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Moon S, Yang YS, Kimm H, Jung KJ, Lee JY, Jee SH, Lee S, Kim SY, Nam CM. Do Weight Changes Affect the Association between Smoking Cessation and the Risk of Stroke Subtypes in Korean Males? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4712. [PMID: 36981627 PMCID: PMC10048944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: We investigated whether weight changes affect the association between smoking cessation and stroke risk; (2) Methods: Overall, 719,040 males were categorized into eight groups according to smoking status (sustained smokers, non-smokers, long-term quitters (quit > 4 years), and recent quitters (quit < 4 years)) and post-cessation weight change (-5 kg, -5.0 to 0.1 kg, maintainers, 0.1-5.0 kg, and >5.0 kg). The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic strokes, including subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage, were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models; (3) Results: We detected 38,730 strokes (median follow-up, 25.7 years), including 30,609 ischemic and 9055 hemorrhagic strokes. For recent quitters with a >5.0 kg or 0.1-5.0 kg weight increase, maintainers, or those who lost 0.1-5 kg, the multivariable HR for total stroke was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.67-0.79), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.74-0.82), 0.77 (95% CI, 0.69-0.85), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.77-0.90), and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.92-1.23), respectively, compared with that of sustained smokers; (4) Conclusions: Comparable patterns were obtained for stroke subtypes. Thus, we strongly recommend quitting smoking, as weight gain after quitting smoking does not alter the stroke-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulji Moon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun Soo Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kimm
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Ji Jung
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju 26464, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju 26464, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Mo Nam
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Miglio F, Naroo S, Zeri F, Tavazzi S, Ponzini E. The effect of active smoking, passive smoking, and e-cigarettes on the tear film: An updated comprehensive review. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108691. [PMID: 34224681 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Active tobacco smoking, passive smoking, and e-cigarette smoking have been associated with different systemic and ocular diseases. The precorneal tear film plays an important role in eye health and its analysis can provide useful information on ocular status. This review investigates the effects of different types of smoking on the precorneal tear film, by analyzing the peer-reviewed literature on this topic. Specifically, tear evaporation rate, stability, volume, ferning, osmolarity, and physical composition (lipids and proteins) of tear film are detailed. Most of the reported works show that cigarette smoking reduces tear film stability and quality by affecting its components. This review highlights that smoking severely affects the tear film, but a single test is not sufficient to determine these effects because smoking can impact different parts of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Miglio
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Materials Science Department, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Shehzad Naroo
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Fabrizio Zeri
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Materials Science Department, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy; College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Materials Science Department, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Ponzini
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Materials Science Department, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milan, Italy.
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Lin TY, Liao PJ, Ting MK, Hsu KH. Lifestyle characteristics as moderators of the effectiveness of weight control interventions among semiconductor workers. Biomed J 2019; 41:376-384. [PMID: 30709580 PMCID: PMC6361846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers in high technology industry are experiencing stressful environment and have been ranked as a high risk group for adverse health effects. The effectiveness of worksite health promotion is important for occupational health. This study is to investigate the effect of health interventions on body measurement changes while examining the role of their lifestyle factors. METHODS A total of 904 participants aged over 30 years were recruited from 14 semiconductor worksites in Taiwan from 2011 to 2015. A multi-settings, quasi-experimental study was conducted that assigned participants into two intervention programs, including exercise program and diet-plus-exercise program. The outcomes include the changes of body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and biophysiological indicators. Lifestyle variables include alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and regular exercise. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the association. RESULTS The findings have demonstrated that one kilogram body weight reduction is associated with a decrease of 0.58 mmHg SBP (p < 0.001), 0.29 mmHg DBP (p < 0.001), 3.33 mg/dL triglyceride (p < 0.001), 0.96 mg/dL total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and 0.68 mg/dL LDL (p < 0.001). The diet-plus-exercise group had more significant effect on both weight changes and biophysiological changes than exercise-only group (p < 0.001). Lifestyle factors, including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular exercise, were significant moderators of the effectiveness of health interventions. CONCLUSIONS Both exercise and diet interventions are important to the effectiveness of health promotion in occupational sectors. Lifestyle modifications are vital for weight control programs in improving body shape changes and biophysiological indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Lin
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Liao
- Department of Health Care Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuo Ting
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Fanning N, Merriman TR, Dalbeth N, Stamp LK. An association of smoking with serum urate and gout: A health paradox. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2017; 47:825-842. [PMID: 29398126 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential effect of cigarette smoking on levels of serum urate and risk of gout has been considered by a large number of studies, either as the primary variable of interest or as a covariate. METHODS Here we systematically review the published evidence relating to the relationship of smoking with serum urate, hyperuricaemia, and gout. RESULTS Many studies have reported that smoking reduces serum urate, however, the evidence has not been conclusive with other studies pointing to the opposite or no effect. It has also been suggested that smoking reduces the risk of gout, although there is some evidence to contradict this finding. CONCLUSION A consensus has yet to be reached as to the effect of smoking on serum urate levels and the risk of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Fanning
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa K Stamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Aktaş S, Tetikoğlu M, Koçak A, Kocacan M, Aktaş H, Sağdık HM, Özcura F. Impact of Smoking on the Ocular Surface, Tear Function, and Tear Osmolarity. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1585-1589. [PMID: 28937831 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1362005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the effects of cigarette smoking on the ocular surface, tear function, and tear osmolarity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 smokers with at least 5 years of heavy smoking (defined as 1 pack/day) and 51 nonsmoking, healthy individuals were enrolled. Tear osmolarity was measured with an osmometer (TearLab™ Osmolarity System). Ocular surface examinations involved corneal fluorescein staining, measurement of the tear film breakup time (TBUT), the Schirmer 1 test, measurement of corneal sensitivity with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, and conjunctival impression cytology. Dry eye symptoms were scored using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. The results were compared with those from an age and sex-matched control group. The Chi-squared and independent sample t-tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS The smokers had significantly higher tear osmolarity values (305.38 ± 9.81 vs. 301.14 ± 7.04 mOsm/L; p = 0.014) and OSDI scores (34.13 ± 16.58 vs. 18.09 ± 9.61; p < 0.001) than the healthy controls. However, the TBUT, corneal sensitivity, and goblet cell density were significantly lower in smokers compared to healthy controls, but the fluorescein staining and Schirmer 1 test results were not statistically different between the smokers and controls. CONCLUSION Smoking results in increased osmolarity of the tear film, which can damage the ocular surface and tear function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Aktaş
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Dumlupinar University School of Medicine , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tetikoğlu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Dumlupinar University School of Medicine , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Koçak
- b Department of Histology and Embryology , Dumlupinar University School of Medicine , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Metin Kocacan
- b Department of Histology and Embryology , Dumlupinar University School of Medicine , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Hatice Aktaş
- c Clinic of Ophthalmology , DPU Evliya Celebi Training and Research Hospital , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Hacı Murat Sağdık
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Dumlupinar University School of Medicine , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Fatih Özcura
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Dumlupinar University School of Medicine , Kütahya , Turkey
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the frequency of Demodex infestation of eyelashes in patients with and without blepharitis and to determine the effects of Demodex infestation on blepharitis and the ocular symptoms. METHODS The study included patients with chronic mixed (anterior + posterior) blepharitis who presented to our clinic. Patients with refractive error and no ocular disease were enrolled as the control group. From each participant, a total of 4 eyelashes were removed and were then examined under a light microscope for Demodex infestation. Symptoms, fluorescein tear breakup time, and ocular surface staining pattern were recorded. RESULTS The prevalence of Demodex infection in the blepharitis group was 67.2%, versus 54.9% in the control group (P=0.18). The incidence of itching in the blepharitis group was significantly higher in the Demodex (+) patients than in the Demodex (-) patients (P<0.001). Fluorescein tear breakup time in the Demodex (+) patients was significantly shorter than in the Demodex (-) patients (P<0.001). There was not a significant difference in the fluorescein staining pattern between the 2 groups (P=0.57). The incidence of advanced stage blepharitis was significantly higher among the Demodex (+) patients (P=0.007). The incidence of cylindrical eyelash dandruff in the blepharitis group was significantly higher in the Demodex (+) patients (P<0.001). There was a significant difference in meibomian gland dysfunction between the 2 groups (P=0.039). CONCLUSION Demodex infestation must be investigated in patients with advanced stage blepharitis, itching, and shorter than normal fluorescein tear breakup time.
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Masilamani V, AlZahrani K, Devanesan S, AlQahtani H, AlSalhi MS. Smoking Induced Hemolysis: Spectral and microscopic investigations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21095. [PMID: 26891995 PMCID: PMC4759537 DOI: 10.1038/srep21095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is one of the major causes of lifestyle associated mortality and morbidity such as cancer of the oral cavity and lungs, and also cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we have provided evidences for the smoking-induced hemolysis using two methods: spectra of blood components and atomic force microscopic analysis of surface morphology. A total of 62 subjects (control = 31; smoker = 31: 21 male; 10 female in each set) were considered for the study. The findings indicate that smoking leads to potholes on the surface, swelling of shape, rupturing of erythrocytes, removal of hematoporphyrin and flushing into the plasma as metabolites of the erythrocyte. The overall morphology of the erythrocytes of the smoker group appears more like a Mexican hat. The mean surface roughness was 5.5 ± 3 nm for the smoker group, but 1.2 ± 0.2 nm for the control group. Such damages might help the toxins, (CO, peroxidants, aldehydes etc.,) to gain easy access and get strongly absorbed by the hemoglobin, leading to enhanced rates of hemolysis as shown by the spectral features of metabolites. This indicates that the average life span of the smoker's erythrocytes is significantly less than that of the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Masilamani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, College of Sceince, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid AlZahrani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, College of Sceince, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi AlQahtani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Saleh AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, College of Sceince, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Thompkinson DK, Bhavana V, Kanika P. Dietary approaches for management of cardio-vascular health- a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 51:2318-30. [PMID: 25328172 PMCID: PMC4190221 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary patterns of consumers have changed and the importance of diet as a therapeutic adjunct in the form of nutraceuticals has become the trend of the millennium. Major contributory factor behind this trend is the idea of improving health by modifying the diet that is more attractive to the health conscious consumer as compared to drugs. According to a recent report of WHO, prevalence of cardio vascular disease has increased progressively in the past few years. It has been estimated that one-fifth of deaths in India are due to coronary heart disease that is inflicting at a much younger age in Indians than in the West. Such an insight suggests that cardiac health needs protection. Food products containing functional ingredients that are useful in controlling various different diseases are expected to provide health benefits. Recent research indicates that foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins and fibres may be beneficial for cardio-vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Thompkinson
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 Haryana India
| | - V. Bhavana
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 Haryana India
| | - P. Kanika
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 Haryana India
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Cardiovascular risk factors and total serum antioxidant capacity in healthy men and in men with coronary heart disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:216964. [PMID: 25180177 PMCID: PMC4144148 DOI: 10.1155/2014/216964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is related to a decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) has not yet been completely clarified. We assessed TAC of blood serum in a group of 163 men with CHD aged 34.8–77.0 years and in 163 age-matched peers without CHD. Two spectrophotometric methods were applied to assess TAC: ferric reducing ability of serum (TAC-FRAS) and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (TAC-DPPH) tests. In the CHD group, multivariate analysis revealed that uric acid (UA), triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure contributed independently to the TAC-FRAS variance. TAC-DPPH was favorably predicted by UA concentration, but negatively so by current smoking and glucose levels. In men without CHD, UA was the only independent determinant of both TAC-FRAS and TAC-DPPH. Presence of CHD was not an independent predictor of TAC—observed between-group differences (higher TAC in CHD patients) disappeared after adjustment for other confounders. We conclude that UA is the main determinant of TAC of blood serum in men. TAC is not directly influenced by age or CHD but is related to several indices of overweight/obesity and laboratory measures of metabolic syndrome, especially in patients with CHD.
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Bullen C. Impact of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular risk and disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 6:883-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.6.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hackett TL, Scarci M, Zheng L, Tan W, Treasure T, Warner JA. Oxidative modification of albumin in the parenchymal lung tissue of current smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2010; 11:180. [PMID: 21176186 PMCID: PMC3019185 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is accumulating evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). One current hypothesis is that the increased oxidant burden in these patients is not adequately counterbalanced by the lung antioxidant systems. Objective To determine the levels of oxidised human serum albumin (HSA) in COPD lung explants and the effect of oxidation on HSA degradation using an ex vivo lung explant model. Methods Parenchymal lung tissue was obtained from 38 patients (15F/23M) undergoing lung resection and stratified by smoking history and disease using the GOLD guidelines and the lower limit of normal for FEV1/FVC ratio. Lung tissue was homogenised and analysed by ELISA for total levels of HSA and carbonylated HSA. To determine oxidised HSA degradation lung tissue explants were incubated with either 200 μg/ml HSA or oxidised HSA and supernatants collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h and analysed for HSA using ELISA and immunoblot. Results When stratified by disease, lung tissue from GOLD II (median = 38.2 μg/ml) and GOLD I (median = 48.4 μg/ml) patients had lower levels of HSA compared to patients with normal lung function (median = 71.9 μg/ml, P < 0.05). In addition the number of carbonyl residues, which is a measure of oxidation was elevated in GOLD I and II tissue compared to individuals with normal lung function (P < 0.05). When analysing smoking status current smokers had lower levels of HSA (median = 43.3 μg/ml, P < 0.05) compared to ex smokers (median = 71.9 μg/ml) and non-smokers (median = 71.2 μg/ml) and significantly greater number of carbonyl residues per HSA molecule (P < 0.05). When incubated with either HSA or oxidised HSA lung tissue explants rapidly degraded the oxidised HSA but not unmodified HSA (P < 0.05). Conclusion We report on a reliable methodology for measuring levels of oxidised HSA in human lung tissue and cell culture supernatant. We propose that differences in the levels of oxidised HSA within lung tissue from COPD patients and current smokers provides further evidence for an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and has important biological implications for the disease.
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Unverdorben M, von Holt K, Winkelmann BR. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: part II: role of cigarette smoking in cardiovascular disease development. Biomark Med 2010; 3:617-53. [PMID: 20477529 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential mechanisms and biomarkers of atherosclerosis related to cigarette smoking - a modifiable risk factor for that disease - are discussed in this article. These include smoking-associated inflammatory markers, such as leukocytes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, ICAM-1 and IL-6. Other reviewed markers are indicative for smoking-related impairment of arterial endothelial function (transcapillary leakage of albumin, inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthase activity and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation) or point to oxidative stress caused by various chemicals (cholesterol oxidation, autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein, plasma levels of malondialdehyde and F(2)-isoprostanes and reduced antioxidant capacity). Smoking enhances platelet aggregability, increases blood viscosity and shifts the pro- and antithrombotic balance towards increased coagulability (e.g., fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1 and P-selectin). Insulin resistance is higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers, and hemoglobin A1c is dose-dependently elevated, as is homocysteine. Smoke exposure may influence the kinetics of markers with different response to transient or chronic changes in cigarette smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Unverdorben
- Clinical Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Heinz-Meise-Strasse 100, 36199 Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany.
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M. NKB, M. K, S. YBC, H. B, I. SO. Acute and Chronic Effects of Smoking on Blood Antioxidant Status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13590849961609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Mazokopakis EE, Papadakis JA, Papadomanolaki MG, Batistakis AG, Giannakopoulos TG, Protopapadakis EE, Ganotakis ES. Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO Levels in Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid 2007; 17:609-12. [PMID: 17696828 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of selenium (Se) treatment on serum anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) levels in Greek patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). DESIGN We prospectively studied 80 women with HT, median age 37 (range 24-52) years, for 1 year. All patients received 200 microg Se in the form of l-selenomethionine orally for 6 months. At the end of the 6-month period, 40 patients continued taking 200 microg Se (Group A) and 40 patients stopped (Group B). Serum thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT(3)), free thyroxine (FT(4)), anti-TPO, and anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) levels were measured at baseline and at the end of each 3-month period. MAIN OUTCOME There was a significant reduction of serum anti-TPO levels during the first 6 months (by 5.6% and 9.9% at 3 and 6 months, respectively). An overall reduction of 21% (p < 0.0001) compared with the basal values was noted in Group A. In Group B, serum anti-TPO levels were increased by 4.8% (p < 0.0001) during the second 6-month period. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that in HT patients 6 months of Se treatment caused a significant decrease in serum anti-TPO levels, which was more profound in the second trimester. The extension of Se supplementation for 6 more months resulted in an additional 8% decrease, while the cessation caused a 4.8% increase, in the anti-TPO concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias E Mazokopakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Lykkesfeldt J. Malondialdehyde as biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 380:50-8. [PMID: 17336279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) have been used as biomarkers of lipid oxidation for more than thirty years. The validity of these biomarkers has been rightfully criticized for a lack of specificity and problems with post sampling formation. Numerous assays have been published for their analysis giving rise to reference intervals for healthy non-smoking humans varying more than to orders of magnitude. In spite of these problems, these biomarkers remain among the most commonly reported indices of oxidative damage and the present review focuses on the problems associated with MDA/TBARS analysis, their potential as biomarkers of oxidative stress and the effect of smoking on MDA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 9 Ridebanevej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Lykkesfeldt J, Viscovich M, Poulsen HE. Plasma malondialdehyde is induced by smoking: a study with balanced antioxidant profiles. Br J Nutr 2007; 92:203-6. [PMID: 15333149 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that smokers have higher plasma malondialdehyde concentrations compared with non-smokers. However, smokers have also consistently been shown to have a lower intake of fruits and vegetables as well as lower plasma antioxidant concentrations. Since both the latter issues may well influence the malondialdehyde concentration, we wanted to investigate if the observed difference between smokers and non-smokers was a result of differences in antioxidant status or if a more direct effect of smoking could also be isolated. In the present study, the plasma malondialdehyde and antioxidant profiles of a cohort of smokers (n48) and non-smokers (n32) were compared. While there was no significant difference in the major plasma antioxidants measured, i.e. ascorbic acid, α- and γ-tocopherol and uric acid, we found a significant effect of smoking on plasma malondialdehyde (P=0·0003). Consequently, the present study suggests that lipid peroxidation as measured by plasma malondialdehyde is induced by smokingper se. While poor antioxidant status presumably also affects lipid peroxidation, it is only partly responsible for the increased level found in smokers in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 9 Ridebanevej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Altinors DD, Akça S, Akova YA, Bilezikçi B, Goto E, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Smoking associated with damage to the lipid layer of the ocular surface. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141:1016-1021. [PMID: 16765668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of smoking on ocular surface. DESIGN Prospective, comparative, interventional case series. METHODS setting: Institutional. study population: Sixty smokers (33 men, 27 women) and 34 healthy subjects (18 men, 16 women) were enrolled into this study. Patients with associated ophthalmic or systemic diseases, and history of contact lens use and ocular surgery were excluded. The duration of average smoking was 13.1 years (range 5 to 35 years). INTERVENTION Ocular surface was evaluated by measuring corneal and conjunctival sensitivity, surface staining with fluorescein, tear film breakup time, Schirmer 1 test, and conjunctival impression cytology. Dry eye symptoms were scored by questionnaire. Kinetic analysis of sequential tear interference images obtained by a DR-1 tear lipid layer interferometry was used to investigate the precorneal lipid layer spread. Results were compared with a control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of subjective complaints with objective parameters in cigarette smokers and normal subjects. RESULTS In the smoker group, the mean Schirmer 1 test value was 10.8 mm (range 8 to 14 mm). The mean breakup time was 5.3 seconds (range 1 to 10 seconds), the average conjunctival sensitivity was 26.2 mm (range 0 to 45 mm), and the average central corneal sensitivity was 37.6 mm (range 5 to 60 mm). There was no statistically significant difference in goblet cell densities or in Schirmer 1 test values between smokers and controls (P > .05). Higher grades of lipid layer changes were observed in smokers by DR-1 interferometry kinetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS Smoking has deteriorating effects on the lipid layer of precorneal tear film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Dursun Altinors
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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18
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Stone GW, Aronow HD. Long-term care after percutaneous coronary intervention: focus on the role of antiplatelet therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:641-52. [PMID: 16706262 DOI: 10.4065/81.5.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arterial wall injury caused by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) triggers transient platelet activation and mural thrombosis; these effects are superimposed on the preexisting platelet hyperreactivity associated with underlying atherothrombosis. Platelet activation has been implicated in the major complications of PCI: acute and subacute thrombosis and restenosis. Antithrombotic and anticoagulant therapy minimizes thrombotic complications after PCI. Aspirin plus a thienopyridine (ticlopidine or clopidogrel) is more effective than aspirin plus heparin and extended warfarin therapy in preventing periprocedural ischemic events and subsequent stent thrombosis and results in less major and minor bleeding. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel (the preferred thienopyridine because of its superior hematologic safety) is recommended for at least 4 weeks to prevent subacute stent thrombosis with bare-metal stents and 3 to 6 months to prevent late-stent thrombosis with drug-eluting stents. Coronary atherothrombosis is a diffuse vascular disease, and reduction of the risk of future ischemic events requires strategies that extend beyond the focal treatment of stenotic lesions. Optimal long-term care after PCI requires aggressive systemic pharmacotherapy (antiplatelet agents, statins, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme Inhibitors) in conjunction with therapeutic lifestyle changes (smoking cessation, weight reduction, dietary measures, and exercise). In this context, dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) is recommended for at least 12 months after PCI for prophylaxis of future atherothrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg W Stone
- Columbia University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY 10022, USA.
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19
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Estimate of antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in plasma of healthy subjects. Open Med (Wars) 2006. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-006-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSerum contains various antioxidant molecules that may provide important protection against free radical attack. The aim of this work was to assess the total antioxidant capacity of plasma and a marker of lipid per oxidation [(thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)] in plasma of healthy smoking and non-smoking young and elderly subjects. In addition, we investigated plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid. In in vitro experiments, the effects of exogenous compounds (ascorbic acid, uric acid, Trolox) on total ferric-reducing activity of plasma (FRAP) were also tested. We demonstrated that total antioxidant capacity of plasma obtained from healthy non-smoking young subjects was significantly higher than plasma antioxidant capacity of smoking elderly subjects. The concentration of TBARS in young non-smoking volunteers was lower than that in young smokers. The concentration of TBARS in elderly non-smoking volunteers was lower than in elderly smokers. Plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid were significantly lower in elderly smoker than in elderly non-smokers of the same age. No difference in the plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid were found in 22-year-old smoking and non-smoking subjects. In vitro addition of ascorbic acid, uric acid, or Trolox to plasma samples significantly increased their total antioxidant capacity. Decrease of FRAP values and increase of TBARS concentrations is a significant physiologic condition of the aging process. Supplementation of antioxidants could be useful for the enhancement of antioxidant screen in plasma.
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20
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Ho SP, Chan-Yeung M, Chow KKM, Ip MSM, Mak JCW. Antioxidant enzyme activities in healthy Chinese adults: influence of age, gender and smoking. Respirology 2005; 10:305-9. [PMID: 15955142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specific antioxidant enzymes play a vital role in regulating and maintaining oxidant species. The aim of this study was to determine these antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e. catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) in erythrocytes from a group of healthy Chinese subjects and to study the influence of age, gender and smoking habits on the enzyme activities. METHODOLOGY Chinese healthy subjects (n = 276) were grouped according to their age range, gender differences and smoking habits. Antioxidant enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically using standard kinetic methods. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in erythrocyte GPx activity in ever-smokers compared with non-smokers (47.10 +/- 1.33 mU/g haemoglobin (Hb) vs. 51.41 +/- 1.64 mU/g Hb, P < 0.05). Age-related significant increases in erythrocyte CAT and SOD activities were found in non-smokers but not in ever-smokers. There was no age-related difference in erythrocyte GPx activity in either non-smokers or ever-smokers. Among those >60 years old, erythrocyte CAT and GPx activities were significantly lower in ever-smokers than in non-smokers (29.70 +/- 3.07 mU/g Hb vs. 41.63 +/- 4.92 mU/g Hb (P < 0.05), and 47.55 +/- 2.00 mU/g Hb vs. 55.30 +/- 3.60 mU/g Hb (P < 0.05), respectively). It was also found that females had higher erythrocyte GPx activity than males but this difference did not reach significance in non-smokers. CONCLUSION From the results of this study, it is concluded that oxidative stress seems to be present in elderly ever-smokers among the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu P Ho
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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21
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Hayashi Y. Designing in vitro assay systems for hazard characterization. Basic strategies and related technical issues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 57 Suppl 1:227-32. [PMID: 16092730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effects of chemicals on humans are typically assessed following four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Hazard characterization is defined as the qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse effects associated with biological, chemical and physical agents of interest. For chemical agents, hazard characterization is based on a series of in vitro and/or in vivo data obtained from mechanistic, kinetic and dose-response studies on the agent of concern, which are analyzed and integrated for extrapolation to eventually match human conditions. Thus, an accurate experimental design and the development of test methods capable of generating data relevant to hazard characterization are essential for the useful risk assessment of chemicals, including inhaled materials. It should, however, be stressed that hazard characterization has widely been limited to single chemicals. The hazard characterization of airborne mixtures therefore poses a new problem in toxicology, which calls for a novel approach to its scientific assessment. During the last three decades, a number of epidemiological and experimental studies have been conducted focusing on two kinds of inhaled complex mixtures, namely cigarette smoke and diesel exhausts. A new approach to the assessment of airborne complex mixtures may be elaborated through the appropriate, combined use of the findings of such studies. In this context, the present review article is intended to illustrate some basic strategies for and technical issues related to the hazard characterization of inhaled complex mixtures, thereby taking up representative epidemiological and experimental data from published papers on tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Hayashi
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan.
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22
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Owen CA. Proteinases and oxidants as targets in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY 2005; 2:373-85; discussion 394-5. [PMID: 16267366 PMCID: PMC2713328 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200504-029sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that proteinases and oxidative stress play pathogenetic roles in the following pathologies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: airspace enlargement; chronic inflammation in the airways, lung interstitium, and alveolar space; and mucus hypersecretion in the large airways. Proteinases and oxidants may also contribute to remodeling processes in the small airways. In addition, data are emerging that show interactions between classes of proteinases and between proteinases and oxidants, which amplify lung inflammation and injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This review discusses the biologic roles of proteinases and oxidants, their roles in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and their potential as targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 905 Thorn Building, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Thomson CD. Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequacy of selenium status: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:391-402. [PMID: 14985676 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intent of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence for the assessment of adequacy of selenium status and of the requirements for selenium. From this evidence, attempts have been made to define levels of plasma selenium and dietary selenium intake, which could be used for the assessment of deficiency or adequacy of selenium status. METHOD The first section briefly reviews the methods for assessment of selenium status. The second section outlines the requirements for selenium based on a number of criteria, and how these have been translated into recommended intakes of selenium. In the final section, levels of plasma selenium and dietary intake based on different criteria of adequacy have been proposed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The minimum requirement for selenium is that which prevents the deficiency disease, Keshan disease. The recommended intakes of selenium have been calculated from the requirement for optimum plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity that must, because of the hierarchy of selenoproteins, also take account of the amounts needed for normal levels of other biologically necessary selenium compounds. Whether optimal health depends upon maximization of GPx or other selenoproteins, however, has yet to be resolved, and the consequences of less-than-maximal GPx activities or mRNA levels need investigation. Intakes, higher than recommended intakes, and plasma selenium concentrations that might be protective for cancer or result in other additional health benefits have been proposed. There is an urgent need for more large-scale trials to assess any such beneficial effects and to provide further data on which to base more reliable estimates for intakes and plasma selenium levels that are protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Thomson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Lykkesfeldt J, Viscovich M, Poulsen HE. Ascorbic acid recycling in human erythrocytes is induced by smoking in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1439-47. [PMID: 14642391 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains large numbers of radicals that burden the antioxidant defense and, thus, lower plasma antioxidants, in particular vitamin C or ascorbic acid, is commonly observed among smokers. Ascorbic acid recycling describes the process in which ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid by various pathways and subsequently reduced back to ascorbic acid intracellularly, e.g., in erythrocytes, thereby preserving the ascorbic acid pool. In humans who are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid, and in smokers in particular, who are prone to oxidation, this process must be very efficient and of great importance. It has previously been reported that isolated erythrocytes subjected to tobacco smoke in vitro had significantly lower ascorbic acid recycling as compared to controls. In contrast to these findings, we now report that freshly isolated erythrocytes from long-term smokers (n = 39) display a significantly increased rate of ascorbic acid recycling in vivo as compared to those isolated from nonsmokers (n = 31; p <.0001). Preliminary data suggests that the increase results from induction of dehydroascorbic acid reductase activity rather than from differences in energy status, glutathione content, or altered transport capacity. The induction of ascorbic acid recycling as a potential adaptation mechanism of the antioxidant defense to oxidative insults is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Vigna GB, Costantini F, Aldini G, Carini M, Catapano A, Schena F, Tangerini A, Zanca R, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Mezzetti A, Fellin R, Maffei Facino R. Effect of a standardized grape seed extract on low-density lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation in heavy smokers. Metabolism 2003; 52:1250-7. [PMID: 14564675 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(03)00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of a standardized formulation of a polyphenolic extract of grapes (Leucoselect-Phytosome [LP]) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) susceptibility to oxidation in a group of heavy smokers. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study was undertaken in 24 healthy male heavy smokers, aged > or = 50 years. Enrolled subjects were given 2 capsules twice daily for 4 weeks (phase 1). Each capsule contained 75 mg of a grape procyanidin extracts and soy-phosphatidlcholine or placebo consisiting of 75 mg lactose and soy-phosphatidlcholine. A wash out period of 3 weeks was then followed by 4 weeks of the opposite treatment (phase 2). Blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of each phase and assayed for plasma lipids and LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Compliance was good, and no adverse effects were recorded. Subjects did not show significant modification of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-C during LP treatment. Among oxidative indices, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration was significantly reduced in subjects taking LP (-14.7% +/- 21.1% v +5.0% +/- 18.1%, P <.01), and the lag phase prolonged (+15.4% +/- 24.4% v -0.1% +/- 16.0%, P <.05) compared with placebo and basal values. The antioxidant potential of grape seed extract polyphenols may prove effective in a model of oxidative stress (smoking); however more investigational data are needed before use in wider clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B Vigna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine II, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Durak I, Elgün S, Kemal Bingöl N, Burak Cimen MY, Kaçmaz M, Büyükkoçak S, Serdar Oztürk H. Effects of cigarette smoking with different tar content on erythrocyte oxidant/antioxidant status. Addict Biol 2002; 7:255-8. [PMID: 12006222 DOI: 10.1080/135562102200120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of cigarettes with differing tar content on erythrocyte oxidant/antioxidant status was investigated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of oxidant status and superoxide radical scavenger activity (SSA) as an indicator of antioxidant status were measured in erythrocytes from 20 smokers and 10 non-smoker controls. Ten of the 20 smoking subjects smoked five cigarettes with full flavour low tar (FFLT with 12 mg tar) and the others smoked five cigarettes with full flavour high tar (FF with 23 mg tar) over 1 hour. Initial blood samples from both groups at fasting, followed by further samples from smokers at 1.5 hours and 3 hours after smoking. Initial erythrocyte MDA level and SSA activity were found to be higher in the smoking groups compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, both parameters were significantly higher at the 1.5-hour and 3-hour erythrocyte samples when compared to initial values in the FFLT group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between SSA values established at different times in FF group. Results suggest that smoking causes oxidant load in the erythrocytes. Although a compensatory mechanism (i.e. increased SSA activities) develops in the FFLT group after smoking, this cannot prevent peroxidation reactions (i.e. increased MDA levels) in the erythrocytes. As to the types of cigarettes, both seem to have oxidant potential, but oxidation degree in the FFLT group is higher than that of FF group. These results suggest that antioxidant supplementation to smokers might be beneficial to decrease cellular oxidation damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Durak
- Ankara University Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ramirez-Tortosa C, Andersen ØM, Cabrita L, Gardner PT, Morrice PC, Wood SG, Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Duthie GG. Anthocyanin-rich extract decreases indices of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in vitamin E-depleted rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31:1033-7. [PMID: 11677035 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are secondary plant metabolites responsible for the blue, purple, and red color of many plant tissues. The phenolic structure of anthocyanins conveys marked antioxidant activity in model systems via donation of electrons or hydrogen atoms from hydroxyl moieties to free radicals. Dietary intakes of anthocyanins may exceed 200 mg/day, however, little is known about their antioxidant potency in vivo. Consequently, the aim of this study was to establish whether anthocyanins could act as putative antioxidant micronutrients. Rats were maintained on vitamin E-deficient diets for 12 weeks in order to enhance susceptibility to oxidative damage and then repleted with rations containing a highly purified anthocyanin-rich extract at a concentration of 1 g/kg diet. The extract consisted of the 3-glucopyranoside forms of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin. Consumption of the anthocyanin-repleted diet significantly improved (p <.01) plasma antioxidant capacity and decreased (p <.001) the vitamin E deficiency-enhanced hydroperoxides and 8-Oxo-deoxyguanosine concentrations in liver. These compounds are indices of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, respectively. Dietary consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods may contribute to overall antioxidant status, particularly in areas of habitually low vitamin E intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramirez-Tortosa
- Antioxidants and DNA Damage Group, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Durak I, Bingöl NK, Avci A, Cimen MY, Kaçmaz M, Karaca L, Oztürk HS. Acute effects of smoking of cigarettes with different tar content on plasma oxidant/antioxidant status. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12:641-7. [PMID: 10880149 DOI: 10.1080/08958370050030994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, acute effects of two different types of cigarette smoking on plasma oxidant/antioxidant status were investigated. For this purpose, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant potential (AOP) values were measured in the plasma samples before and after cigarette smoking at fasting. After the first blood sample was obtained, second and third samples were withdrawn at 1.5 h and 3 h. In the first group, subjects smoked five cigarettes with full flavor (FF), and in the second group, five cigarettes with full-flavor low tar (FFLT). Quality classification is made mainly on the basis of tar content of the products. The cigarette with 23 mg tar is defined as FF and that with 12 mg tar as FFLT. MDA level was found to be significantly increased in the 1.5-h plasma samples of both groups, but the increase was greater in the FF group. AOP values, however, were found to be lower in the 3-h plasma samples of both groups, but the decrease was greater in the FF group compared with the FFLT group. It appears that acute smoking causes oxidant stress in blood plasma once exposed to smoke, and then this effect (MDA) begins to decrease. On the other hand, AOP is lowered due to oxidant stress created by smoke. With regard to the types of cigarettes, the FF product seems to be more oxidant than the FFLT product. Our results suggest that antioxidant supplementation might be beneficial for the smokers to cope with the oxidant load derived from cigarette smoke. It is also clearly seen from these results that cigarette manufacturers should reduce tar/nicotine ratio in their products in order to lessen the toxic effects of smoking without causing increased need to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Durak
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Turkey.
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Panda K, Chattopadhyay R, Ghosh MK, Chattopadhyay DJ, Chatterjee IB. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke induced oxidative damage of proteins and increased proteolysis. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27:1064-79. [PMID: 10569639 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (CS) contains some stable oxidants, which oxidize human plasma proteins, bovine serum albumin, amino acid homopolymers, and also cause extensive oxidative degradation of microsomal proteins. Similar observations are made when the aqueous extract of cigarette smoke is replaced by whole phase CS solution or whole phase cigarette smoke. CS-induced microsomal protein degradation is a two step process: (i) oxidation of proteins by the oxidants present in the CS and (ii) rapid proteolytic degradation of the oxidized proteins by proteases present in the microsomes. Using aqueous extract of CS equivalent to that produced from one-twentieth of a cigarette, the observed initial and postcigarette smoke treated values of different parameters of oxidative damage per milligram of microsomal proteins are respectively: 0.24 and 1.74 nmoles for carbonyl formation, 125.4 and 62.8 fluorescence units for tryptophan loss, 10.2 and 33.4 fluorescence units for bityrosine formation, and 58.3 and 12.2 nmoles for loss of protein thiols. When compared with sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of untreated microsomal proteins, the extent of microsomal protein degradation after treatment with whole phase CS solution or aqueous extract of CS is above 90%. Ascorbate (100 microM) almost completely prevents cigarette smoke-induced protein oxidation and thereby protects the microsomes from subsequent proteolytic degradation. Glutathione is partially effective, but other antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin E, probucol, beta-carotene, mannitol, thiourea, and histidine are ineffective. The gas phase cigarette smoke contains unstable reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (O2*-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that can cause substantial oxidation of pure protein like albumin but is unable to produce significant oxidative damage of microsomal proteins. Gas phase cigarette smoke-induced albumin oxidation is not only inhibited by ascorbate and glutathione but also by superoxide dismutase, catalase and mannitol. The stable oxidants in the cigarette smoke are not present in the tobacco and are apparently produced by the interaction of O2*-/H2O2/OH* of the gas phase with some components of the tar phase during/following the burning of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Panda
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and the Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Calcutta, India
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Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Duthie GG. The role of carotenoids in modulating DNA stability and lipid peroxidation. Importance for human health. Subcell Biochem 1999; 30:181-207. [PMID: 9932515 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1789-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Duthie
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Zevin S, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Dose-related cardiovascular and endocrine effects of transdermal nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64:87-95. [PMID: 9695723 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(98)90026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transdermal nicotine in doses up to 21 mg/24 hr is used to facilitate smoking cessation. However, this dose does not achieve the nicotine plasma levels seen among heavy smokers, and underdosing may be one of the reasons for the limited efficacy of transdermal nicotine. There are some concerns about the adverse cardiovascular effects of nicotine, especially with concomitant smoking. Treatment with higher doses of transdermal nicotine has been proposed for highly dependent smokers, but the effects of such treatment on the cardiovascular system have not been determined. The objective of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of high-dose transdermal nicotine with concomitant smoking. METHODS Twelve healthy male smokers received three doses of transdermal nicotine (21, 42, and 63 mg/24 hr) and placebo, each for 5 days, in a balanced order. The subjects smoked during the first 4 days of each treatment and abstained from smoking during the fifth day. Ambulatory 24-hour daytime and nighttime heart rate and blood pressure values were determined for each treatment; plasma nicotine, cotinine, and carboxyhemoglobin levels and urinary catecholamines with aldosterone were measured on days 4 and 5. The data were compared by means of repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS There was no difference in heart rate or blood pressure and no changes in the pattern of circadian variations with various transdermal nicotine doses compared with smoking alone, consistent with the development of tolerance. Urinary epinephrine level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) with transdermal nicotine compared with no nicotine but was not higher with transdermal nicotine and smoking compared with smoking alone. No change was found in fibrinogen and lipid profiles with different nicotine doses. CONCLUSIONS High-dose nicotine treatment, even with concomitant smoking, caused no short-term adverse effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zevin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, CA, USA
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Ueyama K, Yokode M, Arai H, Nagano Y, Li ZX, Cho M, Kita T. Cholesterol efflux effect of high density lipoprotein is impaired by whole cigarette smoke extracts through lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24:182-90. [PMID: 9436629 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(97)00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that high density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an anti-atherogenic role by stimulating cholesterol efflux from the foam cells in the atheromatous lesion. In this study, we prepared a novel modified form of HDL (CS-HDL) by incubating HDL with whole cigarette smoke (CS) extracts containing both particulate matter and gas-phase smoke, and examined its effect on cholesterol efflux. CS-HDL showed a marked increase of conjugated dienes and denaturation of apoA-I, a major protein component of HDL. The cholesterol efflux effect of CS-HDL was remarkably reduced to the same level as that of oxidatively modified HDL induced by copper ion (Ox-HDL). Addition of 20 microg/ml superoxide dismutase (SOD) during the CS-modification of HDL caused retrieval of cholesterol efflux activity by 53% and a remarkable decrease in the conjugated dienes level. SOD, however, had no ameliorative effect on apoA-I denaturation. When HDL was incubated only with gas-phase smoke (gasCS-HDL), neither increase of conjugated dienes nor impairment of the cholesterol efflux effect was observed, whereas apoA-I was denaturated to the same extent as seen in CS-HDL. These results indicate that whole CS-extracts, but not gas-phase smoke, reduces cholesterol efflux effect of HDL and that lipid peroxidation associated with superoxide anion is involved in this functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ueyama
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Bell RA, Quandt SA, Shaw HA, Dignan MB. Differences in dietary intake between smokers and nonsmokers among Lumbee Indian women in North Carolina. Am J Health Promot 1997; 12:94-7. [PMID: 10174667 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-12.2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Bell
- Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxidative Stress Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:341-57. [PMID: 9279209 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9611013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J E Repine
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
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Abstract
This review discusses the known cardiovascular effects of smoking and the effects of nicotine without tobacco smoke and interprets the available data on cardiovascular risk during nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Nicotine gum and patches are now approved for over the counter sale in the United States. Smokers with cardiovascular disease are advised to seek physician counseling before using nicotine products, but information regarding the safety of these products in such patients is not readily available to most physicians. Nicotine may contribute to cardiovascular disease, presumably by hemodynamic consequences of sympathetic neural stimulation and systemic catecholamine release. However, there are many potential cardiovascular toxins in cigarette smoke other than nicotine. The doses of nicotine obtained by regular cigarette smoking generally exceed those delivered by NRTs, and the cardiovascular effects of nicotine are, in general, more intense when delivered rapidly by cigarette smoking than the slower delivery by transdermal nicotine or nicotine gum. Because the dose-cardiovascular response relation for nicotine is flat, the effects of cigarette smoking in conjunction with NRT are similar to those of cigarette smoking alone. Cigarette smoking increases blood coagulability, a major risk factor for acute cardiovascular events, whereas transdermal nicotine does not appear to do so. Clinical trials of NRT in patients with underlying, stable coronary disease suggest that nicotine does not increase cardiovascular risk. At worst, the risks of NRT are no more than those of cigarette smoking. The risks of NRT for smokers, even for those with underlying cardiovascular disease, are small and are substantially outweighed by the potential benefits of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Benowitz
- San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 94143-1220, USA.
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36
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Kaçmaz M, Öztürk H, Çete S, Kavutcu M, Durak İ. The effects of smoking on antioxidant defence system and membrane free fatty acid content of erythrocytes and plasma lipid parameters: Protective role of antioxidant vitamins. Nutr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Erhola M, Nieminen MM, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P, Metsä-Ketelä T, Poussa T, Alho H. Plasma peroxyl radical trapping capacity in lung cancer patients: a case-control study. Free Radic Res 1997; 26:439-47. [PMID: 9179589 DOI: 10.3109/10715769709084480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that cancer patients express oxidative disturbances. The main objective of this cross-sectional case-control study (n = 57 + 76) was to explore whether lung cancer patients, when compared to healthy controls, have alterations in their plasma peroxyl radical trapping capacity (TRAP). Group matching was used with respect to age, sex and smoking history. A secondary objective was to observe the effects of life-long cigarette consumption on plasma TRAP and its components. Mean TRAP values were significantly lower in the cancer patients than in the control group (1143 vs 1273 mumol/l, p = 0.0002). Moreover, all the components of TRAP (except uric acid) were significantly lower in the cancer group: protein SH-groups 442 vs 571 mumol/l, ascorbic acid 34.0 vs 46.5 mumol/l and vitamin E 25.0 vs 33.8 mumol/l. The as yet unidentified antioxidant compounds in plasma contributed 26.5% of plasma TRAP in the cancer group and 30.2% in the control group. There was no correlation between cigarette consumption in pack-years and plasma TRAP; however, plasma concentrations of uric acid and ascorbic acid were negatively correlated with cigarette consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erhola
- Tampere University Medical School Department of Respiratory Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Andersen HR, Nielsen JB, Nielsen F, Grandjean P. Antioxidative enzyme activities in human erythrocytes. Clin Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/43.4.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractReliable and standardized methods are necessary to determine the expression of antioxidative enzymes and their role in maintaining health. In addition, the variability of the enzyme activities within the general population caused by age, gender, and life-style factors must be described. This study describes methodological conditions that are suitable for analyzing copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) in human erythrocytes with a high degree of reproducibility. Intervals for the enzyme activities have been established in a randomly selected population of 220 individuals between 20 and 89 years of age. An age-related decrease was observed in CuZn-SOD and GR activities, whereas no age-related changes were demonstrated for GSH-Px and CAT. The GSH-Px activity was positively associated with the intake of dietary supplements and negatively correlated with tobacco consumption. These factors probably account for the fact that women tended to have higher GSH-Px activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Winsløwparken 17, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Williams
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Reading
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Schwarz KB, Cox JM, Sharma S, Clement L, Witter F, Abbey H, Sehnert SS, Risby TH. Prooxidant effects of maternal smoking and formula in newborn infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24:68-74. [PMID: 9093990 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199701000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to use the breath ethane test to determine if either maternal cigarette smoking, formula, and/or deficiency of the antioxidant nutrients vitamins A and E was associated with oxidant stress in newborn infants. The rationale for this study was: (1) our observation that cigarette smoking was a source of oxidant stress in pregnant women, suggesting that it could be a source of oxidant stress for infants exposed in utero; (2) formula was predicted to be prooxidant compared to colostrum, which contains several compounds with antioxidant activity in vitro; and (3) deficiencies of vitamins A and E have been shown to promote oxidant stress in experimental animals. METHODS Breath ethane, a volatile alkane produced by peroxide of n-3 fatty acids, was utilized as an index of oxidant stress status. Forty-five healthy full-term infants of the women mentioned above were studied at 18-24 h of age, after four to six feedings of breast milk (colostrum) or caseinbased infant formula. Relationships between infant breath ethane, maternal smoking, mode of infant nutrition, and serum concentrations of the antioxidant vitamins A and E of infants were examined. RESULTS The breath ethane of the entire group of infants whose mothers smoked (n = 19) was increased compared to values of infants whose mothers did not smoke (n = 26): 97 +/- 16 versus 43 +/- 9 pmol/kg/min, p < 0.03. When infants of mothers who smoked were eliminated from the analysis in order to study effects of nutrition alone, formula appeared to be prooxidant compared to breast milk. Breath ethane of formula-fed infants (n = 16) was 62 +/- 13 versus 13 +/- 4 pmol/kg/min for breast-fed infants (n = 10), p < 0.04. For the group as a whole, there was no correlation between infant breath ethane and serum concentrations of vitamins A and E. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to maternal smoking in utero is prooxidant in newborn infants. Formula also has a prooxidant effect compared to colostrum in newborn infants not exposed to maternal smoking in utero. Further investigations will be necessary to explore the clinical consequences of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions of Baltimore, MD 21287-2631, USA
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Gey K. Ten-year retrospective on the antioxidant hypothesis of arteriosclerosis: Threshold plasma levels of antioxidant micronutrients related to minimum cardiovascular risk. J Nutr Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00032-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies occur most commonly in poor countries and, therefore, are most likely to be associated with cancers common in these countries. Epidemiological studies are hampered by inaccurate measurement of micronutrient intake and by the correlations between intakes of many nutrients. The strongest evidence for a protective effect of micronutrients is for oesophageal cancer. The identity of the micronutrients is not certain, but may include retinol, riboflavin, ascorbic acid and Zn; alcohol, smoking and dietary nitrosamines increase the risk for oesophageal cancer. For stomach cancer there is good evidence that fruit and vegetables are protective. The protective effect of these foods might be largely due to ascorbic acid, but other nutrients and non-nutrients may also be important; the risk for stomach cancer is increased by salt, some types of preserved foods, and by infection of the stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. The risk for lung cancer appears to be reduced by a high intake of fruit and vegetables, but it is not clear which agents are responsible and the major cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Diet is probably the major determinant of the risk for colo-rectal cancer; there is evidence that fruit and vegetables and fibre reduce risk and that meat and animal fat increase risk, but there is no convincing evidence that these relationships are mediated by micronutrients. The risk for cervical cancer is inversely related to fruit and vegetable consumption and, therefore, to consumption of carotenoids and ascorbic acid, but the major cause of this cancer is human papillomavirus and it is not yet clear whether the dietary associations indicate a true protective effect or whether they are due to confounding by other variables. The evidence that micronutrients are important in the aetiology of either breast cancer or prostate cancer is weak, but the possible roles of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and alpha-tocopherol in prostate cancer require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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