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Zarębska EA, Kusy K, Korman P, Słomińska EM, Zieliński J. Exercise-induced changes in lower limbs skin temperature against plasma ATP among individuals with various type and level of physical activity. J Therm Biol 2024; 122:103877. [PMID: 38850622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine the lower limbs skin temperature (TSK) changes in response to exhaustive whole-body exercise in trained individuals in reference to changes in plasma adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Eighteen trained participants from distinct sport type ‒ endurance (25.2 ± 4.9 yr) and speed-power (25.8 ± 3.1 yr), and 9 controls (24,9 ± 4,3 yr) ‒ were examined. Lower limbs TSK and plasma ATP measures were applied in parallel in response to incremental treadmill test and during 30-min recovery period. Plasma ATP kinetics were inversely associated to changes in TSK. The first significant decrease in TSK (76-89% of V˙ O2MAX) occurred shortly before a significant plasma ATP increase (86-97% of V˙ O2MAX). During recovery, TSK increased, reaching pre-exercise values (before exercise vs. after 30-min recovery: 31.6 ± 0.4 °C vs. 32.0 ± 0.8 °C, p = 0.855 in endurance; 32.4 ± 0.5 °C vs. 32.9 ± 0.5 °C, p = 0.061 in speed-power; 31.9 ± 0.7 °C vs. 32.4 ± 0.8 °C, p = 0.222 in controls). Plasma ATP concentration did not returned to pre-exercise values in well trained participants (before exercise vs. after 30-min recovery: 699 ± 57 nmol l-1 vs. 854 ± 31 nmol l-1, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.961 and 812 ± 35 nmol l-1 vs. 975 ± 55 nmol l-1, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.974 in endurance and speed-power, respectively), unlike in controls (651 ± 40 nmol l-1 vs. 687 ± 61 nmol·l-1, p = 0.58, η2 = 0.918). The magnitude of TSK and plasma ATP response differed between the groups (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.410 for TSK; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.833 for plasma ATP). We conclude that lower limbs TSK change indirectly corresponds to the reverse course of plasma ATP during incremental exercise and the magnitude of the response depends on the level of physical activity and the associated to it long-term metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Zarębska
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Paweł Korman
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewa M Słomińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
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Kjeld T, Krag TO, Brenøe A, Møller AM, Arendrup HC, Højberg J, Fuglø D, Hancke S, Tolbod LP, Gormsen LC, Vissing J, Hansen EG. Hemoglobin concentration and blood shift during dry static apnea in elite breath hold divers. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1305171. [PMID: 38745836 PMCID: PMC11092981 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1305171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elite breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apneas of more than 5 min are characterized by tolerance to arterial blood oxygen levels of 4.3 kPa and low oxygen-consumption in their hearts and skeletal muscles, similar to adult seals. Adult seals possess an adaptive higher hemoglobin-concentration and Bohr effect than pups, and when sedated, adult seals demonstrate a blood shift from the spleen towards the brain, lungs, and heart during apnea. We hypothesized these observations to be similar in human BHD. Therefore, we measured hemoglobin- and 2,3-biphosphoglycerate-concentrations in BHD (n = 11) and matched controls (n = 11) at rest, while myocardial mass, spleen and lower extremity volumes were assessed at rest and during apnea in BHD. Methods and results After 4 min of apnea, left ventricular myocardial mass (LVMM) determined by 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) and cardiac MRI (n = 6), was unaltered compared to rest. During maximum apnea (∼6 min), lower extremity volume assessed by DXA-scan revealed a ∼268 mL decrease, and spleen volume, assessed by ultrasonography, decreased ∼102 mL. Compared to age, BMI and VO2max matched controls (n = 11), BHD had similar spleen sizes and 2,3- biphosphoglycerate-concentrations, but higher total hemoglobin-concentrations. Conclusion Our results indicate: 1) Apnea training in BHD may increase hemoglobin concentration as an oxygen conserving adaptation similar to adult diving mammals. 2) The blood shift during dry apnea in BHD is 162% more from the lower extremities than from the spleen. 3) In contrast to the previous theory of the blood shift demonstrated in sedated adult seals, blood shift is not towards the heart during dry apnea in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kjeld
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas O. Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brenøe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Merete Møller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Højberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Fuglø
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Hancke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Poulsen Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egon Godthaab Hansen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Edward JA, Peruri A, Rudofker E, Shamapant N, Parker H, Cotter R, Sabin K, Lawley J, Cornwell WK. Characteristics and Treatment of Exercise Intolerance in Patients With Long COVID. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2023; 43:400-406. [PMID: 37646620 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The post-acute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2, also known as "Long COVID," is characterized by profound fatigue, impaired functional capacity with post-exertional malaise, orthostatic intolerance, and tachycardia. At least 25-30% of individuals impacted by SARS-CoV-2 will go on to experience the Long COVID syndrome, underscoring the detrimental impact this condition has on society. Although efforts are underway to further understand risk factors for Long COVID and identify strategies to prevent disease development entirely, implementation of treatment strategies is warranted to alleviate symptom burden among those affected. This review provides a rationale for exercise prescriptions tailored to the Long COVID patient based on the pathophysiology underlying this syndrome, as well as the previously demonstrated benefits of exercise training in other similar populations whose clinical manifestations result from cardiac deconditioning. Herein, we discuss methods to tailor exercise protocols, accommodating exercise intolerance and post-exertional malaise that may otherwise limit the ability to participate in a training protocol, as well as data demonstrating that a focused exercise prescription may effectively alleviate symptom burden in these patients. Long COVID results, in large part, from deconditioning, which may result from as little as 20 hr of inactivity. Exercise prescriptions tailored to patients with Long COVID may effectively alleviate symptom burden associated with this condition and in the absence of overt contraindications should be considered in management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Edward
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology (Drs Edward, Rudofker, Shamapant, Parker, Cotter, and Cornwell and Ms Sabin) and Clinical Translational Research Center (Dr Cornwell), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Parkview Medical Center, Pueblo, Colorado (Dr Peruri); and Department of Sport Science, Division of Physiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Lawley)
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Königstein K, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A. Training the Vessels: Molecular and Clinical Effects of Exercise on Vascular Health-A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:2544. [PMID: 37947622 PMCID: PMC10649652 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated biological vascular ageing is still a major driver of the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Exercise training delays this process, known as early vascular ageing, but often lacks effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of molecular and clinical adaptations to specific stimuli. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge about the molecular and clinical vascular adaptations to acute and chronic exercise. It further addresses how training characteristics (frequency, intensity, volume, and type) may influence these processes. Finally, practical recommendations are given for exercise training to maintain and improve vascular health. Exercise increases shear stress on the vascular wall and stimulates the endothelial release of circulating growth factors and of exerkines from the skeletal muscle and other organs. As a result, remodeling within the vascular walls leads to a better vasodilator and -constrictor responsiveness, reduced arterial stiffness, arterio- and angiogenesis, higher antioxidative capacities, and reduced oxidative stress. Although current evidence about specific aspects of exercise training, such as F-I-T-T, is limited, and exact training recommendations cannot be given, some practical implications can be extracted. As such, repeated stimuli 5-7 days per week might be necessary to use the full potential of these favorable physiological alterations, and the cumulative volume of mechanical shear stress seems more important than peak shear stress. Because of distinct short- and long-term effects of resistance and aerobic exercise, including higher and moderate intensities, both types of exercise should be implemented in a comprehensive training regimen. As vascular adaptability towards exercise remains high at any age in both healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular diseases, individualized exercise-based vascular health prevention should be implemented in any age group from children to centenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Königstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece;
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece;
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Kolomeyets NL, Ivonin AG, Peshkin EA, Roshchevskaya IM. Bioelectrical Impedance of the Left Ventricular Myocardium, Lung in Rats after Forced Swimming Training and Subsequent Detraining. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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The effect of a 9-month hybrid intradialytic exercise training program on nerve conduction velocity parameters in patients receiving hemodialysis therapy. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:3271-3281. [PMID: 35789452 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Neurological complications such as peripheral neuropathy are very common in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, occurring in 60-80% of this specific population. The aim of the present study was to examine whether a 9-month hybrid intradialytic exercise training program could alter motor and sensory nerve conduction study (NCS) parameters in hemodialysis population. METHODS Seventeen stable patients undergoing HD with no clinical evidence of uremic polyneuropathy were included in the study (15 M/2F, 59 ± 13.7 years). All patients completed a 9-month supervised exercise training program composed of both aerobic cycling and resistance training (hybrid) during HD. Functional capacity was assessed by a battery of tests, while pain levels and fatigue profile were assessed via validated questionnaires. Motor and sensory NCS on bilateral median, ulnar, peroneal and tibial nerves as well as F-wave were assessed using a full neurographic electromyography (EMG) assessment. RESULTS After the 9-month exercise training intervention, exercise capacity was increased by 65% and functional capacity by an average of 40%. The neurological assessment showed that conduction velocity from tibial and peroneal nerves was improved by 3.7% and 4.2%, respectively, while tibial F-wave latency and peroneal and sural nerve distal latency were significantly improved by 4.2%, 4.9% and 10%, respectively. Fatigue and pain were improved after the exercise intervention while fatigue score was positively correlated with conduction velocity and amplitude values. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrate that 9-month hybrid exercise training induces beneficial effects on both sensory and motor NCS parameters, improving conduction velocity and F-wave latency. Improvements in neural activity were accompanied by changes in fatigue score and pain-related aspects. The parallel improvement in motor nerve conduction velocity and its correlations with functional tests supports the hypothesis that exercise could be beneficial for preventing a decline in neural function in HD patients.
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Demarie S, Chirico E, Galvani C. Prediction and Analysis of Tokyo Olympic Games Swimming Results: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Swimmers' Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2110. [PMID: 35206298 PMCID: PMC8871566 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2019-2020 season, swimming competitions and training have been limited leading to a setback in performances. The study analyzed if, during the subsequent season, swimmers' have been able to regain the lost performance. Swimming time trends were analyzed comparing Tokyo with Rio Olympics and with mathematically predicted results. The gap between the gold medalist and the last finalist, and the differences between men and women have also been considered. Swimming competition results of females and males, in 100 m and 200 m Freestyle and Backstroke, were collected from the Olympics' official website. Results showed that at Tokyo Olympics almost all swimmers' times improved as compared to Rio's. Analysis of performance trends highlighted that performance progression does not proceed in a linear fashion and that is best predicted by more recent results. Women's progression was higher than men's and the gap between the first and last finalist constantly decreased, except for the Tokyo Olympics. In conclusion, the unprecedented Tokyo Olympic Games and qualification year seems not to have disrupted all Olympic swimmers' performance, suggesting that stakeholders support and athlete's coping ability might safeguard the subsistence of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Demarie
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Roma, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Chirico
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Roma, Italy;
| | - Christel Galvani
- Applied Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milano, Italy;
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8
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Analysis of phase interactions between heart rate variability, respiration and peripheral microhemodynamics oscillations of upper and lower extremities in human. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Vinet A, Morrissey C, Perez-Martin A, Goncalves A, Raverdy C, Masson D, Gayrard S, Carrere M, Landrier JF, Amiot MJ. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on microvascular reactivity in obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:2474-2483. [PMID: 34090775 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Childhood obesity is associated with vitamin D (VD) deficiency and vascular dysfunction. Considering evidence indicates that VD may improve vascular function, this study, for the first time, assessed the effect of VD supplementation on microvascular reactivity in obese adolescents (OA). METHODS AND RESULTS This randomized controlled trial included 26 OA, receiving fruit juice with (n = 13) or without VD (4000 IU/d; n = 13) over a 3-month lifestyle program, as well as 23 normal-weight adolescents (controls). The primary outcome was the pre-to-post-program change in microvascular reactivity determined by laser speckle contrast imaging with acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside iontophoresis. Changes in 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitrate-mediated dilation (NMD), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP]) were monitored. At inclusion, in comparison to controls, OA exhibited lower total and free 25(OH)D, impaired microvascular responses, and impaired FMD, but similar NMD. After the lifestyle program, total and free 25(OH)D increased in all OA, with a greater increase in those receiving VD supplements. HOMA-IR and CRP decreased in all OA. Neither FMD nor NMD were altered in either group. Endothelium-dependent microvascular reactivity only increased in the VD-supplemented group, reaching values comparable to that of controls. Similar results were found when analyzing only OA with a VD deficiency at baseline. CONCLUSION VD supplementation during a lifestyle program attenuated microvascular dysfunction in OA without altering macrovascular function. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIAL NCT02400151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Vinet
- LAPEC EA4278, Université d'Avignon, Avignon, France.
| | | | - Antonia Perez-Martin
- Service d'Exploration et Médecine Vasculaire, CHU de Nîmes, Université de Montpellier, France
| | | | - Cécile Raverdy
- Institut Saint Pierre, SSR Pédiatrique, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Delphine Masson
- Institut Saint Pierre, SSR Pédiatrique, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | | | - Myriam Carrere
- UMR MOISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAM, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marie-Josèphe Amiot
- UMR MOISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAM, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Is there an athlete's artery? A comparison of brachial and femoral artery structure and function in male strength, power and endurance athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:635-640. [PMID: 33840624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise places physiological demands upon the cardiovascular system, subsequently leading to adaptations in structure and function. Different exercise modalities (endurance, strength and power) lead to distinct hemodynamic demands and, possibly, different patterns of adaptation. Our aim was to assess and compare brachial and femoral artery function and structure in elite level athletes engaged in endurance, strength and power sports. DESIGN cross sectional comparison. METHODS 30 male elite athletes (runners n=10, powerlifters n=11, weightlifters n=9) and 23 healthy controls were recruited. Brachial and femoral arterial diameters were assessed using ultrasound. Arterial function (brachial and femoral arteries) was determined using the flow mediated dilation (FMD) technique and body composition using body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). RESULTS Weightlifters had significantly larger brachial arterial diameters compared to controls (4.39±0.34 vs 3.86±0.42mm, p<0.01). As weightlifter and power athletes had significantly higher body mass, BMI and BSA, we adjusted diameter for BSA. BSA-correction ameliorated differences in brachial artery resting diameters between athletes and controls. However, BSA-corrected femoral artery diameter was significantly larger in runners compared to controls (3.51±0.28 vs 3.25±0.34mm, p<0.05). There were no differences in brachial FMD between groups. Femoral artery FMD was significantly higher in runners and weightlifters compared to controls (p<0.05 for both groups). CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneous, limb-specific structural and functional vascular adaptation is evident in athletes, which may be influenced by exercise modality. Further, vascular remodelling relates to differences in body shape, specifically body composition, which should be accounted for when comparing athletes.
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11
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Richard NA, Hodges L, Koehle MS. Elevated peak systolic blood pressure in endurance-trained athletes: Physiology or pathology? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:956-966. [PMID: 33382462 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure is a function of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. During graded exercise testing (GXT), systolic blood pressure (SBP) is expected to increase gradually along with work rate, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output. Individuals exposed to chronic endurance training attain a greater exercise SBP than in their untrained state and sedentary counterparts, but it is currently unknown what is considered a safe upper limit. This review discusses key studies examining blood pressure response in sedentary individuals and athletes. We highlight the physiological characteristics of highly fit individuals in terms of cardiovascular physiology and exercise blood pressure and review the state of the current literature regarding the safety of high SBP during exercise in this particular subgroup. Findings from this review indicate that a consensus on what is a normal SBP response to exercise in highly fit subjects and direct causation linking high GXT SBP to pathology is lacking. Consequently, applying GXT SBP guidelines developed for a "normal" population to endurance-trained individuals appears unsupported at this time. Lack of evidence for poor outcomes leads us to infer that elevated peak SBP in this subgroup could more likely reflect an adaptive response to training, rather than a pathological outcome. Future studies should track clinical outcomes of those achieving elevated SBP and develop athlete-specific guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynette Hodges
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Sports Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Amin SB, Hansen AB, Mugele H, Willmer F, Gross F, Reimeir B, Cornwell WK, Simpson LL, Moore JP, Romero SA, Lawley JS. Whole body passive heating versus dynamic lower body exercise: a comparison of peripheral hemodynamic profiles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:160-171. [PMID: 33090910 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00291.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive heating has emerged as a therapeutic intervention for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Like exercise, heating increases peripheral artery blood flow and shear rate, which is thought to be a primary mechanism underpinning endothelium-mediated vascular adaptation. However, few studies have compared the increase in arterial blood flow and shear rate between dynamic exercise and passive heating. In a fixed crossover design study, 15 moderately trained healthy participants (25.6 ± 3.4 yr) (5 female) underwent 30 min of whole body passive heating (42°C bath), followed on a separate day by 30 min of semi-recumbent stepping exercise performed at two workloads corresponding to the increase in cardiac output (Qc) (Δ3.72 L·min-1) and heart rate (HR) (Δ40 beats/min) recorded at the end of passive heating. At the same Qc (Δ3.72 L·min-1 vs. 3.78 L·min-1), femoral artery blood flow (1,599 mL/min vs. 1,947 mL/min) (P = 0.596) and shear rate (162 s-1 vs. 192 s-1) (P = 0.471) measured by ultrasonography were similar between passive heating and stepping exercise. However, for the same HRMATCHED intensity, femoral blood flow (1,599 mL·min-1 vs. 2,588 mL·min-1) and shear rate (161 s-1 vs. 271 s-1) were significantly greater during exercise, compared with heating (both P = <0.001). The results indicate that, for moderately trained individuals, passive heating increases common femoral artery blood flow and shear rate similar to low-intensity continuous dynamic exercise (29% V̇o2max); however, exercise performed at a higher intensity (53% V̇o2max) results in significantly larger shear rates toward the active skeletal muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Passive heating and exercise increase blood flow through arteries, generating a frictional force, termed shear rate, which is associated with positive vascular health. Few studies have compared the increase in arterial blood flow and shear rate elicited by passive heating with that elicited by dynamic continuous exercise. We found that 30 min of whole body passive hot-water immersion (42°C bath) increased femoral artery blood flow and shear rate equivalent to exercising at a moderate intensity (∼57% HRmax).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin B Amin
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander B Hansen
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hendrik Mugele
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Willmer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Gross
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Reimeir
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - William K Cornwell
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Romero
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Tikhonova IV, Grinevich AA, Guseva IE, Tankanag AV. Effect of orthostasis on the regulation of skin blood flow in upper and lower extremities in human. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12655. [PMID: 32860464 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The research is aimed to investigate interactions between cardiovascular signals and to assess contributions of central and local mechanisms to skin blood flow regulation in upper and lower extremities at rest and under orthostasis. METHODS Heart rate variability, respiration, forearm, and foot skin blood flow were assessed at rest and during postural test in 25 healthy volunteers. Spectral analysis was performed. Phase synchronization degree of analyzed signals was determined by group phase wavelet coherence function. RESULTS Skin blood flow was lower on foot at rest and during postural test than on forearm. High-frequency component of heart rate variability was higher at ~0.3 Hz during postural test versus rest. Blood flow oscillation amplitudes on the foot were lower in frequency range including respiratory interval at rest than on forearm. Postural exposure increased amplitude of foot blood flow oscillations in respiratory interval and decreased amplitudes in cardiac interval versus rest. Orthostasis increased group wavelet phase coherence between foot blood flow and heart rate variability or respiration, as well as between forearm and foot blood flow at 0.3 Hz corresponding to respiration. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of central mechanisms associated with respiration to blood flow regulation increased in lower extremities during orthostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Tikhonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Andrey A Grinevich
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Irina E Guseva
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Arina V Tankanag
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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Kapilevich LV, Kologrivova VV, Zakharova AN, Mourot L. Post-exercise Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation Is Dependent on Training Status. Front Physiol 2020; 11:348. [PMID: 32457640 PMCID: PMC7227416 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of training status on post-exercise flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is not well characterized. We tested the hypothesis that the more trained the subjects, the lower the reduction in FMD after an acute bout of aerobic exercise. Forty-seven men (mean ± SD, age: 20.1 ± 1.2 years, body mass: 75.5 ± 5.1 kg, height 178.1 ± 5.4 cm) were divided into five groups with different training characteristics (sedentary, two different groups of active subjects, two different groups of well-trained subjects - runners and weightlifters). Brachial artery FMD (blood pressure cuff placed around the arm distal to the probe with the proximal border adjacent to the medial epicondyle; 5 min at a pressure of 220 mmHg) was assessed before and during 3 min immediately after a bout of cycling exercise at a relative intensity of 170 bpm [(physical work capacity (PWC170)]. At baseline, a progressive increase in FMD was observed in the participants with the higher training status, if the training remained moderate. Indeed, FMD was reduced in runners and weightlifters compared to those who were moderately trained. After PWC170, FMD did not significantly change in sedentary and highly trained runners, significantly increased in the two groups of active subjects but significantly decreased in highly trained weightlifters. These results showed that endothelium-dependent vasodilation evaluated using brachial FMD is maintained or improved following acute aerobic exercise in moderately trained participants, but not in well-trained participants, especially if they are engaged in resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kapilevich
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Division for Physical Education, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V V Kologrivova
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A N Zakharova
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Division for Physical Education, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.,EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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15
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MORISHIMA TAKUMA, TSUCHIYA YOSUKE, UEDA HISASHI, TSUJI KATSUNORI, OCHI EISUKE. Sitting-induced Endothelial Dysfunction Is Prevented in Endurance-trained Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1770-1775. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Zarębska EA, Kusy K, Słomińska EM, Kruszyna Ł, Zieliński J. Alterations in Exercise-Induced Plasma Adenosine Triphosphate Concentration in Highly Trained Athletes in a One-Year Training Cycle. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100230. [PMID: 31623086 PMCID: PMC6836270 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of training loads on plasma adenosine triphosphate responsiveness in highly trained athletes in a 1 y cycle. Highly trained futsal players (11 men, age range 20–31 y), endurance athletes (11 men, age range 18–31 y), sprinters (11 men, age range 21–30 y), and control group (11 men, age range 22–34 y) were examined across four characteristic training phases in response to an incremental treadmill test until exhaustion. A considerably higher exercise and post-exercise plasma adenosine triphosphate concentrations were observed in consecutive training phases in highly trained athletes, with the highest values reached after the competitive period. No differences in plasma adenosine triphosphate concentrations were found in the control group during the 1 y cycle. Sprinters showed a higher absolute and net increase in plasma adenosine triphosphate concentration by 60–114% during exercise in consecutive training phases than futsal players (63–101%) and endurance athletes (64–95%). In this study, we demonstrated that exercise-induced adenosine triphosphate concentration significantly changes in highly trained athletes over an annual training cycle. The obtained results showed that high-intensity but not low- to moderate-intensity training leads to an increased adenosine triphosphate response to exercise, suggesting an important role of ATP for vascular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Anna Zarębska
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewa Maria Słomińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Kruszyna
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznan, Poland.
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17
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King TJ, Pyke KE. Evidence of a limb- and shear stress stimulus profile-dependent impact of high-intensity cycling training on flow-mediated dilation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:135-145. [PMID: 31251889 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lower limb endurance training can improve conduit artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in response to transient increases in shear stress (reactive hyperemia; RH-FMD) in both the upper and lower limbs. Sustained increases in shear stress recruit a partially distinct transduction pathway and elicit a physiologically relevant FMD response (SS-FMD) that provides distinct information regarding endothelial function. However, the impact of training on SS-FMD is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of cycling training on handgrip exercise-induced brachial artery (BA) FMD (BA SS-FMD) and calf plantar-flexion-induced superficial femoral artery (SFA) FMD (SFA SS-FMD). RH-FMD was also assessed in both arteries. Twenty-eight young males were randomized to control (n = 12) or training (n = 16) groups. The training group cycled 30 min/day, 3 days/week for 4 weeks at 80% heart rate reserve. FMD was assessed in the BA and SFA before and after the intervention via Duplex ultrasound. Results are means ± SD. Training did not impact SS-FMD in either artery, and SFA RH-FMD was also unchanged (p > 0.05). When controlling for the shear rate stimulus via covariate analysis, BA RH-FMD improved in the training group (p = 0.05) (control - pre-intervention: 5.7% ± 2.4%, post-intervention: 5.3% ± 2.4%; training - pre-intervention: 5.4% ± 2.5%, post-intervention: 7.2% ± 2.4%). Thus, endurance training resulted in nonuniform adaptations to endothelial function, with an isolated impact on the BA's ability to transduce a transient increase in shear stress. Novelty Training did not alter SS-FMD in the arm or leg. RH-FMD was augmented in the arm only. Thus training adaptations were limb- and shear stress profile-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J King
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyra E Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Soares RN, Murias JM, Saccone F, Puga L, Moreno G, Resnik M, De Roia GF. Effects of a rehabilitation program on microvascular function of CHD patients assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14145. [PMID: 31190469 PMCID: PMC6562121 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived reperfusion slope would detect the effects of a 12-week rehabilitation program on lower limb microvascular responsiveness in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Ten CHD patients (7 males and 3 females; 57.3 ± 7.6 years) underwent 12 weeks of drug treatment and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), 2 times per week (40 min/session). Microvascular responsiveness was assessed by using NIRS assessment of muscle oxygen saturation (StO2 ) combined with a vascular occlusion test (VOT) (NIRS-VOT). NIRS-VOT measures were taken at pre- and postintervention, and microvascular responsiveness was evaluated by examining the slope 2 of re-oxygenation rate (slope 2 StO2 ) and the area under the curve (StO2AUC ) of StO2 signal following cuff release subsequent to a 5-min occlusion period. The slope 2 StO2 was significantly steeper after 12 weeks of training (4.8 ± 1.6% sec-1 ) compared to the pretraining (3.1 ± 1.6% sec-1 ) (P < 0.05). The area under the curve for the change in the % StO2 signal during re-oxygenation increased significantly from 3494 ± 2372%∙sec at pretraining to 9006 ± 4311%∙sec at post-training (P < 0.05). NIRS-VOT technique detected the improvements of 12 weeks of rehabilitation program in the lower limb microvascular responsiveness of CHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan M. Murias
- University of CalgaryFaculty of KinesiologyCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | | | | | - Gustavo Moreno
- Sanatorio Dr. Julio MendezCABABuenos AiresArgentina
- CENARDCentro Nacional de Alto Rendimiento DeportivoCABABuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Miguel Resnik
- Sanatorio Dr. Julio MendezCABABuenos AiresArgentina
- CENARDCentro Nacional de Alto Rendimiento DeportivoCABABuenos AiresArgentina
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19
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Garten RS, Hogwood AC, Weggen J, Decker K, Darling A, Maniyar R, Michael A. Examining Arm Vascular Function and Blood Flow Regulation in Row-trained Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:2058-2066. [PMID: 31009422 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular function and blood flow responses to upper limb exercise are differentially altered in response to different exercise training modalities. Rowing is a unique exercise modality that incorporates the upper limbs and can significantly augment upper limb endurance, strength, and power capacity. PURPOSE This study sought to determine whether vascular function and blood flow regulation during handgrip exercise are altered in row-trained males. METHODS Nine young row-trained males (ROW, 20 ± 1 yr; V˙O2peak = 51 ± 2 mL·kg·min) and 14 recreationally active male controls (C: 22 ± 1 yr; V˙O2peak = 37 ± 2 mL·kg·min) were recruited for this study. Subjects performed multiple bouts of progressive rhythmic handgrip exercise. Brachial artery (BA) diameter, blood flow, shear rate, and mean arterial pressure were measured at rest and during the last minute of each exercise workload. RESULTS Resting values for BA diameter, blood flow, shear rate, and mean arterial pressure were not different between groups. During handgrip exercise, the ROW group reported significantly lower BA blood flow (ROW vs C: 4 kg [146 ± 21 vs 243 ± 13 mL·min], 8 kg [248 ± 29 vs 375 ± 17 mL·min], 12 kg [352 ± 43 vs 490 ± 22 mL·min]) across all workloads when compared with controls. The examination of BA dilation, when controlled for the shear rate stimulus and evaluated across all workloads, was revealed to be significantly greater in ROW group versus controls. CONCLUSION This study revealed that vascular function and blood flow regulation were significantly different in row-trained males when compared with untrained controls evidenced by greater shear-induced BA dilation and lower arm blood flow during progressive handgrip exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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20
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Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is no longer recognised as simply a structural support for the vasculature, and we now know that PVAT releases vasoactive factors which modulate vascular function. Since the discovery of this function in 1991, PVAT research is rapidly growing and the importance of PVAT function in disease is becoming increasingly clear. Obesity is associated with a plethora of vascular conditions; therefore, the study of adipocytes and their effects on the vasculature is vital. PVAT contains an adrenergic system including nerves, adrenoceptors and transporters. In obesity, the autonomic nervous system is dysfunctional; therefore, sympathetic innervation of PVAT may be the key mechanistic link between increased adiposity and vascular disease. In addition, not all obese people develop vascular disease, but a common feature amongst those that do appears to be the inflammatory cell population in PVAT. This review will discuss what is known about sympathetic innervation of PVAT, and the links between nerve activation and inflammation in obesity. In addition, we will examine the therapeutic potential of exercise in sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
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21
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Differences in vascular function between trained and untrained limbs assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2241-2248. [PMID: 30073561 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine whether differences in vascular responsiveness associated with training status would be more prominent in the trained limb (leg) than in the untrained limb (arm) microvasculature. METHODS Thirteen untrained (26 ± 5 year) and twelve trained (29 ± 4 year) healthy men were submitted to a vascular occlusion test (VOT) (2 min baseline, 5 min occlusion, and 8 min re-oxygenation). The oxygen saturation signal (StO2) was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) throughout the VOT. Vascular responsiveness within the microvasculature was evaluated by the re-oxygenation Slope 2 (Slope 2 StO2) and the area under the curve (StO2AUC) of (StO2) signal during re-oxygenation in the leg and arm. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between training status and limb for the slope 2 StO2 (P < 0.01). The leg of the trained group showed a steeper slope 2 StO2 (1.35 ± 0.12% s-1) when compared to the slope 2 StO2 of the leg in their untrained counterparts (0.86 ± 0.09% s-1) (P < 0.05). There was a medium effect size of 0.58 for slope 2 StO2 on the arm and a large effect size of 1.21 for slope 2 StO2 on the leg. In addition, there was a small effect size of 0.24 for StO2AUC on the arm and a medium effect size of 0.64 for StO2AUC on the leg. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the vascular adaptations induced by lower limb endurance exercise training are more prominent in the trained limb than in the untrained limb microvasculature.
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22
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Bjarnegård N, Länne T, Cinthio M, Ekstrand J, Hedman K, Nylander E, Henriksson J. Vascular characteristics in young women-Effect of extensive endurance training or a sedentary lifestyle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13041. [PMID: 29359513 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore whether high-level endurance training in early age has an influence on the arterial wall properties in young women. METHODS Forty-seven athletes (ATH) and 52 controls (CTR), all 17-25 years of age, were further divided into runners (RUN), whole-body endurance athletes (WBA), sedentary controls (SC) and normally active controls (AC). Two-dimensional ultrasound scanning of the carotid arteries was conducted to determine local common carotid artery (CCA) geometry and wall distensibility. Pulse waves were recorded with a tonometer to determine regional pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse pressure waveform. RESULTS Carotid-radial PWV was lower in WBA than in RUN (P < .05), indicating higher arterial distensibility along the arm. Mean arterial pressure was lower in ATH than in CTR and in RUN than in WBA (P < .05). Synthesized aortic augmentation index (AI@75) was lower among ATH than among CTR (-12.8 ± 1.6 vs -2.6 ± 1.2%, P < .001) and in WBA than in RUN (-16.4 ± 2.5 vs -10.7 ± 2.0%, P < .05), suggesting a diminished return of reflection waves to the aorta during systole. Carotid-femoral PWV and intima-media thickness (IMT), lumen diameter and radial distensibility of the CCA were similar in ATH and CTR. CONCLUSION Elastic artery distensibility and carotid artery IMT are not different in young women with extensive endurance training over several years and in those with sedentary lifestyle. On the other hand, our data suggest that long-term endurance training is associated with potentially favourable peripheral artery adaptation, especially in sports where upper body work is added. This adaptation, if persisting later in life, could contribute to lower cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bjarnegård
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology; Region Jönköping County; Jönköping Sweden
| | - T. Länne
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; Region Östergötland; Linköping Sweden
| | - M. Cinthio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - J. Ekstrand
- Division of Community Medicine; Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - K. Hedman
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - E. Nylander
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - J. Henriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Obert P, Walther G, Dutheil F, Lesourd B, Chapier R, Courteix D, Vinet A. Regional myocardial function abnormalities are associated with macro- and microcirculation dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome: the RESOLVE study. Heart Vessels 2018; 33:688-694. [PMID: 29352759 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-1108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in myocardial and vascular function have been reported in the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but whether these alterations are related remains poorly documented. Our aim was accordingly to investigate interrelationships between macro- and microcirculatory vasoreactivity and left ventricular (LV) myocardial function in MetS patients. Eighty-eight MetS individuals and 44 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was measured using Vector Velocity Imaging. Endothelial-dependent and independent reactivity in macro- and microcirculatory territories was established using flow-mediated dilation and nitrate-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and cutaneous blood flow measured with laser Doppler flowmetry in response to iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured according to the Mannheim consensus. Compared to controls, MetS patients presented with reduced GLS (p < 0.001) increased cIMT and impaired (p < 0.001) endothelial and smooth muscle function of the brachial artery and the forearm skin microcirculation. Highly significant relationships (p < 0.01) were noticed between GLS and vascular outcomes. In addition, cIMT (β = 0.21, p = 0.024) and microcirculatory endothelium-dependent reactivity (β = - 0.20, p = 0.035) were identified as independent predictors of GLS. In MetS, abnormalities in myocardial function and endothelial as well as smooth muscle function of small and large arteries co-exist and are closely associated. This study supports a role for microvascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of LV myocardial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Obert
- LAPEC EA4278, Faculty of Sciences, University of Avignon, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916, Avignon Cedex 9, France.
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Guillaume Walther
- LAPEC EA4278, Faculty of Sciences, University of Avignon, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), EA3533, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Lesourd
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), EA3533, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Daniel Courteix
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), EA3533, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agnes Vinet
- LAPEC EA4278, Faculty of Sciences, University of Avignon, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916, Avignon Cedex 9, France
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Maessen MFH, Eijsvogels TMH, Hijmans-Kersten BTP, Grotens A, Schreuder THA, Hopman MTE, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular Function and Structure in Veteran Athletes after Myocardial Infarction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:21-28. [PMID: 27992395 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although athletes demonstrate lower cardiovascular risk and superior vascular function compared with sedentary peers, they are not exempted from cardiac events (i.e., myocardial infarction [MI]). The presence of an MI is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and impaired vascular function. We tested the hypothesis that lifelong exercise training in post-MI athletes, similar as in healthy controls, is associated with a superior peripheral vascular function and structure compared with a sedentary lifestyle in post-MI individuals. METHODS We included 18 veteran athletes (ATH) (>20 yr) and 18 sedentary controls (SED). To understand the effect of lifelong exercise training after MI, we included 20 veteran post-MI athletes (ATH + MI) and 19 sedentary post-MI controls (SED + MI). Participants underwent comprehensive assessment using vascular ultrasound (vascular stiffness, intima-media thickness, and endothelium (in)dependent mediated dilatation). Lifetime risk score was calculated for a 30-yr risk prediction of cardiovascular disease mortality of the participants. RESULTS ATH demonstrated a lower vascular stiffness and smaller femoral intima-media thickness compared with SED. Vascular function and structure did not differ between ATH + MI and SED + MI. ATH (4.0% ± 5.1%) and ATH + MI (6.1% ± 3.7%) had a significantly better lifetime risk score compared with their sedentary peers (SED: 6.9% ± 3.7% and SED + MI: 9.3% ± 4.8%). ATH + MI had no secondary events versus two recurrent MI and six elective percutaneous coronary interventions within SED + MI (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Although veteran post-MI athletes did not have a superior peripheral vascular function and structure compared with their sedentary post-MI peers, benefits of lifelong exercise training in veteran post-MI athletes relate to a better cardiovascular risk profile and lower occurrence of secondary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn F H Maessen
- 1Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS; 2Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; and 3Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
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Bond V, Curry BH, Kumar K, Pemminati S, Gorantla VR, Kadur K, Millis RM. Restricted Blood Flow Exercise in Sedentary, Overweight African-American Females May Increase Muscle Strength and Decrease Endothelial Function and Vascular Autoregulation. J Pharmacopuncture 2017; 20:23-28. [PMID: 28392959 PMCID: PMC5374335 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2017.20.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Exercise with partially restricted blood flow is a low-load, low-intensity resistance training regimen which may have the potential to increase muscle strength in the obese, elderly and frail who are unable to do high-load training. Restricted blood flow exercise has also been shown to affect blood vessel function variably and can, therefore, contribute to blood vessel dysfunction. This pilot study tests the hypothesis that unilateral resistance training of the leg extensors with partially restricted blood flow increases muscle strength and decreases vascular autoregulation. Methods: The subjects were nine normotensive, overweight, young adult African-Americans with low cardiorespiratory fitness who underwent unilateral training of the quadriceps’ femoris muscles with partially restricted blood flow at 30% of the 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) load for 3 weeks. The 1-RM load and post-occlusion blood flow to the lower leg (calf) were measured during reactive hyperemia. Results: The 1-RM load increased in the trained legs from 77 ± 3 to 84 ± 4 kg (P < 0.05) in the absence of a significant effect on the 1-RM load in the contralateral untrained legs (P > 0.1). Post-occlusion blood flow decreased significantly in the trained legs from 19 ± 2 to 13 ± 2 mL· min-1· dL-1 (P < 0.05) and marginally in the contralateral untrained legs from 18 ± 2 to 16 ± 1 mL· min-1· dL-1 (P = 0.09). Changes in post-occlusion blood flow to the skin overlying the trained and the contralateral untrained muscles were not significant. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that restricted blood flow exercise, which results in significant gains in muscle strength, may produce decrements in endothelial dysfunction and vascular autoregulation. Future studies should determine whether pharmacopuncture plays a role in treatments for such blood vessel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Bond
- Department of Recreation, Human Performance & Leisure Studies and Exercise Science & Human Nutrition Laboratory, Howard University Cancer Centre, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Bryan Heath Curry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Howard College of Medicine & Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Sudhakar Pemminati
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, AUA College of Medicine & Manipal University, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Vasavi Rakesh Gorantla
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Neuroscience, AUA College of Medicine, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Kishan Kadur
- Department of Medical Physiology, AUA College of Medicine, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Richard Mark Millis
- Department of Medical Physiology, AUA College of Medicine, Antigua and Barbuda
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Yuan WX, Liu HB, Gao FS, Wang YX, Qin KR. Effects of 8-week swimming training on carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamics in young overweight adults. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:151. [PMID: 28155720 PMCID: PMC5260035 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been found to either reduce or increase arterial stiffness. Land-based exercise modalities have been documented as effective physical therapies to decrease arterial stiffness. However, these land-based exercise modalities may not be suitable for overweight individuals, in terms of risks of joint injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week swimming training and 4-week detraining on carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamics in young overweight adults. METHODS Twenty young male adults who were overweight were recruited and engaged in 8-week of swimming training and 4-week detraining. Five individuals withdrew due to lack of interest and failure to follow the training protocol. Body Fat Percentage (BFP) and carotid hemodynamic variables were measured on a resting day at the following intervals: baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks after swimming training and 4 weeks after detraining. A repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between baseline and each measurement. When significant differences were detected, Tukey's test for post hoc comparisons was used. RESULTS Eight-week swimming training at moderate intensity decreased BFP, including the trunk and four extremities. Additionally, the BFP of the right and left lower extremities continued to decrease in these overweight adults 4 weeks after ceasing training. Carotid arterial stiffness decreased, while there were no significant changes in arterial diameters. Blood flow velocity, flow rate, maximal and mean wall shear stress increased, while systolic blood pressure and peripheral resistance decreased. No significant differences existed in minimal wall shear stress and oscillatory shear stress. CONCLUSIONS Eight-week swimming training at moderate intensity exhibited beneficial effects on systolic blood pressure, arterial stiffness and blood supply to the brain in overweight adults. Moreover, maximal and mean wall shear stress increased after training. It is worth noting that these changes in hemodynamics did not last 4 weeks. Therefore, further studies are still warranted to clarify the underlying relationship between improvements in arterial stiffness and alterations in wall shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xue Yuan
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, China
| | - Hai-Bin Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, China
| | - Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, China
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, China.
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Francois ME, Durrer C, Pistawka KJ, Halperin FA, Little JP. Resistance-based interval exercise acutely improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1258-H1267. [PMID: 27638878 PMCID: PMC5130498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00398.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Different modes of exercise, disease, and training status can modify endothelial shear stress and result in distinct effects on endothelial function. To date, no study has examined the influence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and training status on the acute endothelial response to different modes of interval exercise (INT). We examined the effect of a single session of resistance- and cardio-based INT compared with a time-matched control on endothelial function in 12 age-matched T2D participants, 12 untrained, and 11 trained adults (aged 56 ± 7 yr). Flow-mediated dilation (%FMD) of the brachial artery was assessed at baseline and immediately, 1, and 2 h after an acute bout of cardio interval (C-INT), resistance interval (R-INT), and seated control (CTL); these interventions were randomized and separated by >2 days. C-INT involved seven 1-min cycling intervals at 85% of peak power with 1-min recovery between. R-INT involved the same pattern of seven 1-min intervals using leg resistance exercises. Endothelial function (%FMD) was improved after R-INT in all groups (Condition × Time interaction, P < 0.01), an effect that was most robust in T2D where %FMD was higher immediately (+4.0 ± 2.8%), 1 h (+2.5 ± 2.5%), and 2 h (+1.9 ± 1.9%) after R-INT compared with CTL (P < 0.01 for all). C-INT improved %FMD in T2D at 1-h postexercise (+1.6 ± 2.2%, P = 0.03) compared with CTL. In conclusion, R-INT acutely improves endothelial function throughout the 2-h postexercise period in T2D patients. The long-term impact of resistance exercise performed in an interval pattern is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Cody Durrer
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Kevin J Pistawka
- Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna Cardiology Associates, Kelowna, British Columbia
| | - Frank A Halperin
- Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna Cardiology Associates, Kelowna, British Columbia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
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Yu CCW, McManus AM, So HK, Chook P, Au CT, Li AM, Kam JTC, So RCH, Lam CWK, Chan IHS, Sung RYT. Effects of resistance training on cardiovascular health in non-obese active adolescents. World J Clin Pediatr 2016; 5:293-300. [PMID: 27610345 PMCID: PMC4978622 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the benefits of a 10-wk resistance training programme on cardiovascular health in non-obese and active adolescents.
METHODS: This is a pragmatic randomised controlled intervention. The study was carried out in a Hong Kong Government secondary school. Thirty-eight lean and active boys and girls were randomised to either the resistance training group or the control group. Students in the resistance training group received in-school 10-wk supervised resistance training twice per week, with each session lasting 70 min. Main outcome measures taken before and after training included brachial endothelial dependent flow-mediated dilation, body composition, fasting serum lipids, fasting glucose and insulin, high sensitive C-reactive protein, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and aerobic fitness.
RESULTS: The only training related change was in endothelial dependent flow-mediated dilation which increased from 8.5% to 9.8%. A main effect of time and an interaction (P < 0.005) indicated that this improvement was a result of the 10-wk resistance training. Main effects for time (P < 0.05) in a number of anthropometric, metabolic and vascular variables were noted; however, there were no significant interactions indicating the change was more likely an outcome of normal growth and development as opposed to a training effect.
CONCLUSION: Ten weeks of resistance training in school appears to have some vascular benefit in active, lean children.
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Hughes WE, Ueda K, Casey DP. Chronic endurance exercise training offsets the age-related attenuation in contraction-induced rapid vasodilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1335-42. [PMID: 27032899 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00057.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with attenuated contraction-induced rapid onset vasodilation (ROV). We sought to examine whether chronic exercise training would improve ROV in older adults. Additionally, we examined whether a relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and ROV exists in young and older adults. Chronically exercise-trained older adults (n = 16; 66 ± 2 yr, mean ± SE) performed single muscle contractions in the forearm and leg at various intensities. Brachial and femoral artery diameter and blood velocity were measured using Doppler ultrasound. Vascular conductance (VC) was calculated as the quotient of blood flow (ml/min) and mean arterial pressure (mmHg). These data were compared with our previously published work from an identical protocol in 16 older untrained (66 ± 1 yr, mean ± SE) and 14 young (23 ± 1 yr) adults. Peak (ΔVCpeak) and total vasodilator (VCtotal) responses were greater in trained compared with untrained older adults across leg exercise intensities (P < 0.05). There were no differences in responses between trained older and young adults in the arm or leg at any exercise intensity (P > 0.05). Comparison of ΔVCpeak in a subset of subjects at an absolute workload in the leg revealed that trained older adults exhibited augmented responses relative to untrained older adults. Exercise capacity (V̇o2 peak) was associated with ΔVCpeak and VCtotal across arm (r = 0.59-0.64) and leg exercise intensities (r = 0.55-0.68, P < 0.05) in older adults. Our data demonstrate that 1) chronic exercise training improves ROV in the arm and leg of trained older adults, such that age-related differences in ROV are abolished, and 2) VO2peak is associated with ΔVCpeak responses in both limbs of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenichi Ueda
- Department of Anesthesia, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Darren P Casey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research; and
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Do Distinct Exercise Modalities Have Identical Effects on Arterial Stiffness? Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:1030. [PMID: 26810857 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Montero D, Walther G, Diaz-Cañestro C, Pyke KE, Padilla J. Microvascular Dilator Function in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1485-94. [PMID: 25386710 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the growing research interest in vascular adaptations to exercise training over the last few decades, it remains unclear whether microvascular function in healthy subjects can be further improved by regular training. Herein, we sought to systematically review the literature and determine whether microvascular dilator function is greater in athletes compared to age-matched healthy untrained subjects. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Web of Science since their inceptions until October 2013 for articles evaluating indices of primarily microvascular endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent dilation (MVEDD and MVEID, respectively) in athletes. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) in MVEDD and MVEID between athletes and age-matched controls. Subgroup analyses were used to study potential moderating factors. RESULTS Thirty-six studies were selected after systematic review, comprising 521 athletes (506 endurance-trained and 15 endurance- and strength-trained) and 496 age-matched control subjects. After data pooling, athletes presented higher MVEDD (31 studies; SMD, 0.47; P < 0.00001) and MVEID (14 studies; SMD, 0.51; P < 0.00001) compared with the control subjects. Similar results were observed in young (younger than 40 yr) and master (older than 55 yr) athletes when analyzed separately. CONCLUSION Both young and master athletes present enhanced microvascular function compared with age-matched untrained but otherwise healthy subjects. These data provide evidence of a positive association between exercise training and microvascular function in the absence of known underlying cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montero
- 1Avignon University, Avignon, FRANCE; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS; 3Applied Biology Department, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernandez University, SPAIN; 4School of Exercise Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, AUSTRALIA; 5School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA; 6Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO;7Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 8Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Influence of exercise training mode on arterial diameter: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Montero D, Padilla J, Diaz-Cañestro C, Muris DMJ, Pyke KE, Obert P, Walther G. Flow-mediated dilation in athletes: influence of aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:2148-58. [PMID: 24963792 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Controversy exists on whether endothelial function is enhanced in athletes. We sought to systematically review the literature and determine whether endothelial function, as assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), is greater in athletes across all ages relative to that in their age-matched counterparts. METHODS We conducted a systematic search on MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science since their inceptions until July 2013 for articles evaluating FMD in athletes. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the standardized mean difference (SMD) in FMD of the brachial artery between athletes and age-matched control subjects. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were used to identify sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Twenty-one articles were included in this analysis, comprising 530 athletes (452 endurance trained, 49 strength trained, and 29 endurance and strength trained) and 376 control subjects. After data pooling, FMD was higher in athletes than that in control groups (SMD, 0.48; P = 0.008). In subgroup analyses, young athletes (<40 yr) presented increased baseline brachial artery diameter (mean difference, 0.40 mm; P < 0.00001) and similar FMD (SMD, 0.27; P = 0.22) compared with those in controls. In contrast, master athletes (>;50 yr) showed similar baseline brachial artery diameter (mean difference, 0.04 mm; P = 0.69) and increased FMD (SMD, 0.99; P = 0.0005) compared with those in controls. CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis provides evidence that master athletes but not young athletes exhibit greater FMD compared with that in age-matched healthy controls, thus suggesting that the association between high levels of exercise training and increased FMD is age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montero
- 1Avignon University, Avignon, FRANCE; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the NETHERLANDS; 3Applied Biology Department, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, SPAIN; 4Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 5Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 6Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and 7School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
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Olver TD, Ferguson BS, Laughlin MH. Molecular Mechanisms for Exercise Training-Induced Changes in Vascular Structure and Function: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and the Brain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:227-57. [PMID: 26477917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Compared with resting conditions, during incremental exercise, cardiac output in humans is elevated from ~5 to 25 L min(-1). In conjunction with this increase, the proportion of cardiac output directed toward skeletal muscle increases from ~20% to 85%, while blood flow to cardiac muscle increases 500% and blood flow to specific brain structures increases nearly 200%. Based on existing evidence, researchers believe that blood flow in these tissues is matched to the increases in metabolic rate during exercise. This phenomenon, the matching of blood flow to metabolic requirement, is often referred to as functional hyperemia. This chapter summarizes mechanical and metabolic factors that regulate functional hyperemia as well as other exercise-induced signals, which are also potent stimuli for chronic adaptations in vascular biology. Repeated exposure to exercise-induced increases in shear stress and the induction of angiogenic factors alter vascular cell gene expression and mediate changes in vascular volume and blood flow control. The magnitude and regulation of this coordinated response appear to be tissue specific and coupled to other factors such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The cumulative effects of these adaptations contribute to increased exercise capacity, reduced relative challenge of a given submaximal exercise bout and ameliorated vascular outcomes in patient populations with pathological conditions. In the subsequent discussion, this chapter explores exercise as a regulator of vascular biology and summarizes the molecular mechanisms responsible for exercise training-induced changes in vascular structure and function in skeletal and cardiac muscle as well as the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Montero D. Arterial dilator function in athletes: present and future perspectives. Front Physiol 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 26042052 PMCID: PMC4436563 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Montero
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Montero D, Vinet A, Roberts CK. Arterial stiffness response to exercise training: Unequivocal explanations? Int J Cardiol 2015; 187:598-9. [PMID: 25863310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Montero
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Agnès Vinet
- Avignon University, LAPEC EA4278, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Au JS, Ditor DS, MacDonald MJ. Lower limb conduit artery endothelial responses to acute upper limb exercise in spinal cord injured and able-bodied men. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/4/e12367. [PMID: 25847920 PMCID: PMC4425972 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular improvements in the nonactive regions during exercise are likely primarily mediated by increased shear rate (SR). Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience sublesional vascular deconditioning and could potentially benefit from upper body exercise-induced increases in lower body SR. The present study utilized a single bout of incremental arm-crank exercise to generate exercise-induced SR changes in the superficial femoral artery in an effort to evaluate the acute postexercise impact on superficial femoral artery endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and determine regulatory factors in the nonactive legs of individuals with and without SCI. Eight individuals with SCI and eight age, sex, and waist-circumference-matched able-bodied (AB) controls participated. Nine minutes of incremental arm-crank exercise increased superficial femoral artery anterograde SR (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01), retrograde SR (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01), and oscillatory shear index (OSI) (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) in both SCI and AB, respectively. However, these SR alterations resulted in acute postexercise increases in FMD in the AB group only (SCI 6.0 ± 1.2% to 6.3 ± 2.7%, P = 0.74; AB 7.5 ± 1.4% to 11.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.03). While arm exercise has many cardiovascular benefits and results in changes in SR patterns in the nonactive legs, these changes are not sufficient to induce acute changes in FMD among individuals with SCI, and therefore are less likely to stimulate exercise training-associated improvements in nonactive limb endothelial function. Understanding the role of SR patterns on FMD brings us closer to designing effective strategies to combat impaired vascular function in both healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason S Au
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Ditor
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Franklin NC, Ali MM, Robinson AT, Norkeviciute E, Phillips SA. Massage therapy restores peripheral vascular function after exertion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95:1127-34. [PMID: 24583315 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if lower extremity exercise-induced muscle injury reduces vascular endothelial function of the upper extremity and if massage therapy (MT) improves peripheral vascular function after exertion-induced muscle injury. DESIGN Randomized, blinded trial with evaluations at 90 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. SETTING Clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS Sedentary young adults (N=36) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) exertion-induced muscle injury and MT (n=15; mean age ± SE, 26.6 ± 0.3); (2) exertion-induced muscle injury only (n=10; mean age ± SE, 23.6 ± 0.4), and (3) MT only (n=11; mean age ± SE, 25.5 ± 0.4). INTERVENTION Participants were assigned to exertion-induced muscle injury only (a single bout of bilateral, eccentric leg press exercise), MT only (30-min lower extremity massage using Swedish technique), or exertion-induced muscle injury and MT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was determined by ultrasound at each time point. Nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced dilation was also assessed (0.4 mg). RESULTS Brachial FMD increased from baseline in the exertion-induced muscle injury and MT group and the MT only group (7.38%±.18% to 9.02%±.28%, P<.05 and 7.77%±.25% to 10.2%±.22%, P<.05, respectively) at 90 minutes and remained elevated until 72 hours. In the exertion-induced muscle injury only group, FMD was reduced from baseline at 24 and 48 hours (7.78%±.14% to 6.75%±.11%, P<.05 and 6.53%±.11%, P<.05, respectively) and returned to baseline after 72 hours. Dilations of NTG were similar over time. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MT attenuates impairment of upper extremity endothelial function resulting from lower extremity exertion-induced muscle injury in sedentary young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Franklin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mohamed M Ali
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Austin T Robinson
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Edita Norkeviciute
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Ayme K, Gavarry O, Rossi P, Desruelle AV, Regnard J, Boussuges A. Effect of head-out water immersion on vascular function in healthy subjects. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:425-31. [PMID: 24669983 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immersion in thermoneutral water increases cardiac output and peripheral blood flow and reduces systemic vascular resistance. This study examined the effects of head-out water immersion on vascular function. Twelve healthy middle-aged males were immersed during 60 min in the seated position, with water at the level of xiphoid. Local and central vascular tone regulating systems were studied during that time. Brachial artery diameter and blood flow were recorded using ultrasonography and Doppler. Endothelial function was assessed with flow-mediated dilation. Results were compared with the same investigations performed under reference conditions in ambient air. During water immersion, brachial artery diameter increased (3.7 ± 0.2 mm in ambient air vs. 4 ± 0.2 mm in water immersion; p < 0.05). Endothelium-mediated dilation was significantly lower in water immersion than in ambient air (10% vs. 15%; p = 0.01). Nevertheless, the difference disappeared when the percentage vasodilatation of the brachial artery was normalized to the shear stimulus. Smooth muscle-mediated dilation was similar in the 2 conditions. Spectral analysis of systolic blood pressure variability indicated a decrease in sympathetic vascular activity. Plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites remained unchanged, whereas levels of natriuretic peptides were significantly elevated. An increase in brachial blood flow, a decrease in sympathetic activity, a warming of the skin, and an increase in natriuretic peptides might be involved in the increase in reference diameter observed during water immersion. Endothelial cell reactivity and smooth muscle function did not appear to be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ayme
- a UMR-MD2, Dysoxie Suractivité, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées et Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
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Gunnarsson TP, Christensen PM, Thomassen M, Nielsen LR, Bangsbo J. Effect of intensified training on muscle ion kinetics, fatigue development, and repeated short-term performance in endurance-trained cyclists. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R811-21. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00467.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intensified training in combination with a reduced training volume on muscle ion kinetics, transporters, and work capacity were examined. Eight well-trained cyclists replaced their regular training with speed-endurance training (12 × 30 s sprints) 2–3 times per week and aerobic high-intensity training (4–5 × 3–4 min at 90–100% of maximal heart rate) 1–2 times per week for 7 wk and reduced training volume by 70% (intervention period; IP). The duration of an intense exhaustive cycling bout (EX2; 368 ± 6 W), performed 2.5 min after a 2-min intense cycle bout (EX1), was longer ( P < 0.05) after than before IP (4:16 ± 0:34 vs. 3:37 ± 0:28 min:s), and mean and peak power during a repeated sprint test improved ( P < 0.05) by 4% and 3%, respectively. Femoral venous K+ concentration in recovery from EX1 and EX2 was lowered ( P < 0.05) after compared with before IP, whereas muscle interstitial K+ concentration and net muscle K+ release during exercise was unaltered. No changes in muscle lactate and H+ release during and after EX1 and EX2 were observed, but the in vivo buffer capacity was higher ( P < 0.05) after IP. Expression of the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel (Kir6.2) decreased by IP, with no change in the strong inward rectifying K+ channel (Kir2.1), muscle Na+-K+ pump subunits, monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4), and Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1). In conclusion, 7 wk of intensified training with a reduced training volume improved performance during repeated intense exercise, which was associated with a greater muscle reuptake of K+ and muscle buffer capacity but not with the amount of muscle ion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Gunnarsson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter M. Christensen
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Thomassen
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars R. Nielsen
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Montero D. Is swimming an alternative to land-based exercise to prevent arterial stiffness? Am J Cardiol 2013; 112:307-8. [PMID: 23830303 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Montero D, Obert P, Walther G. Enhanced Conduit Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation in Elite Atheletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1219. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828d5ffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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GREEN DANIELJ, ROWLEY NICOLA, SPENCE ANGELA, CARTER HOWARD, WHYTE GREG, GEORGE KEITH, NAYLOR LOUISEH, CABLE NTIMOTHY, DAWSON ELLENA, J. THIJSSEN DICKH. Why Isn’t Flow-Mediated Dilation Enhanced in Athletes? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:75-82. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318269affe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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45
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Effects of the intensity of leg isometric training on the vasculature of trained and untrained limbs and resting blood pressure in middle-aged men. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:964697. [PMID: 22991668 PMCID: PMC3443998 DOI: 10.1155/2012/964697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish whether changes in resting blood pressure and the vasculature of trained and untrained limbs are dependent on training intensity, following isometric-leg training. Thirty middle-aged males undertook an 8 week training programme (4 × 2 min bilateral-leg isometric contractions 3 times per week). Two groups trained at either high (HI; 14%MVC) or low (LO; 8%MVC) intensity a third group (CON) acted as controls. All parameters were measured at baseline, 4-weeks and post-training. Resting SBP (−10.8 ± 7.9 mmHg), MAP (−4.7 ± 6.8 mmHg) and HR (−4.8 ± 5.9 b·min−1) fell significantly in the HI group post-training with concomitant significant increases in resting femoral mean artery diameter (FMAD; 1.0 ± 0.4 mm), femoral mean blood velocity (FMBV; 0.68 ± 0.83 cm·s−1), resting femoral artery blood flow (FABF; 82.06 ± 31.92 ml·min−1) and resting femoral vascular conductance (FVC, 45%). No significant changes occurred in any brachial artery measure nor in any parameters measured in the LO or CON groups. These findings show that training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure after isometric-leg training in healthy middle-aged men are associated with concomitant adaptations in the local vasculature, that appear to be dependent on training intensity and take place in the later stages of training.
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46
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Green DJ, Spence A, Rowley N, Thijssen DHJ, Naylor LH. Vascular adaptation in athletes: is there an ‘athlete's artery’? Exp Physiol 2012; 97:295-304. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.058826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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47
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Dumais V, Nault P, Tsertsvadze A, Forbes TL. Conduit Vessel Blood Flow During the Trek to Mount Everest Base Camp. Wilderness Environ Med 2011; 22:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Jazuli F, Pyke KE. The impact of baseline artery diameter on flow-mediated vasodilation: a comparison of brachial and radial artery responses to matched levels of shear stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1667-77. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00487.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An inverse relationship between baseline artery diameter (BAD) and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) has been identified using reactive hyperemia (RH) to create a shear stress (SS) stimulus in human conduit arteries. However, RH creates a SS stimulus that is inversely related to BAD. The purpose of this study was to compare FMD in response to matched levels of SS in two differently sized upper limb arteries [brachial (BA) and radial (RA) artery]. With the use of exercise, three distinct, shear rate (SR) stimuli were created (SR = blood velocity/vessel diameter; estimate of SS) in the RA and BA. Artery diameter and mean blood velocity were assessed with echo and Doppler ultrasound in 15 healthy male subjects (19–25 yr). Data are means ± SE. Subjects performed 6 min of adductor pollicis and handgrip exercise to increase SR in the RA and BA, respectively. Exercise intensity was modulated to achieve uniformity in SR between arteries. The three distinct SR levels were as follows: steady-state exercise 39.8 ± 0.6, 57.3 ± 0.7, and 72.4 ± 1.2 s−1 ( P < 0.001). %FMD and AbsFMD (mm) at the end of exercise were greater in the RA vs. the BA at each shear level [at the highest level: RA = 15.7 ± 1.5%, BA = 5.4 ± 0.8% ( P < 0.001)]. The mean slope of the within-subject SR-%FMD regression line was greater in the RA (RA = 0.33 ± 0.04, BA = 0.13 ± 0.02, P < 0.001), and a strong within-subjects relationship between %FMD and SR was observed in both arteries (RA: r2 = 0.92 ± 0.02; BA: r2 = 0.90 ± 0.03). Within the RA, there was a significant relationship between baseline diameter and %FMD; however, this relationship was not present in the BA (RA: r2 = 0.76, P < 0.001; BA: r2 = 0.03, P = 0.541). These findings suggest that the response to SS is not uniform across differently sized vessels, which is in agreement with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Jazuli
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. E. Pyke
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Coutinho T, Rooke TW, Kullo IJ. Arterial dysfunction and functional performance in patients with peripheral artery disease: A review. Vasc Med 2011; 16:203-11. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x11400935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Functional performance influences quality of life in individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and is also a powerful prognostic marker in these patients. The pathophysiology of impaired functional performance in patients with PAD is incompletely understood. The severity of atherosclerotic burden, non-invasively assessed by the ankle—brachial index (ABI), does not reliably predict the degree of functional impairment observed in PAD patients. We review associations of measures of arterial function (arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction) with functional performance in PAD patients, and also review potential therapies for arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction that could improve functional performance in PAD. Recent studies suggest that measures of arterial function, such as arterial stiffness and endothelial function, are associated with exercise performance in the setting of PAD. These studies have provided new insights into (1) the pathophysiology of functional impairment in PAD, (2) mechanisms of strategies known to be effective such as walking programs, and (3) potential new therapeutic interventions for improving functional performance. Thus, therapies aimed at arterial ‘de-stiffening’ and improving endothelial function (such as aerobic exercise, statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) may improve functional performance in patients with PAD; however, further investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Coutinho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thom W Rooke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,
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Jin CZ, Kim HS, Seo EY, Shin DH, Park KS, Chun YS, Zhang YH, Kim SJ. Exercise training increases inwardly rectifying K(+) current and augments K(+)-mediated vasodilatation in deep femoral artery of rats. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:142-50. [PMID: 21349874 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS A moderate increase in extracellular [K(+)] ([K(+)](e)) induces relaxation of small arteries by activating inwardly rectifying K(+) current (I(Kir)). The K(+)-induced vasodilatation is an important mechanism for exercise-induced hyperaemia in skeletal muscle. We investigated whether I(Kir) and K(+)-induced vasodilatation are enhanced in deep femoral arteries (DFAs) from exercise-trained rats (ET rats; treadmill running for 20 min at 20 m/min, 3 days/week for 2 weeks). The effects of exercise training on K(+)-induced vasodilatation and I(Kir) were also investigated in cerebral (CA) and mesenteric arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS The K(+)-induced vasodilatation of DFAs and the density of I(Kir) and voltage-gated K(+) current (I(Kv)) were increased in DFA myocytes of ET rats. The myogenic tone of the DFA was unchanged by exercise. Although similar functional up-regulations of I(Kir) and I(Kv) were observed in CA myocytes, the K(+)-induced vasodilatation was not increased in the CA of ET rats. Interestingly, concomitant to the increases in I(Kir) and I(Kv), background Na(+) conductance was also increased in the CA myocytes. However, such an effect was not observed in DFA myocytes from ET rats. Neither I(Kir) nor K(+)-induced vasodilatation was observed in mesenteric arteries of ET rats. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence that regular exercise up-regulates I(Kir) in DFA and CA myocytes. Although the increase in I(Kir) was observed in two types of arteries, augmentation of K(+)-induced relaxation was observed only in the DFA of ET rats, possibly due to the increased Na(+) conductance in CA myocytes. The increases in I(Kir) and K(+)-induced vasodilatation of the arteries of skeletal muscle suggest novel mechanisms of improved exercise hyperaemia with physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zi Jin
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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