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Raberin A, Burtscher J, Citherlet T, Manferdelli G, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Malatesta D, Brocherie F, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Women at Altitude: Sex-Related Physiological Responses to Exercise in Hypoxia. Sports Med 2024; 54:271-287. [PMID: 37902936 PMCID: PMC10933174 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in physiological responses to various stressors, including exercise, have been well documented. However, the specific impact of these differences on exposure to hypoxia, both at rest and during exercise, has remained underexplored. Many studies on the physiological responses to hypoxia have either excluded women or included only a limited number without analyzing sex-related differences. To address this gap, this comprehensive review conducted an extensive literature search to examine changes in physiological functions related to oxygen transport and consumption in hypoxic conditions. The review encompasses various aspects, including ventilatory responses, cardiovascular adjustments, hematological alterations, muscle metabolism shifts, and autonomic function modifications. Furthermore, it delves into the influence of sex hormones, which evolve throughout life, encompassing considerations related to the menstrual cycle and menopause. Among these physiological functions, the ventilatory response to exercise emerges as one of the most sex-sensitive factors that may modify reactions to hypoxia. While no significant sex-based differences were observed in cardiac hemodynamic changes during hypoxia, there is evidence of greater vascular reactivity in women, particularly at rest or when combined with exercise. Consequently, a diffusive mechanism appears to be implicated in sex-related variations in responses to hypoxia. Despite well-established sex disparities in hematological parameters, both acute and chronic hematological responses to hypoxia do not seem to differ significantly between sexes. However, it is important to note that these responses are sensitive to fluctuations in sex hormones, and further investigation is needed to elucidate the impact of the menstrual cycle and menopause on physiological responses to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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McKay AKA, Anderson B, Peeling P, Whitfield J, Tee N, Zeder C, Zimmermann MB, Burke LM, Moretti D. Iron Absorption in Highly Trained Male Runners: Does it Matter When and Where You Eat Your Iron? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:118-127. [PMID: 38098150 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined iron absorption and its regulation during two common scenarios experienced by endurance athletes. Our aims were to: (i) compare the effects of preexercise versus postexercise iron intake on iron absorption; and (ii) compare the impact of training at altitude (1800 m) on iron absorption preexercise. METHODS Male runners (n = 18) completed three exercise trials over a 5-wk period, each preceded by 24 h of standardized low-iron diets. First, athletes completed two 60-min treadmill running trials at 65% V̇O2max at near sea-level (580 m). In a randomized order, preexercise and postexercise test meals labeled with 4 mg of 57Fe or 58Fe were consumed 30 min before or 30 min after exercise. Then, the same exercise trial was performed after living and training at altitude (~1800 m) for 7 d, with the labeled test meal consumed 30 min preexercise. We collected venous blood samples preexercise and postexercise for markers of iron status and regulation, and 14 d later to measure erythrocyte isotope incorporation. RESULTS No differences in fractional iron absorption were evident when test meals were consumed preexercise (7.3% [4.4, 12.1]) or postexercise (6.2% [3.1, 12.5]) (n = 18; P = 0.058). Iron absorption preexercise was greater at altitude (18.4% [10.6, 32.0]) than at near sea-level (n = 17; P < 0.001) and hepcidin concentrations at altitude were lower at rest and 3 h postexercise compared with near sea level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In an acute setting, preexercise and postexercise iron absorption is comparable if consumed within 30 min of exercise. Preexercise iron absorption increases 2.6-fold at altitude compared with near sea-level, likely due to the homeostatic response to provide iron for enhanced erythropoiesis and maintain iron stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | - Jamie Whitfield
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, AUSTRALIA
| | - Nicolin Tee
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, AUSTRALIA
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, SWITZERLAND
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, AUSTRALIA
| | - Diego Moretti
- Nutrition Group, Health Department, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences (FFHS), Zürich, SWITZERLAND
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Siebenmann C, Roche J, Schlittler M, Simpson LL, Stembridge M. Regulation of haemoglobin concentration at high altitude. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 38051656 DOI: 10.1113/jp284578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowlanders sojourning for more than 1 day at high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in plasma volume (PV) that increases haemoglobin concentration and thus restores arterial oxygen content. If the sojourn extends over weeks, an expansion of total red cell volume (RCV) occurs and contributes to the haemoconcentration. While the reduction in PV was classically attributed to an increased diuretic fluid loss, recent studies support fluid redistribution, rather than loss, as the underlying mechanism. The fluid redistribution is presumably driven by a disappearance of proteins from the circulation and the resulting reduction in oncotic pressure exerted by the plasma, although the fate of the disappearing proteins remains unclear. The RCV expansion is the result of an accelerated erythropoietic activity secondary to enhanced renal erythropoietin release, but a contribution of other mechanisms cannot be excluded. After return from HA, intravascular volumes return to normal values and the normalisation of RCV might involve selective destruction of newly formed erythrocytes, although this explanation has been strongly challenged by recent studies. In contrast to acclimatised lowlanders, native highlanders originating from the Tibetan and the Ethiopian plateaus present with a normal or only mildly elevated haemoglobin concentration. Genetic adaptations blunting the erythropoietic response to HA exposure have been proposed as an explanation for the absence of more pronounced haemoconcentration in these populations, but new evidence also supports a contribution of a larger than expected PV. The functional significance of the relatively low haemoglobin concentration in Tibetan and Ethiopian highlanders is incompletely understood and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Roche
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maja Schlittler
- AO Research Institute Davos, Regenerative Orthopaedics Program, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Bonato G, Goodman S, Tjh L. Physiological and performance effects of live high train low altitude training for elite endurance athletes: A narrative review. Curr Res Physiol 2023; 6:100113. [PMID: 38107789 PMCID: PMC10724230 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2023.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Altitude training has become an important training application for athletes due its potential for altering physiology and enhancing performance. This practice is commonly used by athletes, with a popular choice being the live high - train low approach. This model recommends that athletes live at high altitude (1250-3000 m), but train at low altitude or sea-level (0-1200 m). Exposure to altitude often leads to hypoxic stress and in turn stimulates changes in total haemoglobin mass, erythropoietin, and soluble transferrin receptors, which alter further underlying physiology. Through enhanced physiology, improved exercise performance may arise through enhancement of the oxygen transport system which is important for endurance events. Previous investigations into the effects of altitude training on exercise performance have been completed in a range of contexts, including running, cycling, swimming, and triathlon. Often following a LHTL altitude intervention, athletes realise improvements in maximal oxygen consumption capacity, time trial performance and peak power outputs. Although heterogeneity exists among LHTL methodologies, i.e., exposure durations and altitude ranges, we synthesised this data into kilometre hours, and found that the most common hypoxic doses used in LHTL interventions ranged from ∼578-687 km h. As this narrative review demonstrates, there are potential advantages to using altitude training to enhance physiology and improve performance for endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Bonato
- Exercise and Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, The University of New England, Armidale, 2350, Australia
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - S.P.J Goodman
- Exercise and Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, The University of New England, Armidale, 2350, Australia
| | - Lathlean Tjh
- Exercise and Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, The University of New England, Armidale, 2350, Australia
- The Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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Abouzeid N, ELnaggar M, FathAllah H, Amira M. Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training Using Elevation Mask May Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Pulmonary Functions, and Hematological Variables in University Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3533. [PMID: 36834227 PMCID: PMC9963657 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, high-altitude training (HAT) and elevation training masks (ETMs) have been widely used among athletes to enhance physical performance. However, few studies have examined the effect of wearing ETMs on physiological and hematological parameters in different sports. AIMS The present study aimed to investigate the impact of ETM use in athletes on several hematological and physiological indicators among cyclists, runners, and swimmers. METHODS The impact of wearing an ETM on lung function (LF), aerobic capacity (AC), and hematological levels in male university-level athletes (cyclists, runners, and swimmers) was investigated using an experimental approach. The participants (N = 44) were divided into (i) an experimental group wearing ETMs (n = 22; aged 21.24 ± 0.14 years old) and (ii) a control group not wearing ETMs (n = 22; aged 21.35 ± 0.19 years old). Both groups underwent 8 weeks of high-intensity cycle ergometer interval training. Pre- and post-training tests included the above-mentioned physiological and hematological parameters. RESULTS Except for FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC, VT1, and MHR in the control group and FEV₁/FVC and HRM in the experimental group, all variables were significantly improved after the 8-week cycle ergometer HIIT program. Significant benefits in favor of the experimental group were noted in terms of changes in FVC, FEV₁, VO₂max, VT1, PO to VT, VT2, and PO to VT2. CONCLUSIONS The eight-week ETM-assisted HIIT program improved cardiorespiratory fitness and hematological variables in all participants. Future research would be useful to further investigate the physiological changes resulting from ETM-assisted HIIT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Abouzeid
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Games Sports and Racquet Games Training, College of Physical Education for Boys, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud ELnaggar
- Department of Sports Health Sciences, College of Physical Education, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Haytham FathAllah
- Sports Training Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Amira
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Mallet RT, Burtscher J, Pialoux V, Pasha Q, Ahmad Y, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Molecular Mechanisms of High-Altitude Acclimatization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021698. [PMID: 36675214 PMCID: PMC9866500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude illnesses (HAIs) result from acute exposure to high altitude/hypoxia. Numerous molecular mechanisms affect appropriate acclimatization to hypobaric and/or normobaric hypoxia and curtail the development of HAIs. The understanding of these mechanisms is essential to optimize hypoxic acclimatization for efficient prophylaxis and treatment of HAIs. This review aims to link outcomes of molecular mechanisms to either adverse effects of acute high-altitude/hypoxia exposure or the developing tolerance with acclimatization. After summarizing systemic physiological responses to acute high-altitude exposure, the associated acclimatization, and the epidemiology and pathophysiology of various HAIs, the article focuses on molecular adjustments and maladjustments during acute exposure and acclimatization to high altitude/hypoxia. Pivotal modifying mechanisms include molecular responses orchestrated by transcription factors, most notably hypoxia inducible factors, and reciprocal effects on mitochondrial functions and REDOX homeostasis. In addition, discussed are genetic factors and the resultant proteomic profiles determining these hypoxia-modifying mechanisms culminating in successful high-altitude acclimatization. Lastly, the article discusses practical considerations related to the molecular aspects of acclimatization and altitude training strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, FR-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Qadar Pasha
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defense Research & Development Organization(DRDO), New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on hematological parameters related to oxygen transport, blood volume and oxygen consumption in adolescent endurance-training athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:391-399. [PMID: 36348710 PMCID: PMC9615323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the effect of altitude on hematological and cardiorespiratory variables in adolescent athletes participating in aerobic disciplines. Methods 21 females and 89 males participated in the study. All were adolescent elite athletes engaged in endurance sports (skating, running and cycling) belonging to two groups: permanent residents in either low altitude (LA, 966 m) or moderate altitude (MA, 2640 m). Hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), total hemoglobin mass (Hbt), blood, plasma and erythrocyte volumes (BV, PV and EV), VO2peak and other cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated. Results Sex differences were evident both in LA and HA skating practitioners, the males having higher significant values than the females in oxygen transport-related hematological parameters and VO2peak. The effect of altitude residence was also observed in Hct, [Hb], Hbt and EV with increased (14%–18%) values in the hematological parameters and higher EV (5%–24%). These results matched the significantly higher values of VO2peak measured in MA residents. However, BV and PV did not show differences between LA and MA residents in any case. Sports discipline influenced neither the hematological variables nor most of the cardiorespiratory parameters. Conclusions LA and MA adolescent skaters showed sex differences in hematological variables. Endurance-trained male adolescent residents at MA had an increased erythropoietic response and a higher VO2peak compared to their counterparts residing and training at LA. These responses are similar in the three aerobic sports studied, indicating that the variables described are highly sensitive to hypoxia irrespective of the sports discipline.
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Usaj A, Kapus J, Štrumbelj B, Debevec T, Vodičar J. Effects of Moderate Altitude Training Combined with Moderate or High-altitude Residence. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1129-1136. [PMID: 35926513 DOI: 10.1055/a-1885-4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify potential physiological and performance differences of trained cross-country skiers (V˙o2max=60±4 ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1) following two, 3-week long altitude modalities: 1) training at moderate altitudes (600-1700 m) and living at 1500 m (LMTM;N=8); and 2) training at moderate altitudes (600-1700 m) and living at 1500 m with additional nocturnal normobaric hypoxic exposures (FiO2 =0.17;LHTM; N=8). All participants conducted the same training throughout the altitude training phase and underwent maximal roller ski trials and submaximal cyclo-ergometery before, during and one week after the training camps. No exercise performance or hematological differences were observed between the two modalities. The average roller ski velocities were increased one week after the training camps following both LMTM (p=0.03) and LHTM (p=0.04) with no difference between the two (p=0.68). During the submaximal test, LMTM increased the Tissue Oxygenation Index (11.5±6.5 to 1.0±8.5%; p=0.04), decreased the total hemoglobin concentration (15.1±6.5 to 1.7±12.9 a.u.;p=0.02), and increased blood pH (7.36±0.03 to 7.39±0.03;p=0.03). On the other hand, LHTM augmented minute ventilation (76±14 to 88±10 l·min-1;p=0.04) and systemic blood oxygen saturation by 2±1%; (p=0.02) with no such differences observed following the LMTM. Collectively, despite minor physiological differences observed between the two tested altitude training modalities both induced comparable exercise performance modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Usaj
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kapus
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boro Štrumbelj
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Vodičar
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Skattebo Ø, Hallén J. Individual variations in pre‐altitude hemoglobin mass influence hemoglobin mass responses to repeated altitude sojourns. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1493-1501. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Skattebo
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Jostein Hallén
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
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Saugy JJ, Schmoutz T, Botrè F. Altitude and Erythropoietin: Comparative Evaluation of Their Impact on Key Parameters of the Athlete Biological Passport: A Review. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:864532. [PMID: 35847455 PMCID: PMC9282833 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.864532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematological module of the Athlete's Biological Passport (ABP) identifies doping methods and/or substances used to increase the blood's capacity to transport or deliver oxygen to the tissues. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPOs) are doping substances known to boost the production of red blood cells and might have an effect on the blood biomarkers of the ABP. However, hypoxic exposure influences these biomarkers similarly to rhEPOs. This analogous impact complicates the ABP profiles' interpretation by antidoping experts. The present study aimed to collect and identify, through a literature search, the physiological effects on ABP blood biomarkers induced by these external factors. A total of 43 studies were selected for this review. A positive correlation (R2 = 0.605, r = 0.778, p < 0.001) was identified between the hypoxic dose and the increase in hemoglobin concentration (HGB) percentage. In addition, the change in the reticulocyte percentage (RET%) has been identified as one of the most sensitive parameters to rhEPO use. The mean effects of rhEPO on blood parameters were greater than those induced by hypoxic exposure (1.7 times higher for HGB and RET% and 4 times higher for hemoglobin mass). However, rhEPO micro-doses have shown effects that are hardly distinguishable from those identified after hypoxic exposure. The results of the literature search allowed to identify temporal and quantitative evolution of blood parameters in connection with different hypoxic exposure doses, as well as different rhEPOs doses. This might be considered to provide justified and well-documented interpretations of physiological changes in blood parameters of the Athlete Biological Passport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Saugy
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research and Expertise in anti-Doping Sciences (REDs), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jonas J. Saugy
| | - Tania Schmoutz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research and Expertise in anti-Doping Sciences (REDs), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Heat Acclimation with or without Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure Leads to Similar Improvements in Endurance Performance in the Heat. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050069. [PMID: 35622478 PMCID: PMC9147627 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Combining the key adaptation of plasma volume (PV) expansion with synergistic physiological effects of other acclimation interventions to maximise endurance performance in the heat has potential. The current study investigated the effects of heat acclimation alone (H), combined with normobaric hypoxia exposure (H+NH), on endurance athletic performance. Methods: Well-trained participants completed a heat-stress trial (30 °C, 80% relative humidity (RH), 20.8% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)) of a 75 min steady-state cycling (fixed workload) and a subsequent 15 min cycling time trial for distance before and after intervention. Participants completed 12 consecutive indoor training days with either heat acclimation (H; 60 min·day−1, 30 °C, 80% RH; 20.8% FiO2) or heat acclimation and overnight hypoxic environment (H+NH; ~12 h, 60% RH; 16% FiO2 simulating altitude of ~2500 m). Control (CON) group trained outdoors with average maximum daily temperature of 16.5 °C and 60% RH. Results: Both H and H+NH significantly improved time trial cycling distance by ~5.5% compared to CON, with no difference between environmental exposures. PV increased (+3.8%) and decreased (−4.1%) following H and H+NH, respectively, whereas haemoglobin concentration decreased (−2%) and increased (+3%) in H and H+NH, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that despite contrasting physiological adaptations to different environmental acclimation protocols, heat acclimation with or without hypoxic exposure demonstrated similar improvements in short-duration exercise performance in a hot environment.
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The Effects of Six-Month Subalpine Training on the Physical Functions and Athletic Performance of Elite Chinese Cross-Country Skiers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the changes in the blood indices, specific athletic abilities, and physical fitness of outstanding cross-country skiers, trained in the subalpine; Methods: Twenty-eight athletes (twenty males and eight females) from the National Cross-country Ski Training Team completed sub-alpine training during the 2020–2021 snow season. The athletes′ physical functions were evaluated by collecting blood from elbow veins and measuring blood biochemical indexes. To compare the treadmill roller-skiing athletic ability and physical fitness of athletes before and after subalpine; Results: Male and female athletes showed different trends in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), cortisol (C), Creatine Kinase (CK) and blood urea (BU) (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Overall, the female athletes’ mean values of RBC, Hb, CK, and BU were lower than that of male athletes, while C was just the opposite. Comparing the athletic performance of athletes before and after the subalpine, it was found that blood lactate concentrations were significantly lower in both male and female athletes at the same load intensity (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), whereas 10 km endurance running and 1 RM deep squat were significantly higher in both male and female athletes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Conclusions: After 6 months of subalpine training, cross-country skiers improved their oxygen-carrying capacity and anabolism, and showed significant improvements in specific athletic ability, physical endurance, acid tolerance and 1 RM absolute strength for both male and female athletes.
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13
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Krumm B, Faiss R. Factors Confounding the Athlete Biological Passport: A Systematic Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34524567 PMCID: PMC8443715 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through longitudinal, individual and adaptive monitoring of blood biomarkers, the haematological module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) has become a valuable tool in anti-doping efforts. The composition of blood as a vector of oxygen in the human body varies in athletes with the influence of multiple intrinsic (genetic) or extrinsic (training or environmental conditions) factors. In this context, it is fundamental to establish a comprehensive understanding of the various causes that may affect blood variables and thereby alter a fair interpretation of ABP profiles. METHODS This literature review described the potential factors confounding the ABP to outline influencing factors altering haematological profiles acutely or chronically. RESULTS Our investigation confirmed that natural variations in ABP variables appear relatively small, likely-at least in part-because of strong human homeostasis. Furthermore, the significant effects on haematological variations of environmental conditions (e.g. exposure to heat or hypoxia) remain debatable. The current ABP paradigm seems rather robust in view of the existing literature that aims to delineate adaptive individual limits. Nevertheless, its objective sensitivity may be further improved. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review contributes to disentangling the numerous confounding factors of the ABP to gather the available scientific evidence and help interpret individual athlete profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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The Modifications of Haemoglobin, Erythropoietin Values and Running Performance While Training at Mountain vs. Hilltop vs. Seaside. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189486. [PMID: 34574408 PMCID: PMC8466982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Altitude training increases haemoglobin, erythropoietin values among athletes, but may have negative physiological consequences. An alternative, although less explored, that has the potential to positively influence performance while avoiding some of the negative physiological consequences of hypoxia is sand training. Ten endurance-trained athletes (age: 20.8 ± 1.4, body mass: 57.7 ± 8.2 kg, stature: 176 ± 6 cm; 5000 m 14:55.00 ± 0:30 min) performed three 21-day training camps at different locations: at a high altitude (HIGH), at the sea-level (CTRL), at the sea-level on the sand (SAND). Differences in erythropoietin (EPO) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, body weight, VO2max and maximal aerobic velocity (VMA) before and after each training cycle were compared. Data analysis has indicated that training during HIGH elicited a greater increase in VO2max (2.4 ± 0.2%; p = 0.005 and 1.0 ± 0.2%; p < 0.001) and VMA (2.4 ± 0.2%, p < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.2%; p = 0.001) compared with CTRL and SAND. While increases in VO2max and VMA following SAND were greater (1.3 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001) than those observed after CTRL. Moreover, EPO increased to a greater extent following HIGH (25.3 ± 2.7%) compared with SAND (11.7 ± 1.6%, p = 0.008) and CTRL (0.1 ± 0.3%, p < 0.001) with a greater increase (p < 0.01) following SAND compared with CTRL. Furthermore, HIGH and SAND elicited a greater increase (4.9 ± 0.9%; p = 0.001 and 3.3 ± 1.1%; p = 0.035) in Hb compared with CTRL. There was no difference in Hb changes observed between HIGH and SAND (p = 1.0). Finally, athletes lost 2.1 ± 0.4% (p = 0.001) more weight following HIGH vs. CTRL, while there were no differences in weight changes between HIGH vs. SAND (p = 0.742) and SAND vs. CTRL (p = 0.719). High-altitude training and sea-level training on sand resulted in significant improvements in EPO, Hb, VMA, and VO2max that exceeded changes in such parameters following traditional sea-level training. While high-altitude training elicited greater relative increases in EPO, VMA, and VO2max, sand training resulted in comparable increases in Hb and may prevent hypoxia-induced weight loss.
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15
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Meng Z, Gao H, Li T, Ge P, Xu Y, Gao B. Effects of Eight Weeks Altitude Training on the Aerobic Capacity and Microcirculation Function in Trained Rowers. High Alt Med Biol 2021; 22:24-31. [PMID: 33719550 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2020.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meng, Zhijun, Huan Gao, Tao Li, Peng Ge, Yixiao Xu, and Binghong Gao. Effects of eight weeks altitude training on the aerobic capacity and microcirculation function in trained rowers. High Alt Med Biol. 22:24-31, 2021. Background: The mechanism of aerobic improvement after altitude training (AT) has not been resolved yet. Few studies have looked at microcirculation changes after AT in athletes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three male rowers were recruited and divided into either the AT (n = 18, altitude 2,280 m) or the sea level training (ST group, n = 15, altitude 50 m) for 8 weeks training. Microcirculation function was monitored using a laser Doppler flowmeter. VO2peak and ergometer 5 km time trial (Er5k) were conducted. Results: Within the AT group there was an 8.8% increment in VO2peak from pre- to post-training (4,708.9 ± 455.2 vs. 5,123.3 ± 391.2 ml/min, p < 0.01), whereas in ST group there was a 3.1% increase of VO2peak from pre- to post-training (4,975.4 ± 501.1 vs. 5,128.0 ± 499.3 m/min, p = 0.125). Er5k performance in AT group was significantly improved (1,040.3 ± 26.3 vs. 1,033.2 ± 27.5 seconds, p = 0.038), whereas in ST group Er5k performance was not improved (1,059.6 ± 30.9 vs. 1,060.4 ± 33.2 seconds, p = 0.819). Postocclusive reactive hyperemia reserve and heat reserve in the forearm of AT subjects increased significantly after 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the AT group's resting blood flow and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) of the thigh were higher after AT. For the ST group, resting blood flow and CVC in the thigh decreased significantly at third week post-training. There was a low correlation between the change of VO2peak and blood flow of the thigh (r = 0.45, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Trained rowers benefit more from 8 weeks of AT than from 8 weeks ST in terms of aerobic capacity. We have found that 8 weeks of AT increases thigh blood flow and improves endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Meng
- Center of Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,The Research Institute of Sports Science of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Huan Gao
- The First Research Center of Competitive Sports, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- The First Research Center of Competitive Sports, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Ge
- Center of Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiao Xu
- Center of Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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16
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Yan B, Ge X, Yu J, Hu Y, Girard O. Hypoxic re-exposure retains hematological but not performance adaptations post-altitude training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1049-1059. [PMID: 33426576 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that hypoxic re-exposure after return from natural altitude training is beneficial in retaining hematological and performance adaptations. METHODS Eighteen mixed martial art fighters completed a 3-weeks natural altitude training camp at 2418 m. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned to a living high-training low (12 h/d at a simulated altitude of 2800 m) group (LHTL, n = 9) or a living low-training low group (LLTL, n = 9) for a 3-week sea-level training period. At baseline and after return to sea level, hematological [hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) on days 2, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 21] and performance (3000 m time trial and maximal oxygen uptake on days 4, 6, 9, 15 and 21) markers were assessed. RESULTS Mean Hbmass increased from baseline to day 2 (11.7 ± 0.9 vs. 12.4 ± 1.3 g/kg; + 6.6 ± 7.5%; P < 0.05). While Hbmass remained elevated above baseline in LHTL (P < 0.001), it returned near baseline levels from day 9 in LLTL. Irrespective of groups, mean V̇O2max was only elevated above baseline at day 2 (+ 4.5 ± 0.8%) and day 9 (+ 3.8 ± 8.0%) (both P < 0.05). Compared to baseline, 3000 m running time decreased at day 4 (- 3.1 ± 3.3%; P < 0.05) and day 15 (- 2.8 ± 2.3%; P < 0.05) only. CONCLUSIONS Despite re-exposure to hypoxia allowing a recovery of the hypoxic stimulus to retain Hbmass gains from previous altitude sojourn, there is no performance advantage of this practice above sea level residence. Our results also give support to empirical observations describing alternance of periods of optimal and attenuated performance upon return to sea level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ge
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiabei Yu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Sports Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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17
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Bejder J, Breenfeldt Andersen A, Bonne TC, Linkis J, Olsen NV, Huertas JR, Nordsborg NB. Hematological adaptations and detection of recombinant human erythropoietin combined with chronic hypoxia. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:360-368. [PMID: 32955164 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) treatment combined with chronic hypoxia provided an additive erythropoietic response and whether the athlete biological passport (ABP) sensitivity improved with hypoxia. Two interventions were completed, each containing 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks exposure at sea level or 2,320 m of altitude, and 4 weeks follow-up. Participants were randomly assigned to 20 IU·kg bw-1 rhEpo or placebo injections every second day for 3 weeks during the exposure period at sea level (rhEpo n = 25, placebo n = 9) or at altitude (rhEpo n = 12, placebo n = 27). Venous blood was analyzed weekly. Combining rhEpo and hypoxia induced larger changes compared with rhEpo or hypoxia alone for [Hb] (p < 0.001 and p > 0.05, respectively), reticulocyte percentage (p < 0.001), and OFF-hr score (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). The most pronounced effect was observed for reticulocyte percentage with up to ~35% (p < 0.001) and ~45% (p < 0.001) higher levels compared with rhEpo or hypoxia only, respectively. The ABP sensitivity for the combined treatment was 54 and 35 percentage points higher for [Hb] (p < 0.05) and reticulocyte percentage (p < 0.05), respectively, but similar for OFF-hr score, compared with rhEpo at sea level. Across any time point, [Hb] and OFF-hr score combined identified 14 unique true-positive participants (56%) at sea level and 12 unique true-positive participants (100%) at altitude. However, a concurrent reduction in specificity existed at altitude. In conclusion, rhEpo treatment combined with hypoxic exposure provided an additive erythropoietic response compared with rhEpo or hypoxic exposure alone. Correspondingly, ABP was more sensitive to rhEpo at altitude than at sea level, but a compromised specificity existed with hypoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Christian Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Linkis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Vidiendal Olsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesús Rodríguez Huertas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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Nummela A, Eronen T, Koponen A, Tikkanen H, Peltonen JE. Variability in hemoglobin mass response to altitude training camps. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:44-51. [PMID: 32783231 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether athletes can be classified as responders or non-responders based on their individual change in total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) following altitude training while also identifying the potential factors that may affect responsiveness to altitude exposure. Measurements were completed with 59 elite endurance athletes who participated in national team altitude training camps. Fifteen athletes participated in the altitude training camp at least twice. Total Hb-mass using a CO rebreathing method and other blood markers were measured before and after a total of 82 altitude training camps (1350-2500 m) in 59 athletes. In 46 (56%) altitude training camps, tHb-mass increased. The amount of positive responses increased to 65% when only camps above 2000 m were considered. From the fifteen athletes who participated in altitude training camps at least twice, 27% always had positive tHb-mass responses, 13% only negative responses, and 60% both positive and negative responses. Logistic regression analysis showed that altitude was the most significant factor explaining positive tHb-mass response. Furthermore, male athletes had greater tHb-mass response than female athletes. In endurance athletes, tHb-mass is likely to increase after altitude training given that hypoxic stimulus is appropriate. However, great inter- and intra-individual variability in tHb-mass response does not support classification of an athlete permanently as a responder or non-responder. This variability warrants efforts to control numerous factors affecting an athlete's response to each altitude training camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Nummela
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Eronen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Koponen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Tikkanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha E Peltonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Mujika I, Sharma AP, Stellingwerff T. Contemporary Periodization of Altitude Training for Elite Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1651-1669. [PMID: 31452130 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960s there has been an escalation in the purposeful utilization of altitude to enhance endurance athletic performance. This has been mirrored by a parallel intensification in research pursuits to elucidate hypoxia-induced adaptive mechanisms and substantiate optimal altitude protocols (e.g., hypoxic dose, duration, timing, and confounding factors such as training load periodization, health status, individual response, and nutritional considerations). The majority of the research and the field-based rationale for altitude has focused on hematological outcomes, where hypoxia causes an increased erythropoietic response resulting in augmented hemoglobin mass. Hypoxia-induced non-hematological adaptations, such as mitochondrial gene expression and enhanced muscle buffering capacity may also impact athletic performance, but research in elite endurance athletes is limited. However, despite significant scientific progress in our understanding of hypobaric hypoxia (natural altitude) and normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude), elite endurance athletes and coaches still tend to be trailblazers at the coal face of cutting-edge altitude application to optimize individual performance, and they already implement novel altitude training interventions and progressive periodization and monitoring approaches. Published and field-based data strongly suggest that altitude training in elite endurance athletes should follow a long- and short-term periodized approach, integrating exercise training and recovery manipulation, performance peaking, adaptation monitoring, nutritional approaches, and the use of normobaric hypoxia in conjunction with terrestrial altitude. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of accumulated altitude training through repeated exposures, the interactions between altitude and other components of a periodized approach to elite athletic preparation, and the time course of non-hematological hypoxic adaptation and de-adaptation, and the potential differences in exercise-induced altitude adaptations between different modes of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain. .,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Avish P Sharma
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Triathlon Australia, Burleigh Heads, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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20
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McLean BD, White K, Gore CJ, Kemp J. Blood Volumes Following Preseason Heat Versus Altitude: A Case Study of Australian Footballers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:590-594. [PMID: 31621644 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is debate as to which environmental intervention produces the most benefit for team sport athletes, particularly comparing heat and altitude. This quasi-experimental study aimed to compare blood volume (BV) responses with heat and altitude training camps in Australian footballers. METHODS The BV of 7 professional Australian footballers (91.8 [10.5] kg, 191.8 [10.1] cm) was measured throughout 3 consecutive spring/summer preseasons. During each preseason, players participated in altitude (year 1 and year 2) and heat (year 3) environmental training camps. Year 1 and year 2 altitude camps were in November/December in the United States, whereas the year 3 heat camp was in February/March in Australia after a full exposure to summer heat. BV, red cell volume, and plasma volume (PV) were measured at least 3 times during each preseason. RESULTS Red cell volume increased substantially following altitude in both year 1 (d = 0.67) and year 2 (d = 1.03), before returning to baseline 4 weeks postaltitude. Immediately following altitude, concurrent decreases in PV were observed during year 1 (d = -0.40) and year 2 (d = -0.98). With spring/summer training in year 3, BV and PV were substantially higher in January than temporally matched postaltitude measurements during year 1 (BV: d = -0.93, PV: d = -1.07) and year 2 (BV: d = -1.99, PV: d = -2.25), with year 3 total BV, red cell volume, and PV not changing further despite the 6-day heat intervention. CONCLUSIONS We found greater BV after training throughout spring/summer conditions, compared with interrupting spring/summer exposure to train at altitude in the cold, with no additional benefits observed from a heat camp following spring/summer training.
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21
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MILLET GRÉGOIREP, BROCHERIE FRANCK. Hypoxic Training Is Beneficial in Elite Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:515-518. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Dias KA, Lawley JS, Gatterer H, Howden EJ, Sarma S, Cornwell WK, Hearon CM, Samels M, Everding B, Liang ASW, Hendrix M, Piper T, Thevis M, Bruick RK, Levine BD. Effect of acute and chronic xenon inhalation on erythropoietin, hematological parameters, and athletic performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1503-1510. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00289.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of acute subanesthetic dosages of xenon inhalation to cause erythropoiesis and determine the effect of chronic xenon dosing on hematological parameters and athletic performance. To assess the acute effects, seven subjects breathed three subanesthetic concentrations of xenon: 30% fraction of inspired xenon (FiXe) for 20 min, 50% FiXe for 5 min, and 70% FiXe for 2 min. Erythropoietin (EPO) was measured at baseline, during, and after xenon inhalation. To determine the chronic effects, eight subjects breathed 70% FiXe for 2 min on 7 consecutive days, and EPO, total blood, and plasma volume were measured. Phase II involved assessment of 12 subjects for EPO, total blood volume, maximal oxygen uptake, and 3-km time before and after random assignment to 4 wk of xenon or sham gas inhalation. FiXe 50% and 70% stimulated an increase in EPO at 6 h [+2.3 mIU/mL; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–4.5; P = 0.038] and at 192 h postinhalation (+2.9 mIU/mL; 95% CI 0.6–5.1; P = 0.017), respectively. Seven consecutive days of dosing significantly elevated plasma volume (+491 mL; 95% CI 194–789; P = 0.002). Phase II showed no significant effect on EPO, hemoglobin mass, plasma volume, maximal oxygen uptake, or 3-km time. Acute exposure to subanesthetic doses of xenon caused a consistent increase in EPO, and 7 consecutive days of xenon inhalation significantly expanded plasma volume. However, this physiological response appeared to be transient, and 4 wk of xenon inhalation did not stimulate increases in plasma volume or erythropoiesis, leaving cardiorespiratory fitness and athletic performance unchanged. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine each element of the cascade by which xenon inhalation is purported to take effect, starting with measurement of the hypoxia-inducible factor effector, erythropoietin, to hemoglobin mass and blood volume and athletic performance. We found that acute exposure to xenon increased serum erythropoietin concentration, although major markers of erythropoiesis remained unchanged. While daily dosing significantly expanded plasma volume, no physiological or performance benefits were apparent following 4 wk of dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A. Dias
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Justin S. Lawley
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Erin J. Howden
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Christopher M. Hearon
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mitchel Samels
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Braden Everding
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Max Hendrix
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry/Centre for Preventive Doping Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry/Centre for Preventive Doping Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin D. Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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23
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Mairbäurl H. Kinetics of Changes in Hemoglobin After Ascent to and Return from High Altitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-019-00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1463-1478. [PMID: 31055680 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays a significant role in the body, and is specifically important to athletes, since it is a dominant feature in processes such as oxygen transport and energy metabolism. Despite its importance, athlete populations, especially females and endurance athletes, are commonly diagnosed with iron deficiency, suggesting an association between sport performance and iron regulation. Although iron deficiency is most common in female athletes (~ 15-35% athlete cohorts deficient), approximately 5-11% of male athlete cohorts also present with this issue. Furthermore, interest has grown in the mechanisms that influence iron absorption in athletes over the last decade, with the link between iron regulation and exercise becoming a research focus. Specifically, exercise-induced increases in the master iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, has been highlighted as a contributing factor towards altered iron metabolism in athletes. To date, a plethora of research has been conducted, including investigation into the impact that sex hormones, diet (e.g. macronutrient manipulation), training and environmental stress (e.g. hypoxia due to altitude training) have on an athlete's iron status, with numerous recommendations proposed for consideration. This review summarises the current state of research with respect to the aforementioned factors, drawing conclusions and recommendations for future work.
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Hamlin MJ, Lizamore CA, Hopkins WG. The Effect of Natural or Simulated Altitude Training on High-Intensity Intermittent Running Performance in Team-Sport Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:431-446. [PMID: 29129021 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While adaptation to hypoxia at natural or simulated altitude has long been used with endurance athletes, it has only recently gained popularity for team-sport athletes. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of hypoxic interventions on high-intensity intermittent running performance in team-sport athletes. METHODS A systematic literature search of five journal databases was performed. Percent change in performance (distance covered) in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1 and level 2 were used without differentiation) in hypoxic (natural or simulated altitude) and control (sea level or normoxic placebo) groups was meta-analyzed with a mixed model. The modifying effects of study characteristics (type and dose of hypoxic exposure, training duration, post-altitude duration) were estimated with fixed effects, random effects allowed for repeated measurement within studies and residual real differences between studies, and the standard-error weighting factors were derived or imputed via standard deviations of change scores. Effects and their uncertainty were assessed with magnitude-based inference, with a smallest important improvement of 4% estimated via between-athlete standard deviations of performance at baseline. RESULTS Ten studies qualified for inclusion, but two were excluded owing to small sample size and risk of publication bias. Hypoxic interventions occurred over a period of 7-28 days, and the range of total hypoxic exposure (in effective altitude-hours) was 4.5-33 km h in the intermittent-hypoxia studies and 180-710 km h in the live-high studies. There were 11 control and 15 experimental study-estimates in the final meta-analysis. Training effects were moderate and very likely beneficial in the control groups at 1 week (20 ± 14%, percent estimate, ± 90% confidence limits) and 4-week post-intervention (25 ± 23%). The intermittent and live-high hypoxic groups experienced additional likely beneficial gains at 1 week (13 ± 16%; 13 ± 15%) and 4-week post-intervention (19 ± 20%; 18 ± 19%). The difference in performance between intermittent and live-high interventions was unclear, as were the dose of hypoxia and inclusion of training in hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic intervention appears to be a worthwhile training strategy for improvement in high-intensity running performance in team-sport athletes, with enhanced performance over control groups persisting for at least 4 weeks post-intervention. Pending further research on the type of hypoxia, dose of hypoxia and training in hypoxia, coaches have considerable scope for customising hypoxic training methods to best suit their team's training schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine A Lizamore
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Will G Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Impact of Energy Availability, Health, and Sex on Hemoglobin-Mass Responses Following Live-High-Train-High Altitude Training in Elite Female and Male Distance Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1090-1096. [PMID: 29431548 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors investigated the effects of sex, energy availability (EA), and health status on the change in hemoglobin mass (ΔHbmass) in elite endurance athletes over ∼3-4 wk of live-high-train-high altitude training in Flagstaff, AZ (2135 m; n = 27 women; n = 21 men; 27% 2016 Olympians). METHODS Precamp and postcamp Hbmass (optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method) and iron status were measured, EA was estimated via food and training logs, and a Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAFQ) and a general injury/illness questionnaire were completed. Hypoxic exposure (h) was calculated with low (<500 h), moderate (500-600 h), and high (>600 h) groupings. RESULTS Absolute and relative percentage ΔHbmass was significantly greater in women (6.2% [4.0%], P < .001) than men (3.2% [3.3%], P = .008). %ΔHbmass showed a dose-response with hypoxic exposure (3.1% [3.8%] vs 4.9% [3.8%] vs 6.8% [3.7%], P = .013). Hbmasspre was significantly higher in eumenorrheic vs amenorrheic women (12.2 [1.0] vs 11.3 [0.5] g/kg, P = .004). Although statistically underpowered, %ΔHbmass was significantly less in sick (n = 4, -0.5% [0.4%]) vs healthy (n = 44, 5.4% [3.8%], P < .001) athletes. There were no significant correlations between self-reported iron intake, sex hormones, or EA on Hbmass outcomes. However, there was a trend for a negative correlation between LEAFQ score and %ΔHbmass (r = -.353, P = .07). CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the importance of baseline Hbmass and exposure to hypoxia on increases in Hbmass during altitude training, while emphasizing the importance of athlete health and indices of EA on an optimal baseline Hbmass and hematological response to hypoxia.
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Burtscher M, Gatterer H, Burtscher J, Mairbäurl H. Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 29867589 PMCID: PMC5964295 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Living, working and exercising in extreme terrestrial environments are challenging tasks even for healthy humans of the modern new age. The issue is not just survival in remote environments but rather the achievement of optimal performance in everyday life, occupation, and sports. Various adaptive biological processes can take place to cope with the specific stressors of extreme terrestrial environments like cold, heat, and hypoxia (high altitude). This review provides an overview of the physiological and morphological aspects of adaptive responses in these environmental stressors at the level of organs, tissues, and cells. Furthermore, adjustments existing in native people living in such extreme conditions on the earth as well as acute adaptive responses in newcomers are discussed. These insights into general adaptability of humans are complemented by outcomes of specific acclimatization/acclimation studies adding important information how to cope appropriately with extreme environmental temperatures and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Society for Alpine and Mountain Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heimo Mairbäurl
- Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL/TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Płoszczyca K, Langfort J, Czuba M. The Effects of Altitude Training on Erythropoietic Response and Hematological Variables in Adult Athletes: A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:375. [PMID: 29695978 PMCID: PMC5904371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the goals of altitude training is to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity in order to improve sea-level endurance performance in athletes. The elevated erythropoietin (EPO) production in hypoxia is a key factor in the achievement of enhanced hematological variables. The level of the EPO increase and acceleration of erythropoiesis depend on the duration of exposure and degree of hypoxia. Furthermore, many other factors may affect the hematological response to altitude training. Aim: The purpose of this narrative review was to: (1) analyze the kinetics of EPO and hematological variables during and after altitude training; (2) summarize the current state of knowledge about the possible causes of individual or cohort differences in EPO and hematological response to altitude training; (3) formulate practical guidelines for athletes to improve the efficiency of altitude training. Methods: A narrative review was performed following an electronic search of the databases PubMed/MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus via EBSCO for all English-language articles published between 1997 and 2017. Results: Complete unification of results from studies on EPO kinetics was difficult due to different time and frequency of blood sampling by different researchers during and after altitude training, but the data presented in the reviewed literature allowed us to detect certain trends. The results of the reviewed studies were divergent and indicated either increase or no change of hematological variables following altitude training. Factors that may affect the hematological response to altitude training include hypoxic dose, training content, training background of athletes, and/or individual variability of EPO production. Conclusions: Despite the potential benefits arising from altitude training, its effectiveness in improving hematological variables is still debatable. Further research and better understanding of factors influencing the response to altitude, as well as factors affecting the suitable measurement and interpretation of study results, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Mairbäurl H. Neocytolysis: How to Get Rid of the Extra Erythrocytes Formed by Stress Erythropoiesis Upon Descent From High Altitude. Front Physiol 2018; 9:345. [PMID: 29674976 PMCID: PMC5896414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neocytolysis is the selective destruction of those erythrocytes that had been formed during stress-erythropoiesis in hypoxia in order to increase the oxygen transport capacity of blood. Neocytolysis likely aims at decreasing this excess amount of erythrocytes and hemoglobin (Hb) when it is not required anymore and to decrease blood viscosity. Neocytolysis seems to occur upon descent from high altitude. Similar processes seem to occur in microgravity, and are also discussed to mediate the replacement of erythrocytes containing fetal hemoglobin (HbF) with those having adult hemoglobin (HbA) after birth. This review will focus on hypoxia at high altitude. Hemoglobin concentration and total hemoglobin in blood increase by 20-50% depending on the altitude (i.e., the degree of hypoxia) and the duration of the sojourn. Upon return to normoxia hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and reticulocyte counts decrease faster than expected from inhibition of stress-erythropoiesis and normal erythrocyte destruction rates. In parallel, an increase in haptoglobin, bilirubin, and ferritin is observed, which serve as indirect markers of hemolysis and hemoglobin-breakdown. At the same time markers of progressing erythrocyte senescence appear even on reticulocytes. Unexpectedly, reticulocytes from hypoxic mice show decreased levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α and decreased activity of the BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), which results in elevated mitochondrial activity in these cells. Furthermore, hypoxia increases the expression of miR-21, which inhibits the expression of catalase and thus decreases one of the most important mechanisms protecting against oxygen free radicals in erythrocytes. This unleashes a series of events which likely explain neocytolysis, because upon re-oxygenation systemic and mitochondrial oxygen radical formation increases and causes the selective destruction of those erythrocytes having impaired anti-oxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Mairbäurl
- Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, Translational Lung Research Center, German Center for Lung Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Sitkowski D, Szygula Z, Pokrywka A, Turowski D, Malczewska-Lenczowska J. Interrelationships between changes in erythropoietin, plasma volume, haemoglobin concentration, and total haemoglobin mass in endurance athletes. Res Sports Med 2018. [PMID: 29516744 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1447936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Interrelationships between physiological changes (Δ) in erythropoietin (EPO), plasma volume (PV), haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), and total haemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) were examined in cyclists who trained in different altitudes. Regardless of differences in pattern of changes observed in three training locations, ΔEPO was correlated positively with ΔPV, negatively with Δ[Hb], and trivially with ΔtHb-mass. Δ[Hb] was negatively correlated with ΔPV. In the pooled data the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were as follows: r = 0.783, P < 0.001; r = -0.704, P < 0.001; r = 0.136, P > 0.05; r = -0.813, P < 0.001, respectively. The obtained results have shown that EPO does not only regulate [Hb] by erythropoiesis stimulation but also by PV modulation, which probably aims at keeping proper level of arterial oxygen content for oxygen delivery to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Sitkowski
- a Department of Physiology , Institute of Sport - National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- b Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport , University of Physical Education , Krakow , Poland
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- c Department of Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Dariusz Turowski
- d Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Sport , National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska
- e Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport , National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
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31
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Lobigs LM, Garvican-Lewis LA, Vuong VL, Tee N, Gore CJ, Peeling P, Dawson B, Schumacher YO. Validation of a blood marker for plasma volume in endurance athletes during a live-high train-low altitude training camp. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1176-1183. [PMID: 29457371 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Altitude is a confounding factor within the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) due, in part, to the plasma volume (PV) response to hypoxia. Here, a newly developed PV blood test is applied to assess the possible efficacy of reducing the influence of PV on the volumetric ABP markers; haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and the OFF-score. Endurance athletes (n=34) completed a 21-night simulated live-high train-low (LHTL) protocol (14 h.d-1 at 3000 m). Bloods were collected twice pre-altitude; at days 3, 8, and 15 at altitude; and 1, 7, 21, and 42 days post-altitude. A full blood count was performed on the whole blood sample. Serum was analysed for transferrin, albumin, calcium, creatinine, total protein, and low-density lipoprotein. The PV blood test (consisting of the serum markers, [Hb] and platelets) was applied to the ABP adaptive model and new reference predictions were calculated for [Hb] and the OFF-score, thereby reducing the PV variance component. The PV correction refined the ABP reference predictions. The number of atypical passport findings (ATPFs) for [Hb] was reduced from 7 of 5 subjects to 6 of 3 subjects. The OFF-score ATPFs increased with the PV correction (from 9 to 13, 99% specificity); most likely the result of more specific reference limit predictions combined with the altitude-induced increase in red cell production. Importantly, all abnormal biomarker values were identified by a low confidence value. Although the multifaceted, individual physiological response to altitude confounded some results, the PV model appears capable of reducing the impact of PV fluctuations on [Hb].
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M Lobigs
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nicolin Tee
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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32
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De Smet S, D'Hulst G, Poffé C, Van Thienen R, Berardi E, Hespel P. High-intensity interval training in hypoxia does not affect muscle HIF responses to acute hypoxia in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:847-862. [PMID: 29423544 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The myocellular response to hypoxia is primarily regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs thus conceivably are implicated in muscular adaptation to altitude training. Therefore, we investigated the effect of hypoxic versus normoxic training during a period of prolonged hypoxia ('living high') on muscle HIF activation during acute ischaemia. METHODS Ten young male volunteers lived in normobaric hypoxia for 5 weeks (5 days per week, ~ 15.5 h per day, FiO2: 16.4-14.0%). One leg was trained in hypoxia (TRHYP, 12.3% FiO2) whilst the other leg was trained in normoxia (TRNOR, 20.9% FiO2). Training sessions (3 per week) consisted of intermittent unilateral knee extensions at 20-25% of the 1-repetition maximum. Before and after the intervention, a 10-min arterial occlusion and reperfusion of the leg was performed. Muscle oxygenation status was continuously measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis before and at the end of the occlusion. RESULTS Irrespective of training, occlusion elevated the fraction of HIF-1α expressing myonuclei from ~ 54 to ~ 64% (P < 0.05). However, neither muscle HIF-1α or HIF-2α protein abundance, nor the expression of HIF-1α or downstream targets selected increased in any experimental condition. Training in both TRNOR and TRHYP raised muscular oxygen extraction rate upon occlusion by ~ 30%, whilst muscle hyperperfusion immediately following the occlusion increased by ~ 25% in either group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ten minutes of arterial occlusion increased HIF-1α-expressing myonuclei. However, neither normoxic nor hypoxic training during 'living high' altered muscle HIF translocation, stabilisation, or transcription in response to acute hypoxia induced by arterial occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Smet
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuele Berardi
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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33
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Lobigs LM, Sharpe K, Garvican-Lewis LA, Gore CJ, Peeling P, Dawson B, Schumacher YO. The athlete's hematological response to hypoxia: A meta-analysis on the influence of altitude exposure on key biomarkers of erythropoiesis. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:74-83. [PMID: 29027252 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Altitude training is associated with changes in blood markers, which can confound results of the Athlete?s Biological Passport (ABP). This meta-analysis aims to describe the fluctuations during- and post-altitude in key ABP variables; hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), square-root transformed reticulocyte percentage (sqrt(retic%)) and the OFF-score. Individual de-identified raw data were provided from 17 studies. Separate linear mixed effects analyses were performed for delta values from baseline for [Hb], sqrt(retic%) and OFF-score, by altitude phase (during and post). Mixed models were fitted with the hierarchical structure: study and subject within study as random effects. Delta values as response variables and altitude dose (in kilometer hours; km.hr = altitude (m) / 1000 x hours), sex, age, protocol and baseline values as fixed effects. Allowances were made for potential autocorrelation. Within two days at natural altitude [Hb] rapidly increased. Subsequent delta [Hb] values increased with altitude dose, reaching a plateau of 0.94 g/dL [95%CI (0.69, 1.20)] at ~1000 km.hr. Delta sqrt(retic%) and OFF-score were the first to identify an erythrocyte response, with respective increases and decreases observed within 100 to 200 km.hr. Post-altitude, [Hb] remained elevated for two weeks. Delta sqrt(retic%) declined below baseline, the magnitude of change was dependent on altitude dose. Baseline values were a significant covariate (p<0.05). The response to altitude is complex resulting in a wide range of individual responses, influenced primarily by altitude dose and baseline values. Improved knowledge of the plausible hematological variations during- and post-altitude provides fundamental information for both the ABP expert and sports physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M. Lobigs
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222; Doha Qatar
| | - Ken Sharpe
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Melbourne; Vic 3010 Australia
| | - Laura A. Garvican-Lewis
- Australian Institute of Sport; Canberra 2617 Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont; WA 6010 Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
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Millet GP, Chapman RF, Girard O, Brocherie F. Is live high -train low altitude training relevant for elite athletes? Flawed analysis from inaccurate data. Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:923-925. [PMID: 29247024 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, HH Morris Human Performance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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35
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Garvican-Lewis LA, Vuong VL, Govus AD, Schumacher YO, Hughes D, Lovell G, Eichner D, Gore CJ. Influence of combined iron supplementation and simulated hypoxia on the haematological module of the athlete biological passport. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:731-741. [PMID: 28929623 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the athlete biological passport (ABP) is underpinned by understanding normal fluctuations of its biomarkers to environmental or medical conditions, for example, altitude training or iron deficiency. The combined impact of altitude and iron supplementation on the ABP was evaluated in endurance-trained athletes (n = 34) undertaking 3 weeks of simulated live-high: train-low (14 h.d-1 , 3000 m). Athletes received either oral, intravenous (IV) or placebo iron supplementation, commencing 2 weeks prior and continuing throughout hypoxic exposure. Venous blood was sampled twice prior, weekly during, and up to 6 weeks after altitude. Individual ABP thresholds for haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), reticulocyte percentage (%retic), and OFF score were calculated using the adaptive model and assessed at 99% and 99.9% specificity. Eleven athletes returned values outside of the calculated reference ranges at 99%, with 8 at 99.9%. The percentage of athletes exceeding the thresholds in each group was similar, but IV returned the most individual occurrences. A similar frequency of abnormalities occurred across the 3 biomarkers, with abnormal [Hb] and OFF score values arising mainly during-, and %retic values mainly post- altitude. Removing samples collected during altitude from the model resulted in 10 athletes returning abnormal values at 99% specificity, 2 of whom had not triggered the model previously. In summary, the abnormalities observed in response to iron supplementation and hypoxia were not systematic and mostly in line with expected physiological adaptations. They do not represent a uniform weakness in the ABP. Nevertheless, altitude training and iron supplementation should be carefully considered by experts evaluating abnormal ABP profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Andrew D Govus
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | | | - David Hughes
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Greg Lovell
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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36
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Hauser A, Troesch S, Steiner T, Brocherie F, Girard O, Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Millet GP, Wehrlin JP. Do male athletes with already high initial haemoglobin mass benefit from 'live high-train low' altitude training? Exp Physiol 2017; 103:68-76. [PMID: 29024137 DOI: 10.1113/ep086590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? It has been assumed that athletes embarking on an 'live high-train low' (LHTL) camp with already high initial haemoglobin mass (Hbmass ) have a limited ability to increase their Hbmass further post-intervention. Therefore, the relationship between initial Hbmass and post-intervention increase was tested with duplicate Hbmass measures and comparable hypoxic doses in male athletes. What is the main finding and its importance? There were trivial to moderate inverse relationships between initial Hbmass and percentage Hbmass increase in endurance and team-sport athletes after the LHTL camp, indicating that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gains post-LHTL. It has been proposed that athletes with high initial values of haemoglobin mass (Hbmass ) will have a smaller Hbmass increase in response to 'live high-train low' (LHTL) altitude training. To verify this assumption, the relationship between initial absolute and relative Hbmass values and their respective Hbmass increase following LHTL in male endurance and team-sport athletes was investigated. Overall, 58 male athletes (35 well-trained endurance athletes and 23 elite male field hockey players) undertook an LHTL training camp with similar hypoxic doses (200-230 h). The Hbmass was measured in duplicate pre- and post-LHTL by the carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Although there was no relationship (r = 0.02, P = 0.91) between initial absolute Hbmass (in grams) and the percentage increase in absolute Hbmass , a moderate relationship (r = -0.31, P = 0.02) between initial relative Hbmass (in grams per kilogram) and the percentage increase in relative Hbmass was detected. Mean absolute and relative Hbmass increased to a similar extent (P ≥ 0.81) in endurance (from 916 ± 88 to 951 ± 96 g, +3.8%, P < 0.001 and from 13.1 ± 1.2 to 13.6 ± 1.1 g kg-1 , +4.1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and team-sport athletes (from 920 ± 120 to 957 ± 127 g, +4.0%, P < 0.001 and from 11.9 ± 0.9 to 12.3 ± 0.9 g kg-1 , +4.0%, P < 0.001, respectively) after LHTL. The direct comparison study using individual data of male endurance and team-sport athletes and strict methodological control (duplicate Hbmass measures and matched hypoxic dose) indicated that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gain post-LHTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hauser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Severin Troesch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steiner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Siebenmann C, Keiser S, Robach P, Lundby C. CORP: The assessment of total hemoglobin mass by carbon monoxide rebreathing. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:645-654. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00185.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology (CORP) article, we present the theory and practical aspects of the carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method for the determination of total hemoglobin mass in humans. With CO rebreathing, a small quantity of CO is diluted in O2and rebreathed for a specified time period, during which most of the CO is absorbed and bound to circulating hemoglobin. The dilution principle then allows calculation of the total number of circulating hemoglobin molecules based on the number of absorbed CO molecules and the resulting changes in the fraction of carboxyhemoglobin in blood. Total hemoglobin mass is derived by multiplication with the molar weight of hemoglobin. CO rebreathing has been used for >100 yr and has undergone steady improvement so that today excellent values in terms of accuracy and precision can be achieved if the methodological precautions are carefully followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Siebenmann
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Keiser
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and
| | - Paul Robach
- National School for Mountain Sports, Site of the National School for Skiing and Mountaineering (ENSA), Chamonix, France
| | - Carsten Lundby
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rendell RA, Prout J, Costello JT, Massey HC, Tipton MJ, Young JS, Corbett J. Effects of 10 days of separate heat and hypoxic exposure on heat acclimation and temperate exercise performance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R191-R201. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations to heat and hypoxia are typically studied in isolation but are often encountered in combination. Whether the adaptive response to multiple stressors affords the same response as when examined in isolation is unclear. We examined 1) the influence of overnight moderate normobaric hypoxia on the time course and magnitude of adaptation to daily heat exposure and 2) whether heat acclimation (HA) was ergogenic and whether this was influenced by an additional hypoxic stimulus. Eight males [V̇o2max = 58.5 (8.3) ml·kg−1·min−1] undertook two 11-day HA programs (balanced-crossover design), once with overnight normobaric hypoxia (HAHyp): 8 (1) h per night for 10 nights [[Formula: see text] = 0.156; SpO2 = 91 (2)%] and once without (HACon). Days 1, 6, and 11 were exercise-heat stress tests [HST (40°C, 50% relative humidity, RH)]; days 2–5 and 7–10 were isothermal strain [target rectal temperature (Tre) ~38.5°C], exercise-heat sessions. A graded exercise test and 30-min cycle trial were undertaken pre-, post-, and 14 days after HA in temperate normoxia (22°C, 55% RH; FIO2 = 0.209). HA was evident on day 6 (e.g., reduced Tre, mean skin temperature (T̄sk), heart rate, and sweat [Na+], P < 0.05) with additional adaptations on day 11 (further reduced T̄sk and heart rate). HA increased plasma volume [+5.9 (7.3)%] and erythropoietin concentration [+1.8 (2.4) mIU/ml]; total hemoglobin mass was unchanged. Peak power output [+12 (20) W], lactate threshold [+15 (18) W] and work done [+12 (20) kJ] increased following HA. The additional hypoxic stressor did not affect these adaptations. In conclusion, a separate moderate overnight normobaric hypoxic stimulus does not affect the time course or magnitude of HA. Performance may be improved in temperate normoxia following HA, but this is unaffected by an additional hypoxic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Rendell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Prout
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Heather C. Massey
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Young
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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De Smet S, van Herpt P, D'Hulst G, Van Thienen R, Van Leemputte M, Hespel P. Physiological Adaptations to Hypoxic vs. Normoxic Training during Intermittent Living High. Front Physiol 2017; 8:347. [PMID: 28620311 PMCID: PMC5449743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the setting of “living high,” it is unclear whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) should be performed “low” or “high” to stimulate muscular and performance adaptations. Therefore, 10 physically active males participated in a 5-week “live high-train low or high” program (TR), whilst eight subjects were not engaged in any altitude or training intervention (CON). Five days per week (~15.5 h per day), TR was exposed to normobaric hypoxia simulating progressively increasing altitude of ~2,000–3,250 m. Three times per week, TR performed HIIT, administered as unilateral knee-extension training, with one leg in normobaric hypoxia (~4,300 m; TRHYP) and with the other leg in normoxia (TRNOR). “Living high” elicited a consistent elevation in serum erythropoietin concentrations which adequately predicted the increase in hemoglobin mass (r = 0.78, P < 0.05; TR: +2.6%, P < 0.05; CON: −0.7%, P > 0.05). Muscle oxygenation during training was lower in TRHYP vs. TRNOR (P < 0.05). Muscle homogenate buffering capacity and pH-regulating protein abundance were similar between pretest and posttest. Oscillations in muscle blood volume during repeated sprints, as estimated by oscillations in NIRS-derived tHb, increased from pretest to posttest in TRHYP (~80%, P < 0.01) but not in TRNOR (~50%, P = 0.08). Muscle capillarity (~15%) as well as repeated-sprint ability (~8%) and 3-min maximal performance (~10–15%) increased similarly in both legs (P < 0.05). Maximal isometric strength increased in TRHYP (~8%, P < 0.05) but not in TRNOR (~4%, P > 0.05). In conclusion, muscular and performance adaptations were largely similar following normoxic vs. hypoxic HIIT. However, hypoxic HIIT stimulated adaptations in isometric strength and muscle perfusion during intermittent sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Smet
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Paul van Herpt
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Leemputte
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium.,Athletic Performance Center, Bakala Academy, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Hauser A, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Cejuela-Anta R, Faiss R, Steiner T, Robinson N, Millet GP, Wehrlin JP. Individual hemoglobin mass response to normobaric and hypobaric "live high-train low": A one-year crossover study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:387-393. [PMID: 28522767 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00932.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) changes following a live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training camp under either normobaric hypoxia (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) conditions in endurance athletes. In a crossover design with a one-year washout, 15 male triathletes randomly performed two 18-day LHTL training camps in either HH or NH. All athletes slept at 2,250 meters and trained at altitudes <1,200 meters. Hbmass was measured in duplicate with the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method before (pre) and immediately after (post) each 18-day training camp. Hbmass increased similarly in HH (916-957 g, 4.5 ± 2.2%, P < 0.001) and in NH (918-953 g, 3.8 ± 2.6%, P < 0.001). Hbmass changes did not differ between HH and NH (P = 0.42). There was substantial interindividual variability among subjects to both interventions (i.e., individual responsiveness or the individual variation in the response to an intervention free of technical noise): 0.9% in HH and 1.7% in NH. However, a correlation between intraindividual ΔHbmass changes (%) in HH and in NH (r = 0.52, P = 0.048) was observed. HH and NH evoked similar mean Hbmass increases following LHTL. Among the mean Hbmass changes, there was a notable variation in individual Hbmass response that tended to be reproducible.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) response to normobaric and hypobaric live high-train low using a same-subject crossover design. The main findings indicate that hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia evoked a similar mean increase in Hbmass following 18 days of live high-train low. Notable variability and reproducibility in individual Hbmass responses between athletes was observed, indicating the importance of evaluating individual Hbmass response to altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hauser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland; .,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Severin Troesch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, France
| | - Roberto Cejuela-Anta
- Departmental Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; and
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steiner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois & University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Medeiros-Lima DJM, Mendes-Ribeiro AC, Brunini TMC, Martins MA, Mury WV, Freire RA, Monteiro WD, Farinatti PTV, Matsuura C. Erythrocyte nitric oxide availability and oxidative stress following exercise. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 65:219-228. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcela Anjos Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanda Vianna Mury
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Almeira Freire
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walace David Monteiro
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Salgado de Oliveira University Physical Activity Sciences Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Tarso Veras Farinatti
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Salgado de Oliveira University Physical Activity Sciences Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matsuura
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hauser A, Schmitt L, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Cejuela-Anta R, Faiss R, Robinson N, Wehrlin JP, Millet GP. Similar Hemoglobin Mass Response in Hypobaric and Normobaric Hypoxia in Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:734-41. [PMID: 26540262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare hemoglobin mass (Hb(mass)) changes during an 18-d live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training camp in normobaric hypoxia (NH) and hypobaric hypoxia (HH). METHODS Twenty-eight well-trained male triathletes were split into three groups (NH: n = 10, HH: n = 11, control [CON]: n = 7) and participated in an 18-d LHTL camp. NH and HH slept at 2250 m, whereas CON slept, and all groups trained at altitudes <1200 m. Hb(mass) was measured in duplicate with the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method before (pre-), immediately after (post-) (hypoxic dose: 316 vs 238 h for HH and NH), and at day 13 in HH (230 h, hypoxic dose matched to 18-d NH). Running (3-km run) and cycling (incremental cycling test) performances were measured pre and post. RESULTS Hb(mass) increased similar in HH (+4.4%, P < 0.001 at day 13; +4.5%, P < 0.001 at day 18) and NH (+4.1%, P < 0.001) compared with CON (+1.9%, P = 0.08). There was a wide variability in individual Hb(mass) responses in HH (-0.1% to +10.6%) and NH (-1.4% to +7.7%). Postrunning time decreased in HH (-3.9%, P < 0.001), NH (-3.3%, P < 0.001), and CON (-2.1%, P = 0.03), whereas cycling performance changed nonsignificantly in HH and NH (+2.4%, P > 0.08) and remained unchanged in CON (+0.2%, P = 0.89). CONCLUSION HH and NH evoked similar Hb(mass) increases for the same hypoxic dose and after 18-d LHTL. The wide variability in individual Hb(mass) responses in HH and NH emphasizes the importance of individual Hb(mass) evaluation of altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hauser
- 1Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, SWITZERLAND; 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, SWITZERLAND; 3National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, FRANCE; 4Departmental Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, SPAIN; and 5Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois & University of Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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43
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Bădău D, Bacârea A, Ungur RN, Bădău A, Martoma AM. Biochemical and functional modifications in biathlon athletes at medium altitude training / Modificările biochimice și funcționale ale atleților biatloniști după antrenament la altitudine medie. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/rrlm-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: The aim of our research was to identify physiological and biochemical changes induced by training at medium altitude.
Methods: Ten biathlon athletes underwent 28-day training camp at medium altitude in order to improve their aerobic effort, following the living high-base train high-interval train low (Hi-Hi-Lo) protocol. There were investigated three categories of functional and biochemical parameters, targeting the hematological changes (RBC, HCT, HGB), the oxidative (lipoperoxid, free malondialdehyde and total malondialdehyde) and antioxidative balance (the hydrogen donor capacity, ceruloplasmin and uric acid) and the capacity of effort (the maximum aerobic power, the cardiovascular economy in effort, the maximum O2 consumption).
Results: All the biochemical and functional evaluated parameters showed significant increases between the pre-training testing and post-training testing (5.13 ± 0.11 vs. 6.50 ± 0.09, p < 0.0001 for RBC; 44.80 ± 1.22 vs. 51.31 ± 2.31, p < 0.0001 for HCT; 15.06 ± 0.33 vs. 17.14 ± 0.25, p < 0.0001 for HGB; 1.32 ± 0.04 vs.1.62 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 for LPx; 1.61 ± 0.01 vs. 1.73 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 for free MDA; 2.98 ± 0.08 vs. 3.37 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001 for total MDA; 45.92 ± 0.13 vs. 57.98 ± 0.12, p < 0.0001 for HD; 25.95 ± 0.13 vs. 31.04 ± 0.06, p < 0.0001 for Crp; 3.47 ± 0.03 vs.7.69 ± 0.02, p < 0.0001 for UA; 63.91 ± 1.00 vs. 81.53 ± 1.97, p < 0.0001 for MAP; 33.13 ± 0.57 vs. 57.41 ± 0.63, p < 0.0001 for CVEE; 4190 ± 50.45 vs. 5945 ± 46.48, p < 0.0001 for VO2max).
Conclusions: Aerobic effort capacity of biathlon athletes has increased in the post-training period, using Hi-Hi-Lo protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bădău
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Anca Bacârea
- Department of Pathophysiology, Univeristy of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș, Str. Gh. Marinescu, Nr. 5, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ramona Natalia Ungur
- Department of Physical Education, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Adela Bădău
- Department of Physical Education, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Alina Mirela Martoma
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
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Turner G, Gibson OR, Watt PW, Pringle JSM, Richardson AJ, Maxwell NS. The time course of endogenous erythropoietin, IL-6, and TNFα in response to acute hypoxic exposures. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:714-723. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Turner
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
- English Institute of Sport; EIS Performance Centre; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - O. R. Gibson
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
| | - P. W. Watt
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
| | - J. S. M. Pringle
- English Institute of Sport; EIS Performance Centre; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - A. J. Richardson
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
| | - N. S. Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
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Rodríguez FA, Iglesias X, Feriche B, Calderón-Soto C, Chaverri D, Wachsmuth NB, Schmidt W, Levine BD. Altitude Training in Elite Swimmers for Sea Level Performance (Altitude Project). Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1965-78. [PMID: 25628173 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This controlled, nonrandomized, parallel-groups trial investigated the effects on performance, V˙O2 and hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) of four preparatory in-season training interventions: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 and 4 wk (Hi-Hi3, Hi-Hi), living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo, 4 wk), and living and training at sea level (SL) (Lo-Lo, 4 wk). METHODS From 61 elite swimmers, 54 met all inclusion criteria and completed time trials over 50- and 400-m crawl (TT50, TT400), and 100 (sprinters) or 200 m (nonsprinters) at best stroke (TT100/TT200). Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and HR were measured with an incremental 4 × 200 m test. Training load was estimated using cumulative training impulse method and session RPE. Initial measures (PRE) were repeated immediately (POST) and once weekly on return to SL (PostW1 to PostW4). tHbmass was measured in duplicate at PRE and once weekly during the camp with CO rebreathing. Effects were analyzed using mixed linear modeling. RESULTS TT100 or TT200 was worse or unchanged immediately at POST, but improved by approximately 3.5% regardless of living or training at SL or altitude after at least 1 wk of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo achieved greater improvement 2 (5.3%) and 4 wk (6.3%) after the camp. Hi-HiLo also improved more in TT400 and TT50 2 (4.2% and 5.2%, respectively) and 4 wk (4.7% and 5.5%) from return. This performance improvement was not linked linearly to changes in V˙O2max or tHbmass. CONCLUSIONS A well-implemented 3- or 4-wk training camp may impair performance immediately but clearly improves performance even in elite swimmers after a period of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo for 4 wk improves performance in swimming above and beyond altitude and SL controls through complex mechanisms involving altitude living and SL training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran A Rodríguez
- 1INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SPAIN; 2Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, SPAIN; 3Altitude Training Center of Sierra Nevada, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Granada, SPAIN; 4Department of Sports Medicine and Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, GERMANY; and 5Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
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Ryan BJ, Goodrich JA, Schmidt WF, Stothard ER, Wright KP, Byrnes WC. Haemoglobin mass alterations in healthy humans following four-day head-down tilt bed rest. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:628-40. [PMID: 26914389 PMCID: PMC4851582 DOI: 10.1113/ep085665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) decreased following 4 days of head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR), and does increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction mediate this adaptation? What is the main finding and its importance? Haemoglobin mass was increased immediately following HDTBR, before decreasing below baseline 5 days after return to normal living conditions. The transient increase in Hbmass might be the result of decreased RBC destruction, but it is also possible that spleen contraction after HDTBR contributed to this adaptation. Our data suggest that the decreased Hbmass 5 days following HDTBR resulted from decreased RBC production, not increased RBC destruction. Rapid decreases in haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) have been reported in healthy humans following spaceflight and descent from high altitude. It has been proposed that a selective increase in the destruction of young red blood cells (RBCs) mediates these decreases, but conclusive evidence demonstrating neocytolysis in humans is lacking. Based on the proposed triggers and time course of adaptation during spaceflight, we hypothesized that Hbmass would be reduced after 4 days of -6 deg head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR) and that this would be associated with evidence for increased RBC destruction. We assessed Hbmass in seven healthy, recreationally active men before (PRE), 5 h after (POST) and 5 days after (POST5) 4 days of HDTBR. The concentration of erythropoietin decreased from 7.1 ± 1.8 mIU ml(-1) at PRE to 5.2 ± 2.8 mIU ml(-1) at POST (mean ± SD; P = 0.028). Contrary to our hypothesis, Hbmass was increased from 817 ± 135 g at PRE to 849 ± 141 g at POST (P = 0.014) before decreasing below PRE to 789 ± 139 g at POST5 (P = 0.027). From PRE to POST, the concentration of haptoglobin increased from 0.54 ± 0.32 to 0.68 ± 0.28 g l(-1) (P = 0.013) and the concentration of bilirubin decreased from 0.50 ± 0.24 to 0.32 ± 0.11 mg dl(-1) (P = 0.054), suggesting that decreased RBC destruction might have contributed to the increased Hbmass. However, it is possible that spleen contraction following HDTBR also played a role in the increase in Hbmass at POST, but as the transient increase in Hbmass was unexpected, we did not collect data that would provide direct evidence for or against spleen contraction. From PRE to POST5, the concentration of soluble transferrin receptor decreased from 20.7 ± 3.9 to 17.1 ± 3.3 nmol l(-1) (P = 0.018) but the concentrations of ferritin, haptoglobin and bilirubin were not significantly altered, suggesting that the decrease in Hbmass was mediated by decreased RBC production rather than increased RBC destruction. Peak oxygen uptake decreased by 0.31 ± 0.16 l min(-1) from PRE to POST (P = 2 × 10(-4) ) but was not significantly altered at POST5 compared with PRE. Overall, these findings indicate that 4 days of HDTBR does not increase RBC destruction and that re-examination of the time course and mechanisms of Hbmass alterations following short-term spaceflight and simulated microgravity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Ryan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jesse A. Goodrich
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Walter F. Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ellen R. Stothard
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William C. Byrnes
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Hauser A, Constantin G, Cejuela R, Faiss R, Wehrlin JP, Rosset J, Robinson N, Millet GP. Same Performance Changes after Live High-Train Low in Normobaric vs. Hypobaric Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2016; 7:138. [PMID: 27148076 PMCID: PMC4835493 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the changes in physiological and performance parameters after a Live High-Train Low (LHTL) altitude camp in normobaric (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) to reproduce the actual training practices of endurance athletes using a crossover-designed study. METHODS Well-trained triathletes (n = 16) were split into two groups and completed two 18-day LTHL camps during which they trained at 1100-1200 m and lived at 2250 m (P i O2 = 111.9 ± 0.6 vs. 111.6 ± 0.6 mmHg) under NH (hypoxic chamber; FiO2 18.05 ± 0.03%) or HH (real altitude; barometric pressure 580.2 ± 2.9 mmHg) conditions. The subjects completed the NH and HH camps with a 1-year washout period. Measurements and protocol were identical for both phases of the crossover study. Oxygen saturation (S p O2) was constantly recorded nightly. P i O2 and training loads were matched daily. Blood samples and VO2max were measured before (Pre-) and 1 day after (Post-1) LHTL. A 3-km running-test was performed near sea level before and 1, 7, and 21 days after training camps. RESULTS Total hypoxic exposure was lower for NH than for HH during LHTL (230 vs. 310 h; P < 0.001). Nocturnal S p O2 was higher in NH than in HH (92.4 ± 1.2 vs. 91.3 ± 1.0%, P < 0.001). VO2max increased to the same extent for NH and HH (4.9 ± 5.6 vs. 3.2 ± 5.1%). No difference was found in hematological parameters. The 3-km run time was significantly faster in both conditions 21 days after LHTL (4.5 ± 5.0 vs. 6.2 ± 6.4% for NH and HH), and no difference between conditions was found at any time. CONCLUSION Increases in VO2max and performance enhancement were similar between NH and HH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J Saugy
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic CentrePrémanon, France
| | - Anna Hauser
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of SportMagglingen, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Constantin
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Departmental Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante Alicante, Spain
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of SportMagglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Rosset
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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Govus AD, Garvican-Lewis LA, Abbiss CR, Peeling P, Gore CJ. Pre-Altitude Serum Ferritin Levels and Daily Oral Iron Supplement Dose Mediate Iron Parameter and Hemoglobin Mass Responses to Altitude Exposure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135120. [PMID: 26263553 PMCID: PMC4532405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of daily oral iron supplementation on changes in hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and iron parameters after 2-4 weeks of moderate altitude exposure. METHODS Hematological data collected from 178 athletes (98 males, 80 females) exposed to moderate altitude (1,350-3,000 m) were analysed using linear regression to determine how altitude exposure combined with oral iron supplementation influenced Hbmass, total iron incorporation (TII) and blood iron parameters [ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT)]. RESULTS Altitude exposure (mean ± s: 21 ± 3 days) increased Hbmass by 1.1% [-0.4, 2.6], 3.3% [1.7, 4.8], and 4.0% [2.0, 6.1] from pre-altitude levels in athletes who ingested nil, 105 mg and 210 mg respectively, of oral iron supplement daily. Serum ferritin levels decreased by -33.2% [-46.9, -15.9] and 13.8% [-32.2, 9.7] from pre-altitude levels in athletes who supplemented with nil and 105 mg of oral iron supplement daily, but increased by 36.8% [1.3, 84.8] in athletes supplemented with 210 mg of oral iron daily. Finally, athletes who ingested either 105 mg or 210 mg of oral iron supplement daily had a greater TII compared with non-supplemented athletes (0 versus 105 mg: effect size (d) = -1.88 [-2.56, -1.17]; 0 versus 210 mg: effect size (d) = -2.87 [-3.88, -1.66]). CONCLUSION Oral iron supplementation during 2-4 weeks of moderate altitude exposure may enhance Hbmass production and assist the maintenance of iron balance in some athletes with low pre-altitude iron stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Govus
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura A. Garvican-Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Chris R. Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
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Sarada SKS, Titto M, Himadri P, Saumya S, Vijayalakshmi V. Curcumin prophylaxis mitigates the incidence of hypobaric hypoxia-induced altered ion channels expression and impaired tight junction proteins integrity in rat brain. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:113. [PMID: 26048285 PMCID: PMC4464871 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was proposed to elucidate the prophylactic role of curcumin in the prevention of hypoxia-induced cerebral edema (HACE). Methods Rats were exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxia at 7620 m for 24 h at 25 ± 1 °C. Transvascular leakage, expression of transcriptional factors (nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif-1α) and also the genes regulated by these transcriptional factors, sodium potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) and endothelial sodium channel (ENaC) levels and brain tight junction (TJ) proteins like ZO-1, junctional adhesion molecule C (JAMC), claudin 4 and claudin 5 levels were determined in the brain of rats under hypoxia by Western blotting, electro mobility shift assay, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology along with haematological parameters. Simultaneously, to rule out the fact that inflammation causes impaired Na+/K+-ATPase and ENaC functions and disturbing the TJ integrity leading to cerebral edema, the rats were pre-treated with curcumin (100 mg/kg body weight) 1 h prior to 24-h hypoxia. Results Curcumin administration to rats, under hypoxia showed a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in brain water content (3.53 ± 0.58 wet-to-dry-weight (W/D) ratio) and transvascular leakage (136.2 ± 13.24 relative fluorescence units per gram (r.f.u./g)) in the brain of rats compared to control (24-h hypoxia) (7.1 ± 1.0 W/D ratio and 262.42 ± 24.67 r.f.u./g, respectively). Curcumin prophylaxis significantly attenuated the upregulation of NF-κB (p < 0.001), thereby leading to concomitant downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (↓IL-1, IL-2, IL-18 and TNF-α), cell adhesion molecules (↓P-selectin and E-selectin) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (↑IL-10). Curcumin stabilized the brain HIF-1α levels followed by maintaining VEGF levels along with upregulated Na+/K+-ATPase and ENaC levels (p < 0.001) under hypoxia. Curcumin restored the brain ZO-1, JAMC, claudin 4 and claudin 5 levels (p < 0.001) under hypoxia. Histopathological observations revealed the absence of edema and inflammation in the brain of rats supplemented with curcumin. Conclusions These results indicate that curcumin is a potent drug in amelioration of HACE as it effectively attenuated inflammation as well as fluid influx by maintaining the tight junction proteins integrity with increased ion channels expression in the brain of rats under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K S Sarada
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - M Titto
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - P Himadri
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - S Saumya
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - V Vijayalakshmi
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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50
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Reljic D, Feist J, Jost J, Kieser M, Friedmann-Bette B. Rapid body mass loss affects erythropoiesis and hemolysis but does not impair aerobic performance in combat athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:507-17. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Reljic
- Department of Sports Medicine; Medical Clinic; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
- Olympic Training Center Rhein-Neckar; Heidelberg Germany
| | - J. Feist
- Department of Sports Medicine; Medical Clinic; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - J. Jost
- Olympic Training Center Rhein-Neckar; Heidelberg Germany
| | - M. Kieser
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - B. Friedmann-Bette
- Department of Sports Medicine; Medical Clinic; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
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