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Richtand NM, Harvey BH, Hoffman KL. Editorial: Animal Models in Psychiatry: Translating Animal Behavior to an Improved Understanding and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:876155. [PMID: 35401248 PMCID: PMC8987565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.876155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Center for Research in Animal Reproduction (CIRA), Autonomous University of Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlax, Mexico
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2
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Moore RC, Marquine MJ, Straus E, Depp CA, Moore DJ, Schiehser DM, Richtand NM, Jeste DV, Eyler LT. Predictors and Barriers to Mental Health Treatment Utilization Among Older Veterans Living With HIV. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2017; 19. [PMID: 28157277 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.16m02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify key mood, social, and functional correlates of current participation in mental health treatment and barriers to participation in mental health treatment among older HIV infected (HIV+) veterans. Methods HIV+ veterans (N = 150) aged ≥ 50 years receiving HIV-related medical care at the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, anonymously completed a survey assessing current self-reported mood, social support, daily functioning problems, mental health service utilization, and barriers to participating in mental health services. Veterans also completed the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), a validated depression screening instrument frequently used in primary care settings. Data were collected from February 2014 to May 2014. Results Overall, 44% of participants screened positive for depressive symptomatology on the PHQ-2; 55% of those who screened positive were participating in mental health treatment. Of the 45% of veterans who screened positive on the PHQ-2 and were not in treatment, two-thirds (66%) stated they had been offered services; however, they were not engaging in or accepting the services. Regardless of PHQ-2 status, current self-reported depressive symptoms emerged as an independent, significant positive predictor of participation in mental health treatment (odds ratio = 5.98; 95% CI, 1.16-30.72; P = .03), whereas anxiety, HIV-related stigma, sufficiency of social support, and daily functioning problems were not associated with mental health treatment utilization. Primary reported barriers to mental health treatment included scheduling/availability, travel time and transportation, and discomfort with group settings. Conclusions Results of this study suggest there may be a need to better engage older HIV+ veterans in depression-related treatment. The use of telehealth technology, such as teletherapy, electronic devices, and cell phone-based programs, may be beneficial in helping older HIV+ veterans overcome many barriers that restrict their participation in mental health treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeanne C Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 220 Dickinson Drive, St B (8231), San Diego, CA 92103-8231. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Straus
- California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Colin A Depp
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dawn M Schiehser
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Neil M Richtand
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Brandel MG, Hirshman BR, McCutcheon BA, Tringale K, Carroll K, Richtand NM, Perry W, Chen CC, Carter BS. The Association between Psychiatric Comorbidities and Outcomes for Inpatients with Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1005-1016. [PMID: 27573722 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with the development of psychiatric disorders. However, the impact of psychiatric disorders on TBI outcome is less well understood. We examined the outcomes of patients who experienced a traumatic subdural hemorrhage and whether a comorbid psychiatric disorder was associated with a change in outcome. A retrospective observational study was performed in the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Patients hospitalized for acute subdural hemorrhage were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes. Patients with coexisting psychiatric diagnoses were identified. Outcomes studied included mortality and adverse discharge disposition. In OSPHD, diagnoses of depression (OR = 0.64, p < 0.001), bipolar disorder (OR = 0.45, p < 0.05), and anxiety (OR = 0.37, p < 0.001) were associated with reduced mortality during hospitalization for TBI, with a trend toward psychosis (OR = 0.56, p = 0.08). Schizophrenia had no effect. Diagnoses of psychosis (OR = 2.12, p < 0.001) and schizophrenia (OR = 2.60, p < 0.001) were associated with increased adverse discharge. Depression and bipolar disorder had no effect, and anxiety was associated with reduced adverse discharge (OR = 0.73, p = 0.01). Results were confirmed using the NIS. Analysis revealed novel associations between coexisting psychiatric diagnoses and TBI outcomes, with some subgroups having decreased mortality and increased adverse discharge. Potential mechanisms include pharmacological effects of frequently prescribed psychiatric medications, the pathophysiology of individual psychiatric disorders, or under-coding of psychiatric illness in the most severely injured patients. Because pharmacological mechanisms, if validated, might lead to improved outcome in TBI patients, further studies may provide significant public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Brandel
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Brian R Hirshman
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California.,2 School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brandon A McCutcheon
- 3 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Foundation , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kathryn Tringale
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Kate Carroll
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Neil M Richtand
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego , San Diego, California.,5 Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego, California
| | - William Perry
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego , San Diego, California
| | - Clark C Chen
- 6 Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Bob S Carter
- 6 Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
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4
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Cassella SN, Hemmerle AM, Lundgren KH, Kyser TL, Ahlbrand R, Bronson SL, Richtand NM, Seroogy KB. Maternal immune activation alters glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 expression in the brains of adult rat offspring. Schizophr Res 2016; 171:195-9. [PMID: 26830319 PMCID: PMC4803111 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the maternal innate immune system, termed "maternal immune activation" (MIA), represents a common environmental risk factor for schizophrenia. Whereas evidence suggests dysregulation of GABA systems may underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, a role for MIA in alteration of GABAergic systems is less clear. Here, pregnant rats received either the viral mimetic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid or vehicle injection on gestational day 14. Glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) mRNA expression was examined in male offspring at postnatal day (P)14, P30 and P60. At P60, GAD67 mRNA was elevated in hippocampus and thalamus and decreased in prefrontal cortex of MIA offspring. MIA-induced alterations in GAD expression could contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Cassella
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ann M Hemmerle
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kerstin H Lundgren
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Tara L Kyser
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rebecca Ahlbrand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Stefanie L Bronson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Neil M Richtand
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kim B Seroogy
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Hemmerle AM, Ahlbrand R, Bronson SL, Lundgren KH, Richtand NM, Seroogy KB. Modulation of schizophrenia-related genes in the forebrain of adolescent and adult rats exposed to maternal immune activation. Schizophr Res 2015; 168. [PMID: 26206493 PMCID: PMC4591187 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) is an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia, and may contribute to other developmental disorders including autism and epilepsy. Activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine systems by injection of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (Poly I:C) mediates important neurochemical and behavioral corollaries of MIA, which have relevance to deficits observed in schizophrenia. We examined the consequences of MIA on forebrain expression of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and their receptors, ErbB4 and trkB, respectively, genes associated with schizophrenia. On gestational day 14, pregnant rats were injected with Poly I:C or vehicle. Utilizing in situ hybridization, expression of NRG-1, ErbB4, BDNF, and trkB was examined in male rat offspring at postnatal day (P) 14, P30 and P60. ErbB4 mRNA expression was significantly increased at P30 in the anterior cingulate (AC Ctx), frontal, and parietal cortices, with increases in AC Ctx expression continuing through P60. ErbB4 expression was also elevated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) at P14. In contrast, NRG-1 mRNA was decreased in the PFC at P60. Expression of BDNF mRNA was significantly upregulated in the PFC at P60 and decreased in the AC Ctx at P14. Expression of trkB was increased in two regions, the piriform cortex at P14 and the striatum at P60. These findings demonstrate developmentally and regionally selective alterations in the expression of schizophrenia-related genes as a consequence of MIA. Further study is needed to determine contributions of these effects to the development of alterations of relevance to neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Hemmerle
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rebecca Ahlbrand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Stefanie L. Bronson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kerstin H. Lundgren
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Neil M. Richtand
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kim B. Seroogy
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA,Corresponding Author: Kim B. Seroogy, PhD, The Selma Schottenstein Harris Laboratory for Research in Parkinson’s, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, ML0536, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0536, USA. Telephone: 513-558-7086; Fax: 513-558-7009;
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Vorhees CV, Graham DL, Braun AA, Schaefer TL, Skelton MR, Richtand NM, Williams MT. Prenatal immune challenge in rats: effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid on spatial learning, prepulse inhibition, conditioned fear, and responses to MK-801 and amphetamine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:54-65. [PMID: 25450663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal maternal immune activation increases risk for schizophrenia and/or autism. Previous data suggest that maternal weight change in response to the immune activator polyinosinic-polycytidylic (Poly IC) in rats influences the severity of effect in the offspring as does the exposure period. We treated gravid Sprague-Dawley rats from E14 to 18 with 8mg/kg/day Poly IC or saline. The Poly IC group was divided into those that gained the least weight or lost (Poly IC (L)) and those that gained the most (Poly IC (H)) weight. There were no effects of Poly IC on anxiety (elevated zero-maze, open-field, object burying), or Morris water maze cued learning or working memory or Cincinnati water maze egocentric learning. The Poly IC (H) group males had decreased acoustic startle whereas Poly IC (L) females had reduced startle and increased PPI. Poly IC offspring showed exaggerated hyperactivity in response to amphetamine (primarily in the Poly IC (H) group) and attenuated hyperactivity in response to MK-801 challenge (primarily in the Poly IC (L) group). Poly IC (L) males showed reduced cued conditioned freezing; both sexes showed less time in the dark in a light-dark test, and the Poly IC groups showed impaired Morris water maze hidden platform acquisition and probe performance. The data demonstrate that offspring from the most affected dams were more affected than those from less reactive dams indicating that degree of maternal immune activation predicts severity of effects on offspring behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, United States.
| | - Devon L Graham
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Amanda A Braun
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Tori L Schaefer
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Neil M Richtand
- Psychiatry Service, V-116A, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, United States
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, United States
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Isom AM, Gudelsky GA, Benoit SC, Richtand NM. Antipsychotic medications, glutamate, and cell death: A hidden, but common medication side effect? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vorhees CV, Graham DL, Braun AA, Schaefer TL, Skelton MR, Richtand NM, Williams MT. Prenatal immune challenge in rats: altered responses to dopaminergic and glutamatergic agents, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, and reduced route-based learning as a function of maternal body weight gain after prenatal exposure to poly IC. Synapse 2012; 66:725-37. [PMID: 22473973 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal maternal immune activation has been used to test the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Most of the data are in mouse models; far less is available for rats. We previously showed that maternal weight change in response to the immune activator polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) in rats differentially affects offspring. Therefore, we treated gravid Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats i.p. on embryonic day 14 with 8 mg/kg of Poly IC or Saline. The Poly IC group was divided into those that lost or gained the least weight, Poly IC (L), versus those that gained the most weight, Poly IC (H), following treatment. The study design controlled for litter size, litter sampling, sex distribution, and test experience. We found no effects of Poly IC on elevated zero maze, open-field activity, object burying, light-dark test, straight channel swimming, Morris water maze spatial acquisition, reversal, or shift navigation or spatial working or reference memory, or conditioned contextual or cued fear or latent inhibition. The Poly IC (H) group showed a significant decrease in the rate of route-based learning when visible cues were unavailable in the Cincinnati water maze and reduced prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in females, but not males. The Poly IC (L) group exhibited altered responses to acute pharmacological challenges: exaggerated hyperactivity in response to (+)-amphetamine and an attenuated hyperactivity in response to MK-801. This model did not exhibit the cognitive, or latent inhibition deficits reported in Poly IC-treated rats but showed changes in response to drugs acting on neurotransmitter systems implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (dopaminergic hyperfunction and glutamatergic hypofunction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Roenker NL, Gudelsky GA, Ahlbrand R, Horn PS, Richtand NM. Evidence for involvement of nitric oxide and GABA(B) receptors in MK-801- stimulated release of glutamate in rat prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:575-81. [PMID: 22579658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic administration of NMDA receptor antagonists elevates extracellular glutamate within prefrontal cortex. The cognitive and behavioral effects of NMDA receptor blockade have direct relevance to symptoms of schizophrenia, and recent studies demonstrate an important role for nitric oxide and GABA(B) receptors in mediating the effects of NMDA receptor blockade on these behaviors. We sought to extend those observations by directly measuring the effects of nitric oxide and GABA(B) receptor mechanisms on MK-801-induced glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex. Systemic MK-801 injection (0.3 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats significantly increased extracellular glutamate levels in prefrontal cortex, as determined by microdialysis. This effect was blocked by pre-treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (60 mg/kg). Reverse dialysis of the nitric oxide donor SNAP (0.5-5 mM) directly into prefrontal cortex mimicked the effect of systemic MK-801, dose-dependently elevating cortical extracellular glutamate. The effect of MK-801 was also blocked by systemic treatment with the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen (5 mg/kg). In combination, these data suggest increased nitric oxide formation is necessary for NMDA antagonist-induced elevations of extracellular glutamate in the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, the data suggest GABA(B) receptor activation can modulate the NMDA antagonist-induced increase in cortical glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Roenker
- James Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Richtand NM, Ahlbrand R, Horn P, Tambyraja R, Grainger M, Bronson SL, McNamara RK. Fluoxetine and aripiprazole treatment following prenatal immune activation exert longstanding effects on rat locomotor response. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:171-7. [PMID: 22342193 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Studies characterizing treatment interventions in a naturalistic setting suggest that antidepressant and antipsychotic medications may be equally effective in improving clinical outcome in individuals at high risk for first-episode psychosis. Of interest, both beneficial as well as potentially adverse effects have been observed following fluoxetine treatment in a mouse prenatal immune activation model of relevance to psychosis prevention. We sought to extend those findings by examining the effects of fluoxetine, as well as the antipsychotic medication aripiprazole, in a rat prenatal immune activation model. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with poly I:C or saline on gestational day 14. Offspring of poly I:C and saline-treated dams received fluoxetine (10.0 mg/kg/d), aripiprazole (0.66 mg/kg/d), or vehicle from postnatal days 35 to 70. Locomotor responses to novelty, saline injection, and amphetamine (1 and 5 mg/kg) were determined at three months, i.e., 21 days following drug discontinuation. RESULTS Both fluoxetine and aripiprazole had beneficial effects on behavioral response to amphetamine (1 mg/kg) at 3 months, ameliorating the impact of prenatal immune activation on offspring of poly I:C-treated dams. Significantly, both drugs also exerted effects in offspring of control (saline-treated) dams on locomotor response to injection. CONCLUSIONS Fluoxetine and aripiprazole pretreatment of poly I:C offspring from postnatal days 35 to 70 stabilized response to amphetamine exposure persisting through 3 months of age, similar to earlier findings in mice that fluoxetine treatment following prenatal immune activation prevented altered locomotor response to amphetamine. The current data also confirm earlier findings of potential adverse behavioral effects in offspring of control dams following treatment with fluoxetine and antipsychotic medications, highlighting the potential for both therapeutic as well as safety concerns with exposure to preventive pharmacological treatments over the course of adolescent development. Further study is needed to determine clinical and epidemiological consequences of these pre-clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service (V116A), 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, United States.
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Richtand NM, Ahlbrand R, Horn P, Stanford K, Bronson SL, McNamara RK. Effects of risperidone and paliperidone pre-treatment on locomotor response following prenatal immune activation. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1194-201. [PMID: 21440257 PMCID: PMC3156843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Limited data are available regarding pharmacological characteristics of effective interventions for psychosis prevention. Enrollment challenges in psychosis prevention trials impede screening diverse interventions for efficacy. Relevant animal models could help circumvent this barrier. We previously described prevention with risperidone of abnormal behavior following neonatal hippocampal lesion. We aimed to extend those findings evaluating risperidone and paliperidone following prenatal immune activation, a developmental model of a schizophrenia risk factor. We evaluated a later developmental time point to determine persistent effects of drug treatment. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with poly I:C or saline on gestational day 14. Offspring of poly I:C and saline-treated dams received risperidone (0.45 mg/kg/d), paliperidone (0.05 mg/kg/d), or vehicle from postnatal days 35-70. Locomotor responses to novelty, saline injection, and amphetamine (1 and 5 mg/kg) were determined at three months, i.e., 21 days following antipsychotic discontinuation. RESULTS Risperidone and paliperidone had persistent effects on behavioral response to amphetamine (1 mg/kg) at 3 months, ameliorating the impact of prenatal immune activation on offspring of poly I:C-treated dams. Risperidone, but not paliperidone, also exerted persistent effects in offspring of saline-treated dams on locomotor response to saline and amphetamine (5 mg/kg) injection. CONCLUSIONS Risperidone and paliperidone pre-treatment of poly I:C offspring during peri-pubertal development stabilized response to amphetamine exposure persisting into early adulthood. Prenatal immune activation provides a model for evaluating effects of an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia, and has potential utility for identifying pharmacological approaches to early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Richtand
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service (V116A), 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267,Corresponding Author: Neil M. Richtand, M.D., Ph.D., University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML0583, Cincinnati, OH 45267. Telephone: (513) 558-6657; Fax: (513) 558-0042;
| | - Rebecca Ahlbrand
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service (V116A), 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Paul Horn
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service (V116A), 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
| | - Kevin Stanford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Stefanie L. Bronson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Robert K. McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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Roenker NL, Gudelsky G, Ahlbrand R, Bronson SL, Kern JR, Waterman H, Richtand NM. Effect of paliperidone and risperidone on extracellular glutamate in the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to prenatal immune activation or MK-801. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:167-71. [PMID: 21699956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The NMDA glutamate hypofunction model of schizophrenia is based in part upon acute effects of NMDA receptor blockade in humans and rodents. Several laboratories have reported glutamate system abnormalities following prenatal exposure to immune challenge, a known environmental risk factor for schizophrenia. Here we report indices of NMDA glutamate receptor hypofunction following prenatal immune activation, as well as the effects of treatment during periadolescence with the atypical antipsychotic medications risperidone and paliperidone. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or saline on gestational day 14. Male offspring were treated orally via drinking water with vehicle, risperidone (0.01mg/kg/day), or paliperidone (0.01mg/kg/day) between postnatal days 35 and 56 (periadolescence) and extracellular glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex were determined by microdialysis at PD 56. Consistent with decreased NMDA receptor function, MK-801-induced increases in extracellular glutamate concentration were markedly blunted following prenatal immune activation. Further suggesting NMDA receptor hypofunction, prefrontal cortex basal extracellular glutamate was significantly elevated (p<0.05) in offspring of poly I:C treated dams. Pretreatment with low dose paliperidone or risperidone (0.01mg/kg/day postnatal days 35-56) normalized prefrontal cortical basal extracellular glutamate (p<0.05 vs. poly I:C vehicle-treatment). Pretreatment with paliperidone and risperidone also prevented the acute MK-801-induced increase in extracellular glutamate. These observations demonstrate decreased NMDA receptor function and elevated extracellular glutamate, two key features of the NMDA glutamate receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia, during periadolescence following prenatal immune activation. Treatment with the atypical antipsychotic medications paliperidone and risperidone normalized basal extracellular glutamate. Demonstration of glutamatergic abnormalities consistent with the NMDA glutamate receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia as an early developmental consequence of prenatal immune action provides a model to identify novel early interventions targeting glutamatergic systems which play an important role in both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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13
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Richtand NM, Liu Y, Ahlbrand R, Sullivan JR, Newman AH, McNamara RK. Dopaminergic regulation of dopamine D3 and D3nf receptor mRNA expression. Synapse 2011; 64:634-43. [PMID: 20340170 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptors have the highest dopamine affinity of all dopamine receptors, and may thereby regulate dopamine signaling mediated by volume transmission. Changes in D3 receptor isoform expression may alter D3 receptor function, however, little is known regarding coordination of D3 isoform expression in response to perturbations in dopaminergic stimulation. To determine the effects of dopamine receptor stimulation and blockade on D3 receptor alternative splicing, we determined D3 and D3nf isoform mRNA expression following treatment with the D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904, and the indirect dopamine agonist amphetamine. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, was also determined. The D3/D3nf mRNA expression ratio was increased in ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus 6 h following D3 antagonist NGB 2904 treatment, and remained persistently elevated at 24 h in hippocampus and substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum. D3 mRNA decreased 65% and D3nf mRNA expression decreased 71% in prefrontal cortex 24 h following amphetamine treatment, however, these changes did not reach statistical significance. TH mRNA expression was unaffected by D3 antagonist NGB 2904, but was elevated by amphetamine in ventral striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These findings provide evidence for an adaptive response to altered D3 receptor stimulation involving changes in D3 receptor alternative splicing. Additionally, these data suggest D3 autoreceptor regulation of dopamine synthesis does not involve regulation of TH mRNA expression. Finally, the observation of regulated TH mRNA expression in dopamine terminal fields provides experimental support for the model of local control of mRNA expression in adaptation to synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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14
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Bronson SL, Ahlbrand R, Horn PS, Kern JR, Richtand NM. Individual differences in maternal response to immune challenge predict offspring behavior: contribution of environmental factors. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:55-64. [PMID: 21255612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy elevates risk for schizophrenia and related disorders in offspring. Converging evidence suggests the maternal inflammatory response mediates the interaction between maternal infection, altered brain development, and behavioral outcome. The extent to which individual differences in the maternal response to immune challenge influence the development of these abnormalities is unknown. The present study investigated the impact of individual differences in maternal response to the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) on offspring behavior. We observed significant variability in body weight alterations of pregnant rats induced by administration of poly I:C on gestational day 14. Furthermore, the presence or absence of maternal weight loss predicted MK-801 and amphetamine stimulated locomotor abnormalities in offspring. MK-801 stimulated locomotion was altered in offspring of all poly I:C treated dams; however, the presence or absence of maternal weight loss resulted in decreased and modestly increased locomotion, respectively. Adult offspring of poly I:C treated dams that lost weight exhibited significantly decreased amphetamine stimulated locomotion, while offspring of poly I:C treated dams without weight loss performed similarly to vehicle controls. Social isolation and increased maternal age predicted weight loss in response to poly I:C but not vehicle injection. In combination, these data identify environmental factors associated with the maternal response to immune challenge and functional outcome of offspring exposed to maternal immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Bronson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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15
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Pitchers KK, Balfour ME, Lehman MN, Richtand NM, Yu L, Coolen LM. Neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic system induced by natural reward and subsequent reward abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:872-9. [PMID: 20015481 PMCID: PMC2854191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural reward and drugs of abuse converge on the mesolimbic system, where drugs of abuse induce neuronal alterations. Here, we tested plasticity in this system after natural reward and the subsequent impact on drug responses. METHODS Effects of sexual experience in male rats on behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference associated with d-amphetamine (AMPH) and Golgi-impregnated dendrites and spines of nucleus accumbens (NAc) cells were determined. Moreover, the impact of abstinence from sexual behavior in experienced males on these parameters was tested. RESULTS First, repeated sexual behavior induced a sensitized locomotor response to AMPH compared with sexually naive control subjects observed 1, 7, and 28 days after last mating session. Second, sexually experienced animals formed a conditioned place preference for lower doses of AMPH than sexually naive males, indicative of enhanced reward value of AMPH. Finally, Golgi-Cox analysis demonstrated increased numbers of dendrites and spines in the NAc core and shell with sexual experience. The latter two alterations were dependent on a period of abstinence of 7-10 days. CONCLUSIONS Sexual experience induces functional and morphological alterations in the mesolimbic system similar to repeated exposure to psychostimulants. Moreover, abstinence from sexual behavior after repeated mating was essential for increased reward for drugs and dendritic arbors of NAc neurons, suggesting that the loss of sexual reward might also contribute to neuroplasticity of the mesolimbic system. These results suggest that some alterations in the mesolimbic system are common for natural and drug reward and might play a role in general reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K. Pitchers
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | | | - Michael N. Lehman
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Neil M. Richtand
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Psychiatry Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Lei Yu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lique M. Coolen
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
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Ostrander MM, Ulrich-Lai YM, Choi DC, Flak JN, Richtand NM, Herman JP. Chronic stress produces enduring decreases in novel stress-evoked c-fos mRNA expression in discrete brain regions of the rat. Stress 2009; 12:469-77. [PMID: 20102318 PMCID: PMC3676895 DOI: 10.3109/10253890802641966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress produces numerous adaptations within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that persist well after cessation of chronic stress. We previously demonstrated profound attenuation of HPA axis responses to novel environment 4-7 days following chronic stress. The present study tests the hypothesis that this HPA axis hyporesponsivity is associated with reductions in stress-evoked c-fos mRNA expression, a marker of neuronal activation, in discrete brain regions. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 1 week of chronic variable stress (CVS), with unhandled rats serving as controls. Independent groups of control and CVS rats were exposed to novel environment at 16 h, 4 days, 7 days, or 30 days after CVS. Marked reductions of c-fos mRNA expression in the CVS group persisted for at least 30 days within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and for at least 1 week in rostroventrolateral septum and lateral hypothalamus. Lower levels of c-fos mRNA expression were observed at 16 h recovery in the ventrolateral medial preoptic area, basolateral amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and prelimbic cortex. The results demonstrate long-term alterations in neuronal activation within neurocircuits critical for regulation of physiological and psychological responses to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ostrander
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237-0506, USA
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17
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McNamara RK, Sullivan J, Richtand NM, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Campbell N, Lipton J. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augments amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in adult DBA/2J mice: Relationship with ventral striatum dopamine concentrations. Synapse 2008; 62:725-35. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford KE, Hahn CG, Richtand NM. Deficits in docosahexaenoic acid and associated elevations in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2008; 160:285-99. [PMID: 18715653 PMCID: PMC2620106 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous antemortem and postmortem tissue fatty acid composition studies have observed significant deficits in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in red blood cell (RBC) and postmortem cortical membranes of patients with unipolar depression. In the present study, we determined the fatty acid composition of postmortem orbitofrontal cortex (OFC, Brodmann area 10) of patients with bipolar disorder (n=18) and age-matched normal controls (n=19) by gas chromatography. After correction for multiple comparisons, DHA (-24%), arachidonic acid (-14%), and stearic acid (C18:0) (-4.5%) compositions were significantly lower, and cis-vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) (+12.5%) composition significantly higher, in the OFC of bipolar patients relative to normal controls. Based on metabolite:precursor ratios, significant elevations in arachidonic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid conversion/metabolism were observed in the OFC of bipolar patients, and were inversely correlated with DHA composition. Deficits in OFC DHA and arachidonic acid composition, and elevations in arachidonic acid metabolism, were numerically (but not significantly) greater in drug-free bipolar patients relative to patients treated with mood-stabilizer or antipsychotic medications. OFC DHA and arachidonic acid deficits were greater in patients plus normal controls with high vs. low alcohol abuse severity. These results add to a growing body of evidence implicating omega-3 fatty acid deficiency as well as the OFC in the pathoaetiology of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Ronald Jandacek
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Therese Rider
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Kevin E. Stanford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Neil M. Richtand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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McNamara RK, Sullivan J, Richtand NM. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augments amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in adult mice: prevention by chronic lithium treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:458-68. [PMID: 17628596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emerging data suggests that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency may be a risk factor for bipolar disorder. In the present study, we determined the effects of chronic dietary-induced omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and/or concomitant chronic lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment on amphetamine (AMPH)-induced behavioral sensitization, a phenomenon that may recruit neuroplastic mechanisms relevant to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. METHOD Adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to one four diets: Control (alpha-linolenic-fortified), Control+LiCl (0.255%), alpha-linolenic-Deficient, or Deficient+LiCl (0.255%), and behavioral testing initiated 65 days later. Locomotor activity was determined following 3 intermittent (separated by 7d) injections of amphetamine (AMPH) (1mg/kg). After behavioral testing, red blood cell (RBC) and regional brain (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, ventral striatum) fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS Each diet group exhibited comparable locomotor activity following acute AMPH treatment. However, the development of sensitization following repeated AMPH treatment was significantly augmented in Deficient mice relative to controls, and this augmented response was prevented by chronic LiCl treatment. Relative to controls, Deficient mice exhibited deficits in RBC and regional brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) composition, reciprocal elevations in vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-6) compositions, and elevations in AA:DHA, oleic acid:DHA, and DPA:DHA ratios. The fatty acid abnormalities in Deficient mice were not altered by concurrent chronic lithium treatment. Mice fed the Control+LiCl diet exhibited a significant increase in AA composition in RBC and all brain regions, and an elevated AA:DHA ratio in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, relative to Controls. Fatty acid composition in RBC and different brain regions were predominantly positively correlated. Within the ventral striatum, DHA composition was inversely correlated, and AA:DHA and oleic acid:DHA ratios positively correlated, with total distance traveled following the final AMPH treatment. CONCLUSION These data indicate that alterations in fatty acid composition resulting from dietary-induced omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augment the development of AMPH-induced behavioral sensitization in a manner that is prevented by chronic lithium treatment. The implications of these findings for understanding the contribution of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency to the pathophysiology and progression of bipolar disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
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20
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Abstract
There has been significant recent growth in programmes evaluating preventive treatment for individuals exhibiting prodromal symptoms, at high risk of developing first-episode psychosis. Because of the tremendous human and economic burden of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, primary prevention modalities of even modest impact would likely have important public health consequence. Several published clinical trials suggest that antipsychotic medications have beneficial effects in either preventing or postponing the emergence of first-episode psychosis in individuals at high risk of psychosis. It is not clear, however, that antipsychotic drugs are the most effective, or safest, pharmacological treatment for psychosis prevention. Mechanisms for primary prevention (intervening to remove a cause of illness) and treatment are not necessarily similar. All of the medications developed for treatment of psychosis rely on tertiary prevention, and there is no a priori reason to assume that these treatments would be the safest and most effective primary preventive treatment of first-episode psychosis. Evidence suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin 5-HT(2A) and dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, mood-stabilizing medications, GABAergic, glutamatergic and neuroprotective compounds may also be beneficial primary prevention drugs for first-episode psychosis. While there are indications that effective preventive interventions are feasible, data on safety and efficacy of primary preventive treatment interventions are limited and published studies highlight the enrollment challenges facing efforts to identify the safest and most effective preventive treatment interventions through human clinical trials. Treatments preventing behavioural alterations using developmental animal models with relevance to limbic system neurobiology could therefore be useful in focusing hypotheses regarding effective treatments for psychosis prevention. In one such study, low-dose risperidone pre-treatment prevented behavioural abnormalities following neonatal hippocampal lesions, while higher risperidone pre-treatment was ineffective. These findings support the predictive validity of the neonatal hippocampal lesion model in identifying psychosis prevention interventions, provide theoretical support for the use of low-dose risperidone in prevention of first-episode psychosis and suggest the possibility that higher risperidone doses could be less effective than low dosages in this application. These observations also suggest a potential role for selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists as drug development targets for psychosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service (V116A), 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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21
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Yates JW, Meij JTA, Sullivan JR, Richtand NM, Yu L. Bimodal effect of amphetamine on motor behaviors in C57BL/6 mice. Neurosci Lett 2007; 427:66-70. [PMID: 17920769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine-induced motor behaviors, i.e., locomotor and stereotypic activities, were simultaneously characterized in C57BL/6 mice, a strain commonly used for genetic studies. Our findings show relatively high levels of focused activities in drug-naive C57BL/6 mice, confirming the lively nature of this mouse strain. Acute amphetamine induced a dose-dependent, bimodal response: locomotion predominated at lower doses of amphetamine and was gradually displaced by stereotypic behavior as dose and time increased. The sum total of both behavioral activities increased with amphetamine dose, supporting the notion that amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy form a continuum. These data provide a basis for using C57BL/6 mice as a strain to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying psychostimulant effects, drug addiction and psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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22
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Abstract
The relationship between clinically effective antipsychotic drug dosage and binding affinity to cloned dopamine (DA) and serotonin receptor subtypes was analyzed in an effort to elucidate the contribution of individual receptor subtypes to medication response. Clinically effective dose and binding affinity to D(2) DA receptor were modestly correlated for typical antipsychotic medications (r=0.54, p=0.046), but surprisingly were not correlated for atypical antipsychotics (r=0.41, p=0.31). For typical antipsychotics, a more robust inverse relationship was observed between medication dose and 5-HT(2C) affinity (r=-0.68, p=0.021). The strongest correlation for typical antipsychotics was observed between drug dosage and 5-HT(2C)/D(2) binding affinity ratio (r=-0.81, p=0.003). For atypical antipsychotics, no significant correlations were identified between medication dosage and 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C)/D(2), or 5-HT(2A)/D(2) receptor-binding affinities. In contrast, atypical antipsychotic medication dosage was highly correlated with the ratios of D(2) (5-HT(2A)/5-HT(1A)) (r=0.80, p=0.031), and D(2) (5-HT(2C)/5-HT(1A)) (r=0.78, p=0.038) binding affinities. These observations demonstrate an interaction between D(2) and 5-HT(2C) receptor effects contributing to positive symptom response for typical antipsychotic medications, suggesting that signaling through 5-HT(2C) receptors interacts with and improves antipsychotic effects achieved via D(2) receptor blockade. This analysis also demonstrates that, in contrast to typical antipsychotics, therapeutic effects of atypical antipsychotic medications are determined by opposing interactions among three different domains: (1) increasing D(2) DA receptor-binding affinity enhances antipsychotic potency. (2) Increasing 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(2A) receptor-binding affinities also facilitate antipsychotic efficacy. (3) Increasing 5-HT(1A) receptor-binding affinity, in contrast, reduces antipsychotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Psychiatry Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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23
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McNamara RK, Hahn CG, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford KE, Richtand NM. Selective deficits in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:17-24. [PMID: 17188654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological surveys and peripheral tissue (red blood cells/plasma) fatty acid composition studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide. It was hypothesized that patients with MDD would exhibit lower frontal cortical concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the principal omega-3 fatty acid in brain, relative to normal controls. METHODS We determined the total fatty acid composition of postmortem orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's Area 10) from patients with DSM-IV-defined MDD (n = 15) and age-matched normal controls (n = 27) by gas chromatography. RESULTS After correction for multiple comparisons, the omega-3 fatty acid DHA was the only fatty acid that was significantly different (-22%) in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of MDD patients relative to normal controls. Deficits in DHA concentrations were greater in female MDD patients (-32%) than in male MDD patients (-16%), and could not be wholly attributed to lifestyle factors or postmortem tissue variables. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a selective deficit in the omega-3 fatty acid DHA in the orbitofrontal cortex of patients with MDD. This finding adds to a growing body of evidence implicating omega-3 fatty acid deficiency as well as the orbitofrontal cortex in the pathophysiology and potentially pathogenesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0559, USA.
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Pritchard LM, Newman AH, McNamara RK, Logue AD, Taylor B, Welge JA, Xu M, Zhang J, Richtand NM. The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904 increases spontaneous and amphetamine-stimulated locomotion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:718-26. [PMID: 17408730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor is believed to play an important role in regulation of rodent locomotor behavior, and has been proposed as a therapeutic target for substance abuse, psychotic disorders, and Parkinson's disease. One model of dopamine D3 receptor function, based on studies utilizing D3 receptor knockout mice and D3 receptor-preferring agonists, proposes that D3 receptor stimulation is inhibitory to psychostimulant-induced locomotion, in opposition to the effects of concurrent dopamine D1 and D2 receptor stimulation. Recent progress in medicinal chemistry has led to the development of highly-selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists. In order to extend our understanding of D3 dopamine receptor's behavioral functions, we determined the effects of the highly-selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904 on amphetamine-stimulated and spontaneous locomotion in wild-type and dopamine D3 receptor knockout mice. NGB 2904 (26.0 microg/kg s.c.) enhanced amphetamine-stimulated locomotion in wild-type mice, but had no measurable effect in dopamine D3 receptor knockout mice. Of a range of doses (0.026 microg-1.0 mg/kg) given acutely or once daily for seven days, the highest dose of NGB 2904 (1.0 mg/kg) stimulated spontaneous locomotion in wild-type mice, but was without measurable effect in dopamine D3 receptor knockout mice. These behavioral effects of NGB 2904 contrast with those described for other highly D3 receptor-selective antagonists, which have not previously demonstrated an effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. In combination, these data add to the behavioral profile of this novel D3 receptor ligand and provide further support for a role for dopamine D3 receptor inhibitory function in the modulation of rodent locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel M Pritchard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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25
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McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Hahn CG, Richtand NM, Stanford KE. Abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients: gender differences and partial normalization with antipsychotic medications. Schizophr Res 2007; 91:37-50. [PMID: 17236749 PMCID: PMC1853256 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have observed significant abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of peripheral tissues from drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenic (SZ) patients relative to normal controls, including deficits in omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are partially normalized following chronic antipsychotic treatment. We hypothesized that postmortem cortical tissue from patients with SZ would also exhibit deficits in cortical docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) relative to normal controls, and that these deficits would be greater in drug-free SZ patients. We determined the total fatty acid composition of postmortem orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (Brodmann area 10) from drug-free and antipsychotic-treated SZ patients (n=21) and age-matched normal controls (n=26) by gas chromatography. After correction for multiple comparisons, significantly lower DHA (-20%) concentrations, and significantly greater vaccenic acid (VA) (+12.5) concentrations, were found in the OFC of SZ patients relative to normal controls. Relative to age-matched same-gender controls, OFC DHA deficits, and elevated AA:DHA, oleic acid:DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6):DHA ratios, were found in male but not female SZ patients. SZ patients that died of cardiovascular-related disease exhibited lower DHA (-31%) and AA (-19%) concentrations, and greater OA (+20%) and VA (+17%) concentrations, relative to normal controls that also died of cardiovascular-related disease. OFC DHA and AA deficits, and elevations in oleic acid and vaccenic acid, were numerically greater in drug-free SZ patients and were partially normalized in SZ patients treated with antipsychotic medications (atypical>typical). Fatty acid abnormalities could not be wholly attributed to lifestyle or postmortem tissue variables. These findings add to a growing body of evidence implicating omega-3 fatty acid deficiency as well as the OFC in the pathoaetiology of SZ, and suggest that abnormalities in OFC fatty acid composition may be gender-specific and partially normalized by antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, United States.
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Abstract
Behavioral sensitization, the progressive and enduring augmentation of certain behaviors following repetitive drug use, alters rodent locomotion in a long-standing manner. The same dopamine pathways playing an important role in drug dependence and psychosis also play a critical role in sensitization. Individual dopamine receptor subtypes have markedly different functional responses to stimulation, with D3 dopamine receptor stimulation inhibiting rodent locomotion. The D3 receptor has highest affinity of the dopamine receptor subtypes for dopamine, and is occupied to a greater degree following stimulant drug administration. D3 receptor activity may be regulated through the expression of an alternatively spliced, truncated receptor isoform (termed 'D3nf') altering receptor localization and function via dimerization with the full-length subunit. The expected physiological response to repetitive drug administration is tolerance. Tolerance of D3 receptor inhibition of locomotion would contribute to sensitization to stimulant drugs. We hypothesize that repetitive D3 receptor stimulation contributes to the development of behavioral sensitization through decreased responsivity of D3-receptor-mediated locomotor inhibition. Increased D3nf expression may direct altered receptor localization and subsequent release of D3-receptor-mediated inhibition, contributing to the expression of sensitization. These hypotheses follow directly from the affinities of the receptor subtypes for dopamine; dopamine concentrations following stimulant administration; the effects of individual dopamine receptor subtype stimulation on locomotion; and the expected homeostatic response of the system to perturbation by drug. Clarifying these mechanisms underlying sensitization may suggest new interventions for neuropsychiatric conditions in which dopamine plays an important role, including psychosis, drug dependence, and Parkinson's disease. This information may also elucidate a previously unrecognized mechanism regulating receptor trafficking and desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Psychiatry Service (V116A), Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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McNamara RK, Logue A, Stanford K, Xu M, Zhang J, Richtand NM. Dose-response analysis of locomotor activity and stereotypy in dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice following acute amphetamine. Synapse 2006; 60:399-405. [PMID: 16856172 PMCID: PMC1815379 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) stimulation is inhibitory to spontaneous and psychostimulant-induced locomotion through opposition of concurrent D1R and D2R-mediated signaling. To evaluate this model, we used homozygous D3R mutant mice and wild-type controls to investigate the role of the D3R in locomotor activity and stereotypy stimulated by acute amphetamine (AMPH) (0.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg). At the lowest dose tested (0.2 mg/kg), neither D3R mutant mice nor wild-type mice exhibited measurable change in locomotor activity or stereotypy relative to their respective saline-treated controls. D3R mutant mice exhibited a significantly greater increase in locomotor activity, but not stereotypy, relative to wild-type mice in response to treatment with AMPH 2.5 mg/kg. AMPH-induced locomotor activity and stereotypy were similar in both wild-type and D3R mutant mice at both the 5.0 and 10 mg/kg AMPH doses. These findings provide further support for an inhibitory role for the D3R in AMPH-induced locomotor activity, and demonstrate a more limited role for the D3R in modulating AMPH-induced stereotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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McNamara RK, Ostrander M, Abplanalp W, Richtand NM, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ. Modulation of phosphoinositide-protein kinase C signal transduction by omega-3 fatty acids: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 75:237-57. [PMID: 16935483 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide (PI)-protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway is initiated by pre- and postsynaptic Galphaq-coupled receptors, and regulates several clinically relevant neurochemical events, including neurotransmitter release efficacy, monoamine receptor function and trafficking, monoamine transporter function and trafficking, axonal myelination, and gene expression. Mounting evidence for PI-PKC signaling hyperactivity in the peripheral (platelets) and central (premortem and postmortem brain) tissues of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, coupled with evidence that PI-PKC signal transduction is down-regulated in rat brain following chronic, but not acute, treatment with antipsychotic, mood-stabilizer, and antidepressant medications, suggest that PI-PKC hyperactivity is central to an underlying pathophysiology. Evidence that membrane omega-3 fatty acids act as endogenous antagonists of the PI-PKC signal transduction pathway, coupled with evidence that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is observed in peripheral and central tissues of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, support the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency may contribute to elevated PI-PKC activity in these illnesses. The data reviewed in this paper outline a potential molecular mechanism by which omega-3 fatty acids could contribute to the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
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McNamara RK, Levant B, Taylor B, Ahlbrand R, Liu Y, Sullivan JR, Stanford K, Richtand NM. C57BL/6J mice exhibit reduced dopamine D3 receptor-mediated locomotor-inhibitory function relative to DBA/2J mice. Neuroscience 2006; 143:141-53. [PMID: 16938406 PMCID: PMC1815378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have identified greater sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulating, sensitizing, and reinforcing effects of amphetamine in inbred C57BL/6J mice relative to inbred DBA/2J mice. The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of rodent locomotor activity, and exerts inhibitory opposition to D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated signaling. Based on these observations, we investigated D3R expression and D3R-mediated locomotor-inhibitory function, as well as D1R binding and D1R-mediated locomotor-stimulating function, in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. C57BL/6J mice exhibited lower D3R binding density (-32%) in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens/islands of Calleja), lower D3R mRNA expression (-26%) in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum, and greater D3R mRNA expression (+40%) in the hippocampus, relative to DBA/2J mice. There were no strain differences in DR3 mRNA expression in the ventral striatum or prefrontal cortex, nor were there differences in D1R binding in the ventral striatum. Behaviorally, C57BL/6J mice were less sensitive to the locomotor-inhibitory effect of the D3R agonist PD128907 (10 microg/kg), and more sensitive to the locomotor-stimulating effects of novelty, amphetamine (1 mg/kg), and the D1R-like agonist +/- -1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8,-diol hydrochloride (SKF38393) (5-20 mg/kg) than DBA/2J mice. While the selective D3R antagonist N-(4-[4-{2,3-dichlorphenyl}-1 piperazinyl]butyl)-2-fluorenylcarboxamide (NGB 2904) (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) augmented novelty-, amphetamine-, and SKF38393-induced locomotor activity in DBA/2J mice, it reduced novelty-induced locomotor activity in C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that C57BL/6J mice exhibit less D3R-mediated inhibitory function relative to DBA/2J mice, and suggest that reduced D3R-mediated inhibitory function may contribute to heightened sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulating effects of amphetamine in the C57BL/6J mouse strain. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that comparisons between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse strains provide a model for elucidating the molecular determinants of genetic influence on D3R function.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Benzopyrans/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Fluorenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Oxazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/physiology
- Species Specificity
- Tritium/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
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Pritchard LM, Logue AD, Taylor BC, Ahlbrand R, Welge JA, Tang Y, Sharp FR, Richtand NM. Relative expression of D3 dopamine receptor and alternative splice variant D3nf mRNA in high and low responders to novelty. Brain Res Bull 2006; 70:296-303. [PMID: 17027765 PMCID: PMC1815377 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies in rodents suggest an important role for the D3 dopamine receptor in regulating locomotor responses to spatial novelty and psychostimulants. The D3 receptor alternatively spliced variant D3nf produces a non-dopamine binding protein that may alter D3 receptor localization by dimerizing with the full-length receptor. In the high responder/low responder (HR/LR) model, the locomotor response to an inescapable, novel spatial environment predicts individual differences in the locomotor and rewarding effects of psychostimulants. We hypothesized that individual differences in D3 receptor expression could contribute to individual differences in the locomotor response to novelty in the HR/LR model. To test this hypothesis, we screened rats for response to a novel spatial environment and analyzed brain tissue for mRNA levels of the D3 receptor and D3nf by real-time RT-PCR. The ratios of D3/D3nf mRNA in prefrontal cortex and substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum were significantly lower in HRs than in LRs. There were no differences in relative expression of D3/D3nf between HRs and LRs in nucleus accumbens. These data further support a role for the D3 dopamine receptor in behavioral responses to novelty and, given the established relationship between novelty and psychostimulant responses, suggest that the D3 receptor may be an important target for assessment of drug abuse vulnerability. Additionally, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that alternative splicing may contribute to regulation of D3 dopamine receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel M Pritchard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Grimm SW, Richtand NM, Winter HR, Stams KR, Reele SB. Effects of cytochrome P450 3A modulators ketoconazole and carbamazepine on quetiapine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61:58-69. [PMID: 16390352 PMCID: PMC1884989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the potential for drug interactions on quetiapine pharmacokinetics using in vitro and in vivo assessments. METHODS The CYP enzymes responsible for quetiapine metabolite formation were assessed using recombinant expressed CYPs and CYP-selective inhibitors. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transport was tested in MDCK cells expressing the human MDR1 gene. The effects of CYP3A4 inhibition were evaluated clinically in 12 healthy volunteers that received 25 mg quetiapine before and after 4 days of treatment with ketoconazole 200 mg daily. To assess CYP3A4 induction in vivo, 18 patients with psychiatric disorders were titrated to steady-state quetiapine levels (300 mg twice daily), then titrated to 600 mg daily carbamazepine for 2 weeks. RESULTS CYP3A4 was found to be responsible for formation of quetiapine sulfoxide and N- and O-desalkylquetiapine and not a Pgp substrate. In the clinical studies, ketoconazole increased mean quetiapine plasma C(max) by 3.35-fold, from 45 to 150 ng ml(-1) (mean C(max) ratio 90% CI 2.51, 4.47) and decreased its clearance (Cl/F) by 84%, from 138 to 22 l h(-1) (mean ratio 90% CI 0.13, 0.20). Carbamazepine decreased quetiapine plasma C(max) by 80%, from 1042 to 205 ng ml(-1) (mean C(max) ratio 90% CI 0.14, 0.28) and increased its clearance 7.5-fold, from 65 to 483 l h(-1) (mean ratio 90% CI 6.04, 9.28). CONCLUSIONS Cytochrome P450 3A4 is a primary enzyme responsible for the metabolic clearance of quetiapine. Quetiapine pharmacokinetics were affected by concomitant administration of ketoconazole and carbamazepine, and therefore other drugs and ingested natural products that strongly modulate the activity or expression of CYP3A4 would be predicted to change exposure to quetiapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Grimm
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA.
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32
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Ostrander MM, Ulrich-Lai YM, Choi DC, Richtand NM, Herman JP. Hypoactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis during recovery from chronic variable stress. Endocrinology 2006; 147:2008-17. [PMID: 16396985 PMCID: PMC1815381 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress induces both functional and structural adaptations within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, suggestive of long-term alterations in neuroendocrine reactivity to subsequent stressors. We hypothesized that prior chronic stress would produce persistent enhancement of HPA axis reactivity to novel stressors. Adult male rats were exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS) for 1 wk and allowed to recover. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were measured in control or CVS rats exposed to novel psychogenic (novel environment or restraint) or systemic (hypoxia) stressors at 16 h, 4 d, 7 d, or 30 d after CVS cessation. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to psychogenic stressors were attenuated at 4 d (novel environment and restraint) and 7 d (novel environment only) recovery from CVS, whereas hormonal responses to the systemic stressor were largely unaffected by CVS. CRH mRNA expression was up-regulated in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) at 16 h after cessation of CVS, but no other alterations in PVN CRH or arginine vasopressin mRNA expression were observed. Thus, in contrast to our hypothesis, reductions of HPA axis sensitivity to psychogenic stressors manifested at delayed recovery time points after CVS. The capacity of the HPA axis to respond to a systemic stressor appeared largely intact during recovery from CVS. These data suggest that chronic stress selectively targets brain circuits responsible for integration of psychogenic stimuli, resulting in decreased HPA axis responsiveness, possibly mediated in part by transitory alterations in PVN CRH expression.
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Richtand NM, Taylor B, Welge JA, Ahlbrand R, Ostrander MM, Burr J, Hayes S, Coolen LM, Pritchard LM, Logue A, Herman JP, McNamara RK. Risperidone pretreatment prevents elevated locomotor activity following neonatal hippocampal lesions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:77-89. [PMID: 15957008 PMCID: PMC1847785 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-standing behavioral abnormalities emerge after puberty in rats following neonatal hippocampal lesion, providing a developmental model of abnormal rat behavior that may have predictive validity in identifying compounds effective in treating symptoms of schizophrenia. We sought to test the predictive validity of the neonatal hippocampal lesion model in identifying preventive treatment for first-episode psychosis. We determined the effect of risperidone, recently studied for prevention of first-episode psychosis, on the development of elevated locomotor activity following neonatal hippocampal lesions. Rat pups received hippocampal or sham lesions on postnatal day 7, followed by treatment with risperidone or vehicle from postnatal days 35 to 56. Locomotor activity in response to novelty, amphetamine, and nocturnal locomotion were determined on postnatal day 57. Low-dose risperidone (45 microg/kg) pretreatment prevented elevated locomotor activity in some, but not all, of the behavioral tasks following neonatal hippocampal lesions. In contrast, higher risperidone pretreatment was less effective in preventing elevated locomotor activity following neonatal hippocampal lesions. Because low risperidone dosages were also found to be effective in preventing first-episode psychosis in human studies, these data support the predictive validity of the hippocampal lesion model in identifying medications for prevention of first-episode psychosis. Additionally, these data support the use of low-dose risperidone in psychosis prevention, and suggest the possibility that higher risperidone doses could be less effective in this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service (V116A), Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Sah R, Pritchard LM, Richtand NM, Ahlbrand R, Eaton K, Sallee FR, Herman JP. Expression of the glucocorticoid-induced receptor mRNA in rat brain. Neuroscience 2005; 133:281-92. [PMID: 15893650 PMCID: PMC1815382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid-induced receptor (GIR) is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor awaiting pharmacological characterization. GIR was originally identified in murine thymoma cells, and shows a widespread, yet not completely complementary distribution in mouse and human brain. Expression of the mouse GIR gene is modulated by dexamethasone in the brain and periphery, suggesting that GIR function is directly responsive to glucocorticoid signals. The rat GIR was cloned from rat prefrontal cortex by our group and was shown to be up-regulated following chronic amphetamine. The physiological role of GIR in the rat is not known at present. In order to gain a clearer understanding of the potential functions of GIR in the rat, we performed a detailed mapping of GIR mRNA expression in the rat brain. GIR mRNA showed widespread distribution in forebrain limbic and thalamic structures, and a more restricted distribution in hindbrain areas such as the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the median raphe nucleus. Areas with moderate to high levels of GIR include olfactory regions such as the nucleus of olfactory tract, hippocampus, various thalamic nuclei, cortical layers, and some hypothalamic nuclei. In comparison with previous studies, significant regional differences exist in GIR distribution in mouse and rat brain, particularly in the thalamus, striatum and in hippocampus at a cellular level. Overall, the expression of GIR in rat brain more closely approaches that seen previously in human than mouse, suggesting that rat models may be more informative for understanding the role of GIR in glucocorticoid physiology and glucocorticoid-related disease states. GIR mRNA distribution in the rat indicates a potential role of this receptor in the control of feeding and ingestive behavior, regulation of stress and emotional behavior, learning and memory, and, drug reinforcement and reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229-0559, USA.
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35
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Ostrander MM, Richtand NM, Herman JP. Stress and amphetamine induce Fos expression in medial prefrontal cortex neurons containing glucocorticoid receptors. Brain Res 2004; 990:209-14. [PMID: 14568346 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stress or amphetamine potently activates the immediate early gene, c-fos, within medial prefrontal cortex neurons, but the phenotype of these neurons is not known. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry was used to determine that a large subpopulation of medial prefrontal cortex cells expressing Fos protein after restraint and amphetamine also co-express nuclear glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). These findings suggest exposure to amphetamine activates the same medial prefrontal cortex regions responsible for integration of responses to stress, and suggest the potential for AP1-glucocorticoid cross-talk in these cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Ostrander
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Med. Sci. Bldg., Rm. G551, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
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Richtand NM, Welge JA, Levant B, Logue AD, Hayes S, Pritchard LM, Geracioti TD, Coolen LM, Berger SP. Altered behavioral response to dopamine D3 receptor agonists 7-OH-DPAT and PD 128907 following repetitive amphetamine administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1422-32. [PMID: 12700693 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization, the progressive and enduring enhancement of certain behaviors following repetitive drug use, is mediated in part by dopaminergic pathways. Increased locomotor response to drug treatment, a sensitizable behavior, is modulated by an opposing balance of dopamine receptor subtypes, with D1/D2 dopamine receptor stimulation increasing and D3 dopamine receptor activation inhibiting amphetamine-induced locomotion. We hypothesize that tolerance of D3 receptor locomotor inhibition contributes to behavioral sensitization. In order to test the hypothesis that expression of behavioral sensitization results in part from release of D3 receptor-mediated inhibition, thereby resulting in decreased response to D3 receptor agonists, we examined the effect of repetitive amphetamine administration on the behavioral response to the D3 receptor preferring agonists 7-OH-DPAT and PD 128907. D3-selective effects have recently been described for both drugs at a low dose. At 1 week following completion of a repetitive treatment regimen, amphetamine-pretreated rats displayed a decreased response to D3-selective doses of both 7-OH-DPAT and PD 128907, when compared to animals receiving saline pretreatment. Moreover, in addition to the quantitative alteration in response, there was a change in the inter-relation between response to amphetamine and D3 agonist. A highly significant inverse relation between locomotor inhibitory response to PD 128907 and the locomotor-stimulant response to amphetamine was observed prior to amphetamine treatment. In contrast, 10 days following repetitive amphetamine treatment, the relation between response to PD 128907 and amphetamine was not detected. The observed behavioral alteration could not be accounted for by changes in D3 receptor binding in ventral striatum. These findings suggest a persistent release of D3 receptor-mediated inhibitory influence contributes to the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Department of Psychiatry V-116A, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Richtand NM. Analysis of gene expression in striatal tissue by multiprobe RNase protection assay. Methods Mol Med 2003; 79:181-92. [PMID: 12506697 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-358-5:181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Richtand
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Pritchard LM, Logue AD, Hayes S, Welge JA, Xu M, Zhang J, Berger SP, Richtand NM. 7-OH-DPAT and PD 128907 selectively activate the D3 dopamine receptor in a novel environment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:100-7. [PMID: 12496945 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The D3 dopamine receptor is expressed primarily in limbic brain areas, and appears to play an inhibitory role in rodent locomotor behavior. Evidence suggests a potential role for the D3 receptor in the pathology of neuropsychiatric disease. Progress in elucidating D3 receptor function has been hampered, however, by a lack of well-characterized, selective ligands and by conflicting information regarding the behavioral phenotype of D3 receptor knockout mice. Here, we describe studies evaluating the behavioral effects of (+/-)-7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) and PD 128907, two D3 receptor agonists whose in vivo selectivity has been a topic of considerable controversy. We demonstrate that both compounds inhibit locomotion under novel environmental conditions in wild-type (WT) mice, but are without measurable behavioral effect under identical conditions in D3 receptor knockout mice. Additionally, we demonstrate that at low, D3 selective doses, these compounds are without behavioral effect in both WT and D3 receptor knockout mice that have acclimated to the testing environment. These findings suggest that D3 receptor stimulation inhibits novelty-stimulated locomotion, and establish conditions for the use of 7-OH-DPAT and PD 128907 as D3 receptor agonists in vivo. Potential implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel M Pritchard
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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40
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Abstract
Behavioral sensitization, the progressive and enduring enhancement of certain stimulant-induced behaviors following repetitive drug use, is mediated in part by dopaminergic pathways known to play a role in drug dependence. It has been theorized that sensitization underlies the development of drug craving and initiates addictive behaviors of drug dependence. We propose that down-regulation of D3 dopamine receptor function contributes to sensitization. Rodent locomotion is regulated by the opposing influence of dopamine receptor subtypes, with D3 stimulation inhibiting and concurrent D1/D2 receptor activation stimulating locomotion. The D3 receptor has greater occupancy than D1 or D2 receptors following stimulant drug administration. Sensitization may therefore result in part from greater accommodation of the inhibitory D3 receptor "brake" on locomotion, leading to progressive locomotion increase following repeated stimulant exposure. Further study is needed to test this proposed model, and to clarify the role of individual dopamine receptor subtypes in sensitization and drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Richtand
- Cincinnati Vetrans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service, OH 45220, USA.
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41
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Abstract
We present the case for a model-based approach to the statistical analysis of rodent locomotion data for which previous research has established that the time course of behavioral change follows a specified parametric form. Inadequacies of statistical methods commonly applied to such data are described. Regression models can reveal time-dependent aspects of response that might escape more elementary analyses, as we illustrate with experimental data regarding the locomotion response to amphetamine. Inter-individual variation in response profiles is incorporated through the use of random coefficients (i.e. mixed effects models). These models provide an effective means of quantifying the extent of individual differences in behavioral response to stimulant drugs not attributable to treatment. The need to adjust for multiple comparisons when searching for regions of significant difference is discussed. We present specific models that we have found useful for characterizing responses to low doses of amphetamine or cocaine (the log-logistic random effects model) and higher or repetitive doses of amphetamine or cocaine (the polynomial random effects model). Code for performing these analyses with standard statistical software is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Welge
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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42
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Wang D, Herman JP, Pritchard LM, Spitzer RH, Ahlbrand RL, Kramer GL, Petty F, Sallee FR, Richtand NM. Cloning, expression, and regulation of a glucocorticoid-induced receptor in rat brain: effect of repetitive amphetamine. J Neurosci 2001; 21:9027-35. [PMID: 11698613 PMCID: PMC6762284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants involves neuroadaptation of stress-responsive systems. We have identified and sequenced a glucocorticoid-induced receptor (GIR) cDNA from rat prefrontal cortex. The full-length GIR cDNA encodes a 422 amino acid protein belonging to G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Although the ligand for GIR is still unknown, the dendrogram construction indicates that GIR may belong to peptide receptor subfamily (e.g., substance P receptor), with more distant relationship to subfamilies of glycoprotein hormone receptors (e.g., thyrotropin receptor) and biogenic amine receptors (e.g., dopamine receptor). GIR shares 31-34% amino acid identity to the tachykinin receptors (substance P receptor, neurokinin A receptor, and neurokinin B receptor). GIR mRNA is expressed preferentially in brain, and its neuronal expression is relegated to limbic brain regions, particularly in forebrain. GIR transcript levels are increased significantly and persistently in prefrontal cortex for 7 d after discontinuation of chronic amphetamine exposure. The induction of GIR expression by amphetamine is associated with augmented behavioral activation. These findings suggest that modulation of GIR expression may be involved in behavioral sensitization, and GIR may play a role at the interface between stress and neuroadaptation to psychostimulants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- Prefrontal Cortex/chemistry
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stress, Physiological/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Pharmacology Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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43
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Abstract
Behavioral sensitization is a progressive, enduring enhancement of behaviors that develops following repeated stimulant administration. It is mediated in part by dopaminergic pathways that also modulate a number of psychiatric conditions including the development of psychosis. We propose that down-regulation of D3 dopamine receptor function in critical brain regions contributes to sensitization. Rodent locomotion, a sensitizable behavior, is regulated by the opposing influence of dopamine receptor subtypes, with D3 stimulation opposing concurrent D1 and D2 receptor activation. The D3 dopamine receptor has a 70-fold greater affinity for dopamine than D1 or D2 dopamine receptors. This imbalance in ligand affinity dictates greater occupancy for D3 than D1 or D2 receptors at typical dopamine concentrations following stimulant drug administration, resulting in differences in the relative tolerance at D3 vs D1 and D2 receptors. Sensitization may therefore result in part from accommodation of the inhibitory D3 receptor 'brake' on D1/D2 mediated behaviors, leading to a progressive locomotion increase following repeated stimulant exposure. The requirement for differential tolerance at D3 vs D1 and D2 receptors may explain the observed development of sensitization following application of cocaine, but not amphetamine, directly into nucleus accumbens. If correct, the 'D3 Dopamine Receptor Hypothesis' suggests D3 antagonists could prevent sensitization, and may interrupt the development of psychosis when administered during the prodromal phase of psychotic illness. Additional study is needed to clarify the role of the D3 dopamine receptor in sensitization and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Richtand
- Department of Psychiatry, V-116A, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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44
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Geracioti TD, Loosen PT, Ekhator NN, Schmidt D, Chambliss B, Baker DG, Kasckow JW, Richtand NM, Keck PE, Ebert MH. Uncoupling of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in depression: preliminary evidence from continuous cerebrospinal fluid sampling. Depress Anxiety 2000; 6:89-94. [PMID: 9442982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We used the technique of continuous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling to test the following hypotheses regarding CNS monoaminergic systems in depression: (1) absolute concentrations of the informational substances tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are altered in the CNS of depressed patients (2) abnormal rhythms of tryptophan and/or 5-HIAA, or defective conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (5HT), exist in the CNS of depressed patients, and (3) the relationship between the CNS 5HT and norepinephrine (NE) systems is disrupted in depressed patients. We obtained 6-h concentration time series of tryptophan, 5-HIAA, NE, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in the CSF of 10 patients with major depression and in 10 normal volunteers. No significant differences in CSF tryptophan, 5-HIAA, NE, or MHPG concentrations or rhythms were observed between normal volunteers and depressed patients. Neither were there differences in the mean tryptophan-to-serotonin ratio. However, a negative linear relationship was observed between mean concentrations of 5-HIAA and NE in the CSF of the normal volunteers (r = 0.916 [r2 = 0.839], df = 9, P < 0.001) while, in contrast, depressed patients showed no such relationship (r = +0.094 [r2 = 0.00877], df = 9, n.s.). Furthermore, the correlation coefficients expressing the relationship between CSF MHPG and CSF 5-HIAA within the normal and depressed groups were significantly different. These data support the hypothesis that a disturbance in the interaction between the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems can exist in depressive illness in the absence of any simple 5HT or NE deficit or surplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Geracioti
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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45
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Richtand NM, Logue AD, Welge JA, Perdiue J, Tubbs LJ, Spitzer RH, Sethuraman G, Geracioti TD. The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist nafadotride inhibits development of locomotor sensitization to amphetamine. Brain Res 2000; 867:239-42. [PMID: 10837819 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization is a well-studied model of behavioral plasticity mediated at least in part by dopaminergic systems believed to play an important role in several psychiatric conditions. In the rodent, locomotion is regulated by the opposing balance of D3 and D2 receptors, with D2 activation increasing and D3 stimulation inhibiting locomotion. However, receptor occupancy of D3 dopamine receptors is far greater than D2 or D1 occupancy at typical post-stimulant dopamine concentrations. We therefore hypothesized that tolerance of D3 receptor inhibition of locomotion contributes to the development of sensitization. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of the D3 receptor antagonist nafadotride on sensitization. As predicted, nafadotride inhibits augmentation of the locomotion response to repetitive amphetamine. This finding is consistent with the proposed model of adaptive down-regulation of D3 dopamine receptor function contributing to the development of behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Richtand
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, V-116A, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The role of the dopamine (DA) in the olfactory bulb (OB) was explored by determining which of the potential target cells express dopamine receptors (DARs). Previously, it was reported that D2-like DAR (D2, D3, and D4 subtypes) radioligand binding is restricted to the outer layers of the OB. The neuronal elements present only in these layers are the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and the juxtaglomerular (JG) neurons of the glomerular layer. Based on this pattern of D2-like ligand binding, it was suggested that D2-like receptors might be located presynaptically on ORN terminals. The present study was undertaken to investigate this hypothesis. In the outer bulb layers of rats in which the ORNs were destroyed by nasal lavage with ZnSO(4), D2-like radioligand binding was reduced severely. The receptor subtype D2 mRNA, but not D3 mRNA, was detected in adult rat olfactory epithelial tissue. By using in situ hybridization, this D2 mRNA was located preferentially in epithelial layers that contain ORN perikarya. D2 mRNA was eliminated after bulbectomy, a manipulation known to cause retrograde degeneration of the mature ORNs. Taken together, the surgical manipulations indicate that mature ORNs express D2 DARs and are consistent with the hypothesis that functional receptors are translocated to their axons and terminals in the bulb. This suggests that dopamine released from JG interneurons could be capable of presynaptically influencing neurotransmission from the olfactory nerve terminals to OB target cells through the D2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Koster
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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47
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Hondo H, Spitzer RH, Grinius B, Richtand NM. Quantification of dopamine D3 receptor mRNA level associated with the development of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1999; 264:69-72. [PMID: 10320016 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that changes in expression of dopamine (DA) D3 receptor gene in the rat brain would correlate with the behavioral sensitization induced by amphetamine (AMPH). In order to test this hypothesis, we measured D3 receptor mRNA levels in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, in individual rats following AMPH treatment (2.5 mg/kg s.c., for 5 consecutive days) using a ribonuclease protection assay method. We observed similar levels of D3 receptor mRNA in saline and AMPH treated animals in each brain region examined. These results suggest behavioral sensitization to AMPH is not mediated through postsynaptic transcriptional regulation of D3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hondo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0559, USA
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48
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Abstract
Sertindole is an antipsychotic with atypical in vitro and ex vivo binding profiles and little propensity to cause extrapyramidal symptoms. However, its potential usefulness in the treatment of psychosis resistant to the 'classical' neuroleptics has not been determined. In the present study we used a double blind, placebo-controlled trial of sertindole and observed dramatic, sustained resolution of formerly-chronic positive and negative psychotic symptoms in a schizophrenic patient. This patient had averaged 2.5 inpatient admissions per year for the 8 years preceding initiation of sertindole therapy, but has had no hospitalizations or psychosis in the 3.5 years since. Improved cognitive function has also been documented. This preliminary, but controlled, experience suggests that sertindole may possess a spectrum of clinical activity distinct from that of the typical antipsychotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Geracioti
- Psychiatry Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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49
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Richtand NM, Kelsoe JR, Kuczenski R, Segal DS. Quantification of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor mRNA levels associated with the development of behavioral sensitization in amphetamine treated rats. Neurochem Int 1997; 31:131-7. [PMID: 9185173 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(96)00097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that changes in expression of dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor genes in caudate/putamen (CP) would correlate with the development of behavioral changes in amphetamine treated rats. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured DA D1 and D2 receptor mRNA in CP, as well as locomotor behavior, in individual rats following amphetamine treatment. D1 and D2 mRNA levels were similar in caudate/putamen of rats treated with acute amphetamine, chronic amphetamine or saline injection. We found no correlation between D1 or D2 mRNA levels in caudate/putamen and the behavioral response to either acute or chronic amphetamine. These results suggest that behavioral sensitization to amphetamine is not mediated through transcriptional regulation of D1 or D2 mRNA levels in caudate/putamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Richtand
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
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50
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Abstract
We describe the regional distribution of dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA in selected regions of rat brain using a highly sensitive and specific nuclease protection assay. This method determines the absolute quantity of mRNA expressed in the brain regions surveyed. DAT mRNA level varied widely between brain regions, and was detected only in cell body regions of the major dopaminergic pathways. Highest expression was seen in substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum (SN/VTA). Lower but detectable expression of a protected mRNA of the expected size was observed within hypothalamus. Expression could not be detected by this method in other brain regions studied. Our results indicate that this method is sufficiently sensitive to allow study of mRNA expression in individual animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Richtand
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
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