Prostaglandins and calcium-membrane interactions in secretory glands

Stanniocalcin 1 is a luminal epithelial marker for implantation in pigs regulated by progesterone and estradiol

Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a glycoprotein that decreases calcium and increases phosphate in cells/tissues. This investigation examined endocrine regulation of STC1 in endometria of pigs during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. STC1 mRNA was present exclusively in luminal epithelium (LE) between d 12 and 15 of the estrous cycle, increased between d 12 and d 20, and was not detectable by d 30 of pregnancy. STC1 protein was also detected in uterine flushings. To determine effects of estrogen and progesterone, pigs were ovariectomized and treated with these hormones alone or together. Progesterone, but not estrogen, induced STC1 in LE. Cotreatment with progesterone and estrogen further stimulated STC1 over progesterone alone. To determine effects of pseudopregnancy, nonpregnant gilts were given daily injections of estradiol benzoate from d 11 to d 14. STC1 was not expressed in LE on d 90 of pseudopregnancy, suggesting that the estradiol given to induce pseudopregnancy and/or long-term exposure to progesterone are required for down-regulation of STC1. To determine effects of long-term progesterone, without effects of estradiol, pigs were ovariectomized on d 12, given daily injections of progesterone through d 39, and hysterectomized on d 40 after estrus. STC1 was expressed in LE of progesterone-treated pigs, suggesting that estrogen is involved in down-regulation of STC1. We conclude that STC1 is induced in LE by progesterone and further stimulated by estrogen, and its down-regulation in LE by d 25 likely requires exposure of the progestinized uterus to estrogen. The temporal and cell type-specific expression of STC1 makes this gene a unique marker for implantation in pigs.

Central actions of calcitonin on body temperature and intestinal motility in rats: evidence for different mediations

The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of calcitonin and PGE2 on intestinal motility and body temperature were examined in conscious rats chronically fitted with intraparietal electrodes in the small intestine, a cannula in a cerebral lateral ventricle and a subcutaneous thermistor probe. Both calcitonin and PGE2 restored the fasted pattern of intestinal motility in fed rats and induced an increase in body temperature. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase with calcium antagonistic properties, and TMB-8, an intracellular calcium antagonist, blocked the effects of calcitonin on intestinal motility and body temperature. Piroxicam, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase which does not affect calcium uptake blocked the thermic but not the intestinal effects of calcitonin. TMB-8 but not indomethacin or piroxicam partially blocked the effects of PGE2 on both intestinal motility and body temperature. It is concluded that the central hyperthermic effect of calcitonin is mediated through the formation and the release of prostaglandins whereas the central action of calcitonin on digestive motility results from intracerebral effects on calcium fluxes.

Lithium prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders

The mode of action of lithium is reviewed in the light of advances in the understanding of calcium channelling and calmodulin-activated Ca ATPase. The relevance to changes in receptor sensitivity is discussed.

Biphasic action of prostaglandin E2 on conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chick renal tubules

The effect of PGE2 on the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25 OH D3) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) by isolated renal tubules from vitamin D deficient chicks was studied under a variety of experimental conditions. In the absence of added vitamin D metabolites, PGE2 (2 x 10(-6)M) caused an immediate inhibition of formation of 1,25-(OH)2D3, followed by a delayed stimulation, apparent after 15 h exposure to PGE2. Pretreatment of the tubules with 1,25-(OH)-2D3 prevented the immediate inhibitory action of PGE2, and allowed the stimulation to be apparent after 4 h exposure to PGE2. The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) significantly stimulated the formation of 1,25-(OH)-2D3. PGE2 significantly inhibited 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation in tubules which had been stimulated by IBMX. PGE2 stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity in a crude particulate fraction from the chick kidney, and raised cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels in the renal tubules. It is concluded that PGE2 can either stimulate or inhibit 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation in chick renal tubules. The stimulatory effect may be partly due to elevation of cyclic AMP. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect requires further investigation.

Corticotropin receptors, cyclic AMP and steroidogenesis

The detection and characterization of the physiologically relevant receptors for corticotropin (ACTH) in rat adrenocortical cells is described. By the use of a radioligand with full biological potency and high specific radioactivity (1800 +/- 75 Ci/mmol), a single class of receptors with an apparent Kd of 1.41 +/- 0.21 nM was detected and the number of sites was estimated to be 3840 +/- 1045 per cell. The binding curve was superimposable on the concentration-response curve for cAMP but dissociated from that for steroidogenesis. These data are best explained by the receptor-reserve model in which occupancy of a small fraction of the receptors is sufficient for inducing maximal steroidogenesis.

Biochemical aspects of conceptus--endometrial interactions

Mammalian conceptuses must provide a chemical signal to the maternal system to insure maintenance of corpus luteum (CL) function and of progesterone production and continuation of uterine endometrial secretory activity. These events insure that the developing conceptus is provided with appropriate nutrients, regulatory enzymes and endocrine state to allow successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Pig blastocysts begin to produce estrogens by Day 11 of pregnancy, which prevents secretion of the uterine luteolytic factor (PGF2 alpha) in an endocrine direction, but allows secretion in an exocrine direction, i.e., into the uterine lumen. Therefore, CL are "protected." Blastocyst estrogens also trigger secretion of a group of proteins, including uteroferrin, an iron transport protein, and a family of protease inhibitors whose biosynthesis within the uterine glandular epithelium is under the control of progesterone. Estrogen also appears to promote accumulation of glucose and fructose within the uterine lumen. A complex in vivo "culture medium" is thereby established to promote conceptus development. Pig blastocysts do not undergo invasive implantation within the uterine lumen although they produce the protease, plasminogen activator. Invasion may be prevented by endometrial secretion of progesterone-induced protease inhibitors which are produced in large amounts. In addition to estrogens of conceptus origin, calcium and prostaglandins PGF2 alpha and E2 may affect the uterine vasculature, water and electrolyte transport, capillary permeability, conceptus steroid production, and related events during pregnancy. The blastocysts of the large domestic animals also secrete proteins which include a large glycoprotein (Mr approximately 600,000) and a small acidic protein (Mr approximately 17,000). The latter has been purified from sheep and named ovine trophoblast protein I. These proteins may play unique roles in early pregnancy with respect to establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in the ewe, sow, mare, and cow.

Acyltransferase-catalyzed transfer of arachidonic acid to lysophospholipids in rat pancreatic acini

The conversion of 2-lysophospholipids into corresponding phospholipids via acyl-CoA acyltransferase was demonstrated in homogenates of rat pancreatic acini. Arachidonic acid was greatly preferred over stearic acid as the acyl donor. Lysophophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases were distributed in subcellular fractions of acinar homogenates with specific activity highest in the fractions known to contain secretory organelles and mitochondria. The distribution of lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase paralleled that of a mitochondrial marker (succinate cytochrome C reductase). These findings extend the evidence implicating arachidonate release and reincorporation into phospholipids as a link in the pathway that culminates in pancreatic secretion.

Ricinoleate and deoxycholate are calcium ionophores in jejunal brush border vesicles

The intestinal secretagogues ricinoleate and deoxycholate have been tested for a capacity to form complexes with Ca2+ ions and to affect the passive equilibration of Ca2+ ions across the jejunal brush border membrane. Both of these agents formed butanol-soluble Ca2+ complexes in a model phase distribution system. They also promote the passive uptake and efflux of Ca2+ across brush border vesicles in a concentration-dependent manner. The levels of ricinoleate and deoxycholate that increase the rate of transvesicular Ca2+ movement are in the 100 to 300 microM range. Concentrations as high as 1.0 mM had no significant detergent effects in vesicles as measured by release of entrapped sorbitol. The kinetics of Ca2+ uptake and efflux are similar in brush border vesicles treated with A23187, ricinoleate, or deoxycholate. The influx rates observed in this study were high enough to cause the collapse of a Ca2+ gradient, which had been generated by Ca--Mg ATPase enzyme activity in the brush border membrane. Ricinoleate did not affect Ca--Mg ATPase activity at concentrations used in this study, but deoxycholate was inhibitory, indicating two potential modes for elevation of intracellular Ca2+ content by deoxycholate. When compared with the effects of the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, it appears that both ricinoleate and deoxycholate could have significant intestinal secretory activity due to this Ca2+ ionophore property. It is also noteworthy that, at least in this model system, potential secretory effects are expressed at concentrations significantly below levels that have been associated with detergent effects or altered epithelial morphology.

Prostacyclin (PGI2) mediates hypoxic relaxation of bovine coronary arterial strips

Bovine coronary arterial strips (BCA) exhibiting spontaneous tone, relax in response to a decrease in the pO2 of the bathing medium. Experiments were performed to determine if prostaglandins (PGs) mediate the oxygen-induced changes in tension. BCA were equilibrated in Krebs-bicarbonate solution at 37 degrees C gassed with 95% O2, 5% CO2 and tension was measured isometrically. When the pO2 of the bathing medium was decreased, BCA exhibited reversible reductions in tension. Switching from 95% O2, 5% CO2 to 95% N2, 5% CO2 (anoxia) elicited an initial relaxation followed by a contraction. In contrast, a change to 5% O2, 5% CO2, 90% N2 (hypoxia) was followed by a sustained relaxation. Re-introduction of O2 to anoxic strips produced a biphasic response: relaxation followed by contraction. Indomethacin or eicosatetraynoic acid (EYA) increased tone and inhibited the relaxation produced by anoxia or hypoxia. Indomethacin or EYA did not inhibit the relaxation of anoxic strips during re-introduction of O2, but did inhibit the contraction partially. Relaxation of arterial strips to arachidonic acid (AA) was similar to relaxation to prostacyclin (PGI2). Anoxia limited the relaxation to AA but not to PGI2. We conclude that PG synthesis contributes to the basal tone and the hypoxia-induced relaxation of BCA. In addition, hypoxia, unless severe, does not prevent the conversion of AA to PGI2.

Dissociation of aldosterone and prostaglandin biosynthesis in the rat adrenal glomerulosa

The relationship between aldosterone production and prosta-glandin E2 synthesis was evaluated using the responses of isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells to angiotensin II, ACTH and potassium. Simultaneous PGE2 and aldosterone measurements were made during timed incubations with these stimuli, and in incubations with arachidonic acid, meclofenamate, indomethacin, and aminoglutethamide. PGE2 and aldosterone production were assessed by radioimmunoassay. We were not able to demonstrate stimulation of PGE2 by angiotensin II, ACTH, or potassium despite significant increments in aldosterone production with these stimuli. Arachidonic acid enhanced PGE2 synthesis, but had no effect on aldosterone realease. Indomethacin and meclofenamate inhibited aldosterone secretion. Aminoglutethimide depressed aldosterone production, but had little effect on PGE2 levels in the media. These studies demonstrate that dienoic prostaglandins play no direct role in aldosterone production stimulated by angiotensin II, ACTH, or potassium in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Since inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase decreased aldosterone synthesis, it is possible that fatty acids other than arachidonic acid may be cyclo-oxygenated to products which regulate aldosterone production.

Evidence for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in adrenal cortex of the rat and effects of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGI2 on adrenal cAMP levels and steroidogenesis

Both intact cortical tissue and isolated cortical cells from the adrenal gland of the rat were analyzed for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the hydrolysis metabolite of PGI2, using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha was present in both incubations of intact tissue and isolated cells of the adrenal cortex, at higher concentrations than either PGF2 alpha or PGE2. Thus, the cortex does not depend upon vascular components for the synthesis of the PGI2 metabolite. Studies in vitro, using isolated cortical cells exposed to 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (10(-6)-10(-4)M), show that this PG does not alter cAMP levels or steroidogenesis. Cells exposed to PGI2 (10(-6)-10(-4)M), however, show a concentration-dependent increase of up to 4-fold in the levels of cAMP without altering cortico-sterone production, ACTH (5-200 microU/ml) increased cAMP levels up to 14-fold, and corticosterone levels up to 6-fold, in isolated cells. ACTH plus PGI2 produced an additive increase in levels of cAMP, however, the steroidogenic response was equal to that elicited by ACTH alone. Adrenal glands of the rat perfused in situ with PGI2 showed a small decrease in corticosterone production, whereas ACTH greatly stimulated steroid release. Thus, while 6-keto-PGF1 alpha is present in the rat adrenal cortex, its precursor, PGI2, is not a steroidogenic agent in this tissue although it does stimulate the accumulation of cAMP.

Prostacyclin: a potent stimulator of adrenal steroidogenesis

The relative potencies of various prostaglandins were investigated in trypsin-dispersed cat adrenocortical cells. Prostacyclin proved to be the most potent steroidogenic prostaglandin, being 100-1000 times more potent than PGE2. This stimulant effect of prostacyclin was only partially dependent upon the presence of extracellular calcium and was associated with increased levels of cyclic AMP. These data suggest a possible role for prostacyclin in corticosteroidogenesis.