promoter. SOX21-AS1 overexpression partially offset the repressive impact of SOCS3 enhancement on BV2 cell activation and the protective effect on nerve cells. CONCLUSION SOX21-AS1 enhances LPS/ATP-induced activation of BV2 cells and nerve damage caused by activated BV2 cells though recruiting EZH2 to SOCS3's promoter, thereby alleviating PD progression. Our research supplies new potential target for curing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Fangya Zuo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiuhong Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinyong Tian
- General Medicine Department, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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Yan M, Sun Z, Zhang S, Yang G, Jiang X, Wang G, Li R, Wang Q, Tian X. SOCS modulates JAK-STAT pathway as a novel target to mediate the occurrence of neuroinflammation: Molecular details and treatment options. Brain Res Bull 2024; 213:110988. [PMID: 38805766 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
SOCS (Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling) proteins are intracellular negative regulators that primarily modulate and inhibit cytokine-mediated signal transduction, playing a crucial role in immune homeostasis and related inflammatory diseases. SOCS act as inhibitors by regulating the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, thereby intervening in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have also demonstrated their involvement in central immunity and neuroinflammation, showing a dual functionality. However, the specific mechanisms of SOCS in the central nervous system remain unclear. This review thoroughly elucidates the specific mechanisms linking the SOCS-JAK-STAT pathway with the inflammatory manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on this, it proposes the theory that SOCS proteins can regulate the JAK-STAT pathway and inhibit the occurrence of neuroinflammation. Additionally, this review explores in detail the current therapeutic landscape and potential of targeting SOCS in the brain via the JAK-STAT pathway for neuroinflammation, offering insights into potential targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Guilong Wang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Ran Li
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China.
| | - Qinglu Wang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China.
| | - Xuewen Tian
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China.
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Wang M, Wang P, Li B, Zhao G, Zhang N, Cao R. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) alleviates cerebral infarction and inflammation after cerebral ischemia in rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24743. [PMID: 38617924 PMCID: PMC11015098 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is a severe disorder with high incidence, disability rate and mortality. Multiple pathogenesis mechanisms are involved in ischemic stroke, such as inflammation and neuronal cell apoptosis. Protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activators of transcription 1 (PIAS1) plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including inflammation. PIAS1 is also downregulated in ischemia-reperfusion injury and involved in the disease processes. However, the role of PIAS1 in cerebral ischemia is unclear. Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were induced with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The role and mechanisms of PIAS1 in ischemic cerebral infarction were explored by Longa test, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Morris water maze (MWM) test, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, quantification of brain water content, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL), Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Results The expression of PIAS1 in MCAO-induced rat was declined compared to sham rats. Overexpression of PIAS1 reduced the Longa neurological scores, the percent of infarction area, the pathological abnormality, the escape latency of swimming and the percent of brain water content, and increased the number of platform crossings and time in the target quadrant in the MCAO-induced rats. Besides, overexpression of PIAS1 decreased the MCAO-induced the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, but further elevated the concentrations of IL-10 in both sera and brain tissues. Moreover, overexpression of PIAS1 reversed the MCAO-induced apoptosis rate and the relative protein level of Bax, cleaved caspase3 and Bcl-2. Overexpression of PIAS1 also reversed the level of proteins involved in NF-κB pathway. Conclusion PIAS1 reduced inflammation and apoptosis, thereby alleviating ischemic cerebral infarction in MCAO-induced rats through regulation NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, China
| | - Pingzhi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanxi Rongjun Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China
| | - Guohu Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, China
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, China
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Bell A, Hewins B, Bishop C, Fortin A, Wang J, Creamer JL, Collen J, Werner JK. Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep, and Melatonin-Intrinsic Changes with Therapeutic Potential. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:177-203. [PMID: 37092428 PMCID: PMC10123665 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity in the United States and is associated with numerous chronic sequelae long after the point of injury. One of the most common long-term complaints in patients with TBI is sleep dysfunction. It is reported that alterations in melatonin follow TBI and may be linked with various sleep and circadian disorders directly (via cellular signaling) or indirectly (via free radicals and inflammatory signaling). Work over the past two decades has contributed to our understanding of the role of melatonin as a sleep regulator and neuroprotective anti-inflammatory agent. Although there is increasing interest in the treatment of insomnia following TBI, a lack of standardization and rigor in melatonin research has left behind a trail of non-generalizable data and ambiguous treatment recommendations. This narrative review describes the underlying biochemical properties of melatonin as they are relevant to TBI. We also discuss potential benefits and a path forward regarding the therapeutic management of TBI with melatonin treatment, including its role as a neuroprotectant, a somnogen, and a modulator of the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Bell
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Bryson Hewins
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (B.H.)
| | - Courtney Bishop
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (B.H.)
| | - Amanda Fortin
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (B.H.)
| | - Jonathan Wang
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (B.H.)
| | | | - Jacob Collen
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (B.H.)
| | - J. Kent Werner
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (B.H.)
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BÜYÜK B, MALÇOK ÜA. Effect of miRs-17/20 on Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model of Rats. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2022. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.1152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the effects of melatonin and miRNA-17/20 administration on vasospasm and vascular damage on the bacillary artery in the Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model of rats.
Methods: Rats were divided into 6 groups: Sham,SAH,SAH+NegmiRNA,SAH+MEL,SAH-miRs-17/20 group,SAH+MEL+miRs-17/20.For creating the SAH model the skin was cut with a vertical incision in the anterior region of the head.120 µL of fresh non-heparinized autologous arterial blood collected from the tail artery was injected into the prechiasmatic cistern under aseptic conditions. All steps in the Sham were the same as in the SAH group, except for blood injection. In the SAH+NegmiRs-17/20, miRs-17/20 miRNA Mimic-Negative Control#1 was administered 1 hour after SAH operation. In the SAH+MEL,10 mg/kg melatonin was administered intraperitoneally 1 hour after the SAH operation. In the SAH-miRs-17/20,mimic-miR-17 and mimic-miR-20 were given intranasally 1 hour after the SAH operation.In the SAH+MEL+miRs-17/20,intranasal mimic-miR-17 and intraperitoneal melatonin were administered 1 hour after the SAH operation. Brain samples, including the bacillary artery, were taken and subjected to routine tissue processing procedures. Vessel samples were evaluated and graded in histological sections stained with the H-E method in terms of vasospasm, edema in the tunica media, and folding of the lamina elastica interna.
Results: The co-administration of melatonin and miRs-17/20 reduced the vasospasm and edema formation in the vessel wall. It has also been demonstrated that the application of miRs-17/20 after SAH alone reduces the development of edema in the vessel wall and folding of the internasal lamina elastica due to vasospasm.
Conclusion:It has been shown that miRs-17/20 can reduce vasospasm in the vessel wall and prevent vessel damage by reducing edema.
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Krahe DD, Woeppel KM, Yang Q, Kushwah N, Cui XT. Melatonin Decreases Acute Inflammatory Response to Neural Probe Insertion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081628. [PMID: 36009346 PMCID: PMC9405074 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural electrode insertion trauma impedes the recording and stimulation capabilities of numerous diagnostic and treatment avenues. Implantation leads to the activation of inflammatory markers and cell types, which is detrimental to neural tissue health and recording capabilities. Oxidative stress and inflammation at the implant site have been shown to decrease with chronic administration of antioxidant melatonin at week 16, but its effects on the acute landscape have not been studied. To assess the effect of melatonin administration in the acute phase, specifically the first week post-implantation, we utilized histological and q-PCR methods to quantify cellular and molecular indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress in the tissue surrounding implanted probes in C57BL/6 mice as well as two-photon microscopy to track the microglial responses to the probes in real-time in transgenic mice expressing GFP with CX3CR1 promotor. Histological results indicate that melatonin effectively maintained neuron density surrounding the electrode, inhibited accumulation and activation of microglia and astrocytes, and reduced oxidative tissue damage. The expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, were significantly reduced in melatonin-treated animals. Additionally, microglial encapsulation of the implant surface was inhibited by melatonin as compared to control animals following implantation. Our results combined with previous research suggest that melatonin is a particularly suitable drug for modulating inflammatory activity around neural electrode implants both acutely and chronically, translating to more stable and reliable interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D. Krahe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kevin M. Woeppel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Qianru Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Role of JAK-STAT and PPAR-Gamma Signalling Modulators in the Prevention of Autism and Neurological Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3888-3912. [PMID: 35437700 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Janus-kinase (JAK) and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways regulate gene expression and control various factors involved in normal physiological functions such as cell proliferation, neuronal development, and cell survival. JAK activation phosphorylates STAT3 in astrocytes and microglia, and this phosphorylation has been linked to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis, and genetic mutations. As a regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), in relation to JAK-STAT signalling, prevents this phosphorylation and aids in the treatment of the above-mentioned neurocomplications. Changes in cellular signalling may also contribute to the onset and progression of autism. Thus, PPAR-gamma agonist upregulation may be associated with JAK-STAT signal transduction downregulation. It may also be responsible for attenuating neuropathological changes by stimulating SOCS3 or involving RXR or SMRT, thereby reducing transcription of the various cytokine proteins and genes involved in neuronal damage. Along with JAK-STAT inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists could be used as target therapeutic interventions for autism. This research-based review explores the potential involvement and mutual regulation of JAK-STAT and PPAR-gamma signalling in controlling multiple pathological factors associated with autism.
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Is the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway Involved in the Pathogenesis of Depression? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072056. [PMID: 35407663 PMCID: PMC8999744 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Only 60–70% of depressed patients respond to standard antidepressant treatments. Hence, it is essential to search for new, effective and safe therapies for unmet clinical needs of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Agents targeting the components of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway have been shown to be relevant in immunology and are commonly used in the treatment of many hematological, rheumatological and dermatological diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of elements of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorders. (2) Methods: A total of 290 subjects took part in the study (190 depressed patients, 100 healthy controls). Sociodemographic data were collected. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The gene expression at the mRNA protein levels of JAK (JAK1-JAK3) and STAT (STAT1-STAT5) was assessed by using RT-PCR and ELISA. (3) Results: Increased expression of JAK3 and decreased expression of STAT1 were observed in the group of depressed patients. (4) Conclusions: Further studies are necessary to determine whether moderation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathways is involved in the treatment of depression.
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Won E, Na KS, Kim YK. Associations between Melatonin, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Alterations in Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010305. [PMID: 35008730 PMCID: PMC8745430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory systemic conditions that can cause neuroinflammation and subsequent alterations in brain regions involved in emotional regulation have been suggested as an underlying mechanism for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). A prominent feature of MDD is disruption of circadian rhythms, of which melatonin is considered a key moderator, and alterations in the melatonin system have been implicated in MDD. Melatonin is involved in immune system regulation and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in inflammatory conditions, through both immunological and non-immunological actions. Melatonin has been suggested as a highly cytoprotective and neuroprotective substance and shown to stimulate all stages of neuroplasticity in animal models. The ability of melatonin to suppress inflammatory responses through immunological and non-immunological actions, thus influencing neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, along with subsequent alterations in brain regions that are implicated in depression, can be demonstrated by the antidepressant-like effects of melatonin. Further studies that investigate the associations between melatonin, immune markers, and alterations in the brain structure and function in patients with depression could identify potential MDD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaum, Seoul 06062, Korea;
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Babaee A, Vaghefi SHE, Dehghani Soltani S, Asadi Shekaari M, Shahrokhi N, Basiri M. Hippocampal Astrocyte Response to Melatonin Following Neural Damage Induction in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:177-186. [PMID: 34925714 PMCID: PMC8672670 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.12.2.986.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brain injury induces an almost immediate response from glial cells, especially astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species that may result in secondary neuronal damage. Melatonin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and it has been reported to exert neuroprotection through the prevention of neuronal death in several models of central nervous system injury. This study aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin on astrocyte activation induced by Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups; Sham group, TBI group, vehicle group, and melatonin-treated TBI groups (TBI+Mel5, TBI+Mel20). Immunohistochemical method (GFAP marker) and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate astrocyte reactivity and neuronal death, respectively. Results: The results demonstrated that the astrocyte number was reduced significantly in melatonin-treated groups compared to the vehicle group. Additionally, based on TUNEL results, melatonin administration noticeably reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Conclusion: In general, our findings suggest that melatonin treatment after brain injury reduces astrocyte reactivity as well as neuronal cell apoptosis in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Babaee
- Department of Anatomy, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Samereh Dehghani Soltani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi Shekaari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ikram M, Park HY, Ali T, Kim MO. Melatonin as a Potential Regulator of Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and Implications for the Management of Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6251-6264. [PMID: 34866924 PMCID: PMC8637421 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s334423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the preclinical and clinical literature supporting the role of melatonin in the management of brain injury-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, and reviews the past and current therapeutic strategies. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neurodegenerative condition, unpredictably and potentially progressing into chronic neurodegeneration, with permanent cognitive, neurologic, and motor dysfunction, having no standard therapies. Due to its complex and multi-faceted nature, the TBI has highly heterogeneous pathophysiology, characterized by the highest mortality and disability worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests that the TBI induces oxidative and nitrosative stress, which is involved in the progression of chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases. Defenses against such conditions are mostly dependent on the usage of antioxidant compounds, the majority of whom are ingested as nutraceuticals or as dietary supplements. A large amount of literature is available regarding the efficacy of antioxidant compounds to counteract the TBI-associated damage in animal and cellular models of the TBI and several clinical studies. Collectively, the studies have suggested that TBI induces oxidative stress, by suppressing the endogenous antioxidant system, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor-2 (Nrf-2) increasing the lipid peroxidation and elevation of oxidative damage. Moreover, elevated oxidative stress may induce neuroinflammation by activating the microglial cells, releasing and activating the inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators, and energy dyshomeostasis. Thus, melatonin has shown regulatory effects against the TBI-induced autophagic dysfunction, regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as ERK, activation of the NLRP-3 inflammasome, and release of the inflammatory cytokines. The collective findings strongly suggest that melatonin may regulate TBI-induced neurodegeneration, although further studies should be conducted to better facilitate future therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, the Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht Medical Center, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
| | - Tahir Ali
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Alz-Dementia Korea Co., Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
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13
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Microglia: A Potential Drug Target for Traumatic Axonal Injury. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:5554824. [PMID: 34093701 PMCID: PMC8163545 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5554824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a major cause of death and disability among patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, no effective therapies have been developed to treat this disorder. Neuroinflammation accompanying microglial activation after TBI is likely to be an important factor in TAI. In this review, we summarize the current research in this field, and recent studies suggest that microglial activation plays an important role in TAI development. We discuss several drugs and therapies that may aid TAI recovery by modulating the microglial phenotype following TBI. Based on the findings of recent studies, we conclude that the promotion of active microglia to the M2 phenotype is a potential drug target for the treatment of TAI.
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Zefferino R, Di Gioia S, Conese M. Molecular links between endocrine, nervous and immune system during chronic stress. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01960. [PMID: 33295155 PMCID: PMC7882157 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The stress response is different in various individuals, however, the mechanisms that could explain these distinct effects are not well known and the molecular correlates have been considered one at the time. Particular harmful conditions occur if the subject, instead to cope the stressful events, succumb to them, in this case, a cascade reaction happens that through different signaling causes a specific reaction named "sickness behaviour." The aim of this article is to review the complex relations among important molecules belonging to Central nervous system (CNS), immune system (IS), and endocrine system (ES) during the chronic stress response. METHODS After having verified the state of art concerning the function of cortisol, norepinephrine (NE), interleukin (IL)-1β and melatonin, we describe as they work together. RESULTS We propose a speculative hypothesis concerning the complex interplay of these signaling molecules during chronic stress, highlighting the role of IL-1β as main biomarker of this effects, indeed, during chronic stress its increment transforms this inflammatory signal into a nervous signal (NE), in turn, this uses the ES (melatonin and cortisol) to counterbalance again IL-1β. During cortisol resistance, a vicious loop occurs that increments all mediators, unbalancing IS, ES, and CNS networks. This IL-1β increase would occur above all when the individual succumbs to stressful events, showing the Sickness Behaviour Symptoms. IL-1β might, through melatonin and vice versa, determine sleep disorders too. CONCLUSION The molecular links here outlined could explain how stress plays a role in etiopathogenesis of several diseases through this complex interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Zefferino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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15
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Role of Melatonin on Virus-Induced Neuropathogenesis-A Concomitant Therapeutic Strategy to Understand SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010047. [PMID: 33401749 PMCID: PMC7823793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections may cause neurological disorders by directly inducing oxidative stress and interrupting immune system function, both of which contribute to neuronal death. Several reports have described the neurological manifestations in Covid-19 patients where, in severe cases of the infection, brain inflammation and encephalitis are common. Recently, extensive research-based studies have revealed and acknowledged the clinical and preventive roles of melatonin in some viral diseases. Melatonin has been shown to have antiviral properties against several viral infections which are accompanied by neurological symptoms. The beneficial properties of melatonin relate to its properties as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory molecule and its neuroprotective effects. In this review, what is known about the therapeutic role of melatonin in virus-induced neuropathogenesis is summarized and discussed.
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16
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Wei H, Wang J, Liang Z. STAT1-p53-p21axis-dependent stress-induced progression of chronic nephrosis in adriamycin-induced mouse model. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1002. [PMID: 32953802 PMCID: PMC7475511 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic nephrosis (CN) is an aging-related disease with high mortality. Signal transduction and transcriptional activator 1 (STAT1) protein promotes senescence in human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs), but whether it affects the progression of adriamycin (ADR)-induced CN in vivo remains unclear. Methods We established an ADR-induced CN mouse model that was completed in wild-type (wt) mice by a single intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg ADR for 2 or 4 weeks. Clinical indexes in each group were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) was employed to determine renal histopathological damage, SA-β-gal staining was used to evaluate cell senescence phenotype. TUNEL and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were used to detect renal apoptosis. Protein levels of Bcl-2, Bax, STAT1, p53 and p21 were measured by Western Blot. Results STAT1 intervention ameliorated renal function. H&E staining indicated that STAT1-deficient (stat1−/−) improved the renal tubular injury, and stat1−/− obviously inhibited the apoptosis and Caspase-3+ number in kidney tissues. Besides, stat1−/− decreased proteinuria, and the levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine as well as that of reactive oxygen species induced by ADR. Also, stat1−/− resulted in the reduced expression of p53 and p21. Conclusions Our current study strongly demonstrated the involvement of the STAT1-p53-p21 axis in the regulation of CN and is a potential target for the nephrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Nephrology Department, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Nephrology Department, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhaozhi Liang
- Nephrology Department, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
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17
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Neuroinflammation Mediated by NLRP3 Inflammasome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5130-5149. [PMID: 32856203 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most fatal subtype of stroke; there is still a lack of effective treatment. Microglia are a major component of the innate immune system, and they respond to acute brain injury by activating and forming classic M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. The existence of the polarization indicates that the role of microglia in disease's progression and recovery after ICH is still unclear, perhaps involving microglial secretion of anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is considered to be the main participant in neuroinflammation. Recent evidence has shown that NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated after ICH, resulting in inflammatory cascade reactions and aggravating brain injury. Furthermore, previous studies have reported that NLRP3 inflammasome is mainly present in microglia, so we speculate that its activation may be strongly associated with microglial polarization. Many scholars have investigated the role of brain injury caused by NLRP3 inflammasome after ICH, but the precise operating mechanisms remain uncertain. This review summarized the activation mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome after ICH and the possible mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome promoting neuroinflammation and aggravating nerve injury and discussed the relevant potential therapeutic targets.
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18
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Tschoe C, Bushnell CD, Duncan PW, Alexander-Miller MA, Wolfe SQ. Neuroinflammation after Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Stroke 2020; 22:29-46. [PMID: 32027790 PMCID: PMC7005353 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2019.02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a catastrophic illness causing significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in surgical technique addressing primary brain injury caused by ICH, little progress has been made treating the subsequent inflammatory cascade. Pre-clinical studies have made advancements identifying components of neuroinflammation, including microglia, astrocytes, and T lymphocytes. After cerebral insult, inflammation is initially driven by the M1 microglia, secreting cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and tumor necrosis factor-α) that are involved in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix, cellular integrity, and the blood brain barrier. Additionally, inflammatory factors recruit and induce differentiation of A1 reactive astrocytes and T helper 1 (Th1) cells, which contribute to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, augmenting M1 polarization and potentiating inflammation. Within 7 days of ICH ictus, the M1 phenotype coverts to a M2 phenotype, key for hematoma removal, tissue healing, and overall resolution of inflammation. The secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-10) can drive Th2 cell differentiation. M2 polarization is maintained by the secretion of additional anti-inflammatory cytokines by the Th2 cells, suppressing M1 and Th1 phenotypes. Elucidating the timing and trigger of the anti-inflammatory phenotype may be integral in improving clinical outcomes. A challenge in current translational research is the absence of an equivalent disease animal model mirroring the patient population and comorbid pathophysiologic state. We review existing data and describe potential therapeutic targets around which we are creating a bench to bedside translational research model that better reflects the pathophysiology of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tschoe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cheryl D Bushnell
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Pamela W Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Stacey Q Wolfe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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19
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Yuan H, Wu G, Zhai X, Lu B, Meng B, Chen J. Melatonin and Rapamycin Attenuate Isoflurane-Induced Cognitive Impairment Through Inhibition of Neuroinflammation by Suppressing the mTOR Signaling in the Hippocampus of Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:314. [PMID: 31803045 PMCID: PMC6877689 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects on isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be elucidated. The present study sought to determine if melatonin confers its beneficial effects by acting on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and attenuates the neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of aged mice. A total of 72 male C57BL/6 mice, 16-month-old, were randomly and equally divided into six groups: (1) the control group (CON); (2) the rapamycin group (RAP); (3) the melatonin group (MEL); (4) the isoflurane group (ISO); (5) the rapamycin + isoflurane group (RAP + ISO); and (6) the melatonin + isoflurane group (MEL + ISO). RAP, RAP + ISO, MEL, MEL + ISO groups received 1 mg/kg/day mTOR inhibitor rapamycin solution or 10 mg/kg/day melatonin solution, respectively, intraperitoneally at 5:00 p.m. for 14 days consecutively. Mice in the CON and ISO groups were administered an equivalent volume of saline. Subsequently, ISO, RAP + ISO, and MEL + ISO groups were exposed to inhale 2% isoflurane for 4 h; the CON, RAP, and MEL mice received only the vehicle gas. Then, the memory function and spatial learning of the mice were examined via the Morris water maze (MWM) test. mTOR expression was detected via Western blot, whereas the concentration of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and that of melatonin was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Melatonin and rapamycin significantly ameliorated the isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment and also led to a decrease in the melatonin levels as well as the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and p-mTOR in the hippocampus. In conclusion, these results showed that melatonin and rapamycin attenuates mTOR expression while affecting the downstream proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, these molecular findings could be associated with an improved cognitive function in mice exposed to isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Guorong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Junping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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20
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Sempere L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Boyero L, Egea-Guerrero J. Principales modelos experimentales de traumatismo craneoencefálico: de la preclínica a los modelos in vitro. Med Intensiva 2019; 43:362-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Wang J, Jiang C, Zhang K, Lan X, Chen X, Zang W, Wang Z, Guan F, Zhu C, Yang X, Lu H, Wang J. Melatonin receptor activation provides cerebral protection after traumatic brain injury by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:345-355. [PMID: 30553970 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a principal cause of death and disability worldwide. Melatonin, a hormone made by the pineal gland, is known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, using a weight-drop model of TBI, we investigated the protective effects of ramelteon, a melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist, and its underlying mechanisms of action. Administration of ramelteon (10 mg/kg) daily at 10:00 a.m. alleviated TBI-induced early brain damage on day 3 and long-term neurobehavioral deficits on day 28 in C57BL/6 mice. Ramelteon also increased the protein levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase and reduced the protein levels of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor, and malondialdehyde in brain tissue and serum on days 1, 3, and 7 post-TBI. Similarly, ramelteon attenuated microglial and astrocyte activation in the perilesional cortex on day 3. Furthermore, ramelteon decreased Keap 1 expression, promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear accumulation, and increased levels of downstream proteins, including SOD-1, heme oxygenase-1, and NQO1 on day 3 post-TBI. However, in Nrf2 knockout mice with TBI, ramelteon did not decrease the lesion volume, neuronal degeneration, or myelin loss on day 3; nor did it mitigate depression-like behavior or most motor behavior deficits on day 28. Thus, timed ramelteon treatment appears to prevent inflammation and oxidative stress via the Nrf2-antioxidant response element pathway and might represent a potential chronotherapeutic strategy for treating TBI.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Brain Edema/drug therapy
- Brain Edema/genetics
- Brain Edema/metabolism
- Brain Edema/pathology
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/genetics
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glutathione Peroxidase/genetics
- Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
- Indenes/pharmacology
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/genetics
- Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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22
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Sivandzade F, Prasad S, Bhalerao A, Cucullo L. NRF2 and NF-қB interplay in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders: Molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches. Redox Biol 2019; 21:101059. [PMID: 30576920 PMCID: PMC6302038 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in modulating cellular defense mechanisms as well as physiological functions, and intracellular signaling. However, excessive ROS generation (endogenous and exogenous) can create a state of redox imbalance leading to cellular and tissue damage (Ma and He, 2012) [1]. A growing body of research data strongly suggests that imbalanced ROS and electrophile overproduction are among the major prodromal factors in the onset and progression of several cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and aging (Ma and He, 2012; Ramsey et al., 2017; Salminen et al., 2012; Sandberg et al., 2014; Sarlette et al., 2008; Tanji et al., 2013) [1-6]. Cells offset oxidative stress by the action of housekeeping antioxidative enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) as well direct and indirect antioxidants (Dinkova-Kostova and Talalay, 2010) [7]. The DNA sequence responsible for modulating the antioxidative and cytoprotective responses of the cells has been identified as the antioxidant response element (ARE), while the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) is the major regulator of the xenobiotic-activated receptor (XAR) responsible for activating the ARE-pathway, thus defined as the NRF2-ARE system (Ma and He, 2012) [1]. In addition, the interplay between the NRF2-ARE system and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB, a protein complex that controls cytokine production and cell survival), has been further investigated in relation to neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. On these premises, we provide a review analysis of current understanding of the NRF2-NF-ĸB interplay, their specific role in major CNS disorders, and consequent therapeutic implication for the treatment of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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23
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Golabchi A, Wu B, Li X, Carlisle DL, Kozai TDY, Friedlander RM, Cui XT. Melatonin improves quality and longevity of chronic neural recording. Biomaterials 2018; 180:225-239. [PMID: 30053658 PMCID: PMC6179369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chronic performance of implantable neural electrodes is hindered by inflammatory brain tissue responses, including microglia activation, glial scarring, and neuronal loss. Melatonin (MT) has shown remarkable neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects in treating central nervous system (CNS) injuries and degeneration by inhibiting caspase-1, -3, and -9 activation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release, as well as reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This study examined the effect of MT administration on the quality and longevity of neural recording from an implanted microelectrode in the visual cortex of mice for 16 weeks. MT (30 mg/kg) was administered via daily intraperitoneal injection for acute (3 days before and 14 days post-implantation) and chronic (3 days before and 16 weeks post-implantation) exposures. During the first 4 weeks, both MT groups showed significantly higher single-unit (SU) yield, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and amplitude compared to the vehicle control group. However, after 4 weeks of implantation, the SU yield of the acute treatment group dropped to the same level as the control group, while the chronic treatment group maintained significantly higher SU yield compared to both acute (week 5-16) and control (week 0-16) mice. Histological studies revealed a significant increase in neuronal viability and decrease in neuronal apoptosis around the implanted electrode at week 16 in the chronic group in comparison to control and acute subjects, which is correlated with reduced oxidative stress and increased number of pro-regeneration arginase-1 positive microglia cells. These results demonstrate the potent effect of MT treatment in maintaining a high-quality electrode-tissue interface and suggest that MT promotes neuroprotection possibly through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Golabchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Diane L Carlisle
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Neurotechnology Division of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
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24
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Barlow KM, Esser MJ, Veidt M, Boyd R. Melatonin as a Treatment after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Pre-Clinical and Clinical Literature. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:523-537. [PMID: 29901413 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common; however, effective treatments of the secondary brain injury are scarce. Melatonin is a potent, nonselective neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent that is showing promising results in neonatal brain injury. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the pre-clinical and clinical literature on the effectiveness of melatonin in improving outcome after TBI. Using the systematic review protocol for animal intervention studies (SYRCLE) and Cochrane methodology for clinical studies, a search of English-language articles was performed. Eligible studies were identified and data were extracted. Quality assessment was performed using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. Meta-analyses were performed using standardized mean differences (SMD). Seventeen studies (15 pre-clinical, 2 clinical) met inclusion criteria. There was heterogeneity in the studies, and all had moderate-to-low risk of bias. Meta-analysis of pre-clinical data revealed an overall positive effect on neurobehavioural outcome with SMD of 1.51 (95% CI: 1.06-1.96). Melatonin treatment had a favorable effect on neurological status, by an SMD of 1.35 (95% CI: 0.83-1.88), and on cognition by an SMD of 1.16 (95% CI: 0.4-1.92). Melatonin decreased the size of the contusion by an SMD of 2.22 (95% CI: 0.8--3.59) and of cerebral edema by an SMD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.08-2.74). Only two clinical studies were identified. They were of low quality, were used for symptom management, and were of uncertain significance. In conclusion, there is evidence that melatonin treatment after TBI significantly improves both behavioral outcomes and pathological outcomes; however, significant research gaps exist, especially in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Barlow
- 1 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Esser
- 2 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neurocritical Care Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Myra Veidt
- 2 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neurocritical Care Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roslyn Boyd
- 3 Department of Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research, Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Queensland, Australia
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Zhang J, Guo F, Wei J, Xian M, Tang S, Zhao Y, Liu M, Song L, Geng Y, Yang H, Ding C, Huang L. An integrated approach to identify critical transcription factors in the protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress by Danhong injection. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:480-493. [PMID: 28822748 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in many pathological processes of the cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, especially on a transcription factor (TF) level. In this study, a new method, concatenated tandem array of consensus transcription factor response elements (catTFREs), and an Illumina-based RNA-seq technology were integrated to systematically investigate the role of TFs in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes; the damage was then rescued by Danhong injection (DHI), a Chinese standardized product approved for cardiovascular diseases treatment. The overall gene expression revealed cell apoptosis and DNA repair were vital for cardiomyocytes in resisting oxidative stress. By comprehensively integrating the transcription activity of TFs and their downstream target genes, an important TFs-target network were constructed and 13 TFs were identified as critical TFs in DHI-mediated protection in H2O2-induced oxidative stress. By using the integrated approach, seven TFs of these 13 TFs were also identified in melatonin-mediated protection in H2O2-induced damage. Furthermore, the transcription activity of DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase (Apex1), Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D (Mef2d) and Pre B-cell leukemia transcription factor 3 (Pbx3) was further verified in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. This research offers a new understanding of cardiomyocytes in response to H2O2-induced oxidative stress and reveals additional potential therapeutic targets. The combination of two parallel omics datasets (corresponding to the transcriptome and proteome) can reduce the noise in high-throughput data and reveal the fundamental changes of the biological process, making it suitable and reliable for investigation of critical targets in many other complicated pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junying Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Minghua Xian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shihuan Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ya Geng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Lorente L. Biomarkers Associated with the Outcome of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7110142. [PMID: 29076989 PMCID: PMC5704149 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on biomarkers associated with the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, such as caspase-3; total antioxidant capacity; melatonin; S100B protein; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); glutamate; lactate; brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); substance P; neuron-specific enolase (NSE); ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1 (UCH-L1); tau; decanoic acid; and octanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38320, Spain.
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Serum melatonin levels in survivor and non-survivor patients with traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:138. [PMID: 28724361 PMCID: PMC5518120 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating levels of melatonin in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been determined in a little number of studies with small sample size (highest sample size of 37 patients) and only were reported the comparison of serum melatonin levels between TBI patients and healthy controls. As to we know, the possible association between circulating levels of melatonin levels and mortality of patients with TBI have not been explored; thus, the objective of our current study was to determine whether this association actually exists. Methods This multicenter study included 118 severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale <9) patients. We measured serum levels of melatonin, malondialdehyde (to assess lipid peroxidation) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) at day 1 of severe TBI. We used mortality at 30 days as endpoint. Results We found that non-survivor (n = 33) compared to survivor (n = 85) TBI patients showed higher circulating levels of melatonin (p < 0.001), TAC (p < 0.001) and MDA (p < 0.001). We found that serum melatonin levels predicted 30-day mortality (Odds ratio = 1.334; 95% confidence interval = 1.094–1.627; p = 0.004), after to control for GCS, CT findings and age. We found a correlation between serum levels of melatonin levels and serum levels of TAC (rho = 0.37; p < 0.001) and serum levels of MDA (rho = 0.24; p = 0.008). Conclusions As to we know, our study is the largest series providing circulating melatonin levels in patients with severe TBI. The main findings were that non-survivors had higher serum melatonin levels than survivors, and the association between serum levels of melatonin levels and mortality, peroxidation state and antioxidant state.
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Mahmoud AM, Abd El-Twab SM. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects the brain against hexavalent chromium toxicity by enhancing endogenous antioxidants and modulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:303-311. [PMID: 28463793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is commonly used in industry, and is a proven toxin and carcinogen. However, the information regarding its neurotoxic mechanism is not completely understood. The present study was designed to scrutinize the possible protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a bioactive phenolic of propolis extract, on Cr(VI)-induced brain injury in rats, with an emphasis on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Rats received 2mg/kgK2CrO4 and concurrently treated with 20mg/kg CAPE for 30 days. Cr(VI)-induced rats showed a significant increase in cerebral lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with concomitantly declined antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase. CAPE attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced antioxidant defenses in the cerebrum of rats. Cr(VI) significantly up-regulated JAK2, STAT3 and SOCS3, an effect that was reversed by CAPE. In conclusion, CAPE protects the brain against Cr(VI) toxicity through abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation and down-regulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in a SOCS3-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Sanaa M Abd El-Twab
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Vinod C, Jagota A. Daily Socs1 rhythms alter with aging differentially in peripheral clocks in male Wistar rats: therapeutic effects of melatonin. Biogerontology 2017; 18:333-345. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Targeting the NF-E2-Related Factor 2 Pathway: a Novel Strategy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1773-1785. [PMID: 28224478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As an essential component of cellular defense against a variety of endogenous and exogenous stresses, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has received increased attention in the past decades. Multiple studies indicate that Nrf2 acts not only as an important protective factor in injury models but also as a downstream target of therapeutic agents. Activation of Nrf2 has increasingly been linked to many human diseases, especially in central nervous system (CNS) injury such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several researches have deciphered that activation of Nrf2 exerts antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, and antiinflammation influence in TBI via different molecules and pathways including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH:quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2). Hence, Nrf2 shows great promise as a molecular target in TBI. In the present article, we provide an updated review of the current state of our knowledge about relationship between Nrf2 and TBI, highlighting the specific roles of Nrf2 in TBI.
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Wu HJ, Wu C, Niu HJ, Wang K, Mo LJ, Shao AW, Dixon BJ, Zhang JM, Yang SX, Wang YR. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Melatonin in Hemorrhagic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1173-1185. [PMID: 28132129 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke which consists of subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage is a dominant cause of death and disability worldwide. Although great efforts have been made, the physiological mechanisms of these diseases are not fully understood and effective pharmacological interventions are still lacking. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland, is a broad-spectrum antioxidant and potent free radical scavenger. More importantly, there is extensive evidence demonstrating that melatonin confers neuroprotective effects in experimental models of hemorrhagic stroke. Multiple molecular mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation, contribute to melatonin-mediated neuroprotection against brain injury after hemorrhagic stroke. This review article aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the beneficial effects of melatonin in experimental models of hemorrhagic stroke and explores the underlying mechanisms. We propose that melatonin is a promising neuroprotective candidate that is worthy of further evaluation for its potential therapeutic applications in hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huan-Jiang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lian-Jie Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - An-Wen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Xu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi-Rong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
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Jing Y, Bai F, Chen H, Dong H. Meliorating microcirculatory with melatonin in rat model of spinal cord injury using laser Doppler flowmetry. Neuroreport 2016; 27:1248-1255. [PMID: 27648716 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Krityakiarana W, Sompup K, Jongkamonwiwat N, Mukda S, Pinilla FG, Govitrapong P, Phansuwan-Pujito P. Effects of melatonin on severe crush spinal cord injury-induced reactive astrocyte and scar formation. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1451-1459. [PMID: 27717042 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at analyzing the effects of melatonin on scar formation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Upregulation of reactive astrocyte under SCI pathological conditions has been presented in several studies. It has been proved that the crucial factor in triggering this upregulation is proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, scar formation is an important barrier to axonal regeneration through the lesion area. Melatonin plays an important role in reducing inflammation, but its effects on scar formation in the injured spinal cord remain unknown. Hence, we used the model of severe crush injury in mice to investigate the effects of melatonin on scar formation. Mice were randomly separated into four groups; SCI, SCI+Melatonin 1 (single dose), SCI+Melatonin 14 (14 daily doses), and control. Melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) after injury. Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blot, and behavioral evaluation were used to explore the effects of melatonin after SCI for 14 days. The melatonin-treated mice presented higher expression of neuronal markers (P < 0.001). Remarkably, the inflammatory response appeared to be greatly reduced in the SCI+Melatonin 14 group (P < 0.001), which also displayed less scar formation (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that melatonin inhibits scar formation by acting on inflammatory cytokines after SCI. Overall, our results suggest that melatonin is a promising treatment strategy after SCI that deserves further investigation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warin Krityakiarana
- Division of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon-Nayok, Thailand. .,Department of Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Ratchasuda College, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
| | - Kamonrapat Sompup
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Jongkamonwiwat
- Division of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon-Nayok, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Fernando Gomez Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.,Center for Neuroscience and Department for Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wu H, Shao A, Zhao M, Chen S, Yu J, Zhou J, Liang F, Shi L, Dixon BJ, Wang Z, Ling C, Hong Y, Zhang J. Melatonin attenuates neuronal apoptosis through up-regulation of K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2 expression following traumatic brain injury in rats. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:241-50. [PMID: 27159133 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a complex cascade of neurochemical and signaling changes that leads to neuronal apoptosis, which contributes to poor outcomes for patients with TBI. The neuron-specific K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2), the principal Cl(-) extruder in adult neurons, plays an important role in Cl(-) homeostasis and neuronal function. This present study was designed to investigate the expression pattern of KCC2 following TBI and to evaluate whether or not melatonin is able to prevent neuronal apoptosis by modulating KCC2 expression in a Sprague Dawley rat controlled cortical impact model of TBI. The time course study showed decreased mRNA and protein expression of KCC2 in the ipsilateral peri-core parietal cortex after TBI. Double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that KCC2 is located in the plasma membrane of neurons. In addition, melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at 5 minutes and repeated at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after brain trauma, and brain samples were extracted 24 hours after TBI. Compared to the vehicle group, melatonin treatment altered the down-regulation of KCC2 expression in both mRNA and protein levels after TBI. Also, melatonin treatment increased the protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK). Simultaneously, melatonin administration ameliorated cortical neuronal apoptosis, reduced brain edema, and attenuated neurological deficits after TBI. In conclusion, our findings suggested that melatonin restores KCC2 expression, inhibits neuronal apoptosis and attenuates secondary brain injury after TBI, partially through activation of BDNF/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenhan Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jung EH, Hwang JS, Kwon MY, Kim KH, Cho H, Lyoo IK, Shin S, Park JH, Han IO. A tryptamine-paeonol hybridization compound inhibits LPS-mediated inflammation in BV2 cells. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:35-43. [PMID: 27567737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we synthesized and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of three tryptamine (Trm) hybrid compounds, HBU-375, HBU-376 and HBU-379. The Click reaction between the azido-Trm and 2- or 4-propazylated paeonol moiety resulted in HBU-376 and HBU-375, respectively. HBU-379 was generated by hybridizing Trm with propazylated acetyl-syringic acid. HBU-376 and HBU-375 dose-dependently inhibited LPS and caused nitric oxide (NO) generation in BV2 cells, whereas HBU-379 minimally inhibited NO generation, indicating that the paeonol unit plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory effect of Trm hybrid compounds. Although HBU-375 and HBU-376 demonstrated a similar inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO generation, HBU-376 resulted in less cellular toxicity presumably due to the free phenolic hydroxyl group of paeonol. Therefore, HBU-376 may be a promising anti-inflammatory agent conferring minimal cytotoxicity. HBU-376 significantly and dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced NO products, NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6, MCP-1 and interleukin-1β mRNA expressions and iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions. However, at the same concentrations, Trm or paeonol individually did not inhibit LPS-mediated production of inflammatory molecules. HBU-376 inhibited both LPS-induced STAT-3 phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Furthermore, LPS-mediated DNA binding of c-Rel, p50 and p52 to the NF-κB binding site of the iNOS promoter was inhibited by HBU-376, whereas Trm and paeonol did not inhibit LPS-induced NF-κB activation and DNA binding of c-Rel, p50 and p52. Overall, our data suggest that the Trm-paeonol hybrid compound down-regulates inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB and NF-κB-dependent gene expression. This suggests that it is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Jung
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Youn Kwon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hong Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha Brain Institute, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujeong Shin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
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Chang M, Li Y, Liu D, Zhang L, Zhang H, Tang H, Zhang H. Melatonin prevents secondary intra-abdominal hypertension in rats possibly through inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:192-203. [PMID: 27264238 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous administration of melatonin has been demonstrated to down-regulate inflammatory responses and attenuate organ damage in various models. However, the salutary effect of melatonin against secondary intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) remains unclear. This study sought to test the influence of melatonin on secondary IAH in a pathophysiological rat model and the underlying mechanisms involved. Before resuscitation, male rats underwent a combination of induced portal hypertension, applying an abdominal restraint device, and hemorrhaging to mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40mmHg for 2h. After blood reinfusion, the rats were treated with lactated Ringer solution (LR) (30mL/h), melatonin (50mg/kg) +LR, and SB-203580 (10μmol/kg)+LR. LR was continuously infused for 6h. MAP, the inferior vena cava pressure and urine output were monitored. Histopathological examination, immunofluorescence of tight junction proteins, and transmission electron microscopy were administered. Intestinal permeability, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of TNF-a, IL-2, and IL-6, were assessed. The expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, translocation of nuclear factor kappa B subunit, signal transducers and activators of transcription and tight junction proteins were detected by Western blot. We found that melatonin inhibited the inflammatory responses, decreased expression of p38 MAPK, attenuated intestinal injury, and prevented secondary IAH. Moreover, administration of SB203580 abolished the increase in p38 MAPK and also attenuated intestinal injury. These data indicate that melatonin exerts a protective effect in intestine in secondary IAH primarily by attenuating the inflammatory responses which are in part attributable to p38 MAPK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Chang
- Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianyang Zhang
- Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huayu Zhang
- Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ulbrich F, Lerach T, Biermann J, Kaufmann KB, Lagreze WA, Buerkle H, Loop T, Goebel U. Argon mediates protection by interleukin-8 suppression via a TLR2/TLR4/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in a model of apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells in vitro and following ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat retina in vivo. J Neurochem 2016; 138:859-73. [PMID: 27167824 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Argon has recently come into scientific focus as a neuroprotective agent. The underlying neuroprotective mechanism remains unknown although toll-like receptors were recently suggested to play an important role. We hypothesized that TLR-associated downstream transcription factors are responsible for argon's effects, leading to anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Apoptosis was induced in human neuroblastoma cells. Immediately afterwards, argon treatment (75 Vol% for 2 h) was initiated. Cells were analyzed, measuring mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive-oxygen-species, annexin-V/propidium iodide staining, transcription factor phosphorylation and binding activity as well as protein and mRNA expression of interleukins. Argon's in vivo effects were analyzed by quantification of retinal ganglion cell density, mRNA expression, serum cytokine analysis and immunohistochemistry after retinal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats. Argon diminished rotenone-induced kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) but not STAT5 or cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and DNA-binding activity. Argon treatment attenuated apoptosis by preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential and decline in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. NF-κB and STAT3 inhibition, as well as TLR2 and TLR4 inhibition reversed argon's effects on IL-8 mRNA expression. Argon attenuated rotenone-induced IL-8 protein and mRNA expression in vitro. Inhibition of TLR2 and 4 attenuated argon's protective effect in vivo reducing IRI driven retinal IL-8 expression. IL-8 expression was found in the retina in co-localization with Müller cells and retinal ganglion cells. Argon mediates its neuroprotective effects by TLR-mediated regulation of transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3, thus decreasing interleukin-8 expression in vitro and in vivo. These findings may open up new opportunities to effectively treat cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury through the inhalation of argon. Argon exerts its protective effects in vitro and in vivo via toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, followed by alteration of downstream enzymes. In conclusion, argon mediates its beneficial effects by suppression of STAT3 and NF-κB phosphorylation and subsequent suppression of interleukin IL-8 protein expression. These novel findings may open up opportunities for argon as a therapeutic agent, particularly in the treatment of neuronal injury. Cover image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13334.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Lerach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Biermann
- Eye Center, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai B Kaufmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolf A Lagreze
- Eye Center, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Loop
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Shu T, Wu T, Pang M, Liu C, Wang X, Wang J, Liu B, Rong L. Effects and mechanisms of melatonin on neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:566-571. [PMID: 27130826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, a lipophilic molecule mainly synthesized in the pineal gland, has properties of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiapoptosis to improve neuroprotective functions. Here, we investigate effects and mechanisms of melatonin on neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs were induced into neural stem cells (NSCs), then further differentiated into neurons in medium with or without melatonin, melatonin receptor antagonist (Luzindole) or Phosphatidylinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002). Melatonin significantly promoted the number of neurospheres and cell viability. In addition, Melatonin markedly up-regulated gene and protein expression of Nestin and MAP2. However, Luzindole or LY294002 attenuated these increase. The expression of pAKT/AKT were increased by Melatonin, while Luzindole or LY294002 declined these melatonin-induced increase. These results suggest that melatonin significantly increased neural differentiation of iPSCs via activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through melatonin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Common Splendor International Health Management, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
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The emerging role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Buendia I, Gómez-Rangel V, González-Lafuente L, Parada E, León R, Gameiro I, Michalska P, Laudon M, Egea J, López MG. Neuroprotective mechanism of the novel melatonin derivative Neu-P11 in brain ischemia related models. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:187-95. [PMID: 26188145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stopping the ischemic cascade by targeting its components is a potential strategy for acute ischemic stroke treatment. During ischemia and especially over reperfusion, oxidative stress plays a major role in causing neuronal cell death. Melatonin has been previously reported to provide neuroprotective effects in in vivo models of stroke by a mechanism that implicates melatonin receptors. In this context, this study was planned to test the potential neuroprotective effects of the novel melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist, Neu-P11, against brain ischemia in in vitro and in vivo models, and to elucidate its underlying mechanism of action. Neu-P11 proved to be a good antioxidant, to protect against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxygen and glucose deprivation in hippocampal slices, and to reduce infarct volume in an in vivo stroke model. Regarding its mechanism of action, the protective effect of Neu-P11 was reverted by luzindole (melatonin receptor antagonist), AG490 (JAK2 inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3/AKT inhibitor) and PD98059 (MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor). In conclusion, Neu-P11 affords neuroprotection against brain ischemia in in vitro and in vivo models by activating a pro-survival signaling pathway that involves melatonin receptors, JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Buendia
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Rangel
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura González-Lafuente
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Parada
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Gameiro
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrycja Michalska
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moshe Laudon
- Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 27 Habarzel St, Tel-Aviv 6971039, Israel
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Ding K, Wang H, Xu J, Li T, Zhang L, Ding Y, Zhu L, He J, Zhou M. Melatonin stimulates antioxidant enzymes and reduces oxidative stress in experimental traumatic brain injury: the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway as a potential mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:1-11. [PMID: 24810171 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential involvement of melatonin in the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and antioxidant-responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) signaling pathway and the modulation of antioxidant enzyme activity in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In experiment 1, ICR mice were divided into four groups: sham group, TBI group, TBI + vehicle group, and TBI + melatonin group (n = 38 per group). Melatonin (10mg/kg) was administered via an intraperitoneal (ip) injection at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4h post-TBI. In experiment 2, Nrf2 wild-type (Nrf2(+/+) group) and Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2(-/-) group) mice received a TBI insult followed by melatonin administration (10mg/kg, ip) at the corresponding time points (n = 35 per group). The administration of melatonin after TBI significantly ameliorated the effects of the brain injury, such as oxidative stress, brain edema, and cortical neuronal degeneration. Melatonin markedly promoted the translocation of Nrf2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus; increased the expression of Nrf2-ARE pathway-related downstream factors, including heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; and prevented the decline of antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, knockout of Nrf2 partly reversed the neuroprotection of melatonin after TBI. In conclusion, melatonin administration may increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and attenuate brain injury in a TBI model, potentially via mediation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Barlow KM, Brooks BL, MacMaster FP, Kirton A, Seeger T, Esser M, Crawford S, Nettel-Aguirre A, Zemek R, Angelo M, Kirk V, Emery CA, Johnson D, Hill MD, Buchhalter J, Turley B, Richer L, Platt R, Hutchison J, Dewey D. A double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial of 3 and 10 mg sublingual melatonin for post-concussion syndrome in youths (PLAYGAME): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:271. [PMID: 25001947 PMCID: PMC4227124 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background By the age of sixteen, one in five children will sustain a mild traumatic brain injury also known as concussion. Our research found that one in seven school children with mild traumatic brain injury suffer post-concussion syndrome symptoms for three months or longer. Post-concussion syndrome is associated with significant disability in the child and his/her family and yet there are no evidence-based medical treatments available. Melatonin has several potential mechanisms of action that could be useful following mild traumatic brain injury, including neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study is to determine if treatment with melatonin improves post-concussion syndrome in youths following mild traumatic brain injury. Our hypothesis is that treatment of post-concussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury with 3 or 10 mg of sublingual melatonin for 28 days will result in a decrease in post-concussion syndrome symptoms compared with placebo. Methods/Design Ninety-nine youths with mild traumatic brain injury, aged between 13 and 18 years, who are symptomatic at 30 days post-injury will be recruited. This study will be conducted as a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled superiority trial of melatonin. Three parallel treatment groups will be examined with a 1:1:1 allocation: sublingual melatonin 3 mg, sublingual melatonin 10 mg, and sublingual placebo. Participants will receive treatment for 28 days. The primary outcome is a change on the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (Parent and Youth). The secondary outcomes will include neurobehavioral function, health-related quality of life and sleep. Neurophysiological and structural markers of change, using magnetic resonance imaging techniques and transcranial magnetic stimulation, will also be investigated. Discussion Melatonin is a safe and well-tolerated agent that has many biological properties that may be useful following a traumatic brain injury. This study will determine whether it is a useful treatment for children with post-concussion syndrome. Recruitment commenced on 4 December 2014. Trial registration This trial was registered on 6 June 2013 at ClinicalTrials.gov. Registration number: NCT01874847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Barlow
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Room 293, Heritage Medical Research Building 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Melatonin reduced microglial activation and alleviated neuroinflammation induced neuron degeneration in experimental traumatic brain injury: Possible involvement of mTOR pathway. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:23-31. [PMID: 24995391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to detect the modulation manner of melatonin on microglial activation and explore herein possible involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway following traumatic brain injury (TBI). ICR mice were divided into four groups: sham group, TBI group, TBI+sal group and TBI+Melatonin group. A weight-drop model was employed to cause TBI. Neurological severity score (NSS) tests were performed to measure behavioral outcomes. Nissl staining was conducted to observe the neuronal degeneration and wet-to-dry weight ratio indicated brain water content. Immunofluorescence was designed to investigate microglial activation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to evaluate proinflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)). Western blotting was engaged to analyze the protein content of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) and S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP). Melatonin administration was associated with markedly restrained microglial activation, decreased release of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the number of surviving neurons at the site of peri-contusion. Meanwhile, melatonin administration resulted in dephosphorylated mTOR pathway. In conclusion, this study presents a new insight into the mechanisms responsible for the anti-neuroinflammation of melatonin, with possible involvement of mTOR pathway.
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Nicolas CS, Amici M, Bortolotto ZA, Doherty A, Csaba Z, Fafouri A, Dournaud P, Gressens P, Collingridge GL, Peineau S. The role of JAK-STAT signaling within the CNS. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e22925. [PMID: 24058789 PMCID: PMC3670265 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK-STAT is an efficient and highly regulated system mainly dedicated to the regulation of gene expression. Primarily identified as functioning in hematopoietic cells, its role has been found critical in all cell types, including neurons. This review will focus on JAK-STAT functions in the mature central nervous system. Our recent research suggests the intriguing possibility of a non-nuclear role of STAT3 during synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway in inflammation, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases positions it at the heart of most brain disorders, highlighting the importance to understand how it can influence the fate and functions of brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine S Nicolas
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity; School of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Bristol; Bristol, UK
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Modabbernia A, Heidari P, Soleimani R, Sobhani A, Roshan ZA, Taslimi S, Ashrafi M, Modabbernia MJ. Melatonin for prevention of metabolic side-effects of olanzapine in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 53:133-40. [PMID: 24607293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We aimed to determine the efficacy of melatonin 3 mg/day in prevention of olanzapine-induced metabolic side-effects. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, 48 patients with first-episode schizophrenia who were eligible for olanzapine treatment, were randomly assigned to olanzapine plus either melatonin 3 mg/day or matched placebo for eight weeks. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters as well as psychiatric symptoms using The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were assessed at baseline, week 4, and 8. Primary outcome measure was the change from baseline in weight at week 8. Data were analyzed using t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and mixed-effects model. Thirty-six patients had at least one post-baseline measurement. At week eight, melatonin was associated with significantly less weight gain [mean difference (MD) = 3.2 kg, P = 0.023], increase in waist circumference [MD = 2.83 cm, P = 0.041] and triglyceride concentration [MD = 62 mg/dl, P = 0.090 (nearly significant)] than the placebo. Changes in cholesterol, insulin, and blood sugar concentrations did not differ significantly between the two groups. Patients in the melatonin group experienced significantly more reduction in their PANSS scores [MD = 12.9 points, P = 0.014] than the placebo group. No serious adverse events were reported. To summarize, in patients treated with olanzapine, short-term melatonin treatment attenuates weight gain, abdominal obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia. It might also provide additional benefit for treatment of psychosis. The study was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov ( REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01593774).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Modabbernia
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvaneh Heidari
- Department of Psychiatry, Shafa Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Robabeh Soleimani
- Department of Psychiatry, Shafa Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abdolrasoul Sobhani
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Atrkar Roshan
- Department of Biostatistics, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shervin Taslimi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Ashrafi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cardinali DP, Vigo DE, Olivar N, Vidal MF, Brusco LI. Melatonin Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:245-77. [PMID: 26784870 PMCID: PMC4665493 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major health problem and a growing recognition exists that efforts to prevent it must be undertaken by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. In this context, the pineal product, melatonin, has a promising significance because of its chronobiotic/cytoprotective properties potentially useful for a number of aspects of AD. One of the features of advancing age is the gradual decrease in circulating melatonin levels. A limited number of therapeutic trials have indicated that melatonin has a therapeutic value as a neuroprotective drug in the treatment of AD and minimal cognitive impairment (which may evolve to AD). Both in vitro and in vivo, melatonin prevented the neurodegeneration seen in experimental models of AD. For these effects to occur, doses of melatonin about two orders of magnitude higher than those required to affect sleep and circadian rhythmicity are needed. More recently, attention has been focused on the development of potent melatonin analogs with prolonged effects, which were employed in clinical trials in sleep-disturbed or depressed patients in doses considerably higher than those employed for melatonin. In view that the relative potencies of the analogs are higher than that of the natural compound, clinical trials employing melatonin in the range of 50-100 mg/day are urgently needed to assess its therapeutic validity in neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires 1007, Argentina.
| | - Daniel E Vigo
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires 1007, Argentina.
| | - Natividad Olivar
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
| | - María F Vidal
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
| | - Luis I Brusco
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
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47
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Liang Y, Xu WD, Yang XK, Fang XY, Liu YY, Ni J, Qiu LJ, Hui P, Cen H, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Association of signaling transducers and activators of transcription 1 and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:141-5. [PMID: 24437638 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.873415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex autoimmune disease which involves various facets of the immune system. Signaling transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) belongs to the family of STAT transcription factors that mediate various biological responses. Recently, studies in both experimental animal models of lupus and patients with SLE have revealed expression and activation of STAT1 is closely associated with the pathogenesis of SLE. Moreover, increased production of interferons (IFNs) and aberrant activation of IFNs signaling, which is mechanistically linked to increased level of STAT1, are crucial for the development of SLE. Therefore, we will focus on the association of STAT1 and SLE based on recent understandings to render more information about the mechanisms of STAT1 might perform in. Hopefully, the information obtained will lead to a better understanding of the development and pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases, as well as its clinical implications and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , PR China
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48
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Hardeland R. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:325-56. [PMID: 24112071 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classic theories of aging such as the free radical theory, including its mitochondria-related versions, have largely focused on a few specific processes of senescence. Meanwhile, numerous interconnections have become apparent between age-dependent changes previously thought to proceed more or less independently. Increased damage by free radicals is not only linked to impairments of mitochondrial function, but also to inflammaging as it occurs during immune remodeling and by release of proinflammatory cytokines from mitotically arrested, DNA-damaged cells that exhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among other effects, SASP can cause mutations in stem cells that reduce the capacity for tissue regeneration or, in worst case, lead to cancer stem cells. Oxidative stress has also been shown to promote telomere attrition. Moreover, damage by free radicals is connected to impaired circadian rhythmicity. Another nexus exists between cellular oscillators and metabolic sensing, in particular to the aging-suppressor SIRT1, which acts as an accessory clock protein. Melatonin, being a highly pleiotropic regulator molecule, interacts directly or indirectly with all the processes mentioned. These influences are critically reviewed, with emphasis on data from aged organisms and senescence-accelerated animals. The sometimes-controversial findings obtained either in a nongerontological context or in comparisons of tumor with nontumor cells are discussed in light of evidence obtained in senescent organisms. Although, in mammals, lifetime extension by melatonin has been rarely documented in a fully conclusive way, a support of healthy aging has been observed in rodents and is highly likely in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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49
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Melatonin: buffering the immune system. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8638-83. [PMID: 23609496 PMCID: PMC3645767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin modulates a wide range of physiological functions with pleiotropic effects on the immune system. Despite the large number of reports implicating melatonin as an immunomodulatory compound, it still remains unclear how melatonin regulates immunity. While some authors argue that melatonin is an immunostimulant, many studies have also described anti-inflammatory properties. The data reviewed in this paper support the idea of melatonin as an immune buffer, acting as a stimulant under basal or immunosuppressive conditions or as an anti-inflammatory compound in the presence of exacerbated immune responses, such as acute inflammation. The clinical relevance of the multiple functions of melatonin under different immune conditions, such as infection, autoimmunity, vaccination and immunosenescence, is also reviewed.
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50
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Tao RR, Huang JY, Shao XJ, Ye WF, Tian Y, Liao MH, Fukunaga K, Lou YJ, Han F, Lu YM. Ischemic injury promotes Keap1 nitration and disturbance of antioxidative responses in endothelial cells: a potential vasoprotective effect of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:271-81. [PMID: 22946793 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical epidemiology has indicated that the endothelial injury is a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of ischemic neurovascular damage. In this report, we assessed S-nitrosylation and nitration of Keap1 to identify downstream nitric oxide redox signaling targets into endothelial cells during ischemia. Here, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) exposure initiates the nuclear import of Keap1 in endothelial cells, which interacted with nuclear-localized Nrf2, as demonstrated through co-immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemical assay. Paralleling the ischemia-induced nuclear import of Keap1, increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in endothelial cells was also observed. Consistently, the addition of peroxynitrite provoked nuclear import of Keap1 and a concomitant Nrf2 nuclear import in the endothelial cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of nitrosative stress by melatonin partially inhibited the OGD-induced constitutive nuclear import of Keap1 and subsequently disturbance of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling. Moreover, the effect of melatonin on nitration and S-nitrosylation of keap1 was examined in endothelial cells with 6 hr OGD exposure. Here, we demonstrated that OGD induced tyrosine nitration of Keap1, which was blocked by melatonin treatment, while there were no significant changes in S-nitrosylation of Keap1. The specific amino acid residues of Keap1 involved in tyrosine nitration were identified as Y473 by mass spectrometry. Moreover, the protective role of melatonin against damage to endothelial tight junction integrity was addressed by ZO-1 expression, paralleled with the restored heme oxygenase-1 levels during OGD. Together, our results emphasize that upon nitrosative stress, the protective effect of melatonin on endothelial cells is likely mediated at least in part by inhibition of ischemia-evoked protein nitration of Keap1, hence contributing to relieve the disturbance of Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-rong Tao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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