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Motoki N, Morota H, Shibazaki T, Nakamura C, Nakazawa Y. Familial and lifestyle factors related to physical activity in elementary school students: a cross-sectional study based on a nationally representative survey in Japan. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:338. [PMID: 37400765 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The decrease in physical activity (PA) among children has become a global concern. Since the analysis of sociodemographic factors as determinants of exercise habits has been inconclusive, this study investigated the factors related to participation in organized sports and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the Sports-Life Survey conducted in 2019 by the Sasagawa Sports Foundation were used. Data on the gender, age, grade, annual household income, family members, and lifestyle habits of elementary school children as well as information on participation in organized sports and MVPA were collected by written questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to calculate the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the association of each variable with participation in organized sports and frequent MVPA (≥ 60 min/day for ≥ 5 days/week). RESULTS A total of 1,197 participants were included in the analysis. Whereas 1,053 (88.2%) students expressed a like for PA, only 725 students (60.8%) actually took part in organized sports. Organized sports participation was significantly associated with gender, grade, population density, household income, daily breakfast, lower screen time, and frequent exercise with parents (all P < 0.05). We observed that 12.3% of participants met the frequent MVPA level, which was significantly related to lower screen time and exercise habits with parents (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Social and family factors may be strong determinants of engagement in PA among Japanese elementary school-aged children. Parental involvement appears particularly important for promoting PA among youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Motoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Haruka Morota
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takumi Shibazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Chizuko Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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2
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Bucciarelli V, Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Moscucci F, Renda G, Gallina S. The Impact of Physical Activity and Inactivity on Cardiovascular Risk across Women's Lifespan: An Updated Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4347. [PMID: 37445383 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity (PI) represents a significant, modifiable risk factor that is more frequent and severe in the female population worldwide for all age groups. The physical activity (PA) gender gap begins early in life and leads to considerable short-term and long-term adverse effects on health outcomes, especially cardiovascular (CV) health. Our review aims to highlight the prevalence and mechanisms of PI across women's lifespan, describing the beneficial effects of PA in many physiological and pathological clinical scenarios and underlining the need for more awareness and global commitment to promote strategies to bridge the PA gender gap and limit PI in current and future female generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bucciarelli
- Cardiovascular Sciences Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Susanna Sciomer
- Department of Clinical and Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Policlinico Umberto I, 49971 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Moscucci
- Department of Clinical and Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Policlinico Umberto I, 49971 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Renda
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Nowaczyk M, Cieślik K, Waszak M. Assessment of the Impact of Increased Physical Activity on Body Mass and Adipose Tissue Reduction in Overweight and Obese Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050764. [PMID: 37238312 DOI: 10.3390/children10050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Within the last 30 years, growing rates of child overweight and obesity have been observed as a very concerning phenomenon in most countries worldwide. The research aim was to assess what effect increased physical activity has on reducing body mass and adipose tissue in children between 10 and 11 years of age as well as to answer the question of whether physical activity could be considered as a factor in preventing child overweight and obesity when maintaining their existing diet and lifestyle. (2) Material and methods: There were 419 sports class primary school pupils in the experimental group who, in addition to four obligatory weekly physical education hours, attended six training hours. The control group comprised 485 children from parallel non-sports classes. In all pupils, height and weight measurements as well as physical fitness measurements were taken twice, at the beginning and end of the school year. Cole's method was used to assess the children's normal body weight. With the help of this method, children with excessive body weight were selected from the entire study group (N = 904), who additionally had skinfolds and adipose tissue measured using the BIA electrical bioimpedance method. The obtained results were interpreted using the variance analysis for repeated measurements and LSD test. (3) Results: The number of children with excessive body mass after 10 months of increased physical activity decreased (in the case of overweight: p = 0.0014, obesity: p = 0.0022), as did their skinfolds (p ≤ 0.001) and body fat (p ≤ 0.001), while their physical fitness considerably improved compared to the control group. (4) Conclusions: The introduction of increased physical activity in the experimental group children when maintaining their existing diet and lifestyle contributed to reducing their obesity and overweight and, at the same time, proved to be an effective factor in the process of decreasing their excessive body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowaczyk
- Institute of Health and Physical Education, Jan Amos Komenski University of Applied Sciences in Leszno, 64-100 Leszno, Poland
| | - Krystyna Cieślik
- Institute of Health and Physical Education, Jan Amos Komenski University of Applied Sciences in Leszno, 64-100 Leszno, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Waszak
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
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4
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Abstract
Background Physical activity is a commonly prescribed medicine for people with conditions such as obesity and diabetes who are also at increased risk of being hospitalized or severely ill from COVID-19. However, many people are reporting challenges in engaging in a healthy dose of physical activity amid the pandemic. Objective This rapid review synthesizes the current empirical evidence about the impacts of COVID-19 on people's outdoor physical activity and sedentary behavior while highlighting the role of community environments in promoting or hindering physical activity during the pandemic. Methods Literature searches were conducted using keywords related to COVID-19: physical activity, mobility, and lifestyle behaviors. Eligibility criteria were peer-reviewed empirical and quantitative studies published in English, addressing COVID-19 and using physical activity and/or sedentary behavior as the study outcomes. Results Out of 61 eligible studies, the majority (78.3%) were conducted in Asian and European countries, with only four (6.7%) being US studies. The results showed that COVID-19 was linked with significant decreases in mobility, walking, and physical activity, and increases in sedentary activity. A few studies also reported contradicting results including increased uses of parks/trails and increased recreational activity among certain groups of population. Conclusions Evidence suggests an overall negative impact of COVID-19 on physical activity, with differential effects across different sub-populations. Significant knowledge gaps are also found in the roles of social and physical attributes that can promote physical activity during pandemics with reduced safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaryllis H Park
- Department of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Sinan Zhong
- Department of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Haoyue Yang
- Department of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Department of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Chanam Lee
- Department of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
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5
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Xu L, Zimmermann M, Forkey H, Griffin J, Wilds C, Morgan WS, Byatt N, McNeal CJ. How to Mitigate Risk of Premature Cardiovascular Disease Among Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Conditions. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:253-264. [PMID: 35320835 PMCID: PMC8940585 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-00998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The goal of this article is to characterize the myriad of ways that children with mental health conditions can be at risk for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) and various modalities to ameliorate this risk in childhood in order to improve the life course of these children. Review Findings Child and adolescent mental health conditions are a common yet underrecognized risk factor for premature CVD. The American Heart Association has recently included psychiatric conditions as a CVD risk factor (CVDRF) and the evidence linking childhood adversity to cardiometabolic disease. There are bidirectional and additive effects from the intrinsic emotional dysregulation and inflammatory changes from the mental health condition, the associations with risky health behaviors, and in some cases, metabolic side effects from pharmacotherapy. These pathways can be potentiated by toxic stress, a physiologic response to stressors from childhood adversity. Toxic stress is also associated with development of mental health conditions with epigenetic effects that can result in transgenerational inheritance of cardiometabolic risk. Exposure to toxic stress and mental health conditions in isolation sometimes compounded by pharmacotherapies used in treatment increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in childhood. The multiple pathways, which adversely influence cardiometabolic outcomes, encourage clinicians to consider strategies to mitigate these factors and justify the importance of early screening and treatment for CVDRFs. Summary Mental health, health behaviors, and environmental factors co-occur and intersect in complex pathways that can increase CVD risk over the lifespan. Early detection and response can mitigate the risks associated with premature development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Martha Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Heather Forkey
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Jessica Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Caitlin Wilds
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
- Boston Child Study Center, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Wynne S Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Nancy Byatt
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Catherine J McNeal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76508, USA.
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Zorrilla-Revilla G, Rodrigues D, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Mateos A, Rodríguez J, Padez C. Sex-specific differences in somatic investment and strategies of physical activity among Portuguese schoolchildren. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23626. [PMID: 34076323 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) is required for healthy growth, development, and maturation and plays an important role in the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Sex-differences in PA levels are well documented, with boys spending more time in PA, especially in moderate-to-vigorous activities. Following the Life History Theory, our aim is to study if PA affects the fat tissues increases during childhood and juvenile phases in both sexes. METHODS Time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA levels were measured in a sample of 415 Portuguese children and juveniles (207 females/208 males; aged 6-11 years), using an accelerometer for 7 days. Skinfolds related with body fat were objectively collected and socioeconomic status factors were reported using a parental questionnaire. RESULTS The outcomes show that girls' and boys' fat variables increased during the end of the childhood and the juvenile phase. However, these variables were differently affected by PA. Girls increased fat variables with the sedentary activity while boys decreased fat variables with moderate-to-vigorous PA. Alike, active boys but not girls reduced the fat increase tendency with age. CONCLUSIONS Although both sexes displayed a general fat increment with age, moderate-to-vigorous PA dampens the increase only in boys. In fact, active girls increased body fat in the same manner as non-active girls. From an evolutionary perspective, it could explain sex-specific somatic strategies related to future reproduction or, with future mating and intrasexual competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,High School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Mateos
- National Research Center on Human Evolution, CENIEH, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez
- National Research Center on Human Evolution, CENIEH, Burgos, Spain
| | - Cristina Padez
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Kamel M, Smith BT, Wahi G, Carsley S, Birken CS, Anderson LN. Continuous cardiometabolic risk score definitions in early childhood: a scoping review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1688-1699. [PMID: 30223304 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in young children has been measured using various approaches, including a continuous summary score that incorporates components such as adiposity, lipids, metabolic factors and blood pressure. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to comprehensively review definitions of continuous CMR scores in children <10 years of age. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of four scientific databases up to June 2016. Inclusion criteria were children <10 years of age and report of a continuous CMR score. RESULTS Ninety-one articles were included. Most studies were published from 2007 to 2016 (96%). Nearly all continuous CMR scores (90%) were calculated using the sum or the mean of z-scores, and many articles age-standardized and sex-standardized components within their own population. The mean number of variables included in the risk scores was 5 with a range of 3-11. The most commonly included score components were waist circumference (52%), triglycerides (87%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (67%), glucose (43%) and systolic blood pressure (52%). IMPORTANCE Continuous CMR scores are emerging frequently in the child health literature and are calculated using numerous methods with diverse components. This heterogeneity limits comparability across studies. A harmonized definition of CMR in childhood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamel
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - B T Smith
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Wahi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Carsley
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C S Birken
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L N Anderson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Capalbo D, Barbieri F, Improda N, Giallauria F, Di Pietro E, Rapacciuolo A, Di Mase R, Vigorito C, Salerno M. Growth Hormone Improves Cardiopulmonary Capacity and Body Composition in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4080-4088. [PMID: 28938456 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children may be associated with early cardiovascular risk factors and alterations in left ventricular (LV) structure and function; data on cardiopulmonary functional capacity are lacking. OBJECTIVES Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of GHD and growth hormone (GH) therapy on cardiopulmonary functional capacity, left and right cardiac structure and function, and body composition in children and adolescents. DESIGN Prospective, case-control study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-one untrained GHD children (11.3 ± 0.8 years) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, echocardiography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, before and after 12 months of GH therapy. Twenty-one controls matched for sex, pubertal status, body mass index, and physical activity (PA) were evaluated at baseline and after 1 year. RESULTS At baseline, GHD patients showed reduced LV mass (LVM; 63.32 ± 7.80 vs 80.44 ± 26.29 g/m2, P = 0.006), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak; 22.92 ± 4.80 vs 27.48 ± 6.71 mL/Kg/min, P = 0.02), peak workload (80.62 ± 29.32 vs 103.76 ± 36.20 W, P = 0.02), and O2 pulse (4.93 ± 1.30 vs 7.67 ± 2.93 mL/beat, P = 0.0003), compared with controls. GHD patients also exhibited lower lean body mass (LBM 65.36 ± 7.84% vs 76.13 ± 8.23%, P < 0.001), and higher fat mass (FM 30.84 ± 7.92% vs 22.19 ± 8.18%, P = 0.001) than controls. GH therapy resulted in a significant increase of LVM (72.01 ± 15.88, P = 0.03), VO2peak (26.80 ± 4.97; P = 0.01), peak workload (103.67 ± 32.24, P = 0.001), O2 pulse (6.64 ± 1.68, P = 0.0007), and LBM (75.36 ± 7.59%, P = 0.0001), with a reduction in FM (22.62 ± 7.73%, P = 0.001). No difference was found in either left or right ventricular function. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that cardiac structure, body composition and cardiopulmonary functional capacity are impaired in children with untreated GHD and can be restored after short-term GH replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Capalbo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Barbieri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Improda
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Giallauria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Pietro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapacciuolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Mase
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Vigorito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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9
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Oliveira T, Pizarro A, Costa M, Fernandes L, Silva G, Mota J, Ribeiro JC. Cardiorespiratory fitness, but not physical activity, is associated with academic achievement in children and adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:309-315. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1308010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Oliveira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pizarro
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Costa
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Silva
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Hedlund ER, Lundell B, Villard L, Sjöberg G. Reduced physical exercise and health-related quality of life after Fontan palliation. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1322-1328. [PMID: 27515293 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM A growing number of patients with Fontan circulation are reaching adulthood, and there is increasing concern about their physical performance and quality of life. This study compared self-reported exercise and measured activity with quality of life in patients after Fontan palliation and healthy controls. METHODS Physical exercise during an average school week was reported by 30 Fontan circulation patients aged eight to 20 years, and 25 healthy controls, followed by accelerometer recordings over seven days. All subjects and their parents answered a questionnaire on quality of life. RESULTS Patients reported spending less time exercising each week than the controls (114 ± 66 minutes vs. 228 ± 147 minutes, p < 0.001). However, the overall measured activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity was similar for patients and controls. Patients reported a lower quality of life score than the controls (70.9 ± 9.9 vs. 85.7 ± 8.0, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In spite of similar measured total activity, Fontan patients reported less time engaged in regular physical exercise than healthy controls and their quality of life was lower than the controls. We speculate that promoting structured regular physical exercise could improve the quality of life of Fontan patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R. Hedlund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bo Lundell
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Li Villard
- Department of Physiotherapy; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Division of Physiotherapy; Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gunnar Sjöberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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11
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Segura-Jiménez V, Parrilla-Moreno F, Fernández-Santos JR, Esteban-Cornejo I, Gómez-Martínez S, Martinez-Gomez D, Marcos A, Castro-Piñero J. Physical fitness as a mediator between objectively measured physical activity and clustered metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: The UP&DOWN study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:1011-1019. [PMID: 27519284 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The extent to which physical fitness (PF) attenuates or modifies the association between physical activity (PA) and clustered metabolic syndrome risk factors (CMetSRF) is controversial. We aimed: i) To examine the independent and combined association of objectively measured PA and PF with CMetSRF in children and adolescents; ii) To test the mediating effect of PF in the association of PA with CMetSRF. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 226 children and 256 adolescents participated. Levels of PA (light, moderate, vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous [MVPA]) and PF were measured by accelerometry and ALPHA battery, respectively. Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness values were combined in a global PF variable. A CMetSRF was computed by assessing the following variables: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. In children, the highest vigorous PA (β = -0.193; P = 0.003) and MVPA (β = -0.149; P = 0.025) were individually associated with lower CMetSRF, but these associations were not independent of global PF. In adolescents, the association of moderate (β = -0.123; P = 0.046) and MVPA (β = -0.147; P = 0.024) with CMetSRF was independent of PF. Among unfit adolescents, the higher time they spent in MVPA the lower CMetSRF levels were found (P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS The results are suggestive of a full mediation of global PF in the association of MVPA and vigorous PA with CMetSRF in children. In adolescents, the association of higher moderate and MVPA with lower CMetSRF was independent of levels of PF, and mediation analyses suggest only a partial mediation of global PF in the association of MVPA with CMetSRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Segura-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - F Parrilla-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J R Fernández-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - I Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Gómez-Martínez
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Marcos
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Castro-Piñero
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Mental and physical skill training increases neurogenesis via cell survival in the adolescent hippocampus. Brain Res 2016; 1654:95-101. [PMID: 27531182 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The adolescent hippocampus produces thousands more new neurons daily than the adult, yet many die within weeks of their generation (Cameron and McCay, 2001; Curlik, DiFeo & Shors, 2014; Shors et al., 2016). Learning new skills can increase their survival. The present study tested the effects of physical skill training on the survival of these newly generated cells in males and female rodents during puberty. Newly generated cells were labeled with BrdU, a marker of cell mitosis, and training began one week later, just as the new cells begin to die. Significantly more BrdU-labeled cells were present in the hippocampus of both sexes after engaging in the physical training experiences. The young animals were able to maintain their balance on a modified rotarod task throughout most trials of training and as a consequence expended considerable energy and endurance during each training trial. These data suggest that a combination of both exercise and skill training can increase brain plasticity through increases in neurogenesis in the adolescent hippocampus. This finding supports the premise behind a clinical intervention known as MAP Training, which combines mental and physical training to enhance brain health in humans (Shors et al., 2014; Alderman et al., 2016). Although theoretical at this stage, the positive consequences of MAP Training for brain function may be mediated through neurogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
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Müller AM, Khoo S. Interdisciplinary, child-centred collaboration could increase the success of potentially successful Internet-based physical activity interventions. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:234-43. [PMID: 26663504 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Physical activity promotes health in children and adolescents, but activity levels are low. The Internet offers opportunities for physical activity interventions because children and adolescents are widely exposed to the web and enjoy being online. This review investigated the success of Internet-based interventions designed to increase physical activity in children and adolescents. Of the 13 studies we included, five reported that Internet-based interventions had significant effects on most physical activities. CONCLUSION Internet-based physical activity interventions in children and adolescents are potentially successful, but interdisciplinary, child-centred collaboration is needed to design interventions that align with their Internet experiences and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selina Khoo
- Sports Centre University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Gralla MH, McDonald SM, Breneman C, Beets MW, Moore JB. Associations of Objectively Measured Vigorous Physical Activity With Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cardiometabolic Health in Youth: A Review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2016; 13:61-97. [PMID: 30627080 DOI: 10.1177/1559827615624417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Increasing evidence suggests that vigorous physical activity (VPA) in youth may yield greater health benefits than moderate (MPA) or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The purpose of this review was to assess the relationship between PA intensity and body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and cardiometabolic (CM) biomarkers in youth. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies examining PA intensity and selected health outcomes in youth aged 6 to 18 years. Forty-five articles were selected for final review. Results. VPA was more strongly associated with reduced body fat and central adiposity compared with MPA and/or MVPA. Additionally, VPA was more strongly associated with increased CRF when compared with lower intensities. Findings were inconclusive between all PA intensity levels and CM biomarkers, and several significant relationships observed for VPA were attenuated when controlling for CRF. Conclusions. A potential VPA dose is identified as yielding favorable health benefits in adiposity and fitness. While CM biomarkers were not consistently associated with PA intensity level, the literature suggests VPA may yield health benefits above those received from MPA for reduced adiposity and improved CRF. This review highlights the need for longitudinal observational and experimental studies to determine optimal VPA dose for CM health in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan H Gralla
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science, College of Health Professions, Towson University, Towson, Maryland (MHG)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (SMM, CB, MWB)
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (JBM)
| | - Samantha M McDonald
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science, College of Health Professions, Towson University, Towson, Maryland (MHG)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (SMM, CB, MWB)
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (JBM)
| | - Charity Breneman
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science, College of Health Professions, Towson University, Towson, Maryland (MHG)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (SMM, CB, MWB)
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (JBM)
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science, College of Health Professions, Towson University, Towson, Maryland (MHG)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (SMM, CB, MWB)
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (JBM)
| | - Justin B Moore
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science, College of Health Professions, Towson University, Towson, Maryland (MHG)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (SMM, CB, MWB)
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (JBM)
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RAISTENSKIS J, SIDLAUSKIENE A, STRUKCINSKIENE B, UĞUR BAYSAL S, BUCKUS R. Physical activity and physical fitness in obese, overweight, and normal-weight children. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:443-50. [DOI: 10.3906/sag-1411-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Physical fitness differences between rural and urban children from western Kenya. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:514-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Barbosa JPDAS, Basso L, Seabra A, Prista A, Tani G, Maia JAR, Forjaz CLDM. Relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and multiple metabolic risk in youths from Muzambinho's study. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:618-23. [PMID: 26452452 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1088576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Negative associations between physical activity (PA), physical fitness and multiple metabolic risk factors (MMRF) in youths from populations with low PA are reported. The persistence of this association in moderately-to highly active populations is not, however, well established. The aim of the present study was to investigate this association in a Brazilian city with high frequency of active youths. We assessed 122 subjects (9.9 ± 1.3 years) from Muzambinho city. Body mass index, waist circumference, glycaemia, cholesterolaemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Maximal handgrip strength and one-mile walk/run test were used. Leisure time PA was assessed by interview. Poisson regression was used in the analysis. The model explained 11% of the total variance. Only relative muscular strength and one-mile walk/run were statistically significant (p < .05). Those who needed more time to cover the one-mile walk/run test had an increased in metabolic risk of 11%, and those with greater strength reduced the risk by about 82%. In conclusion, children and youths from an active population who need less time to cover the one-mile walk/run test or who had greater muscular strength showed a reduced metabolic risk. These results suggest that even in children and youths with high leisure time PA, a greater aerobic fitness and strength might help to further reduce their MMRF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciano Basso
- b Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | - André Seabra
- c Centre of Research in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure Activity, Faculty of Sports , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Antonio Prista
- d Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University , Maputo , Mozambique
| | - Go Tani
- b Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Lúcia De Moraes Forjaz
- a Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP , Brazil
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Dickman AJ, Hinks AE, Macdonald EA, Burnham D, Macdonald DW. Priorities for global felid conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:854-64. [PMID: 25864434 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conservation resources are limited, necessitating prioritization of species and locations for action. Most prioritization approaches are based solely on biologically relevant characteristics of taxa or areas and ignore geopolitical realities. Doing so risks a poor return on conservation investment due to nonbiological factors, such as economic or political instability. We considered felids, a taxon which attracts intense conservation attention, to demonstrate a new approach that incorporates both intrinsic species traits and geopolitical characteristics of countries. We developed conservation priority scores for wild felids based on their International Union for Conservation of Nature status, body mass, habitat, range within protected area, evolutionary distinctiveness, and conservation umbrella potential. We used published data on governance, economics and welfare, human population pressures, and conservation policy to assign conservation-likelihood scores to 142 felid-hosting countries. We identified 71 countries as high priorities (above median) for felid conservation. These countries collectively encompassed all 36 felid species and supported an average of 96% of each species' range. Of these countries, 60.6% had below-average conservation-likelihood scores, which indicated these countries are relatively risky conservation investments. Governance was the most common factor limiting conservation likelihood. It was the major contributor to below-median likelihood scores for 62.5% of the 32 felid species occurring in lower-likelihood countries. Governance was followed by economics for which scores were below median for 25% of these species. An average of 58% of species' ranges occurred in 43 higher-priority lower-likelihood countries. Human population pressure was second to governance as a limiting factor when accounting for percentage of species' ranges in each country. As conservation likelihood decreases, it will be increasingly important to identify relevant geopolitical limitations and tailor conservation strategies accordingly. Our analysis provides an objective framework for biodiversity conservation action planning. Our results highlight not only which species most urgently require conservation action and which countries should be prioritized for such action, but also the diverse constraints which must be overcome to maximize long-term success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxford, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Hinks
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxford, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan A Macdonald
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Burnham
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxford, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxford, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
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Altin C, Kvist Lindholm S, Wejdmark M, Lättman-Masch R, Boldemann C. Upgrading Preschool Environment in a Swedish Municipality: Evaluation of an Implementation Process. Health Promot Pract 2015; 16:583-91. [PMID: 25589022 DOI: 10.1177/1524839914566273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Redesigning outdoor preschool environment may favorably affect multiple factors relevant to health and reach many children. Cross-sectional studies in various landscapes at different latitudes have explored the characteristics of preschool outdoor environment considering the play potential triggering combined physical activity and sun-protective behavior due to space, vegetation, and topography. Criteria were pinpointed to upgrade preschool outdoor environment for multiple health outcomes to be applied in local government in charge of public preschools. Purposeful land use policies and administrative management of outdoor land use may serve to monitor the quality of preschool outdoor environments (upgrading and planning). This study evaluates the process of implementing routines for upgrading outdoor preschool environments in a medium-sized municipality, Sweden, 2008-2011, using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Recorded written material (logs and protocols) related to the project was processed using thematic analysis. Quantitative data (m(2) flat/multileveled, overgrown/naked surface, and fraction of free visible sky) were analyzed to assess the impact of implementation (surface, topography, greenery integrated in play). The preschool outdoor environments were upgraded accordingly. The quality of implementation was assessed using the theory of policy streams approach. Though long-term impact remains to be confirmed the process seems to have changed work routines in the interior management for purposeful upgrading of preschool outdoor environments. The aptitude and applicability of inexpensive methods for assessing, selecting, and upgrading preschool land at various latitudes, climates, and outdoor play policies (including gender aspects and staff policies) should be further discussed, as well as the compilation of data for monitoring and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Kvist Lindholm
- University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Wejdmark
- Nature School, Municipality of Nynäshamn, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Boldemann
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Harder-Lauridsen NM, Birk NM, Ried-Larsen M, Juul A, Andersen LB, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R. A randomized controlled trial on a multicomponent intervention for overweight school-aged children - Copenhagen, Denmark. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:273. [PMID: 25330848 PMCID: PMC4287468 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity amongst children is a growing problem worldwide. In contrast to adults, little is known on the effects of controlled weight loss on components of the metabolic syndrome in children. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 20-week exercise and diet guidance intervention on body mass index (BMI) in a group of overweight children. Our hypothesis was an observed reduction in BMI and secondarily in body fat content, insulin insensitivity, and other components of the metabolic syndrome in the intervention group. Methods School children from Copenhagen were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 19) or a control group (n = 19). Anthropometric assessment, whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, two hours oral glucose tolerance test, steps measured by pedometer, and fitness tests were measured at baseline and at 20 weeks. Results Thirty-seven children (30 girls) participated at baseline, aged 8.7 ± 0.9 years with a BMI of 21.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2 (mean ± SD), and 36 children completed the study. The intervention group decreased their BMI (the intervention effect is the difference in change between the groups adjusted for the respective baseline values (DELTA) = -2.0 kg/m2, 95% CI: -2.5; -1.5, P <0.001), total body mass (DELTA = -4.0 kg, 95% CI: -4.9; -3.0, P <0.001), and fat mass (DELTA = -3.3 kg, 95% CI: -4.2; -2.7, P <0.001) compared to the control group after the intervention. The intervention group displayed decreased waist, hip and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (all three variables; P <0.001), area under curve for plasma insulin (P <0.05), and increased mean and minimum steps/day (P <0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). Conclusions The multicomponent intervention had significant favorable effects on BMI, weight, WHtR, mean and minimum steps/day, and fat mass. In addition, similar beneficial metabolic effects were found in the children as shown in adults, e.g. increase in peripheral insulin sensitivity. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier number NCT01660789.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Majlund Harder-Lauridsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sardinha LB, Marques A, Martins S, Palmeira A, Minderico C. Fitness, fatness, and academic performance in seventh-grade elementary school students. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:176. [PMID: 25001376 PMCID: PMC4094753 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the benefits on physical and mental health, cardiorespiratory fitness has shown to have positive effects on cognition. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and body weight status on academic performance among seventh-grade students. METHODS Participants included 1531 grade 7 students (787 male, 744 female), ranging in age from 12 to 14 years (Mage = 12.3 ± 0.60), from 3 different cohorts. Academic performance was measured using the marks students had, at the end of their academic year, in mathematics, language (Portuguese), foreign language (English), and sciences. To assess cardiorespiratory fitness the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run, from Fitnessgram, was used as the test battery. The relationship between academic achievement and the independent and combined association of cardiorespiratory fitness/weight status was analysed, using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status were independently related with academic achievement. Fit students, compared with unfit students had significantly higher odds for having high academic achievement (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.48-3.55, p < 0.001). Likewise, having a normal weight status was also related with high academic achievement (OR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.82-7.34, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status were independently and combined related to academic achievement in seventh-grade students independent of the different cohorts, providing further support that aerobically fit and normal weight students are more likely to have better performance at school regardless of the year that they were born.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís B Sardinha
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Palmeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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Gesell SB, Sommer EC, Lambert EW, Vides de Andrade AR, Whitaker L, Davis L, Beech BM, Mitchell SJ, Arinze N, Neloms S, Ryan CK, Barkin SL. Comparative effectiveness of after-school programs to increase physical activity. J Obes 2013; 2013:576821. [PMID: 23984052 PMCID: PMC3747626 DOI: 10.1155/2013/576821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a comparative effectiveness analysis to evaluate the difference in the amount of physical activity children engaged in when enrolled in a physical activity-enhanced after-school program based in a community recreation center versus a standard school-based after-school program. METHODS The study was a natural experiment with 54 elementary school children attending the community ASP and 37 attending the school-based ASP. Accelerometry was used to measure physical activity. Data were collected at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, with 91% retention. RESULTS At baseline, 43% of the multiethnic sample was overweight/obese, and the mean age was 7.9 years (SD = 1.7). Linear latent growth models suggested that the average difference between the two groups of children at Week 12 was 14.7 percentage points in moderate-vigorous physical activity (P < .001). Cost analysis suggested that children attending traditional school-based ASPs-at an average cost of $17.67 per day-would need an additional daily investment of $1.59 per child for 12 weeks to increase their moderate-vigorous physical activity by a model-implied 14.7 percentage points. CONCLUSIONS A low-cost, alternative after-school program featuring adult-led physical activities in a community recreation center was associated with increased physical activity compared to standard-of-care school-based after-school program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina B Gesell
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, and the Maya Angleou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Jiménez-Pavón D, Konstabel K, Bergman P, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Hadjigeorgiou C, Siani A, Iacoviello L, Molnár D, De Henauw S, Pitsiladis Y, Moreno LA. Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors in young children: a cross-sectional study (the IDEFICS study). BMC Med 2013; 11:172. [PMID: 23899208 PMCID: PMC3728104 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relevance of physical activity (PA) for combating cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in children has been highlighted, but to date there has been no large-scale study analyzing that association in children aged ≤9 years of age. This study sought to evaluate the associations between objectively-measured PA and clustered CVD risk factors in a large sample of European children, and to provide evidence for gender-specific recommendations of PA. METHODS Cross-sectional data from a longitudinal study in 16,224 children aged 2 to 9 were collected. Of these, 3,120 (1,016 between 2 to 6 years, 2,104 between 6 to 9 years) had sufficient data for inclusion in the current analyses. Two different age-specific and gender-specific clustered CVD risk scores associated with PA were determined. First, a CVD risk factor (CRF) continuous score was computed using the following variables: systolic blood pressure (SBP), total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) ratio, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and sum of two skinfolds (score CRFs). Secondly, another CVD risk score was obtained for older children containing the score CRFs + the cardiorespiratory fitness variable (termed score CRFs + fit). Data used in the current analysis were derived from the IDEFICS ('Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS') study. RESULTS In boys <6 years, the odds ratios (OR) for CVD risk were elevated in the least active quintile of PA (OR: 2.58) compared with the most active quintile as well as the second quintile for vigorous PA (OR: 2.91). Compared with the most active quintile, older children in the first, second and third quintiles had OR for CVD risk score CRFs + fit ranging from OR 2.69 to 5.40 in boys, and from OR 2.85 to 7.05 in girls. CONCLUSIONS PA is important to protect against clustering of CVD risk factors in young children, being more consistent in those older than 6 years. Healthcare professionals should recommend around 60 and 85 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA, including 20 min/day of vigorous PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez-Pavón
- Department of Physiotherapy and Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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A participatory physical activity intervention in preschools: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2013; 45:64-74. [PMID: 23790990 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on physical activity interventions in preschools have reported limited effectiveness. Participatory community-based approaches hold promise for increasing intervention effectiveness and involving parents as key stakeholders in a sustainable way. PURPOSE To assess whether a participatory parent-focused approach using parents as agents of behavioral change enhances the efficacy of a preschool physical activity (PA) intervention. DESIGN Two-armed, cluster-RCT with preschool as unit of randomization and children as unit of analysis. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS 39 South German preschools applying for an existing state-sponsored PA program with 826 children (52% boys, aged 5.0±0.2 years), with 441 allocated to the intervention arm. INTERVENTION Control preschools received a state-sponsored program consisting of twice-weekly gym classes over 6 months. In intervention preschools, this program was augmented by motivating parents to develop and implement their own project ideas for promoting children's PA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes included mean accelerometry counts and time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA or sedentary behavior. Secondary outcomes were BMI, percentage body fat, quality of life, sleep quality, and general health. Outcomes were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months in both study arms (time period: 2008-2010). Using an intention-to-treat-analysis, linear multilevel regression models assessed change over time and across study arms, adjusted for age, gender, season, and preschool location. Analysis was conducted in 2011. RESULTS In 15 intervention preschools, parents implemented 25 PA projects. Compared with controls, intervention arm children were 11 minutes less sedentary per day (95% CI=5.39, 17.01, p=0.014); had significantly more mean accelerometry counts (1.4 counts/15 seconds [95% CI=0.22, 2.54], p=0.019); and showed benefits in perceived general health and quality of life. All other outcomes showed no difference between study arms. CONCLUSIONS A participatory preschool intervention focusing on parents as agents of behavioral change may be able to promote PA and reduce sedentary behavior in preschoolers. These benefits may go beyond the effects of existing nonparticipatory interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT00987532.
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Somarriba G, Lopez-Mitnik G, Ludwig DA, Neri D, Schaefer N, Lipshultz SE, Scott GB, Miller TL. Physical fitness in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: associations with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:112-20. [PMID: 22747252 PMCID: PMC3537323 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and antiretroviral therapies may predispose HIV-infected children to poor physical fitness. Estimated peak oxygen consumption (VO(2) peak), maximal strength and endurance, and flexibility were measured in HIV-infected and uninfected children. Among HIV-infected children, anthropometric and HIV disease-specific factors were evaluated to determine their association with VO(2) peak. Forty-five HIV-infected children (mean age 16.1 years) and 36 uninfected children (mean age 13.5 years) participated in the study. In HIV-infected subjects, median viral load was 980 copies/ml (IQR 200-11,000 copies/ml), CD4% was 28% (IQR 15-35%), and 82% were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Compared to uninfected children, after adjusting for age, sex, race, body fat, and siblingship, HIV-infected children had lower VO(2) peak (25.92 vs. 30.90 ml/kg/min, p<0.0001), flexibility (23.71% vs. 46.09%, p=0.0003), and lower-extremity strength-to-weight ratio (0.79 vs. 1.10 kg lifted/kg of body weight, p=0.002). Among the HIV-infected children, a multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, percent body fat, and viral load showed VO(2) peak was 0.30 ml/kg/min lower per unit increase in percent body fat (p<0.0001) and VO(2) peak (SE) decreased 29.45 (± 1 .62), 28.70 (± 1.87), and 24.09 (± 0.75) ml/kg/min across HAART exposure categories of no exposure, <60, and ≥ 60 months, respectively (p<0.0001). HIV-infected children had, in general, lower measures of fitness compared to uninfected children. Factors negatively associated with VO(2) peak in HIV-infected children include higher body fat and duration of HAART ≥ 60 months. Future studies that elucidate the understanding of these differences and mechanisms of decreased physical fitness should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Somarriba
- Divisions of Pediatric Clinical Research, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - David A. Ludwig
- Divisions of Pediatric Clinical Research, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Daniela Neri
- Divisions of Pediatric Clinical Research, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Natasha Schaefer
- Divisions of Pediatric Clinical Research, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Steven E. Lipshultz
- Divisions of Pediatric Clinical Research, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gwendolyn B. Scott
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Tracie L. Miller
- Divisions of Pediatric Clinical Research, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Duncan MJ, Mota J, Vale S, Santos MP, Ribeiro JC. Comparisons between inverted body mass index and body mass index as proxies for body fatness and risk factors for metabolic risk and cardiorespiratory fitness in Portuguese adolescents. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:618-25. [PMID: 22736427 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare inverted body mass index (iBMI, cm(2) /kg) and body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2) ) as predictors of body fatness, metabolic risk, and cardiovascular fitness in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 445 Portuguese adolescents (252 girls and 193 boys) aged 10-17 years. Height and body mass were assessed to determine iBMI and BMI, percent body fatness was determined from skinfold measures (tricep, subscapular) using the Slaughter et al. (1988: Hum Biol 60: 709-723) regression equation and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the 20-m shuttle run test. Capillary blood sampling was used to determine: Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high, and low density lipoprotein. These were combined with measures of systolic blood pressure and waist circumference as z-scores. Metabolic risk (MRS) was constructed by summing the z-scores. RESULTS iBMI and BMI were both significantly related to percent body fatness, CRF and MRS (all P = 0.005 or better). BMI was not normally distributed (P = 0.0001), whereas iBMI was (P > 0.05). Regression analysis identified that iBMI and BMI, both alongside for age, were significant predictors of percent body fatness, CRF and MRS (all P = 0.005 or better). Compared with BMI, iBMI was a similar predictor of CRF, MRS and body fatness. CONCLUSIONS iBMI offers a biologically sound alternative to BMI to assess the effect of weight status on MRS and CRF in adolescents and allows appropriate use of parametrical statistical techniques without changing the conclusions drawn from such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duncan
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, United Kingdom.
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Valerio G, Giallauria F, Montella S, Vaino N, Vigorito C, Mirra V, Santamaria F. Cardiopulmonary assessment in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:617-22. [PMID: 22121832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, usually autosomal recessive disorder of ciliary dysfunction associated with lung involvement, which has a great impact on health. There is limited information concerning the aerobic fitness of children and adolescents with PCD. The aim of this study was to assess cardiopulmonary functional capacity and its relationship with pulmonary function and physical activity (PA) levels in patients with PCD. DESIGN Ten patients with PCD (age 13·2 ± 2·8 years) underwent spirometry and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. PA was investigated through a questionnaire. Eight age- and body mass index-matched healthy children were enrolled as controls. Main variables were forced expiratory volume at 1 s, peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak) ) and time spent in PA. RESULTS Forty per cent of patients with PCD had impaired lung function as expressed by FEV(1) < 85% predicted. Only patients with impaired lung function exhibited reduced VO(2peak) (18·1 ± 7·9 mL/kg/min). Time spent in total daily PA was slightly lower in patients than controls, with no difference between patients with normal or reduced lung function. In multiple regression models, male gender (β = 0·518, P = 0·018), age (β = 0·752, P = 0·035) and time spent in vigorous PA (β = 0·353, P = 0·049) were independent predictors of aerobic fitness. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of resting pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary functional capacity could contribute to the evaluation of pulmonary impairment in PCD. Given the benefit of physical exercise on airway clearance and on general health and quality of life, patients with PCD should be encouraged to adopt an active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Valerio
- Dipartimento di Studi delle Istituzioni e dei Sistemi Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
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