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Garrett KS. Special Diagnostic Techniques in Equine Neurology (Radiography, Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:171-188. [PMID: 35810148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging is often an important part of the diagnostic approach to neurologic disease. Advanced imaging techniques such as myelography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide more information than radiography and ultrasonography but are more limited in their availability. The clinician should be cognizant of the findings of the clinical examination when interpreting diagnostic imaging findings.
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Louie EW, Streeter R, Story M, Scrivani PV, Barrett M, Mullen KR. Complex central nervous system malformations in a Dutch Warmblood foal. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1173-1178. [PMID: 35362641 PMCID: PMC9151493 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A neonatal Dutch Warmblood colt was evaluated for inability to stand, incoordination and intention tremor. Despite partial improvement in clinical signs during the first 4 days of hospitalization, neurological deficits remained. Magnetic resonance imaging identified a unilateral infratentorial arachnoid cyst‐like lesion with ipsilateral compression and displacement of the cerebellar hemisphere, absent corpus collosum, polymicrogyria, suspect leukoencephalopathy, and noncompressive occipitoatlantal malformation. Improvement in clinical signs during the first 6 months of life suggests that horses can survive with complex congenital neurological malformations, but prognosis for athletic performance is poor. The accessibility of magnetic resonance imaging should improve the diagnostic accuracy of central nervous system disorders in neonatal foals in which congenital malformations are suspected. Euthanasia often is elected in foals with suspected congenital central nervous system disorders because of poor prognosis for athletic performance, limiting understanding of clinical progression in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ron Streeter
- Littleton Equine Medical Center, Littleton, Colorado, USA
| | - Melinda Story
- Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter V Scrivani
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Myra Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Sacks M, Byrne DP, McConnell EJ. Bromide intoxication in a 3‐year‐old Thoroughbred filly. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sacks
- School of Veterinary Medicine College of Science Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - D. P. Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine College of Science Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - E. J. McConnell
- School of Veterinary Medicine College of Science Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
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4
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Stewart HL, Siewerdsen JH, Nelson BB, Kawcak CE. Use of cone-beam computed tomography for advanced imaging of the equine patient. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:872-885. [PMID: 34053096 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to volumetric imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), has increased over the past decade and has revolutionised the way clinicians evaluate equine anatomy. More recent advancements have resulted in the development of multiple commercially available cone-beam CT (CBCT) scanners for equine use. CBCT scanners modify the traditional fan-shaped beam of ionising radiation into a three-dimensional pyramidal- or cone-shaped beam of radiation. This modification enables the scanner to acquire sufficient data to create diagnostic images of a region of interest after a single rotation of the gantry. The rapid acquisition of data and divergent X-ray beam causes some artifacts to be more prominent on CBCT images-as well as the unique cone-beam artifact-resulting in decreased contrast resolution. While the use of CT for evaluation of the equine musculoskeletal anatomy is not new, there is a paucity of literature and scientific studies on the capabilities of CBCT for equine imaging. CBCT units do not require a specialised table for imaging and in some cases are portable for imaging in the standing or anaesthetised patient. This review article summarises the basic physics of CT technology, including how CBCT imaging differs, and provides objective information about the strengths and limitations of this modality. Finally, potential future applications and techniques for imaging with CT which will need to be explored in order to fully consider the capabilities of CT imaging in the horse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffery H Siewerdsen
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brad B Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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5
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Edwards RA, Hermans H, Veraa S. Morphological variations of the infraorbital canal during CT has limited association with headshaking in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:485-492. [PMID: 31161704 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Headshaking is a common problem in horses. The etiology is unknown but thought to involve sensory input from branches of the trigeminal nerve, some of which are within the infraorbital canal. The objective of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to describe the CT anatomy and variations of the infraorbital canal in horses with local disease processes and normal horses, and to examine associations between those findings and headshaking. Computed tomography scans were reviewed and morphological changes of the infraorbital canal were described. Presence of changes was then tested for association with headshaking prevalence, presence of disease processes in the region of the infraorbital canal, age, and sex. Nonparametric tests were used and a P-value of .05 was considered significant. A total of 218 horses were included, 9% of which had headshaking and 45% had CT lesions in the region of the infraorbital canal. Morphological changes to the bone of the infraorbital canal were found in 121 horses (56%) and included the following: increased mineralization 39 (18%), decreased mineralization 89 (41%), deformed shape 51 (23%), displaced position 43 (20%), and disruption 11 (5%). All changes of the infraorbital canal significantly increased in frequency with the presence of adjacent disease. Increased mineralization and disruption of the infraorbital canal were significantly associated with headshaking in horses with adjacent disease; the latter only reached significance after exclusion of dentally immature horses. No other changes were significantly associated with the presence of headshaking. No association was found between headshaking and the age or sex of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Edwards
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Hermans
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schmidt MJ, Knemeyer C, Heinsen H. Neuroanatomy of the equine brain as revealed by high-field (3Tesla) magnetic-resonance-imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213814. [PMID: 30933986 PMCID: PMC6443180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the morphology of the horse brain (Equus caballus) is decribed in detail using high field MRI. The study includes sagittal, dorsal, and transverse T2-weighted images at 0.25 mm resolution at 3 Tesla and 3D models of the brain presenting the external morphology of the brain. Representative gallocyanin stained histological slides of the same brain are presented. The images represent a useful tool for MR image interpretation in horses and may serve as a starting point for further research aiming at in vivo analysis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Small Animal Clinic–Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Carola Knemeyer
- Small Animal Clinic–Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Center, University Hospital, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Manso‐Díaz G, Taeymans O, García‐López JM, Weller R. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Manso‐Díaz
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | | | - J. M. García‐López
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts USA
| | - R. Weller
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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8
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Zani DD, Rabbogliatti V, Ravasio G, Pettinato C, Giancamillo MD, Zani DD. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the foot in horses using intravenous versus regional intraarterial injection of gadolinium. Open Vet J 2018; 8:471-478. [PMID: 30775287 PMCID: PMC6356101 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i4.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of orthopedic pathologies in equine patients is poorly described. In few studies, enhanced MRI allowed to differentiate active lesions from chronic ones and to classify ambiguous lesions. The aim of this clinical prospective pilot study is to describe and compare the MRI lesions observed in horses with lameness localized to the foot using a single intravenous bolus dose of gadolinium contrast versus regional intraarterial bolus of contrast agent. Ten horses that underwent contrast enhanced MRI were included in the study. Gadolinium was injected intravenously in 3 patients and in 7 horses contrast agent was administered by intraarterial regional delivery. Regions of interest (ROI) were collected from both pre- and post-contrast images and ratios between pre- and post-contrast ROIs were calculated. No adverse reactions were noted after contrast agent injection. Injured structures that revealed greater increase in signal in post-contrast images were the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), the navicular spongiosa and the peritendinous tissues. Regional intraarterial administration of gadolinium provided higher ratio of contrast enhancement. Enhanced MRI using both intravenous or intraarterial injection of gadolinium, increased the diagnostic capability of MRI in horses with foot lesions. Nevertheless, regional intraarterial administration of gadolinium was considered the best choice due to the higher signal and lower volumes of contrast agent required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella De Zani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Clinico Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rabbogliatti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Clinico Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Clinico Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Pettinato
- Department of Medical Physics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Clinico Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Danilo Zani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Clinico Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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9
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Broux B, van Bergen T, Schauvliege S, Vali Y, Lefère L, Gielen I. Successful surgical debridement of a cerebral
Streptococcus equi equi
abscess by parietal bone flap craniotomy in a 2‐month‐old Warmblood foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
- Clinique Equine d'Acy‐Romance Acy‐Romance France
| | - T. van Bergen
- Clinique Equine d'Acy‐Romance Acy‐Romance France
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Y. Vali
- Department of Radiology and Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - L. Lefère
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - I. Gielen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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10
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Nelson BB, Goodrich LR, Barrett MF, Grinstaff MW, Kawcak CE. Use of contrast media in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in horses: Techniques, adverse events and opportunities. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:410-424. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering and Medicine; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
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11
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Stefanetti V, Beccati F, Passamonti F, Sgariglia E, Coletti M, Vuerich M, Marenzoni ML. Detection and DNA quantification of Enterococcus casseliflavus in a foal with septic meningitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:96-100. [PMID: 27308888 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 3-month-old 180-kg (396-lb) Hanoverian colt was examined because of fever, lethargy, inappetence, drooping of the left ear, and stiff neck posture. Initial treatment included empirical antimicrobial treatment and NSAIDs. CLINICAL FINDINGS Initial findings were consistent with CNS anomalies. Endoscopy revealed hyperemia, ecchymosis, and some mucopurulent exudate in the right guttural pouch. Hematologic findings were consistent with neutrophilic inflammation. On the third day of hospitalization, severe neurologic signs were observed. Computed tomography of the skull revealed a comminuted fracture of the axial aspect of the right mandibular condyle. Examination of CSF revealed turbidity, xanthochromia, and intracellular and extracellular cocci, consistent with septic meningitis. After DNA extraction from blood and CSF, sequenced products from a PCR assay for the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were 99% identical to Enterococcus casseliflavus. Microbial culture of CSF and blood samples yielded bacteria with Enterococcus spp morphology; antimicrobials were selected on the basis of susceptibility testing that identified the isolate as vancomycin resistant. A quantitative PCR assay was used to estimate Enterococcus DNA concentrations in CSF and blood. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment for E casseliflavus meningitis, including trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and ampicillin sodium administration, resulted in resolution of clinical signs. Culture of CSF and blood samples after 12 days of the targeted treatment yielded no growth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this was the first report of E casseliflavus meningitis in a horse. Treatment was successful; vancomycin-resistant enterococci can be a clinical problem and may potentially be zoonotic.
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12
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Dixon J, Lam R, Weller R, Manso-Díaz G, Smith M, Piercy RJ. Clinical application of multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of cranial nerves in horses in comparison with high resolution imaging standards. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - R. Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - R. Weller
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - G. Manso-Díaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; School of Veterinary Medicine; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Spain
| | - M. Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - R. J. Piercy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
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13
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Junge HK, Mitchell KJ, Hoey S. Diagnosis of severe traumatic brain injury using multimodal imaging in a donkey. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Junge
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse-Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - K. J. Mitchell
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse-Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Hoey
- Institute of Diagnostic Imaging; Vetsuisse-Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Gold
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman USA
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15
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16
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El-Shafaey E, Zaghloul A, Abou-Alsaud M, Karrouf G. Assessment of digital flexors tenorrhaphy in equine: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Manso-Díaz G, Dyson SJ, Dennis R, García-López JM, Biggi M, García-Real MI, San Román F, Taeymans O. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of equine head disorders: 84 cases (2000-2013). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:176-87. [PMID: 25139131 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The equine head is an anatomically complex area, therefore advanced tomographic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often required for diagnosis and treatment planning. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective study was to describe MRI characteristics for a large sample of horses with head disorders. Horses imaged over a period of 13 years were recruited. Eighty-four horses met the inclusion criteria, having neurological (n = 65), sinonasal (n = 14), and soft tissue (n = 5) disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging accurately depicted the anatomy and allowed identification of the primary lesion and associated changes. There were good correlations between MRI findings and intraoperative or postmortem results. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the exact localization of the lesions, their size, and relation to surrounding structures. However, in the neurological group, there were 45 horses with no MRI abnormalities, 29 of which had a history of recurrent seizures, related to cryptogenic epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging was otherwise a valuable diagnostic tool, and can be used for studying a broad range of head disorders using either low-field or high-field magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Manso-Díaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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18
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Lacombe VA. Challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic encephalitis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Oklahoma USA
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19
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Cavalleri JMV, Metzger J, Hellige M, Lampe V, Stuckenschneider K, Tipold A, Beineke A, Becker K, Distl O, Feige K. Morphometric magnetic resonance imaging and genetic testing in cerebellar abiotrophy in Arabian horses. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:105. [PMID: 23702154 PMCID: PMC3671216 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA) is a rare but significant disease in Arabian horses caused by progressive death of the Purkinje cells resulting in cerebellar ataxia characterized by a typical head tremor, jerky head movements and lack of menace response. The specific role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to support clinical diagnosis has been discussed. However, as yet MR imaging has only been described in one equine CA case. The role of MR morphometry in this regard is currently unknown. Due to the hereditary nature of the disease, genetic testing can support the diagnosis of CA. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform MR morphometric analysis and genetic testing in four CA-affected Arabian horses and one German Riding Pony with purebred Arabian bloodlines in the third generation. Results CA was diagnosed pathohistologically in the five affected horses (2 months - 3 years) supported by clinical signs, necropsy, and genetic testing which confirmed the TOE1:g.2171G>A SNP genotype A/A in all CA-affected horses. On MR images morphometric analysis of the relative cerebellar size and relative cerebellar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space were compared to control images of 15 unaffected horses. It was demonstrated that in MR morphometric analyses, CA affected horses displayed a relatively smaller cerebellum compared to the entire brain mass than control animals (P = 0.0088). The relative cerebellar CSF space was larger in affected horses (P = 0.0017). Using a cut off value of 11.0% for relative cerebellar CSF space, the parameter differentiated between CA-affected horses and controls with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93.3%. Conclusions In conclusion, morphometric MRI and genetic analysis could be helpful to support the diagnosis of CA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging; University of Georgia - College of Veterinary Medicine; Hagyard Equine Medical Institute; Georgia Kentucky USA
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21
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De Zani D, Zani DD, Binanti D, Riccaboni P, Rondena M, Di Giancamillo M. Magnetic resonance features of closed head trauma in two foals. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. De Zani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - D. D. Zani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - D. Binanti
- Dipartimento di Patologia; Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - P. Riccaboni
- Dipartimento di Patologia; Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | | | - M. Di Giancamillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
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22
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Saveraid TC, Judy CE. Use of Intravenous Gadolinium Contrast in Equine Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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23
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Johns IC, Finding EJT, Ciasca T, Erles K, Smith K, Weller R. Intracranial botryomycosis in a mature horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. C. Johns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - E. J. T. Finding
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - T. Ciasca
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - K. Erles
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - K. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - R. Weller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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Loibl J, Thaller D, van den Hoven R, Schwarz B. Idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in a Dutch Warmblood gelding. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dickey EJ, Long SN, Hunt RW. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy--what can we learn from humans? J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1231-40. [PMID: 22092610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that occurs in both human newborns and foals. The condition is the subject of extensive current research in human infants, but there have been no direct studies of HIE in foals, and hence, knowledge of the condition has been extrapolated from studies in humans and other animal models. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the most up-to-date and relevant research in the human field, and discuss how this potentially might have an impact in the management of foals with HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Dickey
- Neonatal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Johnson AL. Equine cerebellar abiotrophy: Searching the genome for an explanation. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Naylor RJ, Dunkel B, Dyson S, Paz-Penuelas MP, Dobson J. A retrobulbar meningioma as a cause of unilateral exophthalmos and blindness in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0957-7734.2010.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dobson H. Diagnosis of soft tissue lesions involving the equine head. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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LACOMBE VA, SOGARO-ROBINSON C, REED SM. Diagnostic utility of computed tomography imaging in equine intracranial conditions. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:393-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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RODRÍGUEZ MJ, AGUT A, SOLER M, LÓPEZ-ALBORS O, ARREDONDO J, QUEROL M, LATORRE R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine temporomandibular joint anatomy. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:200-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Keller MD, Galloway GJ, Pollitt CC. Magnetic resonance microscopy of the equine hoof wall: a study of resolution and potential. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:461-6. [PMID: 16986608 DOI: 10.2746/042516406778400565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Obtaining magnetic resonance images of the inner hoof wall tissue at the microscopic level would enable early accurate diagnosis of laminitis and therefore more effective therapy. OBJECTIVES To optimise magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in order to obtain the highest possible resolution of the structures beneath the equine hoof wall. METHODS Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) was performed in front feet from 6 cadaver horses using T2-weighted fast spin echo (FSE-T2), and T1-weighted gradient echo (GRE-T1) sequences. RESULTS In T2 weighted FSE images most of the stratum medium showed no signal, however the coronary, terminal and sole papillae were visible. The stratum lamellatum was clearly visible and primary epidermal lamellae could be differentiated from dermal lamellae. CONCLUSION Most structures beneath the hoof wall were differentiated. Conventional scanners for diagnostic MRI in horses are low or high field. However this study used ultra-high field scanners currently not available for clinical use. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) increases as a function of field strength. An increase of spatial resolution of the image results in a decreased S/N. S/N can also be improved with better coils and the resolution of high field MRI scanners will increase as technology develops and surface array coils become more readily available. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Although MR images with microscopic resolution were obtained ex vivo, this study demonstrates the potential for detection of lamellar pathology as it occurs. Early recognition of the development of laminitis to instigate effective therapy at an earlier stage and may improve the outcome for laminitic horses. Clinical MR is now readily available at 3 T, while 4 T, 7 T and 9 T systems are being used for human whole body applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Keller
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Natural Resources Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane
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Kramer J, Coates JR, Hoffman AG, Frappier BL. Preliminary anatomic investigation of three approaches to the equine cranium and brain for limited craniectomy procedures. Vet Surg 2007; 36:500-8. [PMID: 17614932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe surgical approaches to the equine cranium and brain for limited craniectomy. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive anatomic study. SAMPLE POPULATION Equine cadavers (n=7). METHODS Head and neck sections from cadavers were used to establish techniques for exposing areas of the equine brain. Three basic approaches were used: rostrotentorial, suboccipital, and transfrontal. Techniques were adapted from small animal descriptions and modified to account for anatomic differences. RESULTS Descriptions of the rostrotentorial, suboccipital, and transfrontal approaches to the equine cranium and brain were defined. CONCLUSIONS Dorsal, caudal, lateral, and rostral aspects of the cranium and underlying cerebral cortex can be accessed using the rostrotentorial, suboccipital, and transfrontal approaches. Access to the dorsal, dorsolateral, and rostral aspects of the cerebral cortex is uncomplicated and more superficial compared with access to the extreme caudolateral cerebrum and cerebellum, which is complicated by the location of the transverse and temporal sinuses and deep exposure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Many cases of equine brain disorders involve intracranial abscessation or hematoma formation because of trauma. Components of therapy may include microbial culture and surgical drainage or decompression of the affected area through limited craniectomy procedures. Increased use of advanced imaging in equine brain disease has resulted in earlier diagnosis and more precise lesion localization. Subsequently, the number of horses likely to improve with limited surgical intervention has increased. When surgery is indicated, descriptions of surgical approaches to the equine cranium and brain provide important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA.
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Kneissl S, Probst A. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF PRESUMED NORMAL HEAD AND NECK LYMPH NODES IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47:538-41. [PMID: 17153061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To document the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of presumed normal lymph nodes of the head and neck in the dog, 91 studies of dogs with no detectable disease in the head acquired on a low-field unit were reviewed. If lymph nodes were imaged, symmetry, signal intensity, homogeneity, and size as well as the relation to the surrounding fat were noted. To improve the description of lymph node topography, we used corresponding E12 plastinated embedded sections of a dog. Compared with surrounding fat, lymph nodes were hypointense in T1 images. In T1-weighted images after intravenous contrast medium lymph nodes were isointense. In T2-weighted images, lymph nodes were slightly hypointense to surrounding fat. In T1 and T2 images, a hypointense band, created by the chemical shift artifact, could be seen at the lymph node-fat boundary along the frequency encoding gradient. In some dogs the lymph node hilus was characterized by vessels indenting the capsule of the lymph node. The facial vein is a consistent landmark to identify mandibular lymph nodes, and the mandibular salivary gland is a useful landmark to localize the medial pharyngeal lymph nodes. The parotid salivary gland or the external acoustic meatus were useful markers to identify the parotid lymph nodes, which were not consistently seen. In some dogs, nodules within the lymphoreticular tissue of the soft palate were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Kneissl
- Department for Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The availability of advanced imaging modalities in veterinary medicine has greatly widened the diagnostic imaging capabilities possible. Ultrasonography provides a rapid noninvasive modality that provides detailed examination and resolution of the intraocular structures and soft tissues surrounding the orbit of opaque eyes. Ultrasonography is cost-effective and widely available to practitioners,referral centers, and academic institutions. In many areas,mobile specialist ultrasonographers are available to supplement the equipment and skills of the practitioner. The added strengths of CT and MRI lie in their cross-sectional capability and better image quality. Unfortunately, the cost of CT and MRI currently limits their availability to referral centers and academic institutions. Primarily because of financial considerations, CT is currently more widely available for evaluation of equine disorders than MRI. A thorough evaluation of the multiple images and an understanding of normal anatomy and abnormal tissue patterns are indicated to maximize the use of each modality. Unlike ultrasonography, which can be performed in awake horses, the costs and contraindications of general anesthesia in some critical patients should also be considered when using CT and MRI. Finally, imaging artifacts are frequently encountered with each of these modalities. Thus, a thorough understanding of the various types of artifacts that occur is important so as to avoid interpretation pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Ramirez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Audigié F, Tapprest J, George C, Didierlaurent D, Foucher N, Faurie F, Houssin M, Denoix JM. Magnetic resonance imaging of a brain abscess in a 10-month-old filly. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:210-5. [PMID: 15200257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of a mature brain abscess in a horse with histopathologic alterations of brain tissue. Eight months after the onset of clinical signs, MRI of the brain of a 10-month-old filly was performed. A large space-occupying lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere was identified. This space-occupying lesion was delineated by a thick and well-defined capsule that was isointense to brain parenchyma on the T1-weighted images and with a markedly hypointense on the T2-weighted images. The identification of such a capsule is highly diagnostic of a mature brain abscess. The lesion seen on MR images was confirmed at necropsy where a large abscess of the right hemisphere was observed. Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the abscess. Based on histopathologic examination, the signal characteristics of the capsule on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images were found to be due to the presence of numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages. These results are in agreement with previous studies on human patients. This report confirms the value of MRI in the diagnosis of equine brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Audigié
- CIRALE-IPC, UMR Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, RN 175, 14430 Goustranville, France
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