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Rekha S, Nalini SJ, Bhuvana S, Kanmani S, Vidhya V. A Comprehensive Review on Hot Ambient Temperature and its Impacts on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2023; 27:10-20. [PMID: 37368943 PMCID: PMC10298495 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20232701.d-22-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High workplace/ambient temperatures have been associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (APO). Millions of women working in developing nations suffer due to the rising temperatures caused by climate change. There are few pieces of research linking occupational heat stress to APO, and fresh evidence is required. METHODOLOGY We used databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct to search for research on high ambient/workplace temperatures and their effects. Original articles, newsletters, and book chapters were examined. The literature we analysed was categorised as follows: Heat, strain, and physical activity harming both mother and fetus. After categorising the literature, it was examined to identify the major results. RESULTS We found a definite association between heat stress and APOs such as miscarriages, premature birth, stillbirth, low birthweight, and congenital abnormalities in 23 research articles. Our work provides important information for future research into the biological mechanisms that create APOs and various prevention measures. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that temperature has long-term and short-term effects on maternal and fetal health. Though small in number, this study stressed the need for bigger cohort studies in tropical developing countries to create evidence for coordinated policies to safeguard pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Rekha
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sirala Jagadeesh Nalini
- Faculty of Nursing, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Bhuvana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kanmani
- Centre for Environmental Studies, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venugopal Vidhya
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Goulioumis A, Angelopoulou M, Kourelis K, Mourtzouchos K, Tsiakou M, Asimakopoulos A. Hearing screening test in neonates born to COVID-19-positive mothers. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:1077-1081. [PMID: 36565323 PMCID: PMC9789365 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the responsible virus for the COVID-19 pandemic, has demonstrated neurotropic properties indicated by cases presenting with auditory and vestibular system insults. The expression of ACE-2 receptors in the placenta and the detection of IgM antibodies against the virus in the fetuses of pregnant women suffering from COVID-19 render vertical transmission of the infection to the fetus possible. Thus, our study aims to examine whether, similar to other viruses like CMV, SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for congenital hearing loss. This is a retrospective study in a regional pediatric hospital. The medical records of newborns (n = 111) born by mothers positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy who underwent screening hearing tests with Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (TEOAE) and Automatic Auditory Brainstem Response (AABR) from February 2020 to June 2022 were reviewed. Neonates with additional aggravating factors for congenital hearing loss were excluded from the study. For the study period, nine mothers were found positive during the first trimester, twenty mothers in the second trimester, and eighty-three mothers in the third trimester. TEOAEs test and AABR test scored PASS bilaterally in all neonates tested. CONCLUSION Infection with COVID-19 during pregnancy was not a risk factor for hearing loss, similar to other studies. WHAT IS KNOWN • The pathogenetic mechanism of the viral-induced impairment of the organ of Corti includes direct damage to the hair cells and indirect damage due to the induction of the innate inflammatory response. • Early data suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 virus also has neurotropic properties with manifestations from the sensory epithelia. WHAT IS NEW • Although the intrauterine infection remains controversial, the expression of the ACE-2 receptor on the placenta and the detection of IgM antibodies, as well as the covid-19 genome in fetuses, make the vertical transmission tenable. • In our study, the newborn hearing screening results indicate that COVID-19 infection during pregnancy is not a risk factor for hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Goulioumis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Hospital "Karamandanio", Erythrou Stavou 40, 26331, Patras, Greece.
| | - Maria Angelopoulou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Hospital "Karamandanio", Erythrou Stavou 40, 26331, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kourelis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Hospital "Karamandanio", Erythrou Stavou 40, 26331, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mourtzouchos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Hospital "Karamandanio", Erythrou Stavou 40, 26331, Patras, Greece
| | - Magdalini Tsiakou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Hospital "Karamandanio", Erythrou Stavou 40, 26331, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Asimakopoulos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pediatric Hospital "Karamandanio", Erythrou Stavou 40, 26331, Patras, Greece
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Hall MB, Willis DE, Rodriguez EL, Schwarz JM. Maternal immune activation as an epidemiological risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: Considerations of timing, severity, individual differences, and sex in human and rodent studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1135559. [PMID: 37123361 PMCID: PMC10133487 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1135559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that one's risk of being diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)-such as autism, ADHD, or schizophrenia-increases significantly if their mother had a viral or bacterial infection during the first or second trimester of pregnancy. Despite this well-known data, little is known about how developing neural systems are perturbed by events such as early-life immune activation. One theory is that the maternal immune response disrupts neural processes important for typical fetal and postnatal development, which can subsequently result in specific and overlapping behavioral phenotypes in offspring, characteristic of NDDs. As such, rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have been useful in elucidating neural mechanisms that may become dysregulated by MIA. This review will start with an up-to-date and in-depth, critical summary of epidemiological data in humans, examining the association between different types of MIA and NDD outcomes in offspring. Thereafter, we will summarize common rodent models of MIA and discuss their relevance to the human epidemiological data. Finally, we will highlight other factors that may interact with or impact MIA and its associated risk for NDDs, and emphasize the importance for researchers to consider these when designing future human and rodent studies. These points to consider include: the sex of the offspring, the developmental timing of the immune challenge, and other factors that may contribute to individual variability in neural and behavioral responses to MIA, such as genetics, parental age, the gut microbiome, prenatal stress, and placental buffering.
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Kosmidou P, Karamatzanis I, Tzifas S, Vervenioti A, Gkentzi D, Dimitriou G. Hearing Outcomes of Infants Born to Mothers With Active COVID-19 Infection. Cureus 2022; 14:e25571. [PMID: 35784961 PMCID: PMC9249119 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kulaga SS, Miller CWT. Viral respiratory infections and psychosis: A review of the literature and the implications of COVID-19. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:520-530. [PMID: 33992695 PMCID: PMC9616688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The historical association between respiratory infections and neuropsychiatric symptoms dates back centuries, with more recent literature highlighting a link between viral infections and schizophrenia. Maternal influenza infection during pregnancy has been associated with the development of schizophrenia in offspring. Viral infections in neonates, children, and adolescents have also been associated with later development of schizophrenia. Neuroinvasive and/or systemic infections are thought to increase risk for psychopathology via inflammatory mechanisms, particularly when exposure occurs during critical neurodevelopmental windows. Several human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been associated with psychotic disorders and increasing reports of the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 suggest it has neuroinvasive properties similar to those of other HCoVs. These properties, in conjunction with its ability to generate a massive inflammatory response, suggest that COVID-19 may also contribute to future psychopathology. This review will summarize the psychopathogenic mechanisms of viral infections and discuss the neuroinvasive and inflammatory properties of COVID-19 that could contribute to the development of psychotic disorders, with a focus on in utero, neonatal, and childhood exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Kulaga
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 W. Pratt St., 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Christopher W T Miller
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 W. Pratt St., 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Li Y, Freedman R. Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China. Pediatr Investig 2020; 4:118-126. [PMID: 32851355 PMCID: PMC7331361 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal micronutrients in pregnant women's diets, including supplements, have an essential role in fetal brain development and may reduce the risk of mental disorders in offspring. Folic acid, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and choline have been investigated for this purpose. Folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy has well-established positive effects. Vitamin D, administered to the mother before birth or to the newborn, has also been shown to reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy have a more uncertain role, with recent trials questioning a beneficial effect on cognition and attention deficit disorder, despite positive effects on prematurity and neonatal wheezing prevention. Choline supplementation is associated with positive effects on cognition and behavior, including early behaviors associated with the development of autism and schizophrenia. There is no experience yet with COVID-19, but adverse effects on fetal brain development of most common coronaviruses are mitigated by higher choline levels. Maternal dietary supplementation of nutrients is a benign and inexpensive intervention in pregnancy to prevent life-long disability from mental illness. Use of dietary supplements in poorer, rural areas of China is below recommendations. Physicians, midwives, and public health officials in China can promote prenatal nutrient supplementation to reduce the future burden of mental illnesses that might be prevented before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of PsychiatryBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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Quality and Safety of Obstetric Practices Using New Modalities— Ultrasound, MR, and CT. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 60:546-561. [DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Györffy BA, Gulyássy P, Gellén B, Völgyi K, Madarasi D, Kis V, Ozohanics O, Papp I, Kovács P, Lubec G, Dobolyi Á, Kardos J, Drahos L, Juhász G, Kékesi KA. Widespread alterations in the synaptic proteome of the adolescent cerebral cortex following prenatal immune activation in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:289-309. [PMID: 27058163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have revealed associations between pre- and perinatal immune activation and the development of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Accordingly, neuroimmune crosstalk has a considerably large impact on brain development during early ontogenesis. While a plethora of heterogeneous abnormalities have already been described in established maternal immune activation (MIA) rodent and primate animal models, which highly correlate to those found in human diseases, the underlying molecular background remains obscure. In the current study, we describe the long-term effects of MIA on the neocortical pre- and postsynaptic proteome of adolescent rat offspring in detail. Molecular differences were revealed in sub-synaptic fractions, which were first thoroughly characterized using independent methods. The widespread proteomic examination of cortical samples from offspring exposed to maternal lipopolysaccharide administration at embryonic day 13.5 was conducted via combinations of different gel-based proteomic techniques and tandem mass spectrometry. Our experimentally validated proteomic data revealed more pre- than postsynaptic protein level changes in the offspring. The results propose the relevance of altered synaptic vesicle recycling, cytoskeletal structure and energy metabolism in the presynaptic region in addition to alterations in vesicle trafficking, the cytoskeleton and signal transduction in the postsynaptic compartment in MIA offspring. Differing levels of the prominent signaling regulator molecule calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the postsynapse was validated and identified specifically in the prefrontal cortex. Finally, several potential common molecular regulators of these altered proteins, which are already known to be implicated in schizophrenia and ASD, were identified and assessed. In summary, unexpectedly widespread changes in the synaptic molecular machinery in MIA rats were demonstrated which might underlie the pathological cortical functions that are characteristic of schizophrenia and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs A Györffy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-ELTE NAP B Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Gulyássy
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Barbara Gellén
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Völgyi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Dóra Madarasi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Viktor Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Olivér Ozohanics
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | | | | | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - József Kardos
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin A Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
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Flinkkilä E, Keski-Rahkonen A, Marttunen M, Raevuori A. Prenatal Inflammation, Infections and Mental Disorders. Psychopathology 2016; 49:317-333. [PMID: 27529630 DOI: 10.1159/000448054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this descriptive review is to summarize the current scientific evidence on the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal infection and immune response on the offspring's risk for mental disorders (schizophrenia spectrum disorders, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and mood disorders). SAMPLING AND METHODS Studies were searched from PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE (R) databases with the following keywords: 'prenatal exposure delayed effects' and 'infection', and 'inflammation' and 'mental disorders'. A comprehensive manual search, including a search from the reference list of included articles, was also performed. RESULTS Prenatal exposure to maternal influenza appears to increase the offspring's risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, although studies are not fully consistent. Prenatal exposure to maternal fever and elevated cytokine levels seems to be related to the elevated risk for autism spectrum disorders in the offspring. No replicated findings of an association between prenatal infectious exposure and other mental disorders exist. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal infection on risk for mental disorders exists for several different infections, suggesting that common factors occurring in infections (e.g. elevated cytokine levels and fever), rather than the infectious agent itself, might be the underlying factor in increasing the risk for mental disorders. Additionally, it is likely that genetic liability to these disorders operates in conjunction with the exposure. Therefore, genetically sensitive study designs are needed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eerika Flinkkilä
- Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Miller MW, Church CC. Arrhenius thermodynamics and birth defects: chemical teratogen synergy. Untested, testable, and projected relevance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:50-60. [PMID: 23723172 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses the issue of hyperthermia-induced birth defects with an accompanying additional teratogen, be it a chemical or a physical agent (i.e., a simultaneous "combinational" exposure to two teratogens, one of which is hyperthermia). Hyperthermia per se is a recognized human and animal teratogen. An excellent example of such combinational exposures is an epileptic woman who becomes pregnant while taking valproic acid (VPA) to control seizures. VPA is a recognized chemical teratogen, and fever (hyperthermia) is not an uncommon event during pregnancy. While VPA also may occasionally induce fever as a side effect, we are concerned here with fevers arising from other, unrelated causes. There is a small but internally consistent literature on these combinational-teratogen exposures involving hyperthermia plus a chemical teratogen; in each instance, the effect level has been observed to be synergistically elevated above levels induced by the separate teratogenic components. The data were empirical. The observed synergy is, however, consistent with Arrhenius thermodynamics, a well-known chemical rate equation. The need for information about combinational teratogen exposures is acute; fever is a common occurrence during pregnancy; and there are many instances whereby there is also the simultaneous presence of some other teratogen(s). Given that the rate of autism spectrum disorders in the United States was recently presented as 1 in 88 births, it seems reasonable to suspect that such combinational regimens are much more prevalent than previously thought. Our hypothesis is that synergistic birth defect levels from combinational regimens are consistent with Arrhenius thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morton W Miller
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York, 14642-8668, USA.
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Abstract
Adequate provision of vitamin D has been found, in ecological, cross-sectional, and observational studies, to be associated with reduction in the risk of many types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2, neurological disorders, several bacterial and viral infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in addition to the classical bone disorders of rickets and osteomalacia. Furthermore, investigators have found adequate repletion and increased intakes of vitamin D to be associated with reduced all-cause mortality rates. These findings have been supported by the limited number of properly conducted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used more than 400 IU/day of vitamin D. This review presents an overview of the role of vitamin D for the promotion of health for the more important vitamin D-related diseases and conditions. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of 30—60 ng/ml, corresponding to oral intake or skin production of 1,000—4,000 IU/day of vitamin D, appear necessary in adults for avoidance of hypovitaminosis D-related ill health. People of all ages are encouraged to obtain more vitamin D from judicious exposure to sunshine (for ultraviolet B [UVB] irradiation) or from regular vitamin D supplements because dietary sources do not provide sufficient vitamin D to prevent any health risks other than those of rickets and osteomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center (SUNARC), San Francisco, CA, USA,
| | - Barbara J. Boucher
- Centre for Diabetes, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, London, UK
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Examining the association between maternal analgesic use during pregnancy and risk of psychotic symptoms during adolescence. Schizophr Res 2011; 126:220-5. [PMID: 21146371 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents who report psychotic symptoms in non-clinical samples are at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Study of such 'high risk' groups may increase our understanding of early risk factors for psychotic illnesses. Maternal infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring, and it has been hypothesised that exposure to maternal intake of analgesics during pregnancy, taken to alleviate the symptoms of viral infections, may partly explain this association. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal use of aspirin and other analgesics during pregnancy and the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in the offspring. METHODS This was a longitudinal study of 6437 children belonging to the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort who participated in the psychosis-like-symptoms semi-structured interview (PLIKSi) at 12years of age. Data on in-utero exposure to analgesics were obtained from self-report questionnaires completed by the mothers during pregnancy. RESULTS Increasing frequency of aspirin use during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of psychotic experiences (adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.08-1.92). Risk was highest in those whose mothers used aspirin most days or daily (adjusted OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.27-6.07). Paracetamol and other analgesic use during pregnancy were not associated with the risk of offspring psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Medications such as aspirin that interfere with the prostaglandin pathway, taken during pregnancy, may influence the risk of schizophrenia in the offspring. Other epidemiological studies are needed to examine this association further.
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Bronson SL, Ahlbrand R, Horn PS, Kern JR, Richtand NM. Individual differences in maternal response to immune challenge predict offspring behavior: contribution of environmental factors. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:55-64. [PMID: 21255612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy elevates risk for schizophrenia and related disorders in offspring. Converging evidence suggests the maternal inflammatory response mediates the interaction between maternal infection, altered brain development, and behavioral outcome. The extent to which individual differences in the maternal response to immune challenge influence the development of these abnormalities is unknown. The present study investigated the impact of individual differences in maternal response to the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) on offspring behavior. We observed significant variability in body weight alterations of pregnant rats induced by administration of poly I:C on gestational day 14. Furthermore, the presence or absence of maternal weight loss predicted MK-801 and amphetamine stimulated locomotor abnormalities in offspring. MK-801 stimulated locomotion was altered in offspring of all poly I:C treated dams; however, the presence or absence of maternal weight loss resulted in decreased and modestly increased locomotion, respectively. Adult offspring of poly I:C treated dams that lost weight exhibited significantly decreased amphetamine stimulated locomotion, while offspring of poly I:C treated dams without weight loss performed similarly to vehicle controls. Social isolation and increased maternal age predicted weight loss in response to poly I:C but not vehicle injection. In combination, these data identify environmental factors associated with the maternal response to immune challenge and functional outcome of offspring exposed to maternal immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Bronson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Wilber AA, Lin GL, Wellman CL. Neonatal corticosterone administration impairs adult eyeblink conditioning and decreases glucocorticoid receptor expression in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus. Neuroscience 2011; 177:56-65. [PMID: 21223994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal maternal separation alters adult learning and memory. Previously, we showed that neonatal separation impaired eyeblink conditioning in adult rats and increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus, a critical site of learning-related plasticity. Daily neonatal separation (1 h/day on postnatal days 2-14) increases neonatal plasma corticosterone levels. Therefore, effects of separation on GR expression in the interpositus and consequently adult eyeblink conditioning may be mediated by neonatal increases in corticosterone. As a first step in exploring a potential role for corticosterone in the neonatal separation effects we observed, we assessed whether systemic daily (postnatal days 2-14) corticosterone injections mimic neonatal separation effects on adult eyeblink conditioning and GR expression in the interpositus. Control uninjected animals were compared to animals receiving either daily corticosterone injections or daily injections of an equal volume of vehicle. Plasma corticosterone values were measured in a separate group of control, neonatally separated, vehicle injected, or corticosterone injected pups. In adulthood, rats underwent surgery for implantation of recording and stimulating electrodes. After recovery from surgery, rats underwent 10 daily sessions of eyeblink conditioning. Then, brains were processed for GR immunohistochemistry and GR expression in the interpositus nucleus was assessed. Vehicle and corticosterone injections both produced much larger increases in neonatal plasma corticosterone than did daily maternal separation, with the largest increases occurring in the corticosterone-injected group. Neonatal corticosterone injections impaired adult eyeblink conditioning and decreased GR expression in the interpositus nucleus, while the effects of vehicle injections were intermediate. Thus, while neonatal injections and maternal separation both produce adult impairments in learning and memory, these manipulations produce opposite changes in GR expression. This suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship may exist between both neonatal corticosterone levels and adult GR expression in the interpositus nucleus, and adult GR expression in the interpositus and eyeblink conditioning.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/drug effects
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cerebellar Nuclei/drug effects
- Cerebellar Nuclei/metabolism
- Conditioning, Eyelid/drug effects
- Conditioning, Eyelid/physiology
- Corticosterone/administration & dosage
- Corticosterone/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Maternal Deprivation
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/deficiency
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wilber
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4.
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Best practices in perinatal care: prevention and treatment of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus during pregnancy and the immediate postbirth period. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2009; 23:307-11. [PMID: 19915412 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0b013e3181bdad75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Grant WB, Soles CM. Epidemiologic evidence supporting the role of maternal vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development of infantile autism. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2009; 1:223-8. [PMID: 20592795 PMCID: PMC2835879 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.4.9500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether maternal vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for infantile autism disease (IAD). We used epidemiologic data seasonal variation of birth rates and prevalence of IAD for cohorts born before 1985. For seven studies reporting spring-to-summer excess birth rates for IAD, the season progressed from broad near 30 degrees N latitude, spring/summer in midlatitudes, to winter at the highest latitude. Also, using data from 10 studies, we found a strong effective latitudinal (related to wintertime solar ultraviolet B radiation) increase in IAD prevalence. These findings are consistent with maternal vitamin D deficiency's being a risk factor for IAD, possibly by affecting fetal brain development as well as possibly by affecting maternal immune system status during pregnancy. Further investigation of this hypothesis is warranted.
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Grant WB. The Health Benefits of Solar Irradiance and Vitamin D and the Consequences of Their Deprivation. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-009-9029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Radonjić NV, Petronijević ND, Vucković SM, Prostran MS, Nesić ZI, Todorović VR, Paunović VR. Baseline temperature in an animal model of schizophrenia: long-term effects of perinatal phencyclidine administration. Physiol Behav 2007; 93:437-43. [PMID: 17996259 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP), a dissociative anaesthetic, acts as a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. PCP is a psychostimulant capable of producing both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, including cognitive dysfunction in normal humans. Perinatal phencyclidine administration to rats has been widely accepted as an animal model of schizophrenia. It has been known for a long time that schizophrenia patients may develop various thermoregulatory disturbances. The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of phencyclidine administration on the temperature of newborn rats, the long-term effects on the baseline temperature of perinatal phencyclidine administration and the effects of a PCP challenge on the temperature of adult perinatally treated rats. The animals were treated on the 2nd, 6th, 9th and 12th postnatal (PN) days with either phencyclidine (10 mg/kg) or saline. The interscapular skin temperature was measured during the first 40 postnatal days and subsequently the colonic temperature until PN day 62. The immediate effect of phencyclidine administration to pups was a significant decrease of the body temperature, while the application of PCP to adult rats perinatally treated with either saline or PCP caused a significant increase of the baseline temperature. Perinatal phencyclidine administration to rat pups produced a long lasting effect on the baseline temperature. It can be concluded that the nature of the response to acute phencyclidine administration differs between newborn and adult rats. Further experiments are necessary in order to clarify the role of specific neurotransmitter systems in the changes of temperature regulation provoked by phencyclidine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena V Radonjić
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Serbia
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