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Anwar MU, van der Goot FG. Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202307103. [PMID: 37756661 PMCID: PMC10533364 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With a limited number of genes, cells achieve remarkable diversity. This is to a large extent achieved by chemical posttranslational modifications of proteins. Amongst these are the lipid modifications that have the unique ability to confer hydrophobicity. The last decade has revealed that lipid modifications of proteins are extremely frequent and affect a great variety of cellular pathways and physiological processes. This is particularly true for S-acylation, the only reversible lipid modification. The enzymes involved in S-acylation and deacylation are only starting to be understood, and the list of proteins that undergo this modification is ever-increasing. We will describe the state of knowledge on the enzymes that regulate S-acylation, from their structure to their regulation, how S-acylation influences target proteins, and finally will offer a perspective on how alterations in the balance between S-acylation and deacylation may contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Cai J, Cui J, Wang L. S-palmitoylation regulates innate immune signaling pathways: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350476. [PMID: 37369620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification that targets cysteine residues of proteins and plays critical roles in regulating the biological processes of substrate proteins. The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against pathogenic invaders and participates in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Emerging studies have uncovered the functions of S-palmitoylation in modulating innate immune responses. In this review, we focus on the reversible palmitoylation of innate immune signaling proteins, with particular emphasis on its roles in the regulation of protein localization, protein stability, and protein-protein interactions. We also highlight the potential and challenge of developing therapies that target S-palmitoylation or de-palmitoylation for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Lui A, Patel RS, Krause-Hauch M, Sparks RP, Patel NA. Regulation of Human Sortilin Alternative Splicing by Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) in Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14324. [PMID: 37762628 PMCID: PMC10531797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with no cure. Adipose tissue is a major site of systemic insulin resistance. Sortilin is a central component of the glucose transporter -Glut4 storage vesicles (GSV) which translocate to the plasma membrane to uptake glucose from circulation. Here, using human adipocytes we demonstrate the presence of the alternatively spliced, truncated sortilin variant (Sort_T) whose expression is significantly increased in diabetic adipose tissue. Artificial-intelligence-based modeling, molecular dynamics, intrinsically disordered region analysis, and co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated association of Sort_T with Glut4 and decreased glucose uptake in adipocytes. The results show that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) hormone decreases Sort_T. We deciphered the molecular mechanism underlying GLP1 regulation of alternative splicing of human sortilin. Using splicing minigenes and RNA-immunoprecipitation assays, the results show that GLP1 regulates Sort_T alternative splicing via the splice factor, TRA2B. We demonstrate that targeted antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos reduces Sort_T levels and improves glucose uptake in diabetic adipocytes. Thus, we demonstrate that GLP1 regulates alternative splicing of sortilin in human diabetic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.L.); (M.K.-H.)
| | - Rekha S. Patel
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.S.P.); (R.P.S.)
| | - Meredith Krause-Hauch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.L.); (M.K.-H.)
| | - Robert P. Sparks
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.S.P.); (R.P.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Niketa A. Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.L.); (M.K.-H.)
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.S.P.); (R.P.S.)
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4
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Buser DP, Spang A. Protein sorting from endosomes to the TGN. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1140605. [PMID: 36895788 PMCID: PMC9988951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1140605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network is essential for recycling of protein and lipid cargoes to counterbalance anterograde membrane traffic. Protein cargo subjected to retrograde traffic include lysosomal acid-hydrolase receptors, SNARE proteins, processing enzymes, nutrient transporters, a variety of other transmembrane proteins, and some extracellular non-host proteins such as viral, plant, and bacterial toxins. Efficient delivery of these protein cargo molecules depends on sorting machineries selectively recognizing and concentrating them for their directed retrograde transport from endosomal compartments. In this review, we outline the different retrograde transport pathways governed by various sorting machineries involved in endosome-to-TGN transport. In addition, we discuss how this transport route can be analyzed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Spang
- *Correspondence: Dominik P. Buser, ; Anne Spang,
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5
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Turk S, Baesmat AS, Yılmaz A, Turk C, Malkan UY, Ucar G, Haznedaroğlu IC. NK-cell dysfunction of acute myeloid leukemia in relation to the renin–angiotensin system and neurotransmitter genes. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:1495-1506. [PMID: 36213442 PMCID: PMC9490854 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most heterogeneous hematological disorder and blast cells need to fight against immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells can elicit fast anti-tumor responses in response to surface receptors of tumor cells. NK-cell activity is often impaired in the disease, and there is a risk of insufficient tumor suppression and progression. The aim of this study is to assess the dysfunction of NK cells in AML patients via focusing on two important pathways. We obtained single-cell RNA-sequencing data from NK cells obtained from healthy donors and AML patients. The data were used to perform a wide variety of approaches, including DESeq2 (version 3.9), limma (version 3.26.8) power differential expression analyses, hierarchical clustering, gene set enrichment, and pathway analysis. ATP6AP2, LNPEP, PREP, IGF2R, CTSA, and THOP1 genes were found to be related to the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) family, while DPP3, GLRA3, CRCP, CHRNA5, CHRNE, and CHRNB1 genes were associated with the neurotransmitter pathways. The determined genes are expressed within different patterns in the AML and healthy groups. The relevant molecular pathways and clusters of genes were identified, as well. The cross-talks of NK-cell dysfunction in relation to the RAS and neurotransmitters seem to be important in the genesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Ayriana Safari Baesmat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Can Turk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Umit Yavuz Malkan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
| | - Gulberk Ucar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06105, Turkey
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6
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Mitok KA, Keller MP, Attie AD. Sorting through the extensive and confusing roles of sortilin in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100243. [PMID: 35724703 PMCID: PMC9356209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a post-Golgi trafficking receptor homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor 10 (VPS10). The VPS10 motif on sortilin is a 10-bladed β-propeller structure capable of binding more than 50 proteins, covering a wide range of biological functions including lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, neuronal growth and death, inflammation, and lysosomal degradation. Sortilin has a complex cellular trafficking itinerary, where it functions as a receptor in the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and at the cell surface. In addition, sortilin is associated with hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and inflammation syndromes. The 1p13.3 locus containing SORT1, the gene encoding sortilin, carries the strongest association with LDL-C of all loci in human genome-wide association studies. However, the mechanism by which sortilin influences LDL-C is unclear. Here, we review the role sortilin plays in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and describe in detail the large and often contradictory literature on the role of sortilin in the regulation of LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mitok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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7
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Mechanisms regulating the sorting of soluble lysosomal proteins. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231123. [PMID: 35394021 PMCID: PMC9109462 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are key regulators of many fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism, autophagy, immune response, cell signalling and plasma membrane repair. These highly dynamic organelles are composed of various membrane and soluble proteins, which are essential for their proper functioning. The soluble proteins include numerous proteases, glycosidases and other hydrolases, along with activators, required for catabolism. The correct sorting of soluble lysosomal proteins is crucial to ensure the proper functioning of lysosomes and is achieved through the coordinated effort of many sorting receptors, resident ER and Golgi proteins, and several cytosolic components. Mutations in a number of proteins involved in sorting soluble proteins to lysosomes result in human disease. These can range from rare diseases such as lysosome storage disorders, to more prevalent ones, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and others, including rare neurodegenerative diseases that affect children. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate the sorting of soluble proteins to lysosomes and highlight the effects of mutations in this pathway that cause human disease. More precisely, we will review the route taken by soluble lysosomal proteins from their translation into the ER, their maturation along the Golgi apparatus, and sorting at the trans-Golgi network. We will also highlight the effects of mutations in this pathway that cause human disease.
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8
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Guns J, Vanherle S, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. Protein Lipidation by Palmitate Controls Macrophage Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030565. [PMID: 35159374 PMCID: PMC8834383 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all tissues within our body, where they promote tissue homeostasis by responding to microenvironmental triggers, not only through clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells but also via trophic, regulatory, and repair functions. To accomplish these divergent functions, tremendous dynamic fine-tuning of their physiology is needed. Emerging evidence indicates that S-palmitoylation, a reversible post-translational modification that involves the linkage of the saturated fatty acid palmitate to protein cysteine residues, directs many aspects of macrophage physiology in health and disease. By controlling protein activity, stability, trafficking, and protein–protein interactions, studies identified a key role of S-palmitoylation in endocytosis, inflammatory signaling, chemotaxis, and lysosomal function. Here, we provide an in-depth overview of the impact of S-palmitoylation on these cellular processes in macrophages in health and disease. Findings discussed in this review highlight the therapeutic potential of modulators of S-palmitoylation in immunopathologies, ranging from infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders to metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Guns
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jerome J. A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F. J. Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1126-9261
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9
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Uzbekova S, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Marestaing A, Jarrier-Gaillard P, Papillier P, Shedova EN, Singina GN, Uzbekov R, Labas V. Protein Palmitoylation in Bovine Ovarian Follicle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111757. [PMID: 34769186 PMCID: PMC8583988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational modification by fatty acids (FA), mainly a palmitate (C16:0). Palmitoylation allows protein shuttling between the plasma membrane and cytosol to regulate protein stability, sorting and signaling activity and its deficiency leads to diseases. We aimed to characterize the palmitoyl-proteome of ovarian follicular cells and molecular machinery regulating protein palmitoylation within the follicle. For the first time, 84 palmitoylated proteins were identified from bovine granulosa cells (GC), cumulus cells (CC) and oocytes by acyl-biotin exchange proteomics. Of these, 32 were transmembrane proteins and 27 proteins were detected in bovine follicular fluid extracellular vesicles (ffEVs). Expression of palmitoylation and depalmitoylation enzymes as palmitoyltransferases (ZDHHCs), acylthioesterases (LYPLA1 and LYPLA2) and palmitoylthioesterases (PPT1 and PPT2) were analysed using transcriptome and proteome data in oocytes, CC and GC. By immunofluorescence, ZDHHC16, PPT1, PPT2 and LYPLA2 proteins were localized in GC, CC and oocyte. In oocyte and CC, abundance of palmitoylation-related enzymes significantly varied during oocyte maturation. These variations and the involvement of identified palmitoyl-proteins in oxidation-reduction processes, energy metabolism, protein localization, vesicle-mediated transport, response to stress, G-protein mediated and other signaling pathways suggests that protein palmitoylation may play important roles in oocyte maturation and ffEV-mediated communications within the follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Uzbekova
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-247-427-951
| | | | - Aurélie Marestaing
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Peggy Jarrier-Gaillard
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Pascal Papillier
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Shedova
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitzy 60, 142132 Podolsk, Russia; (E.N.S.); (G.N.S.)
| | - Galina N. Singina
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitzy 60, 142132 Podolsk, Russia; (E.N.S.); (G.N.S.)
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Laboratoire Biologie Cellulaire et Microscopie Électronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Valerie Labas
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
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10
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Yasa S, Sauvageau E, Modica G, Lefrancois S. CLN5 and CLN3 function as a complex to regulate endolysosome function. Biochem J 2021; 478:2339-2357. [PMID: 34060589 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CLN5 is a soluble endolysosomal protein whose function is poorly understood. Mutations in this protein cause a rare neurodegenerative disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). We previously found that depletion of CLN5 leads to dysfunctional retromer, resulting in the degradation of the lysosomal sorting receptor, sortilin. However, how a soluble lysosomal protein can modulate the function of a cytosolic protein, retromer, is not known. In this work, we show that deletion of CLN5 not only results in retromer dysfunction, but also in impaired endolysosome fusion events. This results in delayed degradation of endocytic proteins and in defective autophagy. CLN5 modulates these various pathways by regulating downstream interactions between CLN3, an endolysosomal integral membrane protein whose mutations also result in NCL, RAB7A, and a subset of RAB7A effectors. Our data support a model where CLN3 and CLN5 function as an endolysosomal complex regulating various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yasa
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Etienne Sauvageau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Graziana Modica
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Stephane Lefrancois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal H2X 3Y7, Canada
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11
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Dixon CL, Mekhail K, Fairn GD. Examining the Underappreciated Role of S-Acylated Proteins as Critical Regulators of Phagocytosis and Phagosome Maturation in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659533. [PMID: 33868308 PMCID: PMC8047069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process used by cells to engulf a wide variety of particulates, including microorganisms and apoptotic cells. Many of the proteins involved in this highly orchestrated process are post-translationally modified with lipids as a means of regulating signal transduction, membrane remodeling, phagosome maturation and other immunomodulatory functions of phagocytes. S-acylation, generally referred to as S-palmitoylation, is the post-translational attachment of fatty acids to a cysteine residue exposed topologically to the cytosol. This modification is reversible due to the intrinsically labile thioester bond between the lipid and sulfur atom of cysteine, and thus lends itself to a variety of regulatory scenarios. Here we present an overview of a growing number of S-acylated proteins known to regulate phagocytosis and phagosome biology in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charneal L Dixon
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Mekhail
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Dynamic control of the dopamine transporter in neurotransmission and homeostasis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 33674612 PMCID: PMC7935902 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) transports extracellular dopamine into the intracellular space contributing to the regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. A reduction of DAT density is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) by neuroimaging; dopamine turnover is dopamine turnover is elevated in early symptomatic PD and in presymptomatic individuals with monogenic mutations causal for parkinsonism. As an integral plasma membrane protein, DAT surface expression is dynamically regulated through endocytic trafficking, enabling flexible control of dopamine signaling in time and space, which in turn critically modulates movement, motivation and learning behavior. Yet the cellular machinery and functional implications of DAT trafficking remain enigmatic. In this review we summarize mechanisms governing DAT trafficking under normal physiological conditions and discuss how PD-linked mutations may disturb DAT homeostasis. We highlight the complexity of DAT trafficking and reveal DAT dysregulation as a common theme in genetic models of parkinsonism.
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13
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Chamberlain LH, Shipston MJ, Gould GW. Regulatory effects of protein S-acylation on insulin secretion and insulin action. Open Biol 2021; 11:210017. [PMID: 33784857 PMCID: PMC8061761 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination are well-studied events with a recognized importance in all aspects of cellular function. By contrast, protein S-acylation, although a widespread PTM with important functions in most physiological systems, has received far less attention. Perturbations in S-acylation are linked to various disorders, including intellectual disability, cancer and diabetes, suggesting that this less-studied modification is likely to be of considerable biological importance. As an exemplar, in this review, we focus on the newly emerging links between S-acylation and the hormone insulin. Specifically, we examine how S-acylation regulates key components of the insulin secretion and insulin response pathways. The proteins discussed highlight the diverse array of proteins that are modified by S-acylation, including channels, transporters, receptors and trafficking proteins and also illustrate the diverse effects that S-acylation has on these proteins, from membrane binding and micro-localization to regulation of protein sorting and protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H. Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael J. Shipston
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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14
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Identification of Sortilin Alternatively Spliced Variants in Mouse 3T3L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030983. [PMID: 33498179 PMCID: PMC7863940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder defined by systemic insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in adipocytes, an important regulator of glucose metabolism, results in impaired glucose uptake. The trafficking protein, sortilin, regulates major glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) movement, thereby promoting glucose uptake in adipocytes. Here, we demonstrate the presence of an alternatively spliced sortilin variant (Sort17b), whose levels increase with insulin resistance in mouse 3T3L1 adipocytes. Using a splicing minigene, we show that inclusion of alternative exon 17b results in the expression of Sort17b splice variant. Bioinformatic analysis indicated a novel intrinsic disorder region (IDR) encoded by exon 17b of Sort17b. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) measurements using molecular dynamics demonstrated increased flexibility of the protein backbone within the IDR. Using protein–protein docking and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we show robust binding of Glut4 to Sort17b. Further, results demonstrate that over-expression of Sort17b correlates with reduced Glut4 translocation and decreased glucose uptake in adipocytes. The study demonstrates that insulin resistance in 3T3L1 adipocytes promotes expression of a novel sortilin splice variant with thus far unknown implications in glucose metabolism. This knowledge may be used to develop therapeutics targeting sortilin variants in the management of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Wu Z, Tan R, Zhu L, Yao P, Hu Q. Protein S-Palmitoylation and Lung Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:165-186. [PMID: 34019269 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation of protein is a posttranslational, reversible lipid modification; it was catalyzed by a family of 23 mammalian palmitoyl acyltransferases in humans. S-palmitoylation can impact protein function by regulating protein sorting, secretion, trafficking, stability, and protein interaction. Thus, S-palmitoylation plays a crucial role in many human diseases including mental illness and cancers. In this chapter, we systematically reviewed the influence of S-palmitoylation on protein performance, the characteristics of S-palmitoylation regulating protein function, and the role of S-palmitoylation in pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary hypertension and summed up the treatment strategies of S-palmitoylation-related diseases and the research status of targeted S-palmitoylation agonists/inhibitors. In conclusion, we highlighted the potential role of S-palmitoylation and depalmitoylation in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeang Wu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rubin Tan
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yao
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qinghua Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Al-Yozbaki M, Acha-Sagredo A, George A, Liloglou T, Wilson CM. Balancing neurotrophin pathway and sortilin function: Its role in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Yasa S, Modica G, Sauvageau E, Kaleem A, Hermey G, Lefrancois S. CLN3 regulates endosomal function by modulating Rab7A-effector interactions. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.234047. [PMID: 32034082 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in CLN3 are a cause of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), also known as Batten disease. Clinical manifestations include cognitive regression, progressive loss of vision and motor function, epileptic seizures and a significantly reduced lifespan. CLN3 localizes to endosomes and lysosomes, and has been implicated in intracellular trafficking and autophagy. However, the precise molecular function of CLN3 remains to be elucidated. Previous studies showed an interaction between CLN3 and Rab7A, a small GTPase that regulates several functions at late endosomes. We confirmed this interaction in live cells and found that CLN3 is required for the efficient endosome-to-TGN trafficking of the lysosomal sorting receptors because it regulates the Rab7A interaction with retromer. In cells lacking CLN3 or expressing CLN3 harbouring a disease-causing mutation, the lysosomal sorting receptors were degraded. We also demonstrated that CLN3 is required for the Rab7A-PLEKHM1 interaction, which is required for fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes. Overall, our data provide a molecular explanation behind phenotypes observed in JNCL and give an indication of the pathogenic mechanism behind Batten disease.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yasa
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Graziana Modica
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Etienne Sauvageau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Abuzar Kaleem
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephane Lefrancois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Canada H7V 1B7 .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 0C7.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada H2X 3Y7
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Sun S, Yang J, Xie W, Peng T, Lv Y. Complicated trafficking behaviors involved in paradoxical regulation of sortilin in lipid metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3258-3269. [PMID: 31608989 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize and discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the paradoxical effects of sortilin on lipid metabolism. The vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) domain in the sortilin protein is responsible for substrate binding. Its cytoplasmic tail interacts with adaptor molecules, and modifications can determine whether sortilin trafficking occurs via the anterograde or retrograde pathway. The complicated trafficking behaviors likely contribute to the paradoxical roles of sortilin in lipid metabolism. The anterograde pathway of sortilin trafficking in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and peripheral cells likely causes an increase in plasma lipid levels, while the retrograde pathway leads to the opposite effect. Hepatocyte sortilin functions via the anterograde or retrograde pathway in a complicated and paradoxical manner to regulate apoB-containing lipoprotein metabolism. Clarifying the regulatory mechanisms underlying the trafficking behaviors of sortilin is necessary and may lead to artificial sortilin intervention as a potential therapeutic strategy for lipid disorder diseases. Conclusively, the paradoxical regulation of sortilin in lipid metabolism is likely due to its complicated trafficking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sun
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
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Mystek P, Rysiewicz B, Gregrowicz J, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Polit A. Gγ and Gα Identity Dictate a G-Protein Heterotrimer Plasma Membrane Targeting. Cells 2019; 8:E1246. [PMID: 31614907 PMCID: PMC6829862 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins along with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many biochemical functions by relaying the information from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The lipid modifications of Gα and Gγ subunits, together with the charged regions on the membrane interaction surface, provide a peculiar pattern for various heterotrimeric complexes. In a previous study, we found that Gαs and Gαi3 prefer different types of membrane-anchor and subclass-specific lipid domains. In the present report, we examine the role of distinct Gγ subunits in the membrane localization and spatiotemporal dynamics of Gαs and Gαi3 heterotrimers. We characterized lateral diffusion and G-protein subunit interactions in living cells using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) detected by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), respectively. The interaction of Gγ subunits with specific lipids was confirmed, and thus the modulation of heterotrimeric G-protein localization. However, the Gα subunit also modulates trimer localization, and so the membrane distribution of heterotrimeric G-proteins is not dependent on Gγ only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mystek
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Beata Rysiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jan Gregrowicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Polit
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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20
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Appu AP, Bagh MB, Sadhukhan T, Mondal A, Casey S, Mukherjee AB. Cln3-mutations underlying juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis cause significantly reduced levels of Palmitoyl-protein thioesterases-1 (Ppt1)-protein and Ppt1-enzyme activity in the lysosome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:944-954. [PMID: 31025705 PMCID: PMC6739123 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in at least 13 different genes (called CLNs) underlie various forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a group of the most common neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases. While inactivating mutations in the CLN1 gene, encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterases-1 (PPT1), cause infantile NCL (INCL), those in the CLN3 gene, encoding a protein of unknown function, underlie juvenile NCL (JNCL). PPT1 depalmitoylates S-palmitoylated proteins (constituents of ceroid) required for their degradation by lysosomal hydrolases and PPT1-deficiency causes lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid leading to INCL. Because intracellular accumulation of ceroid is a characteristic of all NCLs, a common pathogenic link for these diseases has been suggested. It has been reported that CLN3-mutations suppress the exit of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) from the trans Golgi network (TGN). Because CI-M6PR transports soluble proteins such as PPT1 from the TGN to the lysosome, we hypothesized that CLN3-mutations may cause lysosomal PPT1-insufficiency contributing to JNCL pathogenesis. Here, we report that the lysosomes in Cln3-mutant mice, which mimic JNCL, and those in cultured cells from JNCL patients, contain significantly reduced levels of Ppt1-protein and Ppt1-enzyme activity and progressively accumulate autofluorescent ceroid. Furthermore, in JNCL fibroblasts the V0a1 subunit of v-ATPase, which regulates lysosomal acidification, is mislocalized to the plasma membrane instead of its normal location on lysosomal membrane. This defect dysregulates lysosomal acidification, as we previously reported in Cln1 -/- mice, which mimic INCL. Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized role of CLN3 in lysosomal homeostasis and suggest that CLN3-mutations causing lysosomal Ppt1-insuffiiciency may at least in part contribute to JNCL pathogenesis.
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21
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Bolland DE, Moritz AE, Stanislowski DJ, Vaughan RA, Foster JD. Palmitoylation by Multiple DHHC Enzymes Enhances Dopamine Transporter Function and Stability. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2707-2717. [PMID: 30965003 PMCID: PMC6746250 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a plasma membrane protein that mediates the reuptake of extracellular dopamine (DA) and controls the spatiotemporal dynamics of dopaminergic neurotransmission. The transporter is subject to fine control that tailors clearance of transmitter to physiological demands, and dysregulation of reuptake induced by psychostimulant drugs, transporter polymorphisms, and signaling defects may impact transmitter tone in disease states. We previously demonstrated that DAT undergoes complex regulation by palmitoylation, with acute inhibition of the modification leading to rapid reduction of transport activity and sustained inhibition of the modification leading to transporter degradation and reduced expression. Here, to examine mechanisms and outcomes related to increased modification, we coexpressed DAT with palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs), also known as DHHC enzymes, which catalyze palmitate addition to proteins. Of 12 PATs tested, DAT palmitoylation was stimulated by DHHC2, DHHC3, DHHC8, DHHC15, and DHHC17, with others having no effect. Increased modification was localized to previously identified palmitoylation site Cys580 and resulted in upregulation of transport kinetics and elevated transporter expression mediated by reduced degradation. These findings confirm palmitoylation as a regulator of multiple DAT properties crucial for appropriate DA homeostasis and identify several potential PAT pathways linked to these effects. Defects in palmitoylation processes thus represent possible mechanisms of transport imbalances in DA disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel J. Stanislowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Roxanne A. Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - James D. Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202
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22
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Ernst AM, Toomre D, Bogan JS. Acylation - A New Means to Control Traffic Through the Golgi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:109. [PMID: 31245373 PMCID: PMC6582194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi is well known to act as center for modification and sorting of proteins for secretion and delivery to other organelles. A key sorting step occurs at the trans-Golgi network and is mediated by protein adapters. However, recent data indicate that sorting also occurs much earlier, at the cis-Golgi, and uses lipid acylation as a novel means to regulate anterograde flux. Here, we examine an emerging role of S-palmitoylation/acylation as a mechanism to regulate anterograde routing. We discuss the critical Golgi-localized DHHC S-palmitoyltransferase enzymes that orchestrate this lipid modification, as well as their diverse protein clients (e.g., MAP6, SNAP25, CSP, LAT, β-adrenergic receptors, GABA receptors, and GLUT4 glucose transporters). Critically, for integral membrane proteins, S-acylation can act as new a “self-sorting” signal to concentrate these cargoes in rims of Golgi cisternae, and to promote their rapid traffic through the Golgi or, potentially, to bypass the Golgi. We discuss this mechanism and examine its potential relevance to human physiology and disease, including diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jonathan S Bogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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23
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Ali A, Levantini E, Teo JT, Goggi J, Clohessy JG, Wu CS, Chen L, Yang H, Krishnan I, Kocher O, Zhang J, Soo RA, Bhakoo K, Chin TM, Tenen DG. Fatty acid synthase mediates EGFR palmitoylation in EGFR mutated non-small cell lung cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708313. [PMID: 29449326 PMCID: PMC5840543 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is widely known as a hallmark of cancer cells to allow adaptation of cells to sustain survival signals. In this report, we describe a novel oncogenic signaling pathway exclusively acting in mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with acquired tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance. Mutated EGFR mediates TKI resistance through regulation of the fatty acid synthase (FASN), which produces 16-C saturated fatty acid palmitate. Our work shows that the persistent signaling by mutated EGFR in TKI-resistant tumor cells relies on EGFR palmitoylation and can be targeted by Orlistat, an FDA-approved anti-obesity drug. Inhibition of FASN with Orlistat induces EGFR ubiquitination and abrogates EGFR mutant signaling, and reduces tumor growths both in culture systems and in vivo Together, our data provide compelling evidence on the functional interrelationship between mutated EGFR and FASN and that the fatty acid metabolism pathway is a candidate target for acquired TKI-resistant EGFR mutant NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Ali
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Elena Levantini
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Jun Ting Teo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Julian Goggi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | | | - Chan Shuo Wu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Leilei Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | | | | | - Junyan Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ross A Soo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kishore Bhakoo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Tan Min Chin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore .,Raffles Cancer Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Matt L, Kim K, Chowdhury D, Hell JW. Role of Palmitoylation of Postsynaptic Proteins in Promoting Synaptic Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:8. [PMID: 30766476 PMCID: PMC6365469 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many postsynaptic proteins undergo palmitoylation, the reversible attachment of the fatty acid palmitate to cysteine residues, which influences trafficking, localization, and protein interaction dynamics. Both palmitoylation by palmitoyl acyl transferases (PAT) and depalmitoylation by palmitoyl-protein thioesterases (PPT) is regulated in an activity-dependent, localized fashion. Recently, palmitoylation has received attention for its pivotal contribution to various forms of synaptic plasticity, the dynamic modulation of synaptic strength in response to neuronal activity. For instance, palmitoylation and depalmitoylation of the central postsynaptic scaffold protein postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) is important for synaptic plasticity. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of studies linking palmitoylation of postsynaptic proteins to synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Matt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karam Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dhrubajyoti Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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25
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Zaballa ME, van der Goot FG. The molecular era of protein S-acylation: spotlight on structure, mechanisms, and dynamics. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:420-451. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1488804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Xu SY, Jiang J, Pan A, Yan C, Yan XX. Sortilin: a new player in dementia and Alzheimer-type neuropathology. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:491-497. [PMID: 29687731 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related dementias are now a major mortality factor among most human populations in the world, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the leading dementia-causing neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenic mechanism underlying dementia disorders, and AD in particular, remained largely unknown. Efforts to develop drugs targeting the disease's hallmark lesions, such as amyloid plaque and tangle pathologies, have been unsuccessful so far. The vacuolar protein sorting 10p (Vps10p) family plays a critical role in membrane signal transduction and protein sorting and trafficking between intracellular compartments. Data emerging during the past few years point to an involvement of this family in the development of AD. Specifically, the Vps10p member sortilin has been shown to participate in amyloid plaque formation, tau phosphorylation, abnormal protein sorting and apoptosis. In this minireview, we update some latest findings from animal experiments and human brain studies suggesting that abnormal sortilin expression is associated with AD-type neuropathology, warranting further research that might lead to novel targets for the development of AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yin Xu
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Cai Yan
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,b Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Itoh S, Mizuno K, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. Dimerization of sortilin regulates its trafficking to extracellular vesicles. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4532-4544. [PMID: 29382723 PMCID: PMC5868269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in intercellular communication by transferring microRNAs, lipids, and proteins to neighboring cells. Sortilin, a sorting receptor that directs target proteins to the secretory or endocytic compartments of cells, is found in both EVs and cells. In many human diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders, sortilin expression levels are atypically high. To elucidate the relationship between cardiovascular disease, particularly vascular calcification, and sortilin expression levels, we explored the trafficking of sortilin in both the intracellular and extracellular milieu. We previously demonstrated that sortilin promotes vascular calcification via its trafficking of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase to EVs. Although recent reports have noted that sortilin is regulated by multiple post-translational modifications, the precise mechanisms of sortilin trafficking still need to be determined. Here, we show that sortilin forms homodimers with an intermolecular disulfide bond at the cysteine 783 (Cys783) residue, and because Cys783 can be palmitoylated, it could be shared via palmitoylation and an intermolecular disulfide bond. Formation of this intermolecular disulfide bond leads to trafficking of sortilin to EVs by preventing palmitoylation, which further promotes sortilin trafficking to the Golgi apparatus. Moreover, we found that sortilin-derived propeptide decreased sortilin homodimers within EVs. In conclusion, sortilin is transported to EVs via the formation of homodimers with an intermolecular disulfide bond, which is endogenously regulated by its own propeptide. Therefore, we propose that inhibiting dimerization of sortilin acts as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of EV-associated diseases, including vascular calcification and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Itoh
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and.,Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Ken Mizuno
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and.,Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and .,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
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Amengual J, Guo L, Strong A, Madrigal-Matute J, Wang H, Kaushik S, Brodsky JL, Rader DJ, Cuervo AM, Fisher EA. Autophagy Is Required for Sortilin-Mediated Degradation of Apolipoprotein B100. Circ Res 2018; 122:568-582. [PMID: 29301854 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Genome-wide association studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms near the SORT1 locus strongly associated with decreased plasma LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels and protection from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction. The minor allele of the causal SORT1 single-nucleotide polymorphism locus creates a putative C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α)-binding site in the SORT1 promoter, thereby increasing in homozygotes sortilin expression by 12-fold in liver, which is rich in this transcription factor. Our previous studies in mice have showed reductions in plasma LDL-C and its principal protein component, apoB (apolipoprotein B) with increased SORT1 expression, and in vitro studies suggested that sortilin promoted the presecretory lysosomal degradation of apoB associated with the LDL precursor, VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein). OBJECTIVE To determine directly that SORT1 overexpression results in apoB degradation and to identify the mechanisms by which this reduces apoB and VLDL secretion by the liver, thereby contributing to understanding the clinical phenotype of lower LDL-C levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Pulse-chase studies directly established that SORT1 overexpression results in apoB degradation. As noted above, previous work implicated a role for lysosomes in this degradation. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we now demonstrate that the sortilin-mediated route of apoB to lysosomes is unconventional and intersects with autophagy. Increased expression of sortilin diverts more apoB away from secretion, with both proteins trafficking to the endosomal compartment in vesicles that fuse with autophagosomes to form amphisomes. The amphisomes then merge with lysosomes. Furthermore, we show that sortilin itself is a regulator of autophagy and that its activity is scaled to the level of apoB synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that an unconventional lysosomal targeting process dependent on autophagy degrades apoB that was diverted from the secretory pathway by sortilin and provides a mechanism contributing to the reduced LDL-C found in individuals with SORT1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Amengual
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Liang Guo
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Alanna Strong
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Julio Madrigal-Matute
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Haizhen Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.).
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N-terminal S-acylation facilitates tonoplast targeting of the calcium sensor CBL6. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3745-3756. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Daniotti JL, Pedro MP, Valdez Taubas J. The role of S-acylation in protein trafficking. Traffic 2017; 18:699-710. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Maria P. Pedro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Javier Valdez Taubas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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Kharbanda A, Runkle K, Wang W, Witze ES. Induced sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors is mediated by palmitoylated cysteine 1025 of EGFR and requires oncogenic Kras. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:213-219. [PMID: 28899783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no effective therapeutic strategies targeting Kras driven cancers, and therefore, identifying new targeted therapies and overcoming drug resistance have become paramount for effective long-term cancer therapy. We have found that reducing expression of the palmitoyl transferase DHHC20 increases cell death induced by the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib in Kras and EGFR mutant cell lines, but not MCF7 cells harboring wildtype Kras. We show that the increased gefitinib sensitivity in cancer cells induced by DHHC20 inhibition is mediated directly through loss of palmitoylation on a previously identified cysteine residue in the C-terminal tail of EGFR. We utilized an EGFR point mutant in which the palmitoylated cysteine 1025 is mutated to alanine (EGFRC1025A), that results in receptor activation. Expression of the EGFR mutant alone in NIH3T3 cells does not increase sensitivity to gefitinib-induced cell death. However, when EGFRC1025A is expressed in cells expressing activated KrasG12V, EGFR inhibitor induced cell death is increased. Surprisingly, lung cancer cells harboring the EGFR inhibitor resistant mutation, T790M, become sensitive to EGFR inhibitor treatment when DHHC20 is inhibited. Finally, the small molecule, 2-bromopalmitate, which has been shown to inhibit palmitoyl transferases, acts synergistically with gefitinib to induce cell death in the gefitinib resistant cell line NCI-H1975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kharbanda
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kristin Runkle
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eric S Witze
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Runkle KB, Kharbanda A, Stypulkowski E, Cao XJ, Wang W, Garcia BA, Witze ES. Inhibition of DHHC20-Mediated EGFR Palmitoylation Creates a Dependence on EGFR Signaling. Mol Cell 2017; 62:385-396. [PMID: 27153536 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR contributes to a variety of human malignancies. Here we show a mechanism to induce vulnerability to an existing first line treatment for EGFR-driven cancers. We find that inhibiting the palmitoyltransferase DHHC20 creates a dependence on EGFR signaling for cancer cell survival. The loss of palmitoylation increases sustained EGFR signal activation and sensitizes cells to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition. Our work shows that the reversible modification of EGFR with palmitate "pins" the unstructured C-terminal tail to the plasma membrane, impeding EGFR activation. We identify by mass spectrometry palmitoylated cysteine residues within the C-terminal tail where mutation of the cysteine residues to alanine is sufficient to activate EGFR signaling promoting cell migration and transformation. Our results reveal that the targeting of a peripheral modulator of EGFR signaling, DHHC20, causes a loss of signal regulation and susceptibility to EGFR inhibitor-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B Runkle
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Akriti Kharbanda
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ewa Stypulkowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xing-Jun Cao
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eric S Witze
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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Uusi-Rauva K, Blom T, von Schantz-Fant C, Blom T, Jalanko A, Kyttälä A. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a CLN5 Patient Manifest Phenotypic Characteristics of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E955. [PMID: 28468312 PMCID: PMC5454868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are autosomal recessive progressive encephalopathies caused by mutations in at least 14 different genes. Despite extensive studies performed in different NCL animal models, the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in NCLs remain poorly understood. To model NCL in human cells, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming skin fibroblasts from a patient with CLN5 (ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 5) disease, the late infantile variant form of NCL. These CLN5 patient-derived iPSCs (CLN5Y392X iPSCs) harbouring the most common CLN5 mutation, c.1175_1176delAT (p.Tyr392X), were further differentiated into neural lineage cells, the most affected cell type in NCLs. The CLN5Y392X iPSC-derived neural lineage cells showed accumulation of autofluorescent storage material and subunit C of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, both representing the hallmarks of many forms of NCLs, including CLN5 disease. In addition, we detected abnormalities in the intracellular organelles and aberrations in neuronal sphingolipid transportation, verifying the previous findings obtained from Cln5-deficient mouse macrophages. Therefore, patient-derived iPSCs provide a suitable model to study the mechanisms of NCL diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Uusi-Rauva
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tea Blom
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Tomas Blom
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Jalanko
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aija Kyttälä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
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Li Y, Qi B. Progress toward Understanding Protein S-acylation: Prospective in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:346. [PMID: 28392791 PMCID: PMC5364179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation, also known as S-palmitoylation or palmitoylation, is a reversible post-translational lipid modification in which long chain fatty acid, usually the 16-carbon palmitate, covalently attaches to a cysteine residue(s) throughout the protein via a thioester bond. It is involved in an array of important biological processes during growth and development, reproduction and stress responses in plant. S-acylation is a ubiquitous mechanism in eukaryotes catalyzed by a family of enzymes called Protein S-Acyl Transferases (PATs). Since the discovery of the first PAT in yeast in 2002 research in S-acylation has accelerated in the mammalian system and followed by in plant. However, it is still a difficult field to study due to the large number of PATs and even larger number of putative S-acylated substrate proteins they modify in each genome. This is coupled with drawbacks in the techniques used to study S-acylation, leading to the slower progress in this field compared to protein phosphorylation, for example. In this review we will summarize the discoveries made so far based on knowledge learnt from the characterization of protein S-acyltransferases and the S-acylated proteins, the interaction mechanisms between PAT and its specific substrate protein(s) in yeast and mammals. Research in protein S-acylation and PATs in plants will also be covered although this area is currently less well studied in yeast and mammalian systems.
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Hentschel A, Zahedi RP, Ahrends R. Protein lipid modifications--More than just a greasy ballast. Proteomics 2016; 16:759-82. [PMID: 26683279 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent lipid modifications of proteins are crucial for regulation of cellular plasticity, since they affect the chemical and physical properties and therefore protein activity, localization, and stability. Most recently, lipid modifications on proteins are increasingly attracting important regulatory entities in diverse signaling events and diseases. In all cases, the lipid moiety of modified proteins is essential to allow water-soluble proteins to strongly interact with membranes or to induce structural changes in proteins that are critical for elemental processes such as respiration, transport, signal transduction, and motility. Until now, roughly about ten lipid modifications on different amino acid residues are described at the UniProtKB database and even well-known modifications are underrepresented. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to develop a better understanding of this emerging and so far under-investigated type of protein modification. Therefore, this review aims to give a comprehensive and detailed overview about enzymatic and nonenzymatic lipidation events, will report their role in cellular biology, discuss their relevancy for diseases, and describe so far available bioanalytical strategies to analyze this highly challenging type of modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
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Cho E, Park M. Palmitoylation in Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:133-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vázquez CL, Rodgers A, Herbst S, Coade S, Gronow A, Guzman CA, Wilson MS, Kanzaki M, Nykjaer A, Gutierrez MG. The proneurotrophin receptor sortilin is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis control by macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29332. [PMID: 27389464 PMCID: PMC4937236 DOI: 10.1038/srep29332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorting of luminal and membrane proteins into phagosomes is critical for the immune function of this organelle. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to the spatiotemporal regulation of this process. Here, we investigated the role of the proneurotrophin receptor sortilin during phagosome maturation and mycobacterial killing. We show that this receptor is acquired by mycobacteria-containing phagosomes via interactions with the adaptor proteins AP-1 and GGAs. Interestingly, the phagosomal association of sortilin is critical for the delivery of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and required for efficient phagosome maturation. Macrophages from Sort1(-/-) mice are less efficient in restricting the growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. In vivo, Sort1(-/-) mice showed a substantial increase in cellular infiltration of neutrophils in their lungs and higher bacterial burden after infection with M. tuberculosis. Altogether, sortilin defines a pathway required for optimal intracellular mycobacteria control and lung inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Vázquez
- Research Group Phagosome Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Angela Rodgers
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Stephen Coade
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Achim Gronow
- Research Group Phagosome Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark S Wilson
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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de Marcos Lousa C, Denecke J. Lysosomal and vacuolar sorting: not so different after all! Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:891-7. [PMID: 27284057 PMCID: PMC5264500 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble hydrolases represent the main proteins of lysosomes and vacuoles and are essential to sustain the lytic properties of these organelles typical for the eukaryotic organisms. The sorting of these proteins from ER residents and secreted proteins is controlled by highly specific receptors to avoid mislocalization and subsequent cellular damage. After binding their soluble cargo in the early stage of the secretory pathway, receptors rely on their own sorting signals to reach their target organelles for ligand delivery, and to recycle back for a new round of cargo recognition. Although signals in cargo and receptor molecules have been studied in human, yeast and plant model systems, common denominators and specific examples of diversification have not been systematically explored. This review aims to fill this niche by comparing the structure and the function of lysosomal/vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) from these three organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine de Marcos Lousa
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS13HE, U.K. Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K.
| | - Jurgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K.
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Substrate determinants of signal peptide peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2a)-mediated intramembrane proteolysis of the invariant chain CD74. Biochem J 2016; 473:1405-22. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteolysis of CD74 by SPPL2a is essential for B- and dendritic cells. We show that CD74 is proteolysed in the luminal third of the transmembrane segment and identify determinants within its transmembrane and luminal membrane-proximal domain facilitating this cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Strong
- From the Department of Pediatrics, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA (A.S.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (K.M.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (K.M.)
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- From the Department of Pediatrics, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA (A.S.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (K.M.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (K.M.).
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Mukadam AS, Seaman MNJ. Retromer-mediated endosomal protein sorting: The role of unstructured domains. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2620-6. [PMID: 26072290 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retromer complex is a key element of the endosomal protein sorting machinery that is conserved through evolution and has been shown to play a role in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Through sorting various membrane proteins (cargo), the function of retromer complex has been linked to physiological processes such as lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, down regulation of signalling receptors and cell spreading. The cargo-selective trimer of retromer recognises membrane proteins and sorts them into two distinct pathways; endosome-to-Golgi retrieval and endosome-to-cell surface recycling and additionally the cargo-selective trimer functions as a hub to recruit accessory proteins to endosomes where they may regulate and/or facilitate retromer-mediated endosomal proteins sorting. Unstructured domains present in cargo proteins or accessory factors play key roles in both these aspects of retromer function and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir S Mukadam
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew N J Seaman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Protein S-acylation, the only fully reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, is emerging as a ubiquitous mechanism to control the properties and function of a diverse array of proteins and consequently physiological processes. S-acylation results from the enzymatic addition of long-chain lipids, most typically palmitate, onto intracellular cysteine residues of soluble and transmembrane proteins via a labile thioester linkage. Addition of lipid results in increases in protein hydrophobicity that can impact on protein structure, assembly, maturation, trafficking, and function. The recent explosion in global S-acylation (palmitoyl) proteomic profiling as a result of improved biochemical tools to assay S-acylation, in conjunction with the recent identification of enzymes that control protein S-acylation and de-acylation, has opened a new vista into the physiological function of S-acylation. This review introduces key features of S-acylation and tools to interrogate this process, and highlights the eclectic array of proteins regulated including membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, enzymes and kinases, signaling adapters and chaperones, cell adhesion, and structural proteins. We highlight recent findings correlating disruption of S-acylation to pathophysiology and disease and discuss some of the major challenges and opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Shipston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Li J, Matye DJ, Li T. Insulin resistance induces posttranslational hepatic sortilin 1 degradation in mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11526-36. [PMID: 25805502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin promotes hepatic apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) degradation, whereas insulin resistance is a major cause of hepatic apoB100/triglyceride overproduction in type 2 diabetes. The cellular trafficking receptor sortilin 1 (Sort1) was recently identified to transport apoB100 to the lysosome for degradation in the liver and thus regulate plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Genetic variation of SORT1 was strongly associated with cardiovascular disease risk in humans. The major goal of this study is to investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of insulin regulation of Sort1. Results showed that insulin induced Sort1 protein, but not mRNA, in AML12 cells. Treatment of PI3K or AKT inhibitors decreased Sort1 protein, whereas expression of constitutively active AKT induced Sort1 protein in AML12 cells. Consistently, hepatic Sort1 was down-regulated in diabetic mice, which was partially restored after the administration of the insulin sensitizer metformin. LC-MS/MS analysis further revealed that serine phosphorylation of Sort1 protein was required for insulin induction of Sort1 in a casein kinase 2-dependent manner and that inhibition of PI3K signaling or prevention of Sort1 phosphorylation accelerated proteasome-dependent Sort1 degradation. Administration of a PI3K inhibitor to mice decreased hepatic Sort1 protein and increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Sort1 in the liver prevented PI3K inhibitor-induced Sort1 down-regulation and decreased plasma triglyceride but had no effect on plasma cholesterol in mice. This study identified Sort1 as a novel target of insulin signaling and suggests that Sort1 may play a role in altered hepatic apoB100 metabolism in insulin-resistant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - David J Matye
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Tiangang Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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O'Kelly I. Endocytosis as a mode to regulate functional expression of two-pore domain potassium (K₂p) channels. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1133-42. [PMID: 25413469 PMCID: PMC4428836 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are implicated in an array of physiological and pathophysiological roles. As a result of their biophysical properties, these channels produce a background leak K+ current which has a direct effect on cellular membrane potential and activity. The regulation of potassium leak from cells through K2P channels is of critical importance to cell function, development and survival. Controlling the cell surface expression of these channels is one mode to regulate their function and is achieved through a balance between regulated channel delivery to and retrieval from the cell surface. Here, we explore the modes of retrieval of K2P channels from the plasma membrane and observe that K2P channels are endocytosed in both a clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent manner. K2P channels use a variety of pathways and show altered internalisation and sorting in response to external cues. These pathways working in concert, equip the cell with a range of approaches to maintain steady state levels of channels and to respond rapidly should changes in channel density be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ita O'Kelly
- Human Development and Health, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK, I.M.O'
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Genome-wide RNAi screen reveals a role for multipass membrane proteins in endosome-to-golgi retrieval. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1931-1945. [PMID: 25464851 PMCID: PMC4542293 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome-to-Golgi retrieval is an essential membrane trafficking pathway required for many important physiological processes and linked to neurodegenerative disease and infection by bacterial and viral pathogens. The prototypical cargo protein for this pathway is the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CIMPR), which delivers lysosomal hydrolases to endosomes. Efficient retrieval of CIMPR to the Golgi requires the retromer complex, but other aspects of the endosome-to-Golgi retrieval pathway are poorly understood. Employing an image-based antibody-uptake assay, we conducted a genome-wide RNAi loss-of-function screen for novel regulators of this trafficking pathway and report ∼90 genes that are required for endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of a CD8-CIMPR reporter protein. Among these regulators of endosome-to-Golgi retrieval are a number of multipass membrane-spanning proteins, a class of proteins often overlooked with respect to a role in membrane trafficking. We further demonstrate a role for three multipass membrane proteins, SFT2D2, ZDHHC5, and GRINA, in endosome-to-Golgi retrieval.
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Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, by modulating the dynamic interaction between protein and cellular membrane, is involved in a wide range of biological processes, including protein trafficking, sorting, sub-membrane partitioning, protein-protein interaction and cell signaling. To explore the role of protein palmitoylation in adipocytes, we have performed proteomic analysis of palmitoylated proteins in adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes and identified more than 800 putative palmitoylated proteins. These include various transporters, enzymes required for lipid and glucose metabolism, regulators of protein trafficking and signaling molecules. Of note, key proteins involved in membrane translocation of the glucose-transporter Glut4 including IRAP, Munc18c, AS160 and Glut4, and signaling proteins in the JAK-STAT pathway including JAK1 and 2, STAT1, 3 and 5A and SHP2 in JAK-STAT, were palmitoylated in cultured adipocytes and primary adipose tissue. Further characterization showed that palmitoylation of Glut4 and IRAP was altered in obesity, and palmitoylation of JAK1 played a regulatory role in JAK1 intracellular localization. Overall, our studies provide evidence to suggest a novel and potentially regulatory role for protein palmitoylation in adipocyte function.
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Oeste CL, Pinar M, Schink KO, Martínez-Turrión J, Stenmark H, Peñalva MA, Pérez-Sala D. An isoprenylation and palmitoylation motif promotes intraluminal vesicle delivery of proteins in cells from distant species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107190. [PMID: 25207810 PMCID: PMC4160200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal ends of small GTPases contain hypervariable sequences which may be posttranslationally modified by defined lipid moieties. The diverse structural motifs generated direct proteins towards specific cellular membranes or organelles. However, knowledge on the factors that determine these selective associations is limited. Here we show, using advanced microscopy, that the isoprenylation and palmitoylation motif of human RhoB (–CINCCKVL) targets chimeric proteins to intraluminal vesicles of endolysosomes in human cells, displaying preferential co-localization with components of the late endocytic pathway. Moreover, this distribution is conserved in distant species, including cells from amphibians, insects and fungi. Blocking lipidic modifications results in accumulation of CINCCKVL chimeras in the cytosol, from where they can reach endolysosomes upon release of this block. Remarkably, CINCCKVL constructs are sorted to intraluminal vesicles in a cholesterol-dependent process. In the lower species, neither the C-terminal sequence of RhoB, nor the endosomal distribution of its homologs are conserved; in spite of this, CINCCKVL constructs also reach endolysosomes in Xenopus laevis and insect cells. Strikingly, this behavior is prominent in the filamentous ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans, in which GFP-CINCCKVL is sorted into endosomes and vacuoles in a lipidation-dependent manner and allows monitoring endosomal movement in live fungi. In summary, the isoprenylated and palmitoylated CINCCKVL sequence constitutes a specific structure which delineates an endolysosomal sorting strategy operative in phylogenetically diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Oeste
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kay O. Schink
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Javier Martínez-Turrión
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Miguel A. Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Sadler JBA, Bryant NJ, Gould GW, Welburn CR. Posttranslational modifications of GLUT4 affect its subcellular localization and translocation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9963-78. [PMID: 23665900 PMCID: PMC3676823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The facilitative glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) is expressed in adipose and muscle and plays a vital role in whole body glucose homeostasis. In the absence of insulin, only ~1% of cellular GLUT4 is present at the plasma membrane, with the vast majority localizing to intracellular organelles. GLUT4 is retained intracellularly by continuous trafficking through two inter-related cycles. GLUT4 passes through recycling endosomes, the trans Golgi network and an insulin-sensitive intracellular compartment, termed GLUT4-storage vesicles or GSVs. It is from GSVs that GLUT4 is mobilized to the cell surface in response to insulin, where it increases the rate of glucose uptake into the cell. As with many physiological responses to external stimuli, this regulated trafficking event involves multiple posttranslational modifications. This review outlines the roles of posttranslational modifications of GLUT4 on its function and insulin-regulated trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nia J. Bryant
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Davidson Building, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; E-Mails: (J.B.A.S.); (N.J.B.); (G.W.G.)
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Davidson Building, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; E-Mails: (J.B.A.S.); (N.J.B.); (G.W.G.)
| | - Cassie R. Welburn
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-141-330-6454; Fax: +44-141-330-5481
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Blaskovic S, Blanc M, van der Goot FG. What does S-palmitoylation do to membrane proteins? FEBS J 2013; 280:2766-74. [PMID: 23551889 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is post-translational modification, which consists in the addition of a C16 acyl chain to cytosolic cysteines and which is unique amongst lipid modifications in that it is reversible. It can thus, like phosphorylation or ubiquitination, act as a switch. While palmitoylation of soluble proteins allows them to interact with membranes, the consequences of palmitoylation for transmembrane proteins are more enigmatic. We briefly review the current knowledge regarding the enzymes responsible for palmitate addition and removal. We then describe various observed consequences of membrane protein palmitoylation. We propose that the direct effects of palmitoylation on transmembrane proteins, however, might be limited to four non-mutually exclusive mechanistic consequences: alterations in the conformation of transmembrane domains, association with specific membrane domains, controlled interactions with other proteins and controlled interplay with other post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Blaskovic
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dumaresq-Doiron K, Jules F, Lefrancois S. Sortilin turnover is mediated by ubiquitination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:90-5. [PMID: 23485461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin is a transmembrane domain protein that has been implicated in the sorting of prosaposin and other soluble cargo from the Golgi to the lysosomal compartment. While the majority of the receptor is recycled back to the Golgi from endosomes, it is known that upon successive rounds of transport, a proportion of sortilin is degraded in lysosomes. Recently, it was shown that sortilin is palmitoylated and that this post-translational modification prevents its degradation and enables sortilin to efficiently traffic back to the Golgi. Thus palmitoylation can be used to modulate the amount of receptor and hence cargo reaching the lysosome. In this work, we demonstrate that non-palmitoylated sortilin is ubiquitinated and internalized into the lysosomal compartment via the ESCRT pathway for degradation. Furthermore, we identified Nedd4 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates this post-translational modification. We propose a model where palmitoylation and ubiquitination play opposite roles in the stability and turnover of sortilin and serve as a control mechanism that balances the amount of lysosomal sorting and trafficking in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Dumaresq-Doiron
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4
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