1
|
Khaloozadeh F, Razmara E, Asgharpour-Babayian F, Fallah A, Ramezani R, Rouhollah F, Babashah S. Exosomes derived from colorectal cancer cells take part in activation of stromal fibroblasts through regulating PHLPP isoforms. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:634-654. [PMID: 38887393 PMCID: PMC11180944 DOI: 10.17179/excli2024-6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Given that tumor cells primarily instigate systemic changes through exosome secretion, our study delved into the role of colorectal cancer (CRC)-secreted exosomal miR-224 in stromal reprogramming and its impact on endothelial cell angiogenesis. Furthermore, we assessed the potential clinical significance of a specific signature of circulating serum-derived miRNAs, serving as a non-invasive biomarker for CRC diagnosis. Circulating serum-derived miR-103a-3p, miR-135b-5p, miR-182-5p, and miR-224-5p were significantly up-regulated, while miR-215-5p, and miR-455-5p showed a significant down-regulation in CRC patients than in healthy individuals. Our findings indicated that the expressions of CAF-specific markers (α-SMA and FAP) and CAF-derived cytokines (IL-6, and SDF-1) were induced in fibroblasts stimulated with SW480 CRC exosomes, partly due to Akt activation. As a plausible mechanism, exosomal transfer of miR-224 from SW40 CRC cells may activate stromal fibroblasts, which in turn, may promote endothelial cell sprouting. The study identified PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 as direct targets of miR-224 and demonstrated that CRC-secreted exosomal miR-224 activates Akt signaling by regulating PHLPP1/2 in activated fibroblasts, thereby affecting the stromal cell proliferation and migration. This study established a panel of six-circulating serum-derived miRNAs as a non-invasive biomarker for CRC diagnosis. Also, we proposed a supporting model in which CRC-secreted exosomal miR-224 takes part in the stromal reprogramming to CAFs partly through regulating Akt signaling. This may affect the malignant biological behavior of activated stromal cells and thereby elicit a vascular response within the microenvironment of CRC cells. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khaloozadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Fallah
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Ramezani
- Department of Family Therapy, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rouhollah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Etemad-Moghadam S, Mohammadpour H, Emami Razavi A, Alaeddini M. Pleckstrin Homology Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase Acts as a Tumor Suppressor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2024; 32:249-253. [PMID: 38602289 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) family has been found to have both tumor-suppressor and oncogenic properties across various types and locations of cancer. Given that PHLPP has not been previously studied in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we conducted an assessment of the expression of both its isoforms in oral SCC tissues and cell lines and compared these findings to their corresponding normal counterparts. In addition, we assessed the relationship between PHLPP and clinicopathological factors and patient survival. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA levels of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in cancerous and normal cell lines in addition to 124 oral SCC and noncancerous adjacent epithelia (N = 62, each). Correlations between their expression rate and clinicopathological parameters were further evaluated in 57 patients. Data were statistically analyzed with t test and paired t test, analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U , and Cox Regression tests ( P < 0.05). We found significantly lower levels of both PHLPP isoforms in oral SCC tissues compared with noncancerous epithelia ( P < 0.001, for both). However, in the cell lines, this difference was significant only for PHLPP1 ( P = 0.027). The correlation between the two isoforms was significant only in cancerous tissues ( P < 0.001). None of the clinicopathologic factors showed significant associations with either of the isoforms and there was no correlation with survival. We showed for the first time that PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 act as tumor suppressors in oral SCC at the mRNA level. The regulation of their mRNA appears to be different between normal and cancerous tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Mohammadpour
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirnader Emami Razavi
- Iran National Tumor Bank, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin J, He J, Li X, Ni X, Jin X. The role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: A potential target for cancer therapy. Gene 2023; 889:147807. [PMID: 37722609 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway controls key cellular processes, including proliferation and tumor progression, and abnormally high activation of this pathway is a hallmark in human cancers. The post-translational modification, such as Ubiquitination and deubiquitination, fine-tuning the protein level and the activity of members in this pathway play a pivotal role in maintaining normal physiological process. Emerging evidence show that the unbalanced ubiquitination/deubiquitination modification leads to human diseases via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the ubiquitination/deubiquitination regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may be helpful to uncover the underlying mechanism and improve the potential treatment of cancer via targeting this pathway. Herein, we summarize the latest research progress of ubiquitination and deubiquitination of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, systematically discuss the associated crosstalk between them, as well as focus the clinical transformation via targeting ubiquitination process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabei Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaoqi Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie K. PHLPP2: A Prognostic Biomarker in Adenocarcinoma of the Rectum. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 34:1099-1106. [PMID: 37737218 PMCID: PMC10645281 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2023.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Adenocarcinoma of the rectum (READ) is typically diagnosed at advanced stages due to a lack of early-onset spe- cific features. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study used bioinformatics analysis of READ ribonucleic acid sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Overlapping genes between DEGs and autophagy-associated genes were screened for prognosis-associated DEGs, which were then validated in the OncoLnc database. RESULTS A total of 129 autophagy-associated DEGs were identified, with 17 genes found to be associated with READ prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that only the PHLPP2 gene was significantly associated with READ prognosis (hazard ratio = 0.442, P = .026), and its low expression correlated with low survival in patients with brain lower-grade glioma (P = .00623) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (P = .00109). CONCLUSIONS PHLPP2 expression may serve as a READ-specific prognostic biomarker and is involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keju Xie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing Municipal Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xia X, Pi W, Chen M, Wang W, Cai D, Wang X, Lan Y, Yang H. Emerging roles of PHLPP phosphatases in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1216131. [PMID: 37576883 PMCID: PMC10414793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1216131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homologous domain leucine-rich repeating protein phosphatases (PHLPPs) were originally identified as protein kinase B (Akt) kinase hydrophobic motif specific phosphatases to maintain the cellular homeostasis. With the continuous expansion of PHLPPs research, imbalanced-PHLPPs were mainly found as a tumor suppressor gene of a variety of solid tumors. In this review, we simply described the history and structures of PHLPPs and summarized the recent achievements in emerging roles of PHLPPs in lung cancer by 1) the signaling pathways affected by PHLPPs including Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascades. 2) function of PHLPPs regulatory factor USP46 and miR-190/miR-215, 3) the potential roles of PHLPPs in disease prognosis, Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR)- tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance and DNA damage, 4) and the possible function of PHLPPs in radiotherapy, ferroptosis and inflammation response. Therefore, PHLPPs can be considered as either biomarker or prognostic marker for lung cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alam M, Hasan GM, Eldin SM, Adnan M, Riaz MB, Islam A, Khan I, Hassan MI. Investigating regulated signaling pathways in therapeutic targeting of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114452. [PMID: 36878052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy worldwide. The signaling cascades are stimulated via genetic modifications in upstream signaling molecules, which affect apoptotic, proliferative, and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling cascades causes cancer-initiating cell proliferation, cancer development, and drug resistance. Numerous efforts in the treatment of NSCLC have been undertaken in the past few decades, enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development and moving forward to develop effective therapeutic approaches. Modifications of transcription factors and connected pathways are utilized to develop new treatment options for NSCLC. Developing designed inhibitors targeting specific cellular signaling pathways in tumor progression has been recommended for the therapeutic management of NSCLC. This comprehensive review provided deeper mechanistic insights into the molecular mechanism of action of various signaling molecules and their targeting in the clinical management of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal Riaz
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdnask, Poland; Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Liu Y, Chen L, Zhang Z, Cui L, Wei T. Loss of pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 has protective effects on high glucose-injured retinal ganglion cells via the effect on the Akt-GSK-3β-Nrf2 pathway. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:373-385. [PMID: 36562794 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is linked to various pathological states. However, whether PHLPP2 mediates diabetic retinopathy is unaddressed. This work explored the biological function of PHLPP2 in modulating high glucose (HG)-elicited damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), an in vitro model for studying diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Mouse RGCs were treated with HG to establish a cell model. PHLPP2 was silenced by transfecting specific shRNAs targeting PHLPP2. RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, TUNEL assay, and ELISA were carried out. RESULTS Significant increases in PHLPP2 levels were observed in cultured RGCs exposed to HG. The severe damages evoked by HG to RGCs were remarkably weakened in PHLPP2-silenced RGCs, including improved cell survival, attenuated cell apoptosis, repressed oxidative stress, and prohibited proinflammatory response. The silencing of PHLPP2 strengthened the activation of Nrf2 in HG-treated RGCs via modulation of the Akt-GSK-3β axis. Interruption of the Akt-GSK-3β axis reversed PHLPP2-silencing-elicited Nrf2 activation. The protective effects of PHLPP2 silencing on HG-induced injury of RGCs were diminished by Nrf2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The loss of PHLPP2 was beneficial for HG-injured RGCs through the effect on the Akt-GSK-3β-Nrf2 pathway. This work suggests a possible role of PHLPP2 in diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- The Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- The Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie W, Yu J, Yin Y, Zhang X, Zheng X, Wang X. OCT4 induces EMT and promotes ovarian cancer progression by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:876257. [PMID: 36033461 PMCID: PMC9399417 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.876257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) is a key stem cell transcription factor involved in the development of various cancers. The role of OCT4 in ovarian cancer (OC) progression and its molecular mechanism are not fully understood. Methods First, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays of ovarian benign cyst tissues, OC tissues, and omental metastatic tissues were performed to reveal OCT4 expression profiles. We knocked down OCT4 in two OC cell lines (SKOV3 and A2780) using a lentiviral vector and performed in vitro and in vivo experiments. OCT4 was knocked down to assess the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells using CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays. In addition, the nude tumor mouse model was used for in vivo study. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that OCT4 influenced protein expression in the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins by Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) assays. The interaction between OCT4 and p-AKT was further confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) assays. Importantly, AKT activation by its activator SC79 reversed the biological functions of OCT4 knockdown. Results OCT4 expression was significantly upregulated in OC samples and metastatic tissues. OCT4 knockdown notably inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR was downregulated after OCT4 knockdown. An AKT agonist reversed the effect of OCT4 knockdown on OC cells. EMT in OC samples was enhanced by OCT4. Conclusions Our study shows that OCT4 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells by participating in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis, suggesting that it could serve as a potential therapeutic target for OC patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
PHLPP Signaling in Immune Cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:117-143. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
Guo B, Xiong X, Hasani S, Wen YA, Li AT, Martinez R, Skaggs AT, Gao T. Downregulation of PHLPP induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes eIF2α phosphorylation and chemoresistance in colon cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:960. [PMID: 34663797 PMCID: PMC8523518 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by extrinsic and intrinsic factors contributes to tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapies in various cancer types. Our previous studies have shown that the downregulation of PHLPP, a novel family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, promotes tumor initiation, and progression. Here we investigated the functional interaction between the ER stress and PHLPP expression in colon cancer. We found that induction of ER stress significantly decreased the expression of PHLPP proteins through a proteasome-dependent mechanism. Knockdown of PHLPP increased the phosphorylation of eIF2α as well as the expression of autophagy-associated genes downstream of the eIF2α/ATF4 signaling pathway. In addition, results from immunoprecipitation experiments showed that PHLPP interacted with eIF2α and this interaction was enhanced by ER stress. Functionally, knockdown of PHLPP improved cell survival under ER stress conditions, whereas overexpression of a degradation-resistant mutant PHLPP1 had the opposite effect. Taken together, our studies identified ER stress as a novel mechanism that triggers PHLPP downregulation; and PHLPP-loss promotes chemoresistance by upregulating the eIF2α/ATF4 signaling axis in colon cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianqin Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xiong
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sumati Hasani
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yang-An Wen
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Austin T Li
- Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, Lexington, KY, USA
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Rebecca Martinez
- Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology Program, College of Agriculture, Food & Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley T Skaggs
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Phosphatase PHLPP2 regulates the cellular response to metabolic stress through AMPK. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:904. [PMID: 34608126 PMCID: PMC8490465 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PHLPP2 is a member of the PHLPP family of phosphatases, known to suppress cell growth by inhibiting proliferation or promoting apoptosis. Oncogenic kinases Akt, S6K, and PKC, and pro-apoptotic kinase Mst1, have been recognized as functional targets of the PHLPP family. However, we observed that, in T-leukemia cells subjected to metabolic stress from glucose limitation, PHLPP2 specifically targets the energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase, pAMPK, rather than Akt or S6K. PHLPP2 dephosphorylates pAMPK in several other human cancer cells as well. PHLPP2 and pAMPK interact with each other, and the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain on PHLPP2 is required for their interaction, for dephosphorylating and inactivating AMPK, and for the apoptotic response of the leukemia cells to glucose limitation. Silencing PHLPP2 protein expression prolongs the survival of leukemia cells subjected to severe glucose limitation by promoting a switch to AMPK-mediated fatty acid oxidation for energy generation. Thus, this study reveals a novel role for PHLPP2 in suppressing a survival response mediated through AMPK signaling. Given the multiple ways in which PHLPP phosphatases act to oppose survival signaling in cancers and the pivotal role played by AMPK in redox homeostasis via glucose and fatty acid metabolism, the revelation that AMPK is a target of PHLPP2 could lead to better therapeutics directed both at cancer and at metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lemoine KA, Fassas JM, Ohannesian SH, Purcell NH. On the PHLPPside: Emerging roles of PHLPP phosphatases in the heart. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110097. [PMID: 34320369 PMCID: PMC8403656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) is a family of enzymes made up of two isoforms (PHLPP1 and PHLPP2), whose actions modulate intracellular activity via the dephosphorylation of specific serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) residues on proteins such as Akt. Recent data generated in our lab, supported by findings from others, implicates the divergent roles of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in maintaining cellular homeostasis since dysregulation of these enzymes has been linked to various pathological states including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion injury, musculoskeletal disease, and cancer. Therefore, development of therapies to modulate specific isoforms of PHLPP could prove to be therapeutically beneficial in several diseases especially those targeting the cardiovascular system. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive summary of current literature detailing the role of the PHLPP isoforms in the development and progression of heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Lemoine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Julianna M Fassas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Shirag H Ohannesian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Nicole H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA; Cardiovascular Molecular Signaling, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
PMEPA1/TMEPAI Is a Unique Tumorigenic Activator of AKT Promoting Proteasomal Degradation of PHLPP1 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194934. [PMID: 34638419 PMCID: PMC8508116 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane prostate androgen-induced protein (TMEPAI), also known as PMEPA1, is highly expressed in many types of cancer and promotes oncogenic abilities. However, the mechanisms whereby TMEPAI facilitates tumorigenesis are not fully understood. We previously established TMEPAI-knockout (KO) cells from human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and found that TMEPAI-KO cells showed reduced tumorigenic abilities. Here, we report that TMEPAI-KO cells upregulated the expression of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) and suppressed AKT Ser473 phosphorylation, which was consistent with TCGA dataset analysis. Additionally, the knockdown (KD) of PHLPP1 in TMEPAI-KO cells partially but significantly rescued AKT Ser473 phosphorylation, as well as in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic activities, thus showing that TMEPAI functions as an oncogenic protein through the regulation of PHLPP1 subsequent to AKT activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TMEPAI PPxY (PY) motifs are essential for binding to NEDD4-2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and PHLPP1-downregulatory ability. Moreover, TMEPAI enhanced the complex formation of PHLPP1 with NEDD4-2 and PHLPP1 polyubiquitination, which leads to its proteasomal degradation. These findings indicate that the PY motifs of TMEPAI suppress the amount of PHLPP1 and maintain AKT Ser473 phosphorylation at high levels to enhance the tumorigenic potentiality of TNBC.
Collapse
|
14
|
Karkache IY, Damodaran JR, Molstad DHH, Mansky KC, Bradley EW. Myeloid Lineage Ablation of Phlpp1 Regulates M-CSF Signaling and Tempers Bone Resorption in Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9702. [PMID: 34575866 PMCID: PMC8468863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior work demonstrated that Phlpp1 deficiency alters trabecular bone mass and enhances M-CSF responsiveness, but the cell types and requirement of Phlpp1 for this effect were unclear. To understand the function of Phlpp1 within myeloid lineage cells, we crossed Phlpp1 floxed mice with mice harboring LysM-Cre. Micro-computed tomography of the distal femur of 12-week-old mice revealed a 30% increase in bone volume per total volume of Phlpp1 female conditional knockouts, but we did not observe significant changes within male Phlpp1 cKOLysM mice. Bone histomorphmetry of the proximal tibia further revealed that Phlpp1 cKOLysM females exhibited elevated osteoclast numbers, but conversely had reduced levels of serum markers of bone resorption as compared to littermate controls. Osteoblast number and serum markers of bone formation were unchanged. In vitro assays confirmed that Phlpp1 ablation enhanced osteoclast number and area, but limited bone resorption. Additionally, reconstitution with exogenous Phlpp1 suppressed osteoclast numbers. Dose response assays demonstrated that Phlpp1-/- cells are more responsive to M-CSF, but reconstitution with Phlpp1 abrogated this effect. Furthermore, small molecule-mediated Phlpp inhibition enhanced osteoclast numbers and size. Enhanced phosphorylation of Phlpp substrates-including Akt, ERK1/2, and PKCζ-accompanied these observations. In contrast, actin cytoskeleton disruption occurred within Phlpp inhibitor treated osteoclasts. Moreover, Phlpp inhibition reduced resorption of cells cultured on bovine bone slices in vitro. Our results demonstrate that Phlpp1 deficiency within myeloid lineage cells enhances bone mass by limiting bone resorption while leaving osteoclast numbers intact; moreover, we show that Phlpp1 represses osteoclastogenesis and controls responses to M-CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Y. Karkache
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (I.Y.K.); (J.R.D.); (D.H.H.M.)
| | - Jeyaram R. Damodaran
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (I.Y.K.); (J.R.D.); (D.H.H.M.)
| | - David H. H. Molstad
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (I.Y.K.); (J.R.D.); (D.H.H.M.)
| | - Kim C. Mansky
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental and Surgical Services, Institute for Virology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (I.Y.K.); (J.R.D.); (D.H.H.M.)
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Taylor E, Weaver S, Zars E, Turner C, Buhrow S, Reid J, Bradley E, Westendorf J. Chondrocytic and pharmacokinetic properties of Phlpp inhibitors. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2021; 3:100190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2021.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
16
|
Lupse B, Annamalai K, Ibrahim H, Kaur S, Geravandi S, Sarma B, Pal A, Awal S, Joshi A, Rafizadeh S, Madduri MK, Khazaei M, Liu H, Yuan T, He W, Gorrepati KDD, Azizi Z, Qi Q, Ye K, Oberholzer J, Maedler K, Ardestani A. Inhibition of PHLPP1/2 phosphatases rescues pancreatic β-cells in diabetes. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109490. [PMID: 34348155 PMCID: PMC8421018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell failure is the key pathogenic element of the complex metabolic deterioration in type 2 diabetes (T2D); its underlying pathomechanism is still elusive. Here, we identify pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (PHLPP1/2) as phosphatases whose upregulation leads to β-cell failure in diabetes. PHLPP levels are highly elevated in metabolically stressed human and rodent diabetic β-cells. Sustained hyper-activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is the primary mechanism of the PHLPP upregulation linking chronic metabolic stress to ultimate β-cell death. PHLPPs directly dephosphorylate and regulate activities of β-cell survival-dependent kinases AKT and MST1, constituting a regulatory triangle loop to control β-cell apoptosis. Genetic inhibition of PHLPPs markedly improves β-cell survival and function in experimental models of diabetes in vitro, in vivo, and in primary human T2D islets. Our study presents PHLPPs as targets for functional regenerative therapy of pancreatic β cells in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaz Lupse
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Karthika Annamalai
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Shirin Geravandi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bhavishya Sarma
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anasua Pal
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sushil Awal
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Arundhati Joshi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sahar Rafizadeh
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Murali Krishna Madduri
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mona Khazaei
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ting Yuan
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wei He
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Zahra Azizi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Charles O. Strickler Transplant Center, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Amin Ardestani
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Daneshvar G, Boostani S, Moghanibashi M, Mohamadynejad P. PHLPP2 gene L1016S (rs61733127) and PIK3R1 gene Met326Ile (rs3730089) polymorphisms are associated with the risk of colon and breast cancers. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:767-778. [PMID: 34193013 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1944636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The PIK3R1 and PHLPP2 genes encode the p85 alpha subunit of PI3K and a phosphatase for AKT, respectively, which play a direct role in regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway that promotes cell survival, growth, and differentiation. While most attention is focused on the factors that positively affect this pathway, negative regulation is equally important. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SNPs rs61733127 (L1016S) in PHLPP2 gene and rs3730089 (Met326Ile) in PIK3R1 gene with colon and breast cancer, respectively because both SNPs have been reported to play a functional role in corresponding encoded enzymes and both genes are negatively involved in regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway. 139 colon and 149 breast cancers patients and 279 healthy controls were included in the present study. The target SNPs were genotyped using tetra- ARMS-PCR. In addition, the genotypes of 10 samples for each SNP were confirmed by sequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 and by Fisher exact, T, χ2 and logistic regression tests. As revealed, the genotype AG (OR = 2.18, p = 0.001, CI = 1.36-3.50) and allele G (OR = 1.92, p = 0.001, CI = 1.30-2.84) of rs61733127 in the PHLPP2 gene significantly increased the risk of colon cancer. In addition, genotype AA (OR = 0.2, p = 0.001, CI = 3.00-8.00) and allele A (OR = 0.5, p = 0.001, CI = 1.00-4.00) of rs3730089 in the PIK3R1 gene significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer. The results suggest that SNPs in genes involved in regulating of PI3K-AKT pathway can be used as a marker for susceptibility to colon and breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Daneshvar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Saghar Boostani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moghanibashi
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohamadynejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Davidson CD, Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Cozzens LM, Tomczak JA, Carr FE. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Inhibits PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Axis in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer via Genomic Mechanisms. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab102. [PMID: 34258492 PMCID: PMC8271203 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and the global incidence has increased rapidly over the past few decades. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is highly aggressive, dedifferentiated, and patients have a median survival of fewer than 6 months. Oncogenic alterations in ATC include aberrant phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling through receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) amplification, loss of phosphoinositide phosphatase expression and function, and protein kinase B (Akt) amplification. Furthermore, the loss of expression of the tumor suppressor thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) is strongly associated with ATC. TRβ is known to suppress PI3K in follicular thyroid cancer and breast cancer by binding to the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α. However, the role of TRβ in suppressing PI3K signaling in ATC is not completely delineated. Here we report that TRβ indeed suppresses PI3K signaling in ATC cell lines through unreported genomic mechanisms, including a decrease in RTK expression and an increase in phosphoinositide and Akt phosphatase expression. Furthermore, the reintroduction and activation of TRβ in ATC cell lines enables an increase in the efficacy of the competitive PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and buparlisib on cell viability, migration, and suppression of PI3K signaling. These findings not only uncover additional tumor suppressor mechanisms of TRβ but shed light on the implication of TRβ status and activation on inhibitor efficacy in ATC tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cole D Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Lauren M Cozzens
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA,Correspondence: Frances E. Carr, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
PHLPPing the balance: restoration of protein kinase C in cancer. Biochem J 2021; 478:341-355. [PMID: 33502516 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase signalling, which transduces external messages to mediate cellular growth and metabolism, is frequently deregulated in human disease, and specifically in cancer. As such, there are 77 kinase inhibitors currently approved for the treatment of human disease by the FDA. Due to their historical association as the receptors for the tumour-promoting phorbol esters, PKC isozymes were initially targeted as oncogenes in cancer. However, a meta-analysis of clinical trials with PKC inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy revealed that these treatments were not advantageous, and instead resulted in poorer outcomes and greater adverse effects. More recent studies suggest that instead of inhibiting PKC, therapies should aim to restore PKC function in cancer: cancer-associated PKC mutations are generally loss-of-function and high PKC protein is protective in many cancers, including most notably KRAS-driven cancers. These recent findings have reframed PKC as having a tumour suppressive function. This review focusses on a potential new mechanism of restoring PKC function in cancer - through targeting of its negative regulator, the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PHLPP. This phosphatase regulates PKC steady-state levels by regulating the phosphorylation of a key site, the hydrophobic motif, whose phosphorylation is necessary for the stability of the enzyme. We also consider whether the phosphorylation of the potent oncogene KRAS provides a mechanism by which high PKC expression may be protective in KRAS-driven human cancers.
Collapse
|
20
|
Jin H, Ma J, Xu J, Li H, Chang Y, Zang N, Tian Z, Wang X, Zhao N, Liu L, Chen C, Xie Q, Lu Y, Fang Z, Huang X, Huang C, Huang H. Oncogenic role of MIR516A in human bladder cancer was mediated by its attenuating PHLPP2 expression and BECN1-dependent autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:840-854. [PMID: 32116109 PMCID: PMC8078721 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1733262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although MIR516A has been reported to be downregulated and act as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers, its expression and potential contribution to human bladder cancer (BC) remain unexplored. Unexpectedly, we showed here that MIR516A was markedly upregulated in human BC tissues and cell lines, while inhibition of MIR516A expression attenuated BC cell monolayer growth in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo, accompanied with increased expression of PHLPP2. Further studies showed that MIR516A was able to directly bind to the 3'-untranslated region of PHLPP2 mRNA, which was essential for its attenuating PHLPP2 expression. The knockdown of PHLPP2 expression in MIR516A-inhibited cells could reverse BC cell growth, suggesting that PHLPP2 is a MIR516A downstream mediator responsible for MIR516A oncogenic effect. PHLPP2 was able to mediate BECN1/Beclin1 stabilization indirectly, therefore promoting BECN1-dependent macroautophagy/autophagy, and inhibiting BC tumor cell growth. In addition, our results indicated that the increased autophagy by attenuating MIR516A resulted in a dramatic inhibition of xenograft tumor formation in vivo. Collectively, our results reveal that MIR516A has a novel oncogenic function in BC growth by directing binding to PHLPP2 3'-UTR and inhibiting PHLPP2 expression, in turn at least partly promoting CUL4A-mediated BECN1 protein degradation, thereby attenuating autophagy and promoting BC growth, which is a distinct function of MIR516A identified in other cancers.Abbreviation: ATG3: autophagy related 3; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG12: autophagy related 12; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BC: bladder cancer; CHX: cycloheximide; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CUL3: cullin 3; CUL4A: cullin 4A; CUL4B: cullin 4B; IF: immunofluorescence: IHC-p: immunohistochemistry-paraffin; MIR516A: microRNA 516a (microRNA 516a1 and microRNA 516a2); MS: mass spectrometry; PHLPP2: PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiugao Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jiheng Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Zang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongxian Tian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nannan Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caiyi Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qipeng Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongyong Lu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouxi Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Mutations in the genes coding for tryptophan-hydrolase-2 and the scaffold protein FKBP5 are associated with an increased risk of suicide. The mutation in both cases enhances the enzymatic activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). Conversely, anti-suicidal medications, such as lithium, clozapine, and ketamine, indirectly inhibit the activity of GSK3. When GSK3 is active, it promotes the metabolic removal of the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2), which suppresses the transcription of multiple genes that encode anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory proteins. Notably, several suicide-biomarkers bear witness to an ongoing inflammatory process. Moreover, alterations in serum lipid levels measured in suicidal individuals are mirrored by data obtained in mice with genetic deletion of the NRF2 gene. Inflammation is presumably causally related to both dysphoria and anger, two factors relevant for suicide ideation and attempt. Preventing the catabolism of NRF2 could be a strategy to obtain novel suicide-prophylactic medications. Possible candidates are minocycline and nicotinic-α7 agonists. The antibiotic minocycline indirectly activates NRF2-transcriptional activity, whereas the activation of nicotinic-α7 receptors indirectly inhibits GSK3.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang H, Xu Y, Deng G, Yuan F, Tan Y, Gao L, Sun Q, Qi Y, Yang K, Geng R, Jiang H, Liu B, Chen Q. SAA1 knockdown promotes the apoptosis of glioblastoma cells via downregulation of AKT signaling. J Cancer 2021; 12:2756-2767. [PMID: 33854635 PMCID: PMC8040715 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an inflammatory associated high-density lipoprotein. And It is also considered as a predictor and prognostic marker of cancer risk. However, its role and mechanisms in glioblastoma (GBM) still unclear. In this study, we validate that SAA1 is up-regulated in GBM, and its high expression predicts poor prognosis. SAA1 knockdown promotes the apoptosis of GBM cell. Mechanistically, SAA1 knockdown can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation, thereby regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl2 and Bax, leading to GBM cell death. Moreover, Gliomas with low SAA1 expression have increased sensitivity to Temozolomide (TMZ). Low SAA1 expression segregated glioma patients who were treated with Temozolomide (TMZ) or with high MGMT promoter methylation into survival groups in TCGA and CGGA dataset. Our study strongly suggested that SAA1 was a regulator of cells apoptosis and acted not only as a prognostic marker but also a novel biomarker of sensitivity of glioma to TMZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huikai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanen Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinqiu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangzhi Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongxin Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Baffi TR, Cohen-Katsenelson K, Newton AC. PHLPPing the Script: Emerging Roles of PHLPP Phosphatases in Cell Signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 61:723-743. [PMID: 32997603 PMCID: PMC11003498 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031820-122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Whereas protein kinases have been successfully targeted for a variety of diseases, protein phosphatases remain an underutilized therapeutic target, in part because of incomplete characterization of their effects on signaling networks. The pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) is a relatively new player in the cell signaling field, and new roles in controlling the balance among cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis are being increasingly identified. Originally characterized for its tumor-suppressive function in deactivating the prosurvival kinase Akt, PHLPP may have an opposing role in promoting survival, as recent evidence suggests. Additionally, identification of the transcription factor STAT1 as a substrate unveils a role for PHLPP as a critical mediator of transcriptional programs in cancer and the inflammatory response. This review summarizes the current knowledge of PHLPP as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene and highlights emerging functions in regulating gene expression and the immune system. Understanding the context-dependent functions of PHLPP is essential for appropriate therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0721, USA;
| | - Ksenya Cohen-Katsenelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0721, USA;
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0721, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Blondelle J, Biju A, Lange S. The Role of Cullin-RING Ligases in Striated Muscle Development, Function, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7936. [PMID: 33114658 PMCID: PMC7672578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-orchestrated turnover of proteins in cross-striated muscles is one of the fundamental processes required for muscle cell function and survival. Dysfunction of the intricate protein degradation machinery is often associated with development of cardiac and skeletal muscle myopathies. Most muscle proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS involves a number of enzymes, including E3-ligases, which tightly control which protein substrates are marked for degradation by the proteasome. Recent data reveal that E3-ligases of the cullin family play more diverse and crucial roles in cross striated muscles than previously anticipated. This review highlights some of the findings on the multifaceted functions of cullin-RING E3-ligases, their substrate adapters, muscle protein substrates, and regulatory proteins, such as the Cop9 signalosome, for the development of cross striated muscles, and their roles in the etiology of myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blondelle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Biju
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephan Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Esmailidehaj M, Kuchakzade F, Rezvani ME, Farhadi Z, Esmaeili H, Azizian H. 17β-Estradiol improves insulin signalling and insulin resistance in the aged female hearts: Role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Life Sci 2020; 253:117673. [PMID: 32311377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging effects in energy balance in all tissues and organs, including the cardiovascular. The risk of cardiovascular disease is drastically higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. Estrogen plays an important role in the cardiac function and body's metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether 17β-estradiol (E2) has beneficial effects on insulin resistance and some key stages of the insulin signalling pathway in the aged hearts. Young and aged female Wistar rats were ovariectomized and were randomly divided into three groups: young (YS) and aged (AS) sham, young (YV) and aged (AV) vehicle, and young (YE2) and aged (AE2) E2 treatment groups. E2 (1 mg/kg) was administrated every four days for four weeks. Results showed that ovariectomy increased fasting blood glucose, insulin, and HOMAIR in young, while none of these parameters was affected in aged animals. On the other hand, aging itself increased these variables. Furthermore, E2 therapy alleviated these changes in both young and aged animals. Moreover, aging also decreased the p-IRS1, p-Akt level, and translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. E2 reduced the negative impact of menopause and aging on insulin sensitivity by favoring increase in the level of IL-10 and decrease in the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. Our results indicated that the heart response to E2 depended on age, and E2 increased insulin sensitivity in the heart of both young and aged animals by altering inflammatory conditions. Determining the exact mechanism of this action is suggested in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Esmailidehaj
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kuchakzade
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Farhadi
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hassan Esmaeili
- Department of Heart, School of Medicine, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizian
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghalali A, Ye ZW, Högberg J, Stenius U. PTEN and PHLPP crosstalk in cancer cells and in TGFβ-activated stem cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110112. [PMID: 32294598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt kinase regulates several cellular processes, among them growth, proliferation and survival, and has been correlated to neoplastic disease. We report here crosstalk between several Akt regulatory phosphatases that controls the level of the activated form (phosphorylated) of Akt and affects tumor cell aggressiveness. In prostate cancer cell lines, we observed that transient transfection of PTEN decreased the endogenous level of PHLPPs and in contrast, the transient transfection of PHLPPs decreased the endogenous level of PTEN. Furthermore, silencing of PTEN by siRNA resulted in increased PHLPP levels. This phenomenon was not seen in non-transformed cells or in prostate stem cells. This crosstalk promoted cancer cell invasion and was controlled by epigenetically regulated processes where activation of miRs (miR-190 and miR214), the polycomb group of proteins and DNA methylation were involved. The purinergic P2X4 receptor, which has been shown to have a role in wound healing, was identified to be the mediator of this crosstalk. We also studied prostate stem cells and found this crosstalk in the TGFβ1-activated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The crosstalk seemed to be a natural part of EMT. In summary, we identify a crosstalk between Akt phosphatases which is not present in non-transformed prostate cells but occurs in cancer cells and stem cells transformed by TGFβ-1. This crosstalk is important for cellular invasion. BACKGROUND Phosphatases regulate the Akt oncogene. RESULTS Crosstalk between Akt phosphatases in prostate cancer cells and in TGF-β1 activated stem cells but not in non-transformed cells. CONCLUSION This back-up mechanism facilitates invasive migration of prostate stem and cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Characterization of Akt regulation may lead to a better understanding of tumor development and to novel strategies for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang J, Cai C, Zheng T, Wu X, Wang D, Zhang K, Xu B, Yan R, Gong H, Zhang J, Shi Y, Xu Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Shang T, Zhou J, Guo X, Zeng C, Lai EY, Xiao C, Chen J, Wan S, Liu WH, Ke Y, Cheng H. Endothelial Scaffolding Protein ENH (Enigma Homolog Protein) Promotes PHLPP2 (Pleckstrin Homology Domain and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 2)-Mediated Dephosphorylation of AKT1 and eNOS (Endothelial NO Synthase) Promoting Vascular Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1705-1721. [PMID: 32268790 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A decrease in nitric oxide, leading to vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, is a common pathological feature of vascular proliferative diseases. Nitric oxide synthesis by eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) is precisely regulated by protein kinases including AKT1. ENH (enigma homolog protein) is a scaffolding protein for multiple protein kinases, but whether it regulates eNOS activation and vascular remodeling remains unknown. Approach and Results: ENH was upregulated in injured mouse arteries and human atherosclerotic plaques and was associated with coronary artery disease. Neointima formation in carotid arteries, induced by ligation or wire injury, was greatly decreased in endothelium-specific ENH-knockout mice. Vascular ligation reduced AKT and eNOS phosphorylation and nitric oxide production in the endothelium of control but not ENH-knockout mice. ENH was found to interact with AKT1 and its phosphatase PHLPP2 (pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2). AKT and eNOS activation were prolonged in VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-induced ENH- or PHLPP2-deficient endothelial cells. Inhibitors of either AKT or eNOS effectively restored ligation-induced neointima formation in ENH-knockout mice. Moreover, endothelium-specific PHLPP2-knockout mice displayed reduced ligation-induced neointima formation. Finally, PHLPP2 was increased in the endothelia of human atherosclerotic plaques and blood cells from patients with coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS ENH forms a complex with AKT1 and its phosphatase PHLPP2 to negatively regulate AKT1 activation in the artery endothelium. AKT1 deactivation, a decrease in nitric oxide generation, and subsequent neointima formation induced by vascular injury are mediated by ENH and PHLPP2. ENH and PHLPP2 are thus new proatherosclerotic factors that could be therapeutically targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Huang
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (J.H., K.Z., H.C.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changhong Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China. (C.C., C.Z.)
| | - Tianyu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (T.Z., X. Wu, R.Y., Y.S., Z.X., X.Z., Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (T.Z., X. Wu, R.Y., Y.S., Z.X., X.Z., Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongfei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (D.W., X.G.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaijie Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (J.H., K.Z., H.C.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bocheng Xu
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (B.X.)
| | - Ruochen Yan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (T.Z., X. Wu, R.Y., Y.S., Z.X., X.Z., Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, China (H.G.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (J. Zhang), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueli Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (T.Z., X. Wu, R.Y., Y.S., Z.X., X.Z., Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (T.Z., X. Wu, R.Y., Y.S., Z.X., X.Z., Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (T.Z., X. Wu, R.Y., Y.S., Z.X., X.Z., Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (X. Zhang)
| | - Tao Shang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (T.S.)
| | - Jianhong Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (J. Zhou)
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (D.W., X.G.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlai Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China. (C.C., C.Z.)
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences (E.Y.L.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, China (C.X., W.-H.L.).,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (C.X.)
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C.)
| | - Shu Wan
- Brain Center of Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China (S.W.)
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, China (C.X., W.-H.L.)
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (T.Z., X. Wu, R.Y., Y.S., Z.X., X.Z., Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (J.H., K.Z., H.C.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang M, Wang X, Liu M, Liu D, Pan J, Tian J, Jin T, Xu Y, An F. Inhibition of PHLPP1 ameliorates cardiac dysfunction via activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4612-4623. [PMID: 32150791 PMCID: PMC7176843 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine‐rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) is a kind of serine/threonine phosphatase, whose dysregulation is accompanied with numerous human diseases. However, its role in diabetic cardiomyopathy remains unclear. We explored the underlying function and mechanism of PHLPP1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Method In vivo, Type 1 diabetic rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down the expression of PHLPP1. In vitro, primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells were incubated in 5.5 mmol/L glucose (normal glucose, NG) or 33.3 mmol/L glucose (high glucose, HG). PHLPP1 expression was inhibited by PHLPP1‐siRNA to probe into the function of PHLPP1 in high glucose‐induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Results Diabetic rats showed up‐regulated PHLPP1 expression, left ventricular dysfunction, increased myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis. PHLPP1 inhibition alleviated cardiac dysfunction. Additionally, PHLPP1 inhibition significantly reduced HG‐induced apoptosis and restored PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activity in H9c2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, abolished the anti‐apoptotic effect of PHLPP1 inhibition. Conclusion Our study indicated that PHLPP1 inhibition alleviated cardiac dysfunction via activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in DCM. Therefore, PHLPP1 may be a novel therapeutic target for human DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinyu Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengshuang An
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zaczek A, Jóźwiak P, Ciesielski P, Forma E, Wójcik-Krowiranda K, Cwonda Ł, Bieńkiewicz A, Bryś M, Krześlak A. Relationship between polycomb-group protein BMI-1 and phosphatases regulating AKT phosphorylation level in endometrial cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1300-1310. [PMID: 31863623 PMCID: PMC6991679 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently activated in endometrial carcinoma. BMI‐1 (B‐lymphoma Mo‐MLV insertion region 1) protein affects expression of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) in some cancers, but its significance for endometrial tumorigenesis is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between BMI‐1 and expression of factors affecting AKT (protein kinase B) phosphorylation level in endometrial cancer. The expression of proteins and mRNAs was investigated in endometrial cancer specimens and samples of non‐neoplastic endometrial tissue by Western blot and RT‐PCR, respectively. The impact of BMI‐1 down‐regulation on AKT phosphorylation and expression of genes coding for several phosphatases were studied in HEC1A cells. The results showed that BMI‐1 depletion caused increase in PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 (PH domain and leucine‐rich repeat protein phosphatases 1/2) expression and decrease in phospho‐AKT (pAKT) level. In more advanced tumours with higher metastatic potential, the expression of BMI‐1 was lower compared to tumours less advanced and without lymph node metastasis. There were significant inverse correlations between BMI‐1 and PHLPPs, especially PHLPP1 in normal endometrial samples. The inverse correlation between BMI‐1 and PHLPP1/PHLPP2 expression was observed in PTEN positive but not PTEN negative cancers. Low PHLPP2 expression in tumours predicted poorer overall survival. BMI‐1 impacts on AKT phosphorylation level in endometrial cells by regulation of PHLPP expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zaczek
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Jóźwiak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Ciesielski
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Forma
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Cwonda
- Clinical Division of Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieńkiewicz
- Clinical Division of Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bryś
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Krześlak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu D, Wang Z, Lin M, Shang Y, Wang F, Zhou J, Wang F, Zhang X, Luo X, Huang W. In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Activity of Cucurbitacin C, a Novel Natural Product From Cucumber. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1287. [PMID: 31780930 PMCID: PMC6857091 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbitacin C (CuC), a novel analogue of triterpenoids cucurbitacins, confers a bitter taste in cucumber. Genes and signaling pathways responsive for biosynthesis of CuC have been identified in the recent years. In the present study, we explored the anti-cancer effects of CuC against human cancers in vitro and in vivo. CuC inhibited proliferation and clonogenic potential of multiple cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Low-dose CuC treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G1 or G2/M stage in different cancer lines, whereas high-dose treatment of CuC caused apoptosis in cancer cells. PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was found to be one of the major pathways involved in CuC-induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis by RNA-Seq and Western blotting. Mechanistic dissection further confirmed that CuC effectively inhibited the Akt signaling by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. In vivo CuC treatment (0.1 mg/kg body weight) effectively inhibited growth of cancer cell-derived xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice and caused significant apoptosis. Our findings for the first time demonstrated the potential therapeutic significance of CuC against human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinglan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, People’s Hospital of Longhua Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muqi Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Shang
- Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - JiaYi Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiantong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Centre, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiren Huang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shariati M, Meric-Bernstam F. Targeting AKT for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:977-988. [PMID: 31594388 PMCID: PMC6901085 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1676726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Targeted therapies in cancer aim to inhibit specific molecular targets responsible for enhanced tumor growth. AKT/PKB (protein kinase B) is a serine threonine kinase involved in several critical cellular pathways, including survival, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Although phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) is the key regulator of AKT activation, numerous stimuli and kinases initiate pro-proliferative AKT signaling which results in the activation of AKT pathway to drive cellular growth and survival. Activating mutations and amplification of components of the AKT pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of many cancers including breast and ovarian. Given its importance, AKT, it has been validated as a promising therapeutic target.Areas covered: This article summarizes AKT's biological function and different classes of AKT inhibitors as anticancer agents. We also explore the efficacy of AKT inhibitors as monotherapies and in combination with cytotoxic and other targeted therapies.Expert opinion: The complex mechanism following AKT inhibition requires the addition of other therapies to prevent resistance and improve clinical response. Further studies are necessary to determine additional rational combinations that can enhance efficacy of AKT inhibitors, potentially by targeting compensatory mechanisms, and/or enhancing apoptosis. The identification of biomarkers of response is essential for the development of successful therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shariati
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang L, Wang K, Deng Q, Li W, Zhang X, Liu X. Identification of Key Hydroxymethylated Genes and Transcription Factors Associated with Alpha-Fetoprotein-Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1346-1356. [PMID: 31618054 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA hydroxymethylation is one of the major epigenetic mechanisms mediating the development of several human cancers. This study aimed to identify key hydroxymethylated genes and transcription factors (TFs) associated with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using whole-genome DNA hydroxymethylation profiling. A total of 615 differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DHMRs) were identified from AFP-negative HCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. DHMR-associated genes were significantly enriched in gene ontology functions associated with actin binding, cell leading edge, and blood vessel morphogenesis and pathways such as MAPK signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and axon guidance. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) and SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily A, member 2 (SMARCA2) had higher degrees and were hub nodes. Furthermore, TF prediction analysis showed that TFs, such as nuclear factor I C (NFIC) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), regulated many DHMR-associated genes. Our findings reveal that key hydroxymethylated genes such as PHLPP1 and SMARCA2, as well as TFs such as NFIC and GATA, may be involved in the development of AFP-negative HCC. These molecules may be potential biomarkers for AFP-negative HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yan G, Ru Y, Yan F, Xiong X, Hu W, Pan T, Sun J, Zhang C, Wang Q, Li X. MIIP inhibits the growth of prostate cancer via interaction with PP1α and negative modulation of AKT signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:44. [PMID: 31092266 PMCID: PMC6521544 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over-activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is one of important mechanisms to promote castration resistant prostate cancer, the final stage of prostate cancer (PCa). Dysregulation of PP1-meditaed AKT dephosphorylation might contribute to such an event but is not fully understood. As a newly identified tumor suppressor, MIIP exerts its role in various types of cancer but has not been investigated in PCa. Results We first demonstrated that overexpression of migration and invasion inhibitory protein (MIIP) in human PCa cell lines suppresses their growth while knockdown of MIIP does the opposite in vitro. Although MIIP has no effect on the expression of AR and its target genes or the nuclear translocation of AR in AR-positive PCa cells, MIIP overexpression significantly inhibits activation of AKT-mTOR pathway in both AR- positive and negative PCa cells whereas knockdown of MIIP enhances AKT-mTOR signaling. Using Western blot, immunofluorescence co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation analysis, we found that MIIP interacts with PP1α via its C-terminal part but does not affect its protein level. Importantly, silence of PP1α reversed the inhibitory effect of MIIP on AKT phosphorylation and cell growth in PCa cell lines, while MIIP∆C, which is incapable of interacting with PP1α, loses MIIP’s effect, suggesting that MIIP exerts its roles via interaction with PP1α. Further, MIIP overexpression inhibits the growth of both AR- positive and negative PCa xenograft in nude mice. Finally, immunohistochemical staining of PCa tissue microarray showed that MIIP expression level is downregulated in PCa and negatively correlated with Gleason score of PCa. Conclusion We discovered that MIIP is a novel suppressor of oncogenic AKT-mTOR signaling in PCa by facilitating PP1-meditaed AKT dephosphorylation. Our study further emphasized the tumor suppressive role of MIIP and illustrated a novel mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0355-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Andrology Department, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianming Sun
- Andrology Department, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Rehabilitation Department, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Qinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Water Extract of Juniperus communis L. Induces Cell Death and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Cytostatic Drugs through p53 and PI3K/Akt Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092054. [PMID: 31027321 PMCID: PMC6539617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Juniper (Juniperus communis L.) is a northern coniferous plant generally used as a spice and for nutritional purposes in foods and drinks. It was previously reported that juniper extract (JE) affects p53 activity, cellular stress, and gene expression induced cell death in human neuroblastoma cells. Therefore, the effects of juniper on p53 and Akt signaling was examined further in A549 lung, 22RV1 and DU145 prostate, and HepG2 liver cancer cells using Western blot, confocal microscopy, and MTT analysis. We found that juniper simultaneously decreased cell viability, activated the p53 pathway, and inactivated the PI3K/Akt pathway. The p53 activation was associated with increased nuclear p53 level. Akt was dephosphorylated, and its inactivation was associated with increased levels of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 phosphatases. Parallel increases of PARP suggest that JE decreased cell viability by activating cell death. In addition, JE potentiated the effects of gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil anticancer drugs. Thus, JE can activate cell death in different cancer cell lines through p53 and Akt pathways.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen P, Yao Z, Deng G, Hou Y, Chen S, Hu Y, Yu B. Differentially Expressed Genes in Osteomyelitis Induced by Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1093. [PMID: 29887852 PMCID: PMC5982613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM) is a complicated and serious disease and its underlying molecular signatures of disease initiation and progression remain unclear. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common causative agent of OM. Previous study of Banchereau et al. has established a link between whole blood transcription profiles and clinical manifestations in patients infected with S. aureus. However, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in OM induced by S. aureus infection have not been intensively investigated. In this study, we downloaded the gene expression profile dataset GSE30119 from Gene Expression Omnibus, and performed bioinformatic analysis to identify DEGs in S. aureus infection induced OM from the transcriptional level. The study consisted of 143 whole blood samples, including 44 healthy controls, 42 OM-free, and 57 OM infection patients. A total of 209 S. aureus infection-related genes (SARGs) and 377 OM-related genes (OMRGs) were identified. The SARGs were primarily involved in the immune response by GO functional and pathway enrichment analysis. Several proteins adhere to neutrophil extracellular traps may be critical for the immune response to the process of S. aureus infection. By contrast, the OMRGs differ from the SARGs. The OMRGs were enriched in transmembrane signaling receptor and calcium channel activity, cilium morphogenesis, chromatin silencing, even multicellular organism development. Several key proteins, including PHLPP2 and EGF, were hub nodes in protein–protein interaction network of the OMRGs. In addition, alcoholism, systemic lupus erythematosus and proteoglycans in cancer were the top pathways influenced by the OMRGs associated with OM. Thus, this study has further explored the DEGs and their biological functions associated with S. aureus infection and OM, comparing with the previous study, and may light the further insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms and the potential critical biomarkers in OM development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganming Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilong Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hwang SM, Feigenson M, Begun DL, Shull LC, Culley KL, Otero M, Goldring MB, Ta LE, Kakar S, Bradley EW, Westendorf JJ. Phlpp inhibitors block pain and cartilage degradation associated with osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1487-1497. [PMID: 29068480 PMCID: PMC5985222 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phlpp protein phosphatases are abnormally abundant within human osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes and may contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. Mice lacking Phlpp1 were previously shown to be resistant to post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Here a small molecule with therapeutic properties that inhibits Phlpp1 and Phlpp2 was tested for its ability to slow post-traumatic OA in mice and to stimulate anabolic pathways in human articular cartilage from OA joints. PTOA was induced in male C57Bl/6 mice by surgically destabilizing the meniscus. Seven weeks after surgery, mice received a single intra-articular injection of the Phlpp inhibitor NSC117079 or saline. Mechanical allodynia was measured with von Frey assays, mobility was tracked in an open field system, and cartilage damage was assessed histologically. A single intra-articular injection of the Phlpp inhibitor NSC117079 attenuated mechanical allodynia and slowed articular cartilage degradation in joints with a destabilized meniscus. Animals treated with the Phlpp inhibitor 7 weeks after injury maintained normal activity levels, while those in the control group traveled shorter distances and were less active 3 months after the joint injury. NSC117079 also increased production of cartilage extracellular matrix components (glycosaminoglycans and aggrecan) in over 90% of human articular cartilage explants from OA patients and increased phosphorylation of Phlpp1 substrates (AKT2, ERK1/2, and PKC) in human articular chondrocytes. Our results indicate that Phlpp inhibitor NSC117079 is a novel osteoarthritis disease modifying drug candidate that may have palliative affects. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1487-1497, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyun M. Hwang
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Marina Feigenson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Dana L. Begun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | | | - Kirsty L. Culley
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Miguel Otero
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mary B. Goldring
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lauren E. Ta
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Sanjeev Kakar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA,Co-corresponding authors. ,
| | - Jennifer J. Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA,Co-corresponding authors. ,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Szymonowicz K, Oeck S, Malewicz NM, Jendrossek V. New Insights into Protein Kinase B/Akt Signaling: Role of Localized Akt Activation and Compartment-Specific Target Proteins for the Cellular Radiation Response. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030078. [PMID: 29562639 PMCID: PMC5876653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations driving aberrant activation of the survival kinase Protein Kinase B (Akt) are observed with high frequency during malignant transformation and cancer progression. Oncogenic gene mutations coding for the upstream regulators or Akt, e.g., growth factor receptors, RAS and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), or for one of the three Akt isoforms as well as loss of the tumor suppressor Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog on Chromosome Ten (PTEN) lead to constitutive activation of Akt. By activating Akt, these genetic alterations not only promote growth, proliferation and malignant behavior of cancer cells by phosphorylation of various downstream signaling molecules and signaling nodes but can also contribute to chemo- and radioresistance in many types of tumors. Here we review current knowledge on the mechanisms dictating Akt’s activation and target selection including the involvement of miRNAs and with focus on compartmentalization of the signaling network. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the cross-talk with DNA damage response highlighting nuclear Akt target proteins with potential involvement in the regulation of DNA double strand break repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Szymonowicz
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nathalie M Malewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yu Y, Dai M, Lu A, Yu E, Merlino G. PHLPP1 mediates melanoma metastasis suppression through repressing AKT2 activation. Oncogene 2018; 37:2225-2236. [PMID: 29391600 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PI3K/AKT pathway activation is thought to be a driving force in metastatic melanomas. Members of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein Ser/Thr specific phosphatase family (PHLPP1 and PHLPP2) can regulate AKT activation. By dephosphorylating specific serine residues in the hydrophobic motif, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 restrain AKT signalings, thereby regulating cell proliferation and survival. We here show that PHLPP1 expression was significantly downregulated or lost and correlated with metastatic potential in melanoma. Forcing expression of either PHLPP1 or PHLPP2 in melanoma cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation in soft agar; but PHLPP1 had the most profound inhibitory effect on metastasis. Moreover, expression of PH mutant forms of PHLPP1 continued to inhibit metastasis, whereas a phosphatase-dead C-terminal mutant did not. The introduction of activated PHLPP1-specific targets AKT2 or AKT3 also promoted melanoma metastasis, while the non-PHLPP1 target AKT1 did not. AKT2 and AKT3 could even rescue the PHLPP1-mediated inhibition of metastasis. An AKT inhibitor blocked the activity of AKT2 and inhibited AKT2-mediated tumor growth and metastasis in a preclinical mouse model. Our data demonstrate that PHLPP1 functions as a metastasis suppressor through its phosphatase activity, and suggest that PHLPP1 represents a novel diagnostic and therapeutic marker for metastatic melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Meng Dai
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Andrew Lu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ordoñez-Gutierrez L, Fernandez-Perez I, Herrera JL, Anton M, Benito-Cuesta I, Wandosell F. AβPP/PS1 Transgenic Mice Show Sex Differences in the Cerebellum Associated with Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:645-56. [PMID: 27567877 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar pathology has been related to presenilin 1 mutations in certain pedigrees of familial Alzheimer's disease. However, cerebellum tissue has not been intensively analyzed in transgenic models of mutant presenilins. Furthermore, the effect of the sex of the mice was not systematically analyzed, despite the fact that important gender differences in the evolution of the disease in the human population have been described. We analyzed whether the progression of amyloidosis in a double transgenic mouse, AβPP/PS1, is susceptible to aging and differentially affects males and females. The accumulation of amyloid in the cerebellum differentially affects males and females of the AβPP/PS1 transgenic line, which was found to be ten-fold higher in 15-month-old females. Amyloid-β accumulation was more evident in the molecular layer of the cerebellum, but glia reaction was only observed in the granular layer of the older mice. The sex divergence was also observed in other neuronal, survival, and autophagic markers. The cerebellum plays an important role in the evolution of the pathology in this transgenic mouse model. Sex differences could be crucial for a complete understanding of this disease. We propose that the human population could be studied in this way. Sex-specific treatment strategies in human populations could show a differential response to the therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ordoñez-Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Neurologica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jose Luis Herrera
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Marta Anton
- Centro de Investigacion Neurologica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Neurologica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xing Y, Sun W, Wang Y, Gao F, Ma H. Mutual inhibition of insulin signaling and PHLPP-1 determines cardioprotective efficiency of Akt in aged heart. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:873-88. [PMID: 27019292 PMCID: PMC4931841 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin protects cardiomyocytes from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury through activating Akt. However, phosphatase PHLPP-1 (PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase-1) dephosphorylates and inactivates Akt. The balanced competitive interaction of insulin and PHLPP-1 has not been directly examined. In this study, we have identified the effect of mutual inhibition of insulin signaling and PHLPP-1 on the cardioprotective efficiency of Akt in aged heart. Young (3 mon) and aged (20 mon) Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to MI/R in vivo. The PHLPP-1 level was higher in aged vs. young hearts at base. But, insulin treatment failed to decrease PHLPP-1 level during reperfusion in the aged hearts. Consequently, the cardioprotection of insulin-induced Akt activation was impaired in aged hearts, resulting in more susceptible to MI/R injury. In cultured rat ventricular myocytes, PHLPP-1 knockdown significantly enhanced insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and reduced simulated hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis. Contrary, PHLPP-1 overexpression terminated Akt phosphorylation and deteriorated myocytes apoptosis. Using in vivo aged animal models, we confirmed that cardiac PHLPP-1 knockdown or enhanced insulin sensitivity by exercise training dramatically increased insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Specifically, MI/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and infarct size were decreased and cardiac function was increased. More importantly, we found that insulin regulated the degradation of PHLPP-1 and insulin treatment could enhance the binding between PHLPP-1 and β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) to target for ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Altogether, we have identified a new mechanism by which insulin suppresses PHLPP-1 to enhance Akt activation. But, aged heart possesses lower insulin effectiveness and fails to decrease PHLPP-1 during MI/R, which subsequently limited Akt activity and cardioprotection. PHLPP-1 could be a promising therapeutic interventional target for elderly ischemic heart disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xing
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wanqing Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yishi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Heng Ma
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mathur A, Pandey VK, Kakkar P. PHLPP: a putative cellular target during insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R185-R198. [PMID: 28428363 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Progressive research in the past decade converges to the impact of PHLPP in regulating the cellular metabolism through PI3K/AKT inhibition. Aberrations in PKB/AKT signaling coordinates with impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance, identified during T2D, obesity and cardiovascular disorders which brings in the relevance of PHLPPs in the metabolic paradigm. In this review, we discuss the impact of PHLPP isoforms in insulin signaling and its associated cellular events including mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, autophagy and cell death. The article highlights the plausible molecular targets that share the role during insulin-resistant states, whose understanding can be extended into treatment responses to facilitate targeted drug discovery for T2D and allied metabolic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Mathur
- Herbal Research LaboratoryCSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Babu Banarasi Das UniversityBBD City, Lucknow, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Pandey
- Herbal Research LaboratoryCSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchCSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research LaboratoryCSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Babu Banarasi Das UniversityBBD City, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchCSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
78495111110.3390/cancers9050052" />
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wee P, Wang Z. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050052. [PMID: 28513565 PMCID: PMC5447962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Alamuru-Yellapragada NP, Vundyala S, Behera S, Parsa KVL. LPS depletes PHLPP levels in macrophages through the inhibition of SP1 dependent transcriptional regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:533-538. [PMID: 28322791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that bacterial endotoxin LPS attenuates expression of PHLPP, a ser/thr phosphatase, at both transcript and protein levels in different immune cells, however the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown and is of significant interest. Here, in line with the decreased transcript levels upon LPS treatment, we observed that LPS caused significant reduction in PHLPP promoter activity. We observed that SP1, a transcription factor frequently associated with inflammation, was recruited to the PHLPP promoter region. Ectopic expression of SP1 enhanced both transcript and protein levels of PHLPP while knockdown of SP1 or pharmacological inhibition of SP1 DNA binding by mithramycin reduced PHLPP expression. Moreover, over-expression of SP1 co-activators CBP/p300 augmented SP1 driven PHLPP promoter activity. Of note, LPS treatment depleted SP1 and CBP protein levels due to which recruitment of SP1 to PHLPP promoter was reduced. Further, we found that re-introduction of SP1 restored promoter activity and transcript levels of PHLPP in LPS stimulated cells. Collectively, our data revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of PHLPP expression during LPS induced macrophage inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja P Alamuru-Yellapragada
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sanghamitra Vundyala
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Soma Behera
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kishore V L Parsa
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ubrihien RP, Ezaz T, Taylor AM, Stevens MM, Krikowa F, Foster S, Maher WA. The response of Isidorella newcombi to copper exposure: Using an integrated biological framework to interpret transcriptomic responses from RNA-seq analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 185:183-192. [PMID: 28236764 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the transcriptomic response of the Australian endemic freshwater gastropod Isidorella newcombi exposed to 80±1μg/L of copper for 3days. Analysis of copper tissue concentration, lysosomal membrane destabilisation and RNA-seq were conducted. Copper tissue concentrations confirmed that copper was bioaccumulated by the snails. Increased lysosomal membrane destabilisation in the copper-exposed snails indicated that the snails were stressed as a result of the exposure. Both copper tissue concentrations and lysosomal destabilisation were significantly greater in snails exposed to copper. In order to interpret the RNA-seq data from an ecotoxicological perspective an integrated biological response model was developed that grouped transcriptomic responses into those associated with copper transport and storage, survival mechanisms and cell death. A conceptual model of expected transcriptomic changes resulting from the copper exposure was developed as a basis to assess transcriptomic responses. Transcriptomic changes were evident at all the three levels of the integrated biological response model. Despite lacking statistical significance, increased expression of the gene encoding copper transporting ATPase provided an indication of increased internal transport of copper. Increased expression of genes associated with endocytosis are associated with increased transport of copper to the lysosome for storage in a detoxified form. Survival mechanisms included metabolic depression and processes associated with cellular repair and recycling. There was transcriptomic evidence of increased cell death by apoptosis in the copper-exposed organisms. Increased apoptosis is supported by the increase in lysosomal membrane destabilisation in the copper-exposed snails. Transcriptomic changes relating to apoptosis, phagocytosis, protein degradation and the lysosome were evident and these processes can be linked to the degradation of post-apoptotic debris. The study identified contaminant specific transcriptomic markers as well as markers of general stress. From an ecotoxicological perspective, the use of a framework to group transcriptomic responses into those associated with copper transport, survival and cell death assisted with the complex process of interpretation of RNA-seq data. The broad adoption of such a framework in ecotoxicology studies would assist in comparison between studies and the identification of reliable transcriptomic markers of contaminant exposure and response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney P Ubrihien
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Anne M Taylor
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Mark M Stevens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Private Mail Bag, Yanco, NSW, 2703, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Australia.
| | - Frank Krikowa
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Simon Foster
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - William A Maher
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ding L, Zhang S, Xu M, Zhang R, Sui P, Yang Q. MicroRNA-27a contributes to the malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells by directly targeting PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:45. [PMID: 28327189 PMCID: PMC5361803 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNA-27a (miR-27a) is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. However, the exact function and molecular mechanism of miR-27a in gastric cancer remain unclear. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify the expression of miR-27a and its target gene. The function of miR-27a in gastric cancer was investigated through in vitro and in vivo assays (MTT assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry assay, wound healing assay, migration and invasion assay, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot). A luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm the target gene of miR-27a. Results We found that miR-27a was commonly overexpressed in gastric cancer and high expression of miR-27a was associated with distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis, advanced T stage and advanced clinical stage. Functional assays demonstrated that overexpression of miR-27a in AGS cells accelerated cell proliferation, migration and invasion and suppressed apoptosis. Meanwhile, opposite results were observed in SGC-7901 cells when miR-27a was suppressed. Consistently, down-regulation of miR-27a inhibited the growth and metastasis of engrafted tumors in vivo. Furthermore, we found PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) to be a new target of miR-27a, and downregulation of PHLPP2 could rescue the effect of anti-miR-27a in gastric cancer cells. In addition, miR-27a-mediated suppression of PHLPP2 led to stimulation of the AKT/GSK3β pathway. Conclusions Our data suggest that miR-27a functions as a crucial oncogenic miRNA in gastric cancer. It can promote proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells by suppressing PHLPP2 and activating the AKT/GSK3β pathway. Therefore, miR-27a is a potential novel therapeutic target in gastric cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0516-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shanyong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mu Xu
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Renwen Zhang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Pengcheng Sui
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Strotbek M, Schmid S, Sánchez-González I, Boerries M, Busch H, Olayioye MA. miR-181 elevates Akt signaling by co-targeting PHLPP2 and INPP4B phosphatases in luminal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2310-2320. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Strotbek
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Simone Schmid
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg; 79104 Freiburg Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg; 79104 Freiburg Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Monilola A. Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
PHLPP regulates hexokinase 2-dependent glucose metabolism in colon cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16103. [PMID: 28179998 PMCID: PMC5253420 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glucose metabolism is considered as one of the most important metabolic alterations adapted by cancer cells in order to generate energy as well as high levels of glycolytic intermediates to support rapid proliferation. PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) belongs to a novel family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases that function as tumor suppressors in various types of human cancer. Here we determined the role of PHLPP in regulating glucose metabolism in colon cancer cells. Knockdown of PHLPP increased the rate of glucose consumption and lactate production, whereas overexpression of PHLPP had the opposite effect. Bioenergetic analysis using Seahorse Extracelluar Flux Analyzer revealed that silencing PHLPP expression induced a glycolytic shift in colon cancer cells. Mechanistically, we found that PHLPP formed a complex with Akt and hexokinase 2 (HK2) in the mitochondrial fraction of colon cancer cells and knockdown of PHLPP enhanced Akt-mediated phosphorylation and mitochondrial localization of HK2. Depletion of HK2 expression or treating cells with Akt and HK2 inhibitors reversed PHLPP loss-induced increase in glycolysis. Furthermore, PHLPP knockdown cells became addicted to glucose as a major energy source in that glucose starvation significantly decreased cancer cell survival. As HK2 is the key enzyme that determines the direction and magnitude of glucose flux, our study identified PHLPP as a novel regulator of glucose metabolism by controlling HK2 activity in colon cancer cells.
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang X, Lu X, Akhter S, Georgescu MM, Legerski RJ. FANCI is a negative regulator of Akt activation. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:1134-43. [PMID: 27097374 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1158375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt is a critical mediator of the oncogenic PI3K pathway, and its activation is regulated by kinases and phosphatases acting in opposition. We report here the existence of a novel protein complex that is composed minimally of Akt, PHLPP1, PHLPP2, FANCI, FANCD2, USP1 and UAF1. Our studies show that depletion of FANCI, but not FANCD2 or USP1, results in increased phosphorylation and activation of Akt. This activation is due to a reduction in the interaction between PHLPP1 and Akt in the absence of FANCI. In response to DNA damage or growth factor treatment, the interactions between Akt, PHLPP1 and FANCI are reduced consistent with the known phosphorylation of Akt in response to these stimuli. Furthermore, depletion of FANCI results in reduced apoptosis after DNA damage in accord with its role as a negative regular of Akt. Our findings describe an unexpected function for FANCI in the regulation of Akt and define a previously unrecognized intersection between the PI3K-Akt and FA pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Zhang
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Shamima Akhter
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | | | - Randy J Legerski
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|