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Wiedmann NM, Fuller-Jackson JP, Osborne PB, Keast JR. An adeno-associated viral labeling approach to visualize the meso- and microanatomy of mechanosensory afferents and autonomic innervation of the rat urinary bladder. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23380. [PMID: 38102980 PMCID: PMC10789495 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301113r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The urinary bladder is supplied by a rich network of sensory and autonomic axons, commonly visualized by immunolabeling for neural markers. This approach demonstrates overall network patterning but is less suited to understanding the structure of individual motor and sensory terminals within these complex plexuses. There is a further limitation visualizing the lightly myelinated (A-delta) class of sensory axons that provides the primary mechanosensory drive for initiation of voiding. Whereas most unmyelinated sensory axons can be revealed by immunolabeling for specific neuropeptides, to date no unique neural marker has been identified to immunohistochemically label myelinated visceral afferents. We aimed to establish a non-surgical method to visualize and map myelinated afferents in the bladder in rats. We found that in rats, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), AAV-PHP.S, which shows a high tropism for the peripheral nervous system, primarily transduced myelinated dorsal root ganglion neurons, enabling us to identify the structure and regional distribution of myelinated (mechanosensory) axon endings within the muscle and lamina propria of the bladder. We further identified the projection of myelinated afferents within the pelvic nerve and lumbosacral spinal cord. A minority of noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons in pelvic ganglia were transduced, enabling visualization and regional mapping of both autonomic and sensory axon endings within the bladder. Our study identified a sparse labeling approach for investigating myelinated sensory and autonomic axon endings within the bladder and provides new insights into the nerve-bladder interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Wiedmann
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Peregrine B Osborne
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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The Influence of an Adrenergic Antagonist Guanethidine on the Distribution Pattern and Chemical Coding of Caudal Mesenteric Ganglion Perikarya and Their Axons Supplying the Porcine Bladder. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094896. [PMID: 34063103 PMCID: PMC8124201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at disclosing the influence of intravesically instilled guanethidine (GUA) on the distribution, relative frequency and chemical coding of both the urinary bladder intramural sympathetic nerve fibers and their parent cell bodies in the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CaMG) in juvenile female pigs. GUA instillation led to a profound decrease in the number of perivascular nerve terminals. Furthermore, the chemical profile of the perivascular innervation within the treated bladder also distinctly changed, as most of axons became somatostatin-immunoreactive (SOM-IR), while in the control animals they were found to be neuropeptide Y (NPY)-positive. Intravesical treatment with GUA led not only to a significant decrease in the number of bladder-projecting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) CaMG somata (94.3 ± 1.8% vs. 73.3 ± 1.4%; control vs. GUA-treated pigs), but simultaneously resulted in the rearrangement of their co-transmitters repertoire, causing a distinct decrease in the number of TH+/NPY+ (89.6 ± 0.7% vs. 27.8 ± 0.9%) cell bodies and an increase in the number of SOM-(3.6 ± 0.4% vs. 68.7 ± 1.9%), calbindin-(CB; 2.06 ± 0.2% vs. 9.1 ± 1.2%) or galanin-containing (GAL; 1.6 ± 0.3% vs. 28.2 ± 1.3%) somata. The present study provides evidence that GUA significantly modifies the sympathetic innervation of the porcine urinary bladder wall, and thus may be considered a potential tool for studying the plasticity of this subdivision of the bladder innervation.
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Bertrand MM, Korajkic N, Osborne PB, Keast JR. Functional segregation within the pelvic nerve of male rats: a meso- and microscopic analysis. J Anat 2020; 237:757-773. [PMID: 32598494 PMCID: PMC7495281 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pelvic splanchnic nerves are essential for pelvic organ function and have been proposed as targets for neuromodulation. We have focused on the rodent homologue of these nerves, the pelvic nerves. Our goal was to define within the pelvic nerve the projections of organ-specific sensory axons labelled by microinjection of neural tracer (cholera toxin, subunit B) into the bladder, urethra or rectum. We also examined the location of peptidergic sensory axons within the pelvic nerves to determine whether they aggregated separately from sacral preganglionic and paravertebral sympathetic postganglionic axons travelling in the same nerve. To address these aims, microscopy was performed on the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) with attached pelvic nerves, microdissected from young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old) and processed as whole mounts for fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The pelvic nerves were typically composed of five discrete fascicles. Each fascicle contained peptidergic sensory, cholinergic preganglionic and noradrenergic postganglionic axons. Sensory axons innervating the lower urinary tract (LUT) consistently projected in specific fascicles within the pelvic nerves, whereas sensory axons innervating the rectum projected in a complementary group of fascicles. These discrete aggregations of organ-specific sensory projections could be followed along the full length of the pelvic nerves. From the junction of the pelvic nerve with the MPG, sensory axons immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) showed several distinct patterns of projection: some projected directly to the cavernous nerve, others projected directly across the surface of the MPG to the accessory nerves and a third class entered the MPG, encircling specific cholinergic neurons projecting to the LUT. A subpopulation of preganglionic inputs to noradrenergic MPG neurons also showed CGRP immunoreactivity. Together, these studies reveal new molecular and structural features of the pelvic nerves and suggest functional targets of sensory nerves in the MPG. These anatomical data will facilitate the design of experimental bioengineering strategies to specifically modulate each axon class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Bertrand
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Visceral Surgery, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France.,Montpellier Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics and Microelectronics (LIRMM), ICAR Team, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadja Korajkic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Peregrine B Osborne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Mitsui R, Lee K, Uchiyama A, Hayakawa S, Kinoshita F, Kajioka S, Eto M, Hashitani H. Contractile elements and their sympathetic regulations in the pig urinary bladder: a species and regional comparative study. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:373-387. [PMID: 31446446 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contractile behaviour of the urinary bladder and its sympathetic inhibition during storage phases are not well understood. Here, we explore muscularis mucosae (MM) as a predominant mucosal contractile element and the capability of sympathetic nerves to relax detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) or MM. Distribution of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-immunoreactive cells was compared in pig, human, guinea pig, rat and mouse bladders by immunohistochemistry, while contractility of the bladder mucosa was compared in these species by isometric tension recordings. In pig, human and guinea pig bladders, DSM and MM located in the lamina propria expressed α-SMA immunoreactivity, while both rat and mouse bladders lacked a MM. Consistent with this presence or absence of MM, bladder mucosa of pig, human and guinea pig but not rat and mouse developed spontaneous phasic contractions (SPCs). Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive sympathetic nerve fibres was compared in pig DSM, MM, trigone and urethra, as were their sympathetic nerve-evoked contractile/relaxing responses examined. In pig DSM or MM, where TH-immunoreactive sympathetic fibres exclusively projected to the vasculature, sympathetic relaxations were difficult to demonstrate. In contrast, sympathetic contractions were invariably evoked in pig trigone and urethra where the smooth muscle cells receive TH-immunoreactive sympathetic innervations. Thus, SPCs of bladder mucosa appear to predominantly arise from the MM displaying species differences. Despite the currently accepted concept of sympathetic nerve-mediated DSM relaxation during the storage phase, it is unlikely that neurally released noradrenaline acts on β-adrenoceptors to relax either DSM or MM due to the anatomical lack of sympathetic innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsu Mitsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Ken Lee
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aoi Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shunta Hayakawa
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Fumio Kinoshita
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kajioka
- Department of Applied Urology and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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Kadow BT, Lyon TD, Zhang Z, Lamm V, Shen B, Wang J, Roppolo JR, de Groat WC, Tai C. Sympathetic β-adrenergic mechanism in pudendal inhibition of nociceptive and non-nociceptive reflex bladder activity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F78-84. [PMID: 27170683 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00180.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of the hypogastric nerve and β-adrenergic mechanisms in the inhibition of nociceptive and non-nociceptive reflex bladder activity induced by pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS). In α-chloralose-anesthetized cats, non-nociceptive reflex bladder activity was induced by slowly infusing saline into the bladder, whereas nociceptive reflex bladder activity was induced by replacing saline with 0.25% acetic acid (AA) to irritate the bladder. PNS was applied at multiple threshold (T) intensities for inducing anal sphincter twitching. During saline infusion, PNS at 2T and 4T significantly (P < 0.01) increased bladder capacity to 184.7 ± 12.6% and 214.5 ± 10.4% of the control capacity. Propranolol (3 mg/kg iv) had no effect on PNS inhibition, but 3-[(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP; 1-3 mg/kg iv) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the inhibition. During AA irritation, the control bladder capacity was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to ∼22% of the saline control capacity. PNS at 2T and 4T significantly (P < 0.01) increased bladder capacity to 406.8 ± 47% and 415.8 ± 46% of the AA control capacity. Propranolol significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the bladder capacity to 276.3% ± 53.2% (at 2T PNS) and 266.5 ± 72.4% (at 4T PNS) of the AA control capacity, whereas MTEP (a metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonist) removed the residual PNS inhibition. Bilateral transection of the hypogastric nerves produced an effect similar to that produced by propranolol. This study indicates that hypogastric nerves and a β-adrenergic mechanism in the detrusor play an important role in PNS inhibition of nociceptive but not non-nociceptive reflex bladder activity. In addition to this peripheral mechanism, a central nervous system mechanism involving metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors also has a role in PNS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Kadow
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy D Lyon
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaocun Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; and
| | - Vladimir Lamm
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jicheng Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James R Roppolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William C de Groat
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Changfeng Tai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Pidsudko Z. Immunohistochemical characteristics and distribution of neurons in the paravertebral, prevertebral and pelvic ganglia supplying the urinary bladder in the male pig. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 52:56-70. [PMID: 24122239 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and chemical coding of neurons supplying urinary bladder in the male pig were studied in the sympathetic chain ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and anterior pelvic ganglia. The combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin(SOM), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter(VAChT) were applied in the experiment. Bladder projecting neurons were found in all the ganglia studied. The majority of sympathetic ganglia neurons (inferior mesenteric ganglia and sympathetic chain ganglia) expressed immunoreactivity(IR) to DBH. In sympathetic chain ganglia these neurons simultaneously expressed NPY, GAL or VAChT,while in inferior mesenteric ganglia they contained NPY, SOM and/or GAL. A small number of these bladder projecting neurons was VAChT-IR and some contained NPY. In the pelvic ganglia bladder-projecting neurons formed two populations: DBH- and VAChT-IR. Some of DBH-IR neurons contained IR to NPY, SOM or GAL, while VAChTIR neurons were NPY-, SOM- or NOS-IR. The results indicate that sympathetic ganglia contain mainly adrenergic neurons,while pelvic ganglia contain both adrenergic and cholinergic neurons. All these neurons contain typical combinations of neuropeptides.
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Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in the urinary tract in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:103-55. [PMID: 24265069 PMCID: PMC3944045 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling is involved in a number of physiological and pathophysiological activities in the lower urinary tract. In the bladder of laboratory animals there is parasympathetic excitatory cotransmission with the purinergic and cholinergic components being approximately equal, acting via P2X1 and muscarinic receptors, respectively. Purinergic mechanosensory transduction occurs where ATP, released from urothelial cells during distension of bladder and ureter, acts on P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors on suburothelial sensory nerves to initiate the voiding reflex, via low threshold fibres, and nociception, via high threshold fibres. In human bladder the purinergic component of parasympathetic cotransmission is less than 3 %, but in pathological conditions, such as interstitial cystitis, obstructed and neuropathic bladder, the purinergic component is increased to 40 %. Other pathological conditions of the bladder have been shown to involve purinoceptor-mediated activities, including multiple sclerosis, ischaemia, diabetes, cancer and bacterial infections. In the ureter, P2X7 receptors have been implicated in inflammation and fibrosis. Purinergic therapeutic strategies are being explored that hopefully will be developed and bring benefit and relief to many patients with urinary tract disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Abstract
The motor response of the urinary bladder to nerve stimulation is resistant to atropine, and it has been proposed that the nerves are non-cholinergic, but are possibly purinergic. In this review evidence is presented suggesting a cholinergic transmission in the rat detrusor muscle, part of the receptors being inaccessible to atropine. The rat bladder receives postganglionic cholinergic fibres not only from the pelvic but also from the hypogastric nerves, some fibres passing outside the pelvic ganglia and some relaying distal to them. There is a functional overlap between the right and the left pelvic nerve, but the contractile response to stimulation of the hypogastric nerves is added to the pelvic nerve response with no functional overlap or antagonism.
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Alm P. Cholinergic innervation of the human urethra and urinary bladder: a histochemical study and review of methodology. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 43 Suppl 2:56-62. [PMID: 716939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1978.tb03220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present work gives a survey of the various methods for the histochemical demonstration of cholinergic nervous structures. The theoretical background and the specificity and sensitivity of the various methods are compared. It is concluded that the histochemical localization of the cholinergic transmitter metabolizing enzyme acetylcholine esterase still probably is the best method, giving a fairly good reflection of the distribution of cholinergic nerves. In comparison with the Falck and Hillarp technique for the demonstration of adrenergic nerves this method is much less specific and sensitive. The present work describes a rich supply of cholinergic nerves in the human urethra and urinary bladder in comparison with the scanty adrenergic innervation. Various functional aspects of the cholinergic innervation are discussed.
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Hökfelt T, Schultzberg M, Elde R, Nilsson G, Terenius L, Said S, Goldstein M. Peptide neurons in peripheral tissues including the urinary tract: immunohistochemical studies. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 43 Suppl 2:79-89. [PMID: 362819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1978.tb03224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators, neurons containing substance P-, enkephalin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)--and somatostatin-like immuno-reactivity have been identified in the peripheral nervous system. They have a widespread distribution, particularly in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Whereas part of these peptide containing fibres may belong to sensory neurons, the majority seem to have their origin in peripheral autonomic ganglia, indicating a complex built up of the autonomic nervous system. There is evidence that some noradrenergic neurons contain somatostatin, which may suggest that one neuron can synthesize and store two transmitters. The significance of such neurons, as well as of peripheral peptide neurons in general, remains to be elucidated.
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Murakami S, Yoshida M, Masunaga K, Maeda Y, Ueda S. Change in acetylcholine release from rat bladder with partial outlet obstruction. BJU Int 2008; 101:633-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mizuno MS, Pompeu E, Castelucci P, Liberti EA. Age-related changes in urinary bladder intramural neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:141-8. [PMID: 17449214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative morphometric evaluation of the intramural plexus of the urinary bladder of adult and aged guinea-pigs was performed by histological analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and hystochemical methods, such as NADH-diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The round or oval shaped intramural neurons were revealed among the bundles of the smooth detrusor muscle in clusters containing a variable number of cells in the groups. In both adult control and aged animals, the ganglia were enveloped by a ganglionar capsule of connective tissue mainly composed of type I collagen fibers. The number of neurons NADH-diaphorase positives estimated in the intramural plexus was 1433+/-187.71 and 1107+/-120.67 in the adult control and aged groups, respectively. The perikaryon areas of the NADH-diaphorase neurons reactives ranged from 216.40 to 1809.30 microm(2) in adult control group and from 198.20 to 2096.25 microm(2) in aged group. The nuclear area showed an increase in aged animals. The number of AChE-positive neurons estimated in the intramural plexus was 3294.67+/-415 microm(2) in the adult control group and 1960.33+/-526 microm(2) in the aged group, showing a significant decrease in the latter group. This age-related morphological change in intramural neurons may contribute to changes in urinary bladder activities in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Sanae Mizuno
- Laboratory of Autonomic Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ruan HZ, Birder LA, Xiang Z, Chopra B, Buffington T, Tai C, Roppolo JR, de Groat WC, Burnstock G. Expression of P2X and P2Y receptors in the intramural parasympathetic ganglia of the cat urinary bladder. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F1143-52. [PMID: 16332929 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00333.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and function of P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes were investigated on intact or cultured intramural ganglia of the cat urinary bladder by immunocytochemistry and calcium-imaging techniques, respectively. Neurons were labeled by all seven P2X receptor subtype antibodies and antibodies for P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptor subtypes with a staining intensity of immunoreactivity in the following order: P2X3=P2Y2=P2Y4=P2Y6=P2Y12>P2X1=P2X2=P2X4>P2X5=P2X6=P2X7. P2Y1 receptor antibodies labeled glial cells, but not neurons. P2X3 and P2Y4 polyclonal antibodies labeled ∼95 and 40% of neurons, respectively. Double staining showed that 100, 48.8, and 97.4% of P2X3 receptor-positive neurons coexpressed choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and neurofilament 200 (NF200), respectively, whereas 100, 59.2, and 97.6% of P2Y4 receptor-positive neurons coexpressed ChAT, NOS, and NF200, respectively. Application of ATP, α,β-methylene ATP, and uridine triphosphate elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration in a subpopulation of dissociated cultured cat intramural ganglia neurons, demonstrating the presence of functional P2Y4 and P2X3 receptors. This study indicates that P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes are expressed by cholinergic parasympathetic neurons innervating the urinary bladder. The neurons were also stained for NF200, usually regarded as a marker for large sensory neurons. These novel histochemical properties of cholinergic neurons in the cat bladder suggest that the parasympathetic pathways to the cat bladder may be modulated by complex purinergic synaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Zhen Ruan
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and Univ. College Medical School, Rowland Hill St., London NW3 2PF, UK
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Frederiksen H, Arner A, Malmquist U, Scott RS, Uvelius B. Nerve induced responses and force-velocity relations of regenerated detrusor muscle after subtotal cystectomy in the rat. Neurourol Urodyn 2004; 23:159-65. [PMID: 14983429 DOI: 10.1002/nau.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the pharmacological and mechanical properties of newly developed detrusor muscle after subtotal cystectomy, to explore if the regenerated detrusor has characteristics similar to the normal bladder base, from which it regenerated, or to the normal bladder body which it replaces. METHODS Partial cystectomy was performed in female rats. Fifteen weeks later, detrusor strips were cut from supratrigonal and equatorial segments. Unoperated rats served as controls. Responses to field stimulation were obtained in the absence and presence of scopolamine, prazosin, and P2X1 blockade. Dose-response curves were obtained for carbachol, alpha,beta-methylene-ATP, and phenylephrine. Force-velocity data were obtained on maximally activated chemically skinned preparations. RESULTS Maximal contractile response to field stimulation was 60% of that to high-K+ with no difference between strips from control and cystectomy bladders. Prazosin had no effect. Scopolamine decreased maximal response of supratrigonal strips to 62 +/- 6 (controls) and 61 +/- 4% (operated) of that without blocker. For equatorial strips the decrease was to 81 +/- 5 (controls) and 58 +/- 8% (operated). Frequency-response relations were obtained during blockade with scopolamine, alpha,beta-methylene-ATP, and prazosin. Supratrigonal strips showed a pronounced additional inhibition up to 40 Hz. Equatorial strips from controls were completely inhibited at all frequencies. Equatorial strips from operated bladders were inhibited up to 20 Hz but not at 40 and 60 Hz. Carbachol EC(50) values were similar in all groups. Maximum response to phenylephrine was 10-20% of high-K+ response. Maximal shortening velocity (Vmax) was similar in control supratrigonal and equatorial strips, but was significantly lower in the operated bladders. CONCLUSIONS (1): A regional difference exists in pharmacological properties of control detrusor, with a considerable contractile response to stimulation remaining in the supratrigonal muscle after simultaneous cholinergic, adrenergic, and purinergic blockade. (2): The new detrusor was functionally well innervated with no supersensitivity to muscarinic stimulation. (3): The newly formed bladder body had pharmacological properties specific for the supratrigonal segment from which it had developed. (4): There was no regional difference in force-velocity characteristics of the control detrusor. (5): The lowered Vmax in the newly formed bladder might thus be related to growth and regeneration of muscle cells.
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De Biasi M. Nicotinic mechanisms in the autonomic control of organ systems. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2002; 53:568-79. [PMID: 12436421 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most visceral organs are under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Information on the state and function of these organs is constantly relayed to the central nervous system (CNS) by sensory afferent fibers. The CNS integrates the sensory inputs and sends neural commands back to the organ through the ANS. The autonomic ganglia are the final site for the integration of the message traveling from the CNS. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the main mediators of fast synaptic transmission in ganglia, and therefore, are key molecules for the processing of neural information in the ANS. This review focuses on the role of nAChRs in the control of organ systems such as heart, gut, and bladder. The autonomic control of these organ systems is discussed in the light of the results obtained from the analysis of mice carrying mutations targeted to nAChR subunits expressed in the ANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella De Biasi
- Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Lluel P, Barras M, Palea S. Cholinergic and purinergic contribution to the micturition reflex in conscious rats with long-term bladder outlet obstruction. Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21:142-53. [PMID: 11857668 DOI: 10.1002/nau.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The urethra of female Wistar rats was partially obstructed for 15 weeks. The effects of atropine (1 mg/kg i.v.), suramin (100 mg/kg i.v.), and a combination of atropine and suramin on the peak micturition pressure (MP) were compared during cystometry in conscious rats controls or subjected to outlet obstruction. On the isolated bladder dome, we studied the inhibitory effect of 1 micromol/L atropine, 1 mmol/L suramin, and the combination of the two drugs on contractions induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS). We studied also the contractile response to 80 mmol/L KCl and the concentration-response curves to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, and carbachol on the bladder dome and bladder neck and alpha, beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate on the bladder dome. In conscious rats, the MP, bladder capacity, and micturition volume were significantly higher in obstructed rats than in controls. Suramin induced the same inhibition in the two groups of animals (-30.7 +/- 13.3% in controls and -29.2 +/- 8.5% in obstructed rats). Atropine decreased the MP, but this effect was twofold greater in obstructed animals (-28.1 +/- 3.1% and -65.1 +/- 6.9% in control and obstructed animals, respectively). However, the combined effect of atropine and suramin was additive in controls but not in obstructed (-56.7 +/- 5.4% and -55.9 +/- 9.4%, respectively). Similar results were obtained in vitro using 1 micromol/L atropine and 1 mmol/L suramin. In the obstructed bladder dome and bladder neck, we found a great reduction in KCl- and carbachol-induced contractility but no difference in the response to EFS. Responses to noradrenaline and phenylephrine were moderately reduced in the bladder neck only, whereas responses to alpha, beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate in the bladder dome were not reduced except at the concentration of 300 micromol/L. We conclude that long-term obstruction in rats could induce cholinergic nerve fiber proliferation as suggested by the decrease in M(3) muscarinic receptor contractility (desensitization) and by a greater sensitivity of the MP to atropine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lluel
- Synthélabo Recherche, Internal Medicine Research, Rueil-Malmaison, France
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the role of afferent C fibers in morphological changes of the rat bladder during stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar albino rats were exposed to cold immobilization stress. Different routes of capsaicin administration before cold immobilization stress were studied. Capsaicin was given to neonates, around the vagus (perivagal) or celiac (periceliac), or perivagal plus periceliac. From each group samples of bladder were randomly chosen for morphological evaluation using electron microscopy. RESULTS Stress exposure led to pathological changes, including an increased number of mast cells, degenerated urothelium and dilated tight junctions, in the bladder. Capsaicin given neonatally and around the vagal and celiac ganglia prevented these stress induced degenerative bladder changes. CONCLUSIONS Activation of capsaicin sensitive afferent neurons locally and centrally may be involved in stress related pathological changes in the rat bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ercan
- Departments of Histology-Embryology, and Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Marmara University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lluel P, Palea S, Barras M, Grandadam F, Heudes D, Bruneval P, Corman B, Martin DJ. Functional and morphological modifications of the urinary bladder in aging female rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278:R964-72. [PMID: 10749785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.4.r964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In female Wistar/Rij rats, 10 and 30 mo old, the micturition profiles in conscious animals, the contractile responses of the isolated urinary bladder, and the histology of the vesical tissue have been investigated. During cystomanometry, 60% of conscious senescent rats, but only 25% of young adult rats, showed spontaneous contractions during the bladder-filling phase. In aging rats, micturition pressure and duration of micturition were significantly higher by approximately 40-50%. In contrast, bladder capacity, bladder compliance, micturition volume, and residual volume were not modified with age. In vitro, the contractile responses of the bladder body to KCl, carbachol, arecoline, and alpha,beta-MeATP were similar in tissues from young adult and senescent rats. In contrast, maximum responses to noradrenaline, but not phenylephrine, were two times greater in the older rats. Isoprenaline exhibited the same potency in relaxing KCl-precontracted bladder body of 10- and 30-mo-old animals. Morphometric analysis showed a significant increase in the mean thickness of the muscularis layer with age, whereas the collagen density significantly decreased in the muscularis and in the lamina propria layers. The fact that the majority of senescent rats displayed bladder instability and increased response to alpha-adrenergic agonists suggests that this strain of rat seems a good model for the aged human. However, other characteristics of the aging human urinary tract (urinary frequency, decreased cystometric capacity, and decreased detrusor contractility associated with fibrosis) are not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lluel
- Synthélabo Recherche, Internal Medicine Research, 92504 Rueil-Malmaison, France.
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20
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De Biasi M, Nigro F, Xu W. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the autonomic control of bladder function. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 393:137-40. [PMID: 10771006 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Micturition is achieved through complex neurological mechanisms involving somatic, autonomic and central components. This article briefly reviews recent findings on the autonomic control of urinary bladder function. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in autonomic ganglia, and activation of nicotinic receptors in parasympathetic bladder neurons produces contraction of the detrusor muscle. Autonomic ganglia contain transcripts for the alpha(3), alpha(4), alpha(5), alpha(7), beta(2) and beta(4) nicotinic subunits, which can assemble to form multiple nicotinic receptor subtypes, but the exact nicotinic receptor subunit composition in bladder ganglia is unknown. Mutant mice lacking the alpha(3) or the beta(2) and the beta(4) nicotinic subunits have enlarged bladders with dribbling urination and develop urinary infection and bladder stones. Bladder strips from alpha(3) null mice do not respond to nicotine but contract when stimulated with a muscarinic agonist or electric field stimulation. Mice lacking the beta(2) subunit have no overt bladder phenotype, and their bladders contract in response to nicotine. Surprisingly, bladder strips from beta(4) mutant mice do not respond to nicotine despite the absence of major bladder dysfunction in vivo. These findings suggest that nicotinic receptors containing the alpha(3) and the beta(4) subunits are necessary for normal bladder function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Biasi
- Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA.
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21
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Mirabella N, Paino G, Germano G, Pelagalli GV. The innervation of the ureter in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). A morphological and quantitative study. Ann Anat 1999; 181:537-44. [PMID: 10609050 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(99)80058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and distribution of the innervation in the duck ureter were studied using AChE histochemistry and PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry. The density of AChE positive ganglia and neurons was calculated in the adventitial and muscular layers both in young and adult birds. Moreover, in order to investigate regional differences in neuronal density, separate neuron counts and neuron density calculations were performed for the upper, intermediate and lower parts of the ureter, and the data were statistically evaluated. Three nerve plexuses located in the tunica adventitia, in the tunica muscularis and in the lamina propria respectively, were observed. Both in young and adult ducks, the density of adventitial neurons was significantly greater in the lower tract than in the upper and intermediate tracts. The findings of the present study suggest that, in birds, the innervation may play a role in ureteric functions such as epithelial mucosecretion, muscular motility, and closure and/or opening of the ureteric papilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mirabella
- Dipartimento di Strutture, Funzioni e Tecnologie Biologiche, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Frederico II, Italy
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22
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Zhou Y, Ling EA. Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and some neurotransmitters in the intramural ganglia of the guinea pig urinary bladder. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980518)394:4<496::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Galindo R, Barba V, Dail WG. The sensory branch of the pudendal nerve is the major route for adrenergic innervation of the penis in the rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1997; 247:479-85. [PMID: 9096787 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199704)247:4<479::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple pathways have been proposed for the course of adrenergic fibers to the penis and, although it is generally recognized that the pudendal nerve (PudN) is the most important, there is little quantitative information available. METHODS We used image analysis of catecholamine histofluorescence to quantify the effect of various nerve lesions on the adrenergic innervation of the rat penis. In addition to the denervation studies and as a direct test of whether penile adrenergic fibers traversed the pelvic plexus, penile neurons in the sympathetic chain were first labeled with a retrograde dye placed in the penis. The cavernous nerve of these animals was later exposed to another dye with different spectral characteristics. RESULTS Interruption of the sensory branch of the PudN reduced adrenergic innervation of cavernosal smooth muscle by 86% (+/- 2.5%). Vascular fibers of the deep penile and helicine arteries were also severely reduced but not entirely eliminated. Interruption of the motor branch of the PudN had a lesser and more variable effect on penile adrenergic innervation: a 21.2% (+/- 6.8%) decrease in cavernosal muscle innervation but no obvious affect on vasomotor fibers. Combining the nerve lesions with phenol degeneration of perivascular fibers of the pudendal vessels further reduced but did not entirely eliminate adrenergic fibers in the cavernosal muscle and penile vessels. CONCLUSIONS The dramatic reduction of adrenergic innervation of the penis after section of the PudN, especially the sensory branch, and the absence of double-labeled neurons in the sympathetic chain suggest that the PudN nerve is the major, if not the exclusive, pathway by which adrenergic fibers reach penile erectile tissue of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Galindo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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24
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ZHOU Y, TAN CK, LING EA. Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the intramural ganglia of guinea pig urinary bladder. J Anat 1997; 190 ( Pt 1):135-45. [PMID: 9034889 PMCID: PMC1467591 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19010135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell population and distribution of NADPH-diaphorase positive and NOS immunoreactive intramural ganglion cells were examined on stretched whole-mount preparations of the guinea pig urinary bladder which was divided into 3 regions: base, body and dome. The results showed that the highest frequency both of NADPH-d and NOS positive neurons was observed in the bladder base. Cell counts in the whole bladder showed that the number of NADPH-d positive neurons was much more than that of NOS immunoreactive neurons. Using neuron specific enolase (NSE) positive neurons as a reference (100%), NADPH-d positive neurons accounted for 84% while NOS immunoreactive neurons only made up 45% of the total neuronal population. These results, along with previous studies on the function of nitric oxide, suggest that nitric oxide may be involved in the relaxation activity in the bladder base during micturition. The significant difference in the number of NADPH-d positive and NOS immunoreactive neurons suggests that the localisation of one enzyme does not necessarily reflect the presence of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.
ZHOU
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - C. K.
TAN
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - E. A.
LING
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Address for correspondence: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260. Fax: 65 –7787643; e-mail:
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25
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Abstract
The pelvic plexus is an association of neurons that govern visceral tissues involved in eliminative and reproductive functions. It is the singular site in the autonomic nervous system where sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons occur in the same ganglia. Within the plexus, ganglia are not randomly positioned; sympathetic neurons tend to occur more ventrally while parasympathetic neurons are located more dorsally, both in accordance with the location of their target tissues and the entry point of their corresponding preganglionic nerve tracts. For example, the vas deferens and seminal vesicle are ventral in position and thus are innervated by more ventrally located pelvic neurons. Neurochemical studies of pelvic ganglia indicate that there are some characteristic associations of putative neurotransmitters which are based on target organ distribution and in part, dictated by the variety of target tissues within each organ. Penile neurons comprise a uniform population in that they are cholinergic and also may release vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide. In contrast, target tissues of the internal genitalia are more diverse, requiring adrenergic and nonadrenergic innervation and a complementary neuropeptide. Preganglionic innervation may also be coded and although sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic, they may differ in respect to neuropeptides and nitric oxide. Sensory neuron collaterals may also influence principal neurons as do intrinsic neurons such as small intensely fluorescent cells. Transmission through pelvic ganglia may be simple as is apparent in penile innervation, or shows a greater integrative capacity, as exemplified by the innervation of the urinary bladder. The extent of interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways at the level of the pelvic plexus remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Dail
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87131-5211, United States of America
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26
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Saito M, Yoshikawa Y, Ohmura M, Yokoi K, Kondo A. Functional restoration of rat bladder after subtotal cystectomy: in vivo cystometry and in vitro study of whole bladder. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1996; 24:171-5. [PMID: 8839485 DOI: 10.1007/bf00304081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional restoration of the rat urinary bladder following subtotal cystectomy was studied via in vivo infusion cystometry and an in vitro whole bladder model. After the bladder had been separated from the prostate, subtotal cystectomy was achieved by ligating the bladder completely at a level just above the insertion of the ureters into the bladder. Bladder function was investigated immediately and 7, 14, and 28 days after surgery. Bladder weight was reduced to 17% that in sham-operated controls immediately after surgery, but recovered to 76% of that in controls 28 days after the operation. In vivo capacity also increased after surgery from 13% that of controls to 59% 28 days later. However, voiding pressure remained low (34% of control) 28 days later. An in vitro whole bladder study showed that the response to field stimulation decreased significantly on day 7, but had recovered considerably by day 28. The maximal response to bethanechol decreased significantly 7 days after surgery, but recovered thereafter. The response to phenylephrine increased significantly immediately after surgery, but gradually returned to the control level. An in vitro volume-pressure study showed that passive compliance of the cystectomized bladder decreased after surgery, but improved with time. The peak of the active pressure increase to field stimulation occurred at a low infusion volume immediately after surgery, but bladder capacity increased gradually until 28 days later, when the maximal active pressure was obtained. Our results suggest that restoration of the bladder following subtotal cystectomy may not derive simply from an expansion of the bladder wall. Functional alteration involving the bladder base was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saito
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Alm P, Zygmunt PK, Iselin C, Larsson B, Uvelius B, Werner S, Andersson KE. Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive, adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic nerves of the female rat urinary tract: a comparative study. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1995; 56:105-114. [PMID: 8786272 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(95)00042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and frequency of NO synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive (IR) nerves in relation to the general autonomic innervation, adrenergic, cholinergic and some peptidergic nerves, were investigated in the female rat urinary tract. NOS nerves were very frequent in the smooth musculature of the urethra together with cholinergic, adrenergic and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR nerves, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-IR and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR nerves were much less abundant. NOS-IR, CGRP-IR and cholinergic nerves were also frequent in the longitudinal smooth musculature of the distal ureters and the ureteral orifices into the bladder, where no adrenergic, NPY-IR and VIP-IR nerves were found. In contrast, in the detrusor NOS-IR nerves were scarce. Bilateral pelvic ganglionectomy very pronouncedly decreased the number of any of the populations of nerves studied, whereas bilateral pelvic decentralization selectively reduced the number of CGRP-IR nerves in all structures and locations. Outflow obstruction very overtly reduced the number of NOS-IR nerves in parallel with the general autonomic innervation. Thus, in the rat female urinary tract, NOS-containing nerves particularly occur in regions with sphincteric functions such as urethra and ureteric orifices. In these regions NO may exert a transmitter role, both directly or by interaction with other transmitters/modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alm
- Department of Pathology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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28
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Gunasena KT, Nimmo AJ, Morrison JF, Whitaker EM. Effects of denervation on muscarinic receptors in the rat bladder. BRITISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1995; 76:291-6. [PMID: 7551835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the specific distribution of muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder and to investigate the effects of afferent and efferent denervation on the density and distribution of muscarinic receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary bladders were obtained from female rats which had been injected with vehicle (control), or neonatally with capsaicin (NC, afferent denervation) or which had their pelvic plexus removed (post-ganglionic denervation, PGD, efferent denervation). Tissue sections were used in radioligand-binding studies and for autoradiography with the muscarinic receptor ligand l-quinuclidinyl[phenyl-4-3H]benzilate (QNB). RESULTS Binding of QNB was saturable and specific to a single population of binding sites, with a mean dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.05 +/- 0.14 nM in controls and 0.90 +/- 0.13 nM in rats with PGD. Post-ganglionic denervation caused a 37% increase in maximal binding (Bmax) of QNB from 437.1 +/- 39.1 fmol/mg protein (control group) to 599.1 +/- 4.5 fmol/mg protein (P < 0.02). Autoradiograms revealed muscarinic binding sites over the smooth muscle, but none over the epithelium. Smooth muscle binding sites were doubled after PGD but were unchanged after NC treatment. CONCLUSION Muscarinic receptors were localized over the smooth muscle of the rat bladder and were increased after post-ganglionic denervation. This increase may be responsible for the increased sensitivity to muscarinic agonists reported to occur after bladder denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Gunasena
- Department of Physiology, University of Leeds, UK
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29
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Regional Differences in the Innervation of the Human Ureterovesical Junction by Tyrosine Hydroxylase-, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide- and Neuropeptide Y-Like Immunoreactive Nerves. J Urol 1995. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199507000-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Edyvane KA, Smet PJ, Jonavicius J, Marshall VR. Regional Differences in the Innervation of the Human Ureterovesical Junction by Tyrosine Hydroxylase-, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide- and Neuropeptide Y-Like Immunoreactive Nerves. J Urol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)67291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Edyvane
- Division of Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J. Smet
- Division of Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jarmila Jonavicius
- Division of Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Villis R. Marshall
- Division of Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Somogyi GT, Tanowitz M, de Groat WC. Prejunctional facilitatory alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rat urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114:1710-6. [PMID: 7599939 PMCID: PMC1510390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effect of activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors on acetylcholine (ACh) release and neurally evoked contractile responses induced by electrical field stimulation was investigated in smooth muscle strips from the rat urinary bladder. 2. Neurogenic contractions were facilitated by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists, phenylephrine (PE) (2-128 microM) and methoxamine (2-128 microM) in a dose-dependent manner. These agents also increased small amplitude spontaneous contractions of bladder strips and in 10% of strips increased basal tone. However, contractions elicited by exogenous ACh (1-10 microM) were not affected by alpha 1-agonists. 3. The magnitude of the PE facilitation was higher at lower frequencies (1-5 Hz) or at submaximal intensities of stimulation and at lower Ca2+ concentrations (0.5-1 mM). The selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, terazosin (TRZ) (0.05-1 microM), competitively inhibited (pA2 value: 8.6) the PE facilitation of the neurally evoked contractions but not the PE induced increase of spontaneous contractions. 4. [3H]-noradrenaline (NA) and [14C]-ACh release evoked by electrical field stimulation were increased (140% and 173%, respectively) by 2 microM PE. TRZ (0.05-0.1 microM) blocked the PE facilitation of ACh release but not the facilitation of NA release. TRZ alone did not alter the release of ACh or NA nor the amplitude of the neurogenic contractions. 5. PE (2 microM) did not alter the basal release of ACh but did increase (by 180%) the basal release of NA. Desipramine (2 microM) blocked this effect of PE and also the PE-facilitation of evoked ACh and NA release. 6. It is concluded that cholinergic terminals in the rat urinary bladder exhibit alpha 1-adrenoceptors which can facilitate the release of transmitter. However, under the conditions of our experiments it appears that cholinergic transmission is not modulated by alpha 1 adrenergic mechanisms. Further studies are necessary to determine whether these receptors can be activated by endogenous noradrenaline released within the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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33
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Gabella G. The structural relations between nerve fibres and muscle cells in the urinary bladder of the rat. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1995; 24:159-87. [PMID: 7798112 DOI: 10.1007/bf01181533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intramuscular nerve fibres in the bladder of adult female rats were investigated by means of serial sections. The following observations were made. (1) Upon penetrating into the musculature the nerve bundles branch repeatedly, and almost all turn into single fibres; their axons become varicose, the Schwann cell sheath is attenuated, incomplete or absent, and the separation between axonal membrane and muscle cell membrane is reduced to tens of nanometres. (2) All single axons, and some of those within bundles, are varicose, but the characteristic of being varicose is expressed by degrees, and is not an all-or-none state. (3) Varicosities contain vesicles (mostly of the agranular type), microtubules (with little connection with the axolemma or the vesicles), some neurofilaments (scarce or absent in the best developed varicosities), mitochondria (whose size is on average smaller than those of the perikaryon, and a minute amount of endoplasmic reticulum. (4) Terminal varicosities, the true anatomical ending of an axon, are often devoid of Schwann cell sheath, are packed with vesicles, rarely contain microtubules or neurofilaments, and lie close to a muscle cell: the gap is often reduced to approximately 10 nm. (5) Schwann cells accompany the axons within the muscle strands. Unlike the area of the axonal profiles, the area of glial sheath changes little along the length of the nerve fibre, except towards its end. (6) The Schwann cell sheath around a varicosity is often incomplete; the area of the axolemma thus exposed is covered by the basal lamina, and is here referred to as a 'window'. While some varicosities have a window only a few tens of nanometres in width, others have more than one window, and some are devoid of Schwann cell altogether, so that their entire axolemma is in contact with the basal lamina. The Schwann cell never extends beyond the axon, whereas very often (and possibly always) the axon extends beyond the Schwann cell. (7) Intervaricose segments vary in length and diameter, the narrowest ones accompanying the more clear-cut varicosities. Some intervaricose segments are as small as 50 nm in diameter, contain a single microtubule and lack a Schwann cell sheath. Others, sheathed by a Schwann cell, contain a single neurofilament or no organelles at all.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gabella
- Department of Anatomy, University College London, UK
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34
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Iravani MM, Zar MA. Neuropeptide Y in rat detrusor and its effect on nerve-mediated and acetylcholine-evoked contractions. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:95-102. [PMID: 7812637 PMCID: PMC1510032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Immunohistochemical and isolated organ bath techniques were used to detect the presence of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat urinary bladder and to determine its effect on tone, spontaneous activity and contractile responses of the detrusor muscle to electrical field stimulation, acetylcholine and alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-MeATP). 2. A very rich presence of NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres was found mainly within the bundles of detrusor muscle cells. Chronic treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine did not affect the density of NPY-positive nerve fibres. 3. NPY (> 1 nM) enhanced the force and frequency of spontaneous contractions and generated a rise in the resting tone of the detrusor. These effects of NPY on the tone and the spontaneous activity remained unaffected by atropine (3 microM), indomethacin (10 microM) and aspirin (100 microM) but were abolished by Ca(2+)-withdrawal from the bathing medium. 4. The enhancing effects of NPY on the spontaneous contractions and the resting tone were not prevented by the induction of purinoceptor desensitization. 5. NPY (1-250 nM) potentiated electrical field stimulation (EFS, 1-64 Hz, 0.1 ms pulses duration, 10s train duration)-evoked, tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM)-sensitive contractions. The atropine (3 microM)-resistant component of EFS-evoked contractions was also potentiated by NPY. By contrast, the nifedipine (1 microM)-resistant but atropine-sensitive component of EFS-evoked contraction was inhibited by NPY. 6. NPY (250 nM) did not affect acetylcholine-evoked contractions, but potentiated alpha,beta-MeATP-evoked contractions. 7. It is concluded that NPY-innervation of rat urinary bladder is largely confined to the detrusor muscle and is abundant and mainly non-adrenergic. It is further concluded that the enhancing effect of NPY on detrusor spontaneous activity and tone is caused by Ca2+ influx through nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ channels and is not mediated through acetylcholine or cyclo-oxygenase-sensitive eicosanoids or ATP.8. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that intrinsic NPY in the rat detrusor innervation contributes to the motor transmission in two ways: by promoting non-cholinergic motor transmission and by inhibiting prejunctionally the cholinergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Iravani
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne
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35
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Iuchi H, Satoh Y, Ono K. Postnatal development of neuropeptide Y- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the rat urinary bladder. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1994; 189:361-73. [PMID: 8074324 DOI: 10.1007/bf00190591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal development of neuropeptide Y- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (NPY-IR and CGRP-IR) nerve fibers in the rat urinary bladder was investigated using whole-mount preparations and cryostat sections. In newborn and 3-day-old rats, many NPY-IR nerve fibers were observed in the subserous and muscle layers. Many NPY-IR nerve cell bodies clustered at branching points of the subserous nerve bundles. Within 4 weeks after birth, these cell bodies drastically decreased in number and spread along the bundles, although the number of NPY-IR nerve fibers increased moderately. In contrast, CGRP-IR nerve fibers in newborn and 3-day-old rats were less developed, and no CGRP-IR nerve cell body was observed in any rat. However, CGRP-IR nerve fiber distribution in the urinary tissues conspicuously increased within 4 weeks after birth. Especially, an increase of the infraepithelial fibers showing a meshwork appearance was prominent in the fundus and corpus of the bladder. The infra- and intraepithelial CGRP-IR nerve meshwork of the ventral wall was more dense than that of the trigone. At 4 weeks, NPY-IR and CGRP-IR nerves were similar to those of the adult rat (8-12 weeks old). The present study suggests a correlation between the development of the peripheral nervous system in the urinary bladder and maturation of micturition behavior in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iuchi
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
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36
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Wakabayashi Y, Makiura Y, Tomoyoshi T, Kitahama K, Maeda T. Immuno-electron microscopic study of tyrosine hydroxylase in the cat urinary bladder and proximal urethra. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1993; 44:243-52. [PMID: 7901263 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(93)90037-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive nerves in the cat urinary bladder and proximal urethra were similar to those of glyoxylic acid fluorescent nerves. Both TH-immunoreactive and fluorescent nerve fibres markedly decreased after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Hence, immuno-electron histochemistry of TH was employed to investigate adrenergic termination to the muscle layers of the cat urinary bladder and proximal urethra. A total number of 3728 TH-immunoreactive axon terminals in the lower bladder body, lateral bladder base, trigone, bladder neck and proximal urethra were examined. In the bladder base (the lateral bladder base, trigone and bladder neck) and proximal urethra, most of the TH-immunoreactive axon terminals (57.1-89.2%) lay outside smooth muscle cell fascicles, while most (69.7%) in the bladder body were inside muscle cell fascicles. The proportions of TH-immunoreactive axon terminals accompanying non-TH-immunoreactive axon terminals in the five regions were almost the same (about 70%). The present study demonstrated that the mode of adrenergic termination in the bladder base and proximal urethra notably differed from that in the bladder body, and that approximately 70% of adrenergic axon terminals were associated with non-adrenergic or cholinergic axon terminals in each region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wakabayashi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Levin RM, Saito M, Wein AJ, Packard D, Cohen A, Haugaard N. Effect of partial outlet obstruction on choline acetyltransferase activity in the rat and rabbit. Neurourol Urodyn 1993; 12:255-61. [PMID: 8101121 DOI: 10.1002/nau.1930120308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Partial outlet obstruction of the rabbit bladder induces a rapid and significant increase in bladder mass. This increase in mass is associated with a variety of specific contractile dysfunctions, characterized by a marked decrease in the response to field stimulation (acting through the release of neurogenic transmitters). There is histological evidence indicating that the decrease in the contractile response of isolated strips of rabbit urinary bladder to field stimulation is associated with a degeneration of synaptic membranes within the bladder detrusor (neuropathy). In the current experiments, the effect of partial outlet obstruction in rabbit and rat urinary bladders on choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAT) were determined and correlated with both the level of bladder hypertrophy (increase in mass) and the contractile response to field stimulation. The results can be summarized as follows: In the rabbit, partial outlet obstruction induced a rapid 5-fold increase in bladder mass over the 7 day period of study. This increase in mass was associated with a decrease in the contractile response of isolated strips of bladder body and base to field stimulation and a decrease in ChAT activity. Interestingly, the rabbit bladder base showed a significantly higher ChAT activity than the bladder body, although the contractile response to muscarinic stimulation was significantly greater in the bladder body than in the base. In the rat, partial outlet obstruction induced a mild 2-fold increase in bladder mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Levin
- Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Vera PL, Nadelhaft I. Afferent and sympathetic innervation of the dome and the base of the urinary bladder of the female rat. Brain Res Bull 1992; 29:651-8. [PMID: 1358408 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90134-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The afferent and sympathetic innervation of different regions of the urinary bladder (bladder dome vs. bladder base) was examined in the female rat using simultaneous injections of two fluorescent tracers. Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG; L1-L3 and L6-S1), the sympathetic chain (SC; T12-L6), the inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) and the major pelvic ganglia (MPG). There were very few double-labeled cells, indicating that the dome and the base of the bladder receive innervation (afferent or sympathetic) from separate and distinct neuronal populations. Most of the sympathetic innervation of the bladder arose from the SC (dome: 77%; base: 89%) and it was carried equally by the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. The distributions of SC postganglionic neurons innervating the dome and the base of the bladder were very similar. In contrast, the contribution of IMG neurons was almost entirely restricted to the dome of the bladder (22%), with less than 1% innervating the base. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH) neurons in the MPG displayed a strong sexual dimorphism. Many TH neurons were found in the male MPG, but very few in the female MPG. In the female, these TH neurons projected almost exclusively to the bladder base of the female rat and were responsible for 10% of the sympathetic innervation of the base. Less than 1% innervated the dome. Therefore, prevertebral ganglia (IMG and MPG) show a strong regional selectivity in the innervation of the bladder of the female rat. The possible functional implications of this organization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Vera
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
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Berggren A, Rubenson A, Sillén U. Involvement of opioid mechanisms in peripheral motor control of detrusor muscle. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1992; 71:179-84. [PMID: 1279654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Isometric recordings of mechanical activity in muscle strips from rat and human detrusor were performed and the effect of mu- and delta-opioid receptor stimulation and blockade on detrusor contraction induced by electrical field stimulation was tested. Stimulation of the opioid mu-receptor with morphine (10(-13)-10(-4) M) and DAGO (10(-13)-10(-6) M) had no significant effect on electrical field stimulation except at one concentration of morphine (10(-6) M). Naloxone (10(-10)-10(-5) M) caused a significant facilitation of the electrical field stimulation-induced contraction, which was counteracted by morphine (10(-8) M) and the delta-agonist DPDPE (10(-8) M) in both rat and human detrusor. Addition of atropine (10(-6) M) or hexamethonium chloride (10(-6) M) or spantide (10(-6) M) did not alter the facilitating effect of naloxone in the rat detrusor. Hexamethonium (10(-5) M) decreased the facilitating effect of naloxone on electrical field stimulation-induced contractions in the human detrusor, indicating involvement of ganglionic mechanisms. In human detrusor about 15% of the contractile response was found to be atropine-resistant (10(-6) M) and one third of this was found to be resistant to tetrodotoxin (1.5 x 10(-6) M). The atropine resistant-response in human detrusor was facilitated by naloxone to the same extent as the atropine-sensitive part. Adrenergic blockade per se, achieved with phentolamine mesylate (10(-6) M) and propranolol (10(-6) M), caused a significant facilitation of the electrical field stimulation-induced contraction in the rat detrusor but did not affect the facilitating effect of naloxone (10(-13)-10(-5) M).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berggren
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Ostra sjukhuset, Göteborg, Sweden
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Favre-Maurice R, De Haut M, Dalmaz Y, Peyrin L. Differential effect of guanethidine on dopamine and norepinephrine in rat peripheral tissues. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1992; 88:115-26. [PMID: 1632942 DOI: 10.1007/bf01244817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The changes of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were investigated in rat peripheral tissues after guanethidine treatment (50 mg/kg i.p. five days each week) during one week (group 1, n = 10, five injections) and during 2.5 weeks (group 2, n = 8, 13 injections). Guanethidine greatly reduced NE levels in all the analyzed tissues but only partially depleted DA in kidney, bladder, stomach, intestine, lung and liver and in sympathetic ganglia. The differential pattern of changes between DA and NE induced by guanethidine suggests that peripheral DA is distributed in several neuronal or non-neuronal pools, whose presence, nature and contribution varies in the different tissues. Both noradrenergic cell bodies and small intensely fluorescent cells (SIF cells) can contribute to the DA in the superior cervical ganglion. Noradrenergic neurons seem to be the main sources of DA in seminal vesicles, vas deferens, heart and spleen. In addition to noradrenergic nerves, extraneuronal sources could account for a meaningful portion of DA in kidney, gastrointestinal tract, lung and liver. The bladder is the peripheral tissue where DA exhibits the highest resistance to the neurotoxin. Accordingly, these tissues may provide meaningful sources of non-precursor DA pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Favre-Maurice
- Laboratoire de Physiologie A, Faculté de Medecine, Lyon, France
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41
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Somogyi GT, de Groat WC. Evidence for inhibitory nicotinic and facilitatory muscarinic receptors in cholinergic nerve terminals of the rat urinary bladder. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1992; 37:89-97. [PMID: 1607601 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(92)90237-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic prejunctional modulatory receptors on parasympathetic nerves in the rat urinary bladder were studied by measuring 3H-acetylcholine (ACh) release in muscle strips from the bladder body. Electrical field stimulation markedly increased 3H-ACh overflow in strips preloaded with 3H-choline. Oxotremorine (1 microM), an M2 receptor agonist and DMPP (10 microM) a nicotinic (N) receptor agonist decreased the release of ACh (50% and 55% respectively); whereas McN-A 343 (50 microM) an M1 receptor agonist increased the release (33%), indicating the presence of three types of modulatory receptors. The anticholinesterase agent, physostigmine in concentrations of 1, 5 and 25 microM and neostigmine (5 microM) increased ACh release (44-710%). However a low concentration of physostigmine (0.05 microM) decreased release. Pirenzepine, an M1 muscarinic antagonist or atropine blocked the increased ACh release in physostigmine-treated strips, but in normal strips pirenzepine did not change release and atropine increased release. McN-A 343 or prolonged application (15 min) of DMPP increased ACh release (376% and 391% respectively) in physostigmine-treated strips. The response to McN-A 343 was blocked by pirenzepine. d-Tubocurarine (DTC), a nicotinic receptor blocker, enhanced ACh release in the presence of physostigmine but proved to be ineffective in normal preparations. These findings suggest that all three cholinergic receptors (M1 facilitatory, N inhibitory and M2 inhibitory) are activated by endogenous ACh in physostigmine treated preparations whereas only M2-inhibitory receptors are activated in normal preparations. It will be important in future studies to determine whether M1 and M2 mechanisms can also be activated under more physiological conditions in the bladder and whether they are present at other cholinergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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42
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Berggren A, Sillén U, Rubenson A. Motor effects of loperamide on rat urinary bladder: an in vitro study. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1991; 68:34-8. [PMID: 2008409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Motility recordings in muscle strips from rat urinary bladder were performed and the effect of the opiate agonist loperamide on motor activity was studied. Loperamide induced a concentration-dependent (10(-7)-10(-3) M) inhibition of the contractile response of the detrusor strip of the same order of magnitude after activation of intramural nerves, stimulation of cholinergic receptors with acetylcholine and after direct depolarisation of the cell with potassium. Pretreatment with the opiate-antagonist naloxone (10(-5) M) did not antagonise the inhibitory action of loperamide on bladder motility regardless of the type of activation. Naloxone per se, however, facilitated the nerve-mediated motor response. The inhibitory action of loperamide on the potassium-induced contraction could partly be counteracted by elevation of the calcium concentration in the medium. It is suggested that the demonstrated inhibitory effect of loperamide on bladder motility is a calcium-dependent direct smooth muscle action, without any significant opiate-receptor-mediated action in the present in vitro preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berggren
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ostra sjukhuset, Göteborg, Sweden
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43
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Gabella G, Uvelius B. Urinary bladder of rat: fine structure of normal and hypertrophic musculature. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 262:67-79. [PMID: 2257617 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the muscle of the urinary bladder in female rats is similar to that of other visceral muscles, although it is arranged in bundles of variable length, cross-section and orientation, forming a meshwork. When distended, the musculature is 100-120 microns thick, with some variation and occasional discontinuity. Extended areas of cell-to-cell apposition with uniform intercellular space occur between muscle cells, whereas attachment plaques for mechanical coupling are less common than in other visceral muscles. There are no gap junctions between muscle cells. Many bundles of microfilaments and small elastic fibres run between the muscle cells. After chronic partial obstruction of the urethra, the bladder enlarges and is about 15 times heavier, but has the same shape as in controls; the growth is mainly accounted for by muscle hypertrophy. The outer surface of the hypertrophic bladder is increased 6-fold over the controls; the muscle is increased 3-fold in thickness, and is more compact. Mitoses are not found, but there is a massive increase in muscle cell size. There is a modest decrease in percentage volume of mitochondria, an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum, and no appreciable change in the pattern of myofilaments. Gap junctions between hypertrophic muscle cells are virtually absent. Intramuscular nerve fibres and vesicle-containing varicosities appear as common in the hypertrophic muscle as in controls. There is no infiltration of the muscle by connective tissue and no significant occurrence of muscle cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gabella
- Department of Anatomy, University College London, UK
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44
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Prieto D, Benedito S, Rivera L, Hernández M, García-Sacristan A. Autonomic innervation of the equine urinary bladder. Anat Histol Embryol 1990; 19:276-87. [PMID: 2260778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1990.tb00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and density of intrinsic autonomic nerve fibers and cells were studied in the equine urinary bladder by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method to localize tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), and by means of a histochemical technique to detect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The results suggest that the equine urinary bladder, like that of other mammalian species, possesses a rich autonomic innervation which includes catecholaminergic and acetylcholinesterase positive nerves. At least a part of these nerve fibers have an intrinsic origin from ganglion cell bodies within the bladder wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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45
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Keast JR, de Groat WC. Immunohistochemical characterization of pelvic neurons which project to the bladder, colon, or penis in rats. J Comp Neurol 1989; 288:387-400. [PMID: 2571623 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902880303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde-tracing and immunohistochemical techniques were used in combination to investigate the types of putative transmitters in pelvic neurons that project to the bladder, colon or penis of rats. In addition, populations of axon varicosities associated with these neurons were characterized. Subpopulations of neurons in colchicine-treated major pelvic ganglia and accessory ganglia of male rats contained immunoreactivity (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), or enkephalin (ENK), while types of immunoreactivity found in major groups of varicose axons were ENK, cholecystokinin (CCK), and somatostatin (SOM). Substance P (SP)-IR varicose axons were much less common. Bladder and colon neurons were similar in a number of ways. Many neurons contained NPY-IR (greater than or equal to 50%), fewer contained TH-IR (25-30%), and even fewer contained ENK-IR (5-15%) or VIP-IR (5-10%); many neurons were associated with baskets of ENK-IR varicosities (50-65%) and fewer neurons were surrounded by CCK- or SOM-IR varicosities (30-35%). Colon neurons differed from penis neurons in having a slightly larger proportion that contained ENK-IR (10-15%, compared with 1-3%). Penis neurons were markedly different from the other two groups in additional ways. More than 90% of them contained VIP-IR, whereas only 5-7% contained NPY-IR and none were immunoreactive for TH. Furthermore, although the proportion of penile neurons associated with many ENK-IR varicosities was similar to the bladder and colon neurons (45-50%), they were rarely seen close to CCK- or SOM-IR varicose axons. These studies describe similarities and differences in the histochemical properties of neurons which project to the bladder, colon, or penis and of the varicose axons associated with those neurons. This gives further insights into the possible transmitter mechanisms involved in the regulation of different pelvic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Keast
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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46
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Dail WG, Trujillo D, de la Rosa D, Walton G. Autonomic innervation of reproductive organs: analysis of the neurons whose axons project in the main penile nerve in the pelvic plexus of the rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1989; 224:94-101. [PMID: 2543237 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092240112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the composition of the various nerves of the pelvic plexus is essential in the design of studies to explore the autonomic control of pelvic visceral tissues. As a correlate of this interest, the present study was designed to determine the composition of the main penile nerve in the pelvic plexus of the laboratory rat, an animal commonly used for studies of reproductive physiology. Retrograde tracing studies indicate that the main penile nerve contains neurons which project to the penile crura, the corpus spongiosum, and the bulbourethral glands. The main penile nerve is the major source of neurons which innervate the corpus spongiosum and bulbourethral gland and contains about one-third of all parasympathetic neurons which project to the penile crura. Dye placed on the proximal cut end of the main penile nerve indicates that neurons in the parasympathetic region of the spinal cord (L6-S1) and to a lesser extent a sympathetic region of the cord, L1-L2, provide preganglionic innervation to ganglion cells in the main pelvic nerve. Processes of neurons in dorsal root ganglia L6-S1 and of neurons in the abdominopelvic sympathetic chain course in the main penile nerve to unknown destinations. In many respects this presumed postganglionic fiber tract is essentially a region of the pelvic plexus which subserves extrapelvic visceral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Dail
- Department of Anatomy, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131
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47
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Andersson S, Kronström A, Teien D. Wall mechanics of the rat bladder. I. Hydrodynamic studies in the time domain. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1988; 134:457-61. [PMID: 3250215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1998.tb08518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hydrodynamic properties of the rat bladder in the collection phase were examined by slow continuous and very fast stepwise cystometry in nine rats. In vivo, the fast volume steps induced a reproducible detrusor contraction (type A) which remained after spinal anaesthesia and anticholinergic treatment, but ceased post-mortally within 1 h. No significant effect of anticholinergic treatment was found on bladder stiffness. The stiffness and relaxation time of the bladder wall increased markedly at large distension. At small and moderate distension, however, the compliances evaluated from continuous and stepwise cystometry were nearly the same, and a linear elastic model of the bladder was applicable. We consider that the rat bladder will be a useful experimental model in further research on viscoelasticity and instability of the bladder wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andersson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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48
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Berggren A, Ahlman H, Dahlström A, Rubenson A, Sillén U. In vivo motor effects of substance P on the rat urinary bladder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1988; 74:207-17. [PMID: 2463333 DOI: 10.1007/bf01244787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intravesical pressure recordings of the urinary bladder in anesthetized rats were performed and the role of substance P (SP) in the motor control of this organ was evaluated. Regional injection of SP (0.4 nmoles i.a.) into the superior vesical artery elicited a prompt bladder contraction; this motor response was dosedependent. The detrusor contraction could be completely inhibited by a SP-analogue, (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP (45-90 nmoles i.a.). Furthermore, the detrusor contraction evoked by preganglionic stimulation of the pelvic nerves was partially inhibited by the same antagonist in a higher dose (65% reduction at a total dose of 150-300 nmoles). The contractile response to SP (0.5 nmoles i.a.) was also significantly reduced after blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine (50% reduction at 1 mg/kg i.a.) or after ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium (75% reduction at 25 mg/kg i.v. + 50 mg/kg hr i.a.). Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated the occurrence of SP-immunopositive nerve terminals in the detrusor part of the rat urinary bladder. Based on these findings it is suggested that SP may act as a neurotransmitter/modulator in this organ. The mechanism of action for SP on the detrusor seems to be complex and may involve ganglionic transmission via both types of cholinoceptors as well as direct activation of smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berggren
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, East Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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49
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Johnson JM, Skau KA, Gerald MC, Wallace LJ. Regional noradrenergic and cholinergic neurochemistry in the rat urinary bladder: effects of age. J Urol 1988; 139:611-5. [PMID: 2893842 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurochemistry of the base and body of the rat urinary bladder was compared for both adrenergic and cholinergic parameters using Fischer 344 rats. In bladder base and body, respectively, the concentration (pmol./mg. wet weight) of norepinephrine was 23.4 and 2.16, of acetylcholine was 26.7 and 18.3, and of choline was 96.7 and 199. The activity (nmol./mg. protein/hour) of tyrosine hydroxylase was 422 and less than 50, of monoamine oxidase was 80.6 and 126, of choline acetyltransferase was 17.4 and 11.5, and of acetylcholinesterase (nmol./mg. wet weight/hour) was 485 and 165. Treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine did not alter norepinephrine concentration in bladder base but decreased it by 27% in bladder body. Studies were also done to determine whether age-related changes exist in the adrenergic and cholinergic neurochemistry of the rat urinary bladder. Bladders from rats of 6-7, 15-17, and 22-24 mo. of age were examined. The only age-related differences noted were a progressive decrease in level of monoamine oxidase activity in both bladder regions and an increase in bladder base norepinephrine concentration from 6-7 to 15-17 mo. followed by a decrease at 22-24 mo. Overall, the results show marked regional variations in bladder neurochemistry which remain remarkably stable as the animals grow old.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Johnson
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Abstract
Muscle strips from the fundus, trigone, and distal ureter obtained from children at operation for vesicoureteric reflux were studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, and electrical nerve stimulation in an organ bath. A rich supply of cholinergic nerves was found and the transmitter causing contraction of the detrusor muscle was regarded as being acetylcholine. The adrenergic innervation was very sparse except around the ureteric orifices. No contractile alpha-adrenoceptors could be detected but beta-receptor-mediated relaxation was found. The type was not beta 1 or beta 2, suggesting a third type of beta-receptor. Peptidergic nerves containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were demonstrated in a few nerve terminals. No nerves containing enkephalin, somatostatin, or substance P were found. VIP affected the detrusor muscle, indicating a possible role as a modulator of transmitter action. Imipramine, used for enuresis, had no anticholinergic effect on the bladder in the doses used clinically. The anticholinergic and calcium antagonistic drug terodiline inhibited all muscle activity, making it suitable for treatment of diurnal enuresis.
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