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Bang SG, Joeng WT, Hyun TK. Gibberellic acid 3 enhanced the anticancer activity of Abeliophyllum distichum adventitious roots by activating the diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:3902-3908. [PMID: 37820039 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2266169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The industrial value of various plants has been improved through the of plant cell culture systems with elicitation. In this study, the adventitious root of Abeliophyllum distichum (AdAR) was treated with gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) to improve its anticancer property. The hexane fraction of the GA3-treated A. distichum adventitious root exhibited a stronger cytotoxic activity against A549 cells than the hexane fraction of AdAR. Through GC/MS and principal component analysis, we identified ferruginol and sugiol as anticancer compounds, which were induced by GA3 treatment in AdAR. Gene expression analysis combined with functional characterisation suggests that the GA3 treatment increased the transcription of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases and copalyl diphosphate synthase, which led to the accumulation of diterpenoids, including ferruginol and sugiol. Overall, these findings can contribute to the advancement of metabolic engineering for enhancing the biosynthesis of active diterpenoids, and facilitate the large-scale production of bioactive compounds sourced from A. distichum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Gun Bang
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Joeng
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Prashant SP, Bhawana M. An update on biotechnological intervention mediated by plant tissue culture to boost secondary metabolite production in medicinal and aromatic plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14400. [PMID: 38945697 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Since prehistoric times, medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been employed for various therapeutic purposes due to their varied array of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive compounds, i.e. secondary metabolites. However, when secondary metabolites are isolated directly from MAPs, there is occasionally very poor yield and limited synthesis of secondary metabolites from particular tissues and certain developmental stages. Moreover, many MAPs species are in danger of extinction, especially those used in pharmaceuticals, as their natural populations are under pressure from overharvesting due to the excess demand for plant-based herbal remedies. The extensive use of these metabolites in a number of industrial and pharmaceutical industries has prompted a call for more research into increasing the output via optimization of large-scale production using plant tissue culture techniques. The potential of plant cells as sources of secondary metabolites can be exploited through a combination of product recovery technology research, targeted metabolite production, and in vitro culture establishment. The plant tissue culture approach provides low-cost, sustainable, continuous, and viable secondary metabolite production that is not affected by geographic or climatic factors. This study covers recent advancements in the induction of medicinally relevant metabolites, as well as the conservation and propagation of plants by advanced tissue culture technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shera Pandit Prashant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh (CUHP), Kangra, Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh
| | - Mishra Bhawana
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh (CUHP), Kangra, Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh
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3
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Hu Q, Zhang Y, Tu Z, Wen S, Wang J, Wang M, Li H. The identification and functional characterization of the LcMCT gene from Liriodendron chinense reveals its potenatial role in carotenoids biosyanthesis. Gene 2024; 902:148180. [PMID: 38253298 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are not only important component of plant floral scent, but also indispensable elements in the formation of floral color. The petals of Liriodendron chinense are rich in tetraterpene carotenoids and release large amounts of volatile monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds during full blooming stage. However, the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis is not clear in L. chinense. In this study, we identified a LcMCT gene and characterized its potential function in carotenoids biosynthesis. A total of 2947 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discerned from the transcriptomic data of L. chinense petals, with a significant enrichment of DEGs related to plant hormone signal transduction and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. After comprehensive analysis on these DEGs, the LcMCT gene was selected for subsequent function characterization. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that LcMCT was expressed at the highest level in the petals during full blooming stage, suggesting a possible role in carotenoids biosynthesis and volatile terpenoid biosynthesis. Subcellular localization showed that the LcMCT protein was localized in the chloroplast. Overexpression of LcMCT in Arabidopsis thaliana affected the expression levels of MEP pathway genes. Moreover, the MCT enzyme activity and carotenoids contents in transgenic A. thaliana were increased by 69.27% and 15.57%, respectively. These results suggest that LcMCT promotes the biosynthesis of terpenoid precursors via the MEP pathway. Our work lays a foundation for exploring the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis in L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhonghua Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shaoying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Minxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huogen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Mishra B, Bansal S, Tripathi S, Mishra S, Yadav RK, Sangwan NS. Differential regulation of key triterpene synthase gene under abiotic stress in Withania somnifera L. Dunal and its co-relation to sterols and withanolides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108419. [PMID: 38377888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), is one of the most reputed Indian medicinal plants, having immense pharmacological activities due to the occurrence of withanolides. The withanolides are biosynthesized through triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway with the involvement of WsCAS leading to cyclization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene, which is a key metabolite to further diversify to a myriad of phytochemicals. In contrast to the available reports on the studies of WsCAS in withanolide biosynthesis, its involvement in phytosterol biosynthesis needs investigation. Present work deals with the understanding of role of WsCAS triterpenoid synthase gene in the regulation of biosynthesis of phytosterols & withanolides. Docking studies of WsCAS protein revealed Conserved amino acids, DCATE motif, and QW motif which are involved in efficient substrate binding, structure stabilization, and catalytic activity. Overexpression/silencing of WsCAS leading to increment/decline of phytosterols confers its stringent regulation in phytosterols biosynthesis. Differential regulation of WsCAS on the metabolic flux towards phytosterols and withanolide biosynthesis was observed under abiotic stress conditions. The preferential channelization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene towards withanolides and/or phytosterols occurred under heat/salt stress and cold/water stress, respectively. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol showed major contribution in high/low temperature and salt stress, and campesterol in water stress management. Overexpression of WsCAS in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the increment in phytosterols in general. Thus, the WsCAS plays important regulatory role in the biosynthetic pathway of phytosterols and withanolides under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smrati Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritesh K Yadav
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India.
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5
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Zhu L, Hu J, Li R, Liu C, Jiang Y, Liu T, Liu M, Zhao M, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhang M. Transcriptome-Wide Integrated Analysis of the PgGT25-04 Gene in Controlling Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1980. [PMID: 37653897 PMCID: PMC10224475 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a valuable medicinal herb of the Araliaceae family with various pharmacological activities. The Trihelix transcription factors family is involved in growth and secondary metabolic processes in plants, but no studies have been reported on the involvement of Trihelix genes in secondary metabolic processes in ginseng. In this study, weighted co-expression network analysis, correlation analysis between PgGTs and ginsenosides and key enzyme genes, and interaction network analysis between PgGTs and key enzyme genes were used to screen out the PgGT25-04 gene, which was negatively correlated with ginsenoside synthesis. Using ABA treatment of ginseng hair roots, PgGT genes were found to respond to ABA signals. Analysis of the sequence characteristics and expression pattern of the PgGT25-04 gene in ginseng revealed that its expression is spatiotemporally specific. The interfering vector pBI121-PgGT25-04 containing the PgGT25-04 gene was constructed, and the ginseng adventitious roots were transformed using the Agrobacterium-mediated method to obtain the pBI121-PgGT25-04 positive hairy root monocot line. The saponin contents of positive ginseng hair roots were measured by HPLC, and the changes in PgGT25-04 and key enzyme genes in positive ginseng hair roots were detected via fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. These results preliminarily identified the role of the PgGT25-04 gene in the secondary metabolism of ginseng in Jilin to provide a theoretical basis for the study of Trihelix transcription factors in Panax ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jian Hu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ruiqi Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mingming Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.Z.); (J.H.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (Y.J.); (T.L.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
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6
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Garrido J, Rico S, Corral C, Sánchez C, Vidal N, Martínez-Quesada JJ, Ferreiro-Vera C. Exogenous application of stress-related signaling molecules affect growth and cannabinoid accumulation in medical cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1082554. [PMID: 36605951 PMCID: PMC9809906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1082554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is a source of bioactive phytochemicals with promising pharmacological and therapeutic applications. Enhancing the accumulation of valuable bioactive compounds is potentially a way of increasing the economic importance of this crop. Signaling molecules like salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in the regulation of plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, several phytohormones regulate plant trichome formation and elicit the synthesis of secondary metabolites in many plant species in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Therefore, exogenously delivered plant signaling molecules have the potential to modify the chemical profiles of medical cannabis. In this study, we found that the foliar application of SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and GABA produces changes in the accumulation of the two major cannabinoids, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), in leaves and inflorescences of a medical cannabis variety. MeJA at 0.1 mM increased the CBDA content in inflorescences by 15.6%, while SA and MeJA at 0.1 mM increased CBDA and THCA accumulation in leaves by up to 57.3%. Treatments did not change the expression of genes participating in the final steps of the biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids: olivetolic acid cyclase (CsOAC-1 and CsOAC-2), 2-acylphloroglucinol 4-prenyltransferase (CsPT4), cannabidiolic acid synthase (CsCBDAS), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (CsTHCAS). Trichome density was not significantly different from the control plants in any treatment. Besides, we found strong correlations between several plant growth parameters and cannabinoid yields, showing a direct link between plant fitness and the production of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Garrido
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Saleta Rico
- Departamento Fisiología Vegetal, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG)-Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carolina Corral
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Conchi Sánchez
- Departamento Fisiología Vegetal, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG)-Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Vidal
- Departamento Fisiología Vegetal, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG)-Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan José Martínez-Quesada
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Ferreiro-Vera
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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7
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Wang S, Liang H, Wang H, Li L, Xu Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Wei J, Ma T, Le C, Yang J, He C, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Lisby M, Sahu SK, Liu H. The chromosome-scale genomes of Dipterocarpus turbinatus and Hopea hainanensis (Dipterocarpaceae) provide insights into fragrant oleoresin biosynthesis and hardwood formation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:538-553. [PMID: 34687252 PMCID: PMC8882806 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dipterocarpaceae are typical tropical plants (dipterocarp forests) that are famous for their high economic value because of their production of fragrant oleoresins, top-quality timber and usage in traditional Chinese medicine. Currently, the lack of Dipterocarpaceae genomes has been a limiting factor to decipher the fragrant oleoresin biosynthesis and gain evolutionary insights into high-quality wood formation in Dipterocarpaceae. We generated chromosome-level genome assemblies for two representative Dipterocarpaceae species viz. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. f. and Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun. Our whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis revealed that Dipterocarpaceae underwent a shared WGD event, which showed significant impacts on increased copy numbers of genes related to the biosynthesis of terpene, BAHD acyltransferases, fatty acid and benzenoid/phenylpropanoid, which probably confer to the formation of their characteristic fragrant oleoresin. Additionally, compared with common soft wood plants, the expansion of gene families was also found to be associated with wood formation, such as in CESA (cellulose synthase), CSLE (cellulose synthase-like protein E), laccase and peroxidase in Dipterocarpaceae genomes, which might also contribute to the formation of harder, stronger and high-density timbers. Finally, an integrative analysis on a combination of genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic data from different tissues provided further insights into the molecular basis of fragrant oleoresins biosynthesis and high-quality wood formation of Dipterocarpaceae. Our study contributes the first two representative genomes for Dipterocarpaceae, which are valuable genetic resources for further researches on the fragrant oleoresins and superior-quality timber, genome-assisted breeding and improvement, and conservation biology of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Hongping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Linzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Jinpu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Cheng Le
- BGI‐Yunnan, BGI‐ShenzhenYunnanChina
| | - Jinlong Yang
- BGI‐Yunnan, BGI‐ShenzhenYunnanChina
- College of Forensic ScienceXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | | | - Jie Liu
- Forestry Bureau of RuiliYunnan Dehong, RuiliChina
| | | | | | - Michael Lisby
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Oultram JMJ, Pegler JL, Bowser TA, Ney LJ, Eamens AL, Grof CPL. Cannabis sativa: Interdisciplinary Strategies and Avenues for Medical and Commercial Progression Outside of CBD and THC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030234. [PMID: 33652704 PMCID: PMC7996784 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa (Cannabis) is one of the world’s most well-known, yet maligned plant species. However, significant recent research is starting to unveil the potential of Cannabis to produce secondary compounds that may offer a suite of medical benefits, elevating this unique plant species from its illicit narcotic status into a genuine biopharmaceutical. This review summarises the lengthy history of Cannabis and details the molecular pathways that underpin the production of key secondary metabolites that may confer medical efficacy. We also provide an up-to-date summary of the molecular targets and potential of the relatively unknown minor compounds offered by the Cannabis plant. Furthermore, we detail the recent advances in plant science, as well as synthetic biology, and the pharmacology surrounding Cannabis. Given the relative infancy of Cannabis research, we go on to highlight the parallels to previous research conducted in another medically relevant and versatile plant, Papaver somniferum (opium poppy), as an indicator of the possible future direction of Cannabis plant biology. Overall, this review highlights the future directions of cannabis research outside of the medical biology aspects of its well-characterised constituents and explores additional avenues for the potential improvement of the medical potential of the Cannabis plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Timothy A. Bowser
- CannaPacific Pty Ltd., 109 Ocean Street, Dudley, NSW 2290, Australia;
| | - Luke J. Ney
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
- CannaPacific Pty Ltd., 109 Ocean Street, Dudley, NSW 2290, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4921-5858
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9
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Backer R, Mandolino G, Wilkins O, ElSohly MA, Smith DL. Editorial: Cannabis Genomics, Breeding and Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:591445. [PMID: 33193546 PMCID: PMC7661384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Backer
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Mandolino
- Research Center for Industrial Cultures, Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economics, Bologna, Italy
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Aliferis KA, Bernard-Perron D. Cannabinomics: Application of Metabolomics in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L.) Research and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:554. [PMID: 32457786 PMCID: PMC7225349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is a complex, polymorphic plant species, which produces a vast array of bioactive metabolites, the two major chemical groups being cannabinoids and terpenoids. Nonetheless, the psychoactive cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) and the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD), are the two major cannabinoids that have monopolized the research interest. Currently, more than 600 Cannabis varieties are commercially available, providing access to a multitude of potent extracts with complex compositions, whose genetics are largely inconclusive. Recently introduced legislation on Cannabis cultivation in many countries represents a great opportunity, but at the same time, a great challenge for Cannabis research and development (R&D) toward applications in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and agrochemical industries. Based on its versatility and unique capabilities in the deconvolution of the metabolite composition of complex matrices, metabolomics represents an ideal bioanalytical tool that could greatly assist and accelerate Cannabis R&D. Among others, Cannabis metabolomics or cannabinomics can be applied in the taxonomy of Cannabis varieties in chemovars, the research on the discovery and assessment of new Cannabis-based sources of bioactivity in medicine, the development of new food products, and the optimization of its cultivation, aiming for improvements in yield and potency. Although Cannabis research is still in its infancy, it is highly foreseen that the employment of advanced metabolomics will provide insights that could assist the sector to face the aforementioned challenges. Within this context, here, the current state-of-the-art and conceptual aspects of cannabinomics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A. Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Guo K, Hu A, Wang K, Wang L, Fu D, Hao Y, Wang Y, Ali A, Adeel M, Rui Y, Tan W. Effects of spraying nano-materials on the absorption of metal(loid)s in cucumber. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:712-719. [PMID: 31573540 PMCID: PMC8676231 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This report investigates the spraying of nano-silica and fullerene on cucumber leaves to expose their ability to reduce the toxicity and uptake of metal(loid)s. Cucumber seedlings were randomly divided into six treatment groups: 10 mg/L nano-SiO2, 20 mg/L nano-SiO2, 10 mg/L Fullerene, 20 mg/L Fullerene, 5 mg/L Fullerene + 5 mg/L nano-SiO2, and 10 mg/L Fullerene + 10 mg/L nano-SiO2. Nano-silica-treated plants exhibited evidence of the potential mitigation of metal(loid)s poisoning. Specifically, results showed that 20 mg/L of nano-silica promoted Cd uptake by plants; comparatively, 10 mg/L of nano-silica did not significantly increase the silicon content in plants. Both low-concentration combined treatment and low-concentration fullerene groups inhibited metal(loid)s uptake by plants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was then used to observe the surface morphology of cucumber leaves. Significant differences were observed on disease resistance in plants across the different nano-material conditions. Collectively, these findings suggest that both nano-silica materials and fullerene have the potential to control metal(loid)s toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Annan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexiang Wang
- College of Management, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongheng Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Arbab Ali
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammed Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiming Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Gan L, Chao Y, Su H, Ren Y, Yin S, Han L. Altered Promoter and G-Box Binding Factor for 1-Deoxy-d-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Synthase Gene Grown from Poa pratensis Seeds after Spaceflight. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061398. [PMID: 30901811 PMCID: PMC6471272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, the nucleus DNA is considered the primary site of injury by the space environment, which could generate genetic alteration. As the part of genomic mutation, genetic variation in the promoter region could regulate gene expression. In the study, it is observed that there is a deletion in the upstream regulatory region of the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 1 gene (PpDXS1) of Poa pratensis dwarf mutant and the PpDXS1 transcript abundance is lower in the dwarf mutant. It is indicated that the deletion in the promoter region between wild type and dwarf mutant could be responsible for the regulation of PpDXS1 gene expression. The PpDXS1 promoter of dwarf mutant shows a lower activity as determined by dual luciferase assay in Poa pratensis protoplast, as well as the GUS activity is lower in transgenic Poa pratensis plant. To further investigate the effect of the deletion in the promoter region on PpDXS1 transcript accumulation, the transient assay and yeast one-hybrid experiment demonstrate that the deletion comprises a motif which is a target of G-box binding factor (GBF1), and the motif correlates with an increase in transactivation by GBF1 protein. Taken together, these results indicate that the deletion in the promoter of PpDXS1 isolated from dwarf mutant is sufficient to account for the decrease in PpDXS1 transcript level and GBF1 can regulate the PpDXS1 gene expression, and subsequently affect accumulation of various isoprenoids throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuehui Chao
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haotian Su
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yujing Ren
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuxia Yin
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liebao Han
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Backer R, Schwinghamer T, Rosenbaum P, McCarty V, Eichhorn Bilodeau S, Lyu D, Ahmed MB, Robinson G, Lefsrud M, Wilkins O, Smith DL. Closing the Yield Gap for Cannabis: A Meta-Analysis of Factors Determining Cannabis Yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:495. [PMID: 31068957 PMCID: PMC6491815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the commercial production of Cannabis sativa was restricted to varieties that yielded high-quality fiber while producing low levels of the psychoactive cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In the last few years, a number of jurisdictions have legalized the production of medical and/or recreational cannabis with higher levels of THC, and other jurisdictions seem poised to follow suit. Consequently, demand for industrial-scale production of high yield cannabis with consistent cannabinoid profiles is expected to increase. In this paper we highlight that currently, projected annual production of cannabis is based largely on facility size, not yield per square meter. This meta-analysis of cannabis yields reported in scientific literature aimed to identify the main factors contributing to cannabis yield per plant, per square meter, and per W of lighting electricity. In line with previous research we found that variety, plant density, light intensity and fertilization influence cannabis yield and cannabinoid content; we also identified pot size, light type and duration of the flowering period as predictors of yield and THC accumulation. We provide insight into the critical role of light intensity, quality, and photoperiod in determining cannabis yields, with particular focus on the potential for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to improve growth and reduce energy requirements. We propose that the vast amount of genomics data currently available for cannabis can be used to better understand the effect of genotype on yield. Finally, we describe diversification that is likely to emerge in cannabis growing systems and examine the potential role of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for growth promotion, regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis, and biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Backer
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rachel Backer
| | - Timothy Schwinghamer
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Phillip Rosenbaum
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent McCarty
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Eichhorn Bilodeau
- Biomass Production Laboratory, Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Dongmei Lyu
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Md Bulbul Ahmed
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mark Lefsrud
- Biomass Production Laboratory, Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Donald L. Smith
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Schluttenhofer C, Yuan L. Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:917-929. [PMID: 28886910 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hemp has been an important crop throughout human history for food, fiber, and medicine. Despite significant progress made by the international research community, the basic biology of hemp plants remains insufficiently understood. Clear objectives are needed to guide future research. As a semi-domesticated plant, hemp has many desirable traits that require improvement, including eliminating seed shattering, enhancing the quantity and quality of stem fiber, and increasing the accumulation of phytocannabinoids. Methods to manipulate the sex of hemp plants will also be important for optimizing yields of seed, fiber, and cannabinoids. Currently, research into trait improvement is hindered by the lack of molecular techniques adapted to hemp. Here we review how addressing these limitations will help advance our knowledge of plant biology and enable us to fully domesticate and maximize the agronomic potential of this promising crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Schluttenhofer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; The Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; The Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Farzadfar S, Zarinkamar F, Behmanesh M, Hojati M. Magnesium and manganese interactively modulate parthenolide accumulation and the antioxidant defense system in the leaves of Tanacetum parthenium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 202:10-20. [PMID: 27450490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A balanced nutrient supply is a critical factor affecting accumulation of terpenoids in plants, yet data related to the interactive effects of two essential nutrients for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes are scarce. Here, the interactional effects between magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) on plant growth, oxidative status, parthenolide accumulation and expression of key genes involved in parthenolide biosynthesis including 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase (HDR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGR), germacrene A synthase (GAS), germacrene A oxidase (GAO), costunolide synthase (COS) and parthenolide synthase (PTS) in the leaves of feverfew plants grown at different Mn and Mn levels were assessed. Plant growth and leaf pigment concentrations were associated with the amount of applied Mg but could be modified by the Mn level. Deprivation and the addition of both Mg and Mn induce oxidative stress. Mg supply also alleviated the adverse effects of Mn excess on plant growth and oxidative status. In addition, parthenolide biosynthesis decreased under deprivation of Mg or Mn, but the addition of Mn up to 50μM under 2mM Mg supply considerably increased its accumulation. The parthenolide accumulation trend might reflect the up-regulation of terpenoid-related genes and enzyme activities as well as the oxidative status of feverfew leaves. Our data suggest a profound effect of the combined supply of Mg and Mn on parthenolide biosynthesis through the activation of terpene synthases, which concomitantly modulate by oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Farzadfar
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarinkamar
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hojati
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Hao Y, Yu F, Lv R, Ma C, Zhang Z, Rui Y, Liu L, Cao W, Xing B. Carbon Nanotubes Filled with Different Ferromagnetic Alloys Affect the Growth and Development of Rice Seedlings by Changing the C:N Ratio and Plant Hormones Concentrations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157264. [PMID: 27284692 PMCID: PMC4902202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the phytotoxicity of thin-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Three different CNTs, including hollow multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), Fe-filled carbon nanotubes (Fe-CNTs), and Fe-Co-filled carbon nanotubes (FeCo-CNTs), were evaluated. The CNTs significantly inhibited rice growth by decreasing the concentrations of endogenous plant hormones. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) significantly increased in rice roots after treatments with CNTs, and all three types of CNTs had the same effects on the C:N ratio. Interestingly, the increase in the C:N ratio in roots was largely because of decreased N content, indicating that the CNTs significantly decreased N assimilation. Analyses of the Fe and Co contents in plant tissues, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis proved that the CNTs could penetrate the cell wall and the cell membrane, and then enter the root cells. According to the author's knowledge, this is the first time to study the relationship between carbon nanotubes and carbon nitrogen ratio and plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruitao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
| | - Zetian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukui Rui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Cao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
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17
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Singh S, Pal S, Shanker K, Chanotiya CS, Gupta MM, Dwivedi UN, Shasany AK. Sterol partitioning by HMGR and DXR for routing intermediates toward withanolide biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:617-33. [PMID: 24749735 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides biosynthesis in the plant Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is hypothesized to be diverged from sterol pathway at the level of 24-methylene cholesterol. The conversion and translocation of intermediates for sterols and withanolides are yet to be characterized in this plant. To understand the influence of mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways on sterols and withanolides biosynthesis in planta, we overexpressed the WsHMGR2 and WsDXR2 in tobacco, analyzed the effect of transient suppression through RNAi, inhibited MVA and MEP pathways and fed the leaf tissue with different sterols. Overexpression of WsHMGR2 increased cycloartenol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol compared to WsDXR2 transgene lines. Increase in cholesterol was, however, marginally higher in WsDXR2 transgenic lines. This was further validated through transient suppression analysis, and pathway inhibition where cholesterol reduction was found higher due to WsDXR2 suppression and all other sterols were affected predominantly by WsHMGR2 suppression in leaf. The transcript abundance and enzyme analysis data also correlate with sterol accumulation. Cholesterol feeding did not increase the withanolide content compared to cycloartenol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. Hence, a preferential translocation of carbon from MVA and MEP pathways was found differentiating the sterols types. Overall results suggested that MVA pathway was predominant in contributing intermediates for withanolides synthesis mainly through the campesterol/stigmasterol route in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
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18
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Rana S, Bhat WW, Dhar N, Pandith SA, Razdan S, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK. Molecular characterization of two A-type P450s, WsCYP98A and WsCYP76A from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: expression analysis and withanolide accumulation in response to exogenous elicitations. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:89. [PMID: 25416924 PMCID: PMC4247701 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological investigations position withanolides as important bioactive molecules demanding their enhanced production. Therefore, one of the pivotal aims has been to gain knowledge about complete biosynthesis of withanolides in terms of enzymatic and regulatory genes of the pathway. However, the pathway remains elusive at the molecular level. P450s monooxygenases play a crucial role in secondary metabolism and predominantly help in functionalizing molecule core structures including withanolides. RESULTS In an endeavor towards identification and characterization of different P450s, we here describe molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of two A-type P450s, WsCYP98A and WsCYP76A from Withania somnifera. Full length cDNAs of WsCYP98A and WsCYP76A have open reading frames of 1536 and 1545 bp encoding 511 (58.0 kDa) and 515 (58.7 kDa) amino acid residues, respectively. Entire coding sequences of WsCYP98A and WsCYP76A cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using pGEX4T-2 expression vector. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both genes express widely in leaves, stalks, roots, flowers and berries with higher expression levels of WsCYP98A in stalks while WsCYP76A transcript levels were more obvious in roots. Further, transcript profiling after methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and gibberellic acid elicitations displayed differential transcriptional regulation of WsCYP98A and WsCYP76A. Copious transcript levels of both P450s correlated positively with the higher production of withanolides. CONCLUSIONS Two A-types P450 WsCYP98A and WsCYP76A were isolated, sequenced and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Both P450s are spatially regulated at transcript level showing differential tissue specificity. Exogenous elicitors acted as both positive and negative regulators of mRNA transcripts. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid resulted in copious expression of WsCYP98A and WsCYP76A. Enhanced mRNA levels also corroborated well with the increased accumulation of withanolides in response to elicitations. The empirical findings suggest that elicitors possibly incite defence or stress responses of the plant by triggering higher accumulation of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Tawi-180001, India.
| | - Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Tawi-180001, India.
| | - Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Tawi-180001, India.
| | - Shahzad A Pandith
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Tawi-180001, India.
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Tawi-180001, India.
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Tawi-180001, India.
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Tawi-180001, India.
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Campos N, Arró M, Ferrer A, Boronat A. Determination of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in plants. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1153:21-40. [PMID: 24777788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase catalyzes the NADPH-mediated reductive deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, which is the first committed step of the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In agreement with its key regulatory role in the pathway, plant HMG-CoA reductase is modulated by many diverse external stimuli and endogenous factors and can be detected to variable levels in every plant tissue. A fine determination of HMG-CoA reductase activity levels is required to understand its contribution to plant development and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Here, we report a procedure to reliably determine HMG-CoA reductase activity in plants. The method includes the sample collection and homogenization strategies as well as the specific activity determination based on a classical radiochemical assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Campos
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,
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20
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Tiski I, Marraccini P, Pot D, Vieira LGE, Pereira LFP. Characterization and expression of two cDNA encoding 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase isoforms in coffee (Coffea arabica L.). OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:719-27. [PMID: 21751872 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In higher plants there are two independent pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis, located in the cytosol (mevalonic acid or MVA pathway) or in the plastids [methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway]. The 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is the first committed step in the MVA pathway. Using the information available from the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project, we found 13 ESTs that originated two isoforms, CaHMGR1 and CaHMGR2, for the enzyme HMGR of Coffea arabica. A complementary DNA encoding the isoform CaHMGR1 was cloned, and its complete nucleotide sequence determined. The full-length cDNA of CaHMGR1 was 2,242 bp containing a 1,812-bp ORF encoding 604 amino acids. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the deduced CaHMGR1 had extensive homology with other plant HMGRs and contained two transmembrane domains and two putative HMGR binding sites and two NADP(H)-binding sites. Under normal growth conditions, transcripts of isoform CaHMRG1 were detected in fruit tissues (pulp, perisperm, and endosperm) only at the initial stages of development, flower buds and leaves. CaHMRG2 was expressed in all tissues and during all fruit development stages examined. These results suggest a constitutive expression of isoform CaHMGR2, while the isoform CaHMGR1 shows temporal and tissue-specific transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Tiski
- Biotechnology Graduation Program-UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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