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Khalil MAM, Sadagah NM, Tan J, Syed FO, Chong VH, Al-Qurashi SH. Pros and cons of live kidney donation in prediabetics: A critical review and way forward. World J Transplant 2024; 14:89822. [PMID: 38576756 PMCID: PMC10989475 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v14.i1.89822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There is shortage of organs, including kidneys, worldwide. Along with deceased kidney transplantation, there is a significant rise in live kidney donation. The prevalence of prediabetes (PD), including impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, is on the rise across the globe. Transplant teams frequently come across prediabetic kidney donors for evaluation. Prediabetics are at risk of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular events, stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy, dementia, depression and nonalcoholic liver disease along with increased risk of all-cause mortality. Unfortunately, most of the studies done in prediabetic kidney donors are retrospective in nature and have a short follow up period. There is lack of prospective long-term studies to know about the real risk of complications after donation. Furthermore, there are variations in recommendations from various guidelines across the globe for donations in prediabetics, leading to more confusion among clinicians. This increases the responsibility of transplant teams to take appropriate decisions in the best interest of both donors and recipients. This review focuses on pathophysiological changes of PD in kidneys, potential complications of PD, other risk factors for development of type 2 diabetes, a review of guidelines for kidney donation, the potential role of diabetes risk score and calculator in kidney donors and the way forward for the evaluation and selection of prediabetic kidney donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul Mabood Khalil
- Center of Renal Diseases and Transplantation, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital Jeddah, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nihal Mohammed Sadagah
- Center of Renal Diseases and Transplantation, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital Jeddah, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jackson Tan
- Department of Nephrology, RIPAS Hospital Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Muara BA1710, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Furrukh Omair Syed
- Center of Renal Diseases and Transplantation, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital Jeddah, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vui Heng Chong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan BA1710, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Salem H Al-Qurashi
- Center of Renal Diseases and Transplantation, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital Jeddah, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
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Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Bellucci A. Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1197853. [PMID: 37305556 PMCID: PMC10248004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), intraneuronal inclusions that are mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble aggregates is a main neuropathological feature in PD and in other neurodegenerative diseases, including LB dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. Compelling evidence supports that α-Syn post translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination and C-terminal cleavage, play important roles in the modulation α-Syn aggregation, solubility, turnover and membrane binding. In particular, PTMs can impact on α-Syn conformational state, thus supporting that their modulation can in turn affect α-Syn aggregation and its ability to seed further soluble α-Syn fibrillation. This review focuses on the importance of α-Syn PTMs in PD pathophysiology but also aims at highlighting their general relevance as possible biomarkers and, more importantly, as innovative therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies. In addition, we call attention to the multiple challenges that we still need to face to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches modulating α-Syn PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA. Appraising the Role of Astrocytes as Suppliers of Neuronal Glutathione Precursors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098059. [PMID: 37175763 PMCID: PMC10179008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism and intercellular transfer of glutathione or its precursors may play an important role in cellular defense against oxidative stress, a common hallmark of neurodegeneration. In the 1990s, several studies in the Neurobiology field led to the widely accepted notion that astrocytes produce large amounts of glutathione that serve to feed neurons with precursors for glutathione synthesis. This assumption has important implications for health and disease since a reduction in this supply from astrocytes could compromise the capacity of neurons to cope with oxidative stress. However, at first glance, this shuttling would imply a large energy expenditure to get to the same point in a nearby cell. Thus, are there additional underlying reasons for this expensive mechanism? Are neurons unable to import and/or synthesize the three non-essential amino acids that are the glutathione building blocks? The rather oxidizing extracellular environment favors the presence of cysteine (Cys) as cystine (Cis), less favorable for neuronal import. Therefore, it has also been proposed that astrocytic GSH efflux could induce a change in the redox status of the extracellular space nearby the neurons, locally lowering the Cis/Cys ratio. This astrocytic glutathione release would also increase their demand for precursors, stimulating Cis uptake, which these cells can import, further impacting the local decline of the Cis/Cys ratio, in turn, contributing to a more reduced extracellular environment and subsequently favoring neuronal Cys import. Here, we revisit the experimental evidence that led to the accepted hypothesis of astrocytes acting as suppliers of neuronal glutathione precursors, considering recent data from the Human Protein Atlas. In addition, we highlight some potential drawbacks of this hypothesis, mainly supported by heterogeneous cellular models. Finally, we outline additional and more cost-efficient possibilities by which astrocytes could support neuronal glutathione levels, including its shuttling in extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Osteocalcin ameliorates cognitive dysfunctions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease by reducing amyloid β burden and upregulating glycolysis in neuroglia. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:46. [PMID: 36746932 PMCID: PMC9902399 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-derived protein, has been shown to modulate brain functions but whether it has any effect on AD is undetermined. In this study, daily intraperitoneal injection of OCN for 4 weeks ameliorated the anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunctions in the APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice model, as shown in the increased entries into the central area in open field test, the increased time and entries into open arms in elevated plus maze test, the increased time spent in the light chamber in light-dark transition test, as well as the reduced escape latency and the increased preference for target quadrant in Morris water maze test. Aβ burden in the hippocampus and cortex of AD mice was ameliorated by OCN. Besides, OCN improved the neural network function of the brain, mainly in the enhanced power of high gamma band in the medial prefrontal cortex of AD mice. The proliferation of astrocytes in the hippocampus in AD mice was also inhibited by OCN as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, OCN enhanced glycolysis in astrocytes and microglia, as evidenced by elevated glucose consumption, lactate production, and increased extracellular acidification rate. Such an effect was abolished when the receptor of OCN - Gpr158 was knockdown in astrocytes. Our study revealed OCN as a novel therapeutic factor for AD potentially through reducing Aβ burden and upregulation of glycolysis in neuroglia.
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Ramírez AE, Gil-Jaramillo N, Tapias MA, González-Giraldo Y, Pinzón A, Puentes-Rozo PJ, Aristizábal-Pachón AF, González J. MicroRNA: A Linking between Astrocyte Dysfunction, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091439. [PMID: 36143475 PMCID: PMC9505027 DOI: 10.3390/life12091439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurodegenerative diseases are complex neurological disorders with a high incidence worldwide in older people, increasing hospital visits and requiring expensive treatments. As a precursor phase of neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive impairment needs to be studied to understand the factors that influence its development and improve patients’ quality of life. The present review compiles possible factors and biomarkers for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment based on the most recent studies involving miRNAs. These molecules can direct the gene expression in multiple cells, affecting their behavior under certain conditions, such as stressing factors. This review encourages further research into biomarkers that identify cognitive impairment in cellular models such as astrocytes, which are brain cells capable of maintaining the optimal conditions for the central nervous system functioning. Abstract The importance of miRNAs in cellular processes and their dysregulation has taken significant importance in understanding different pathologies. Due to the constant increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) worldwide and their economic impact, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), considered a prodromal phase, is a logical starting point to study this public health problem. Multiple studies have established the importance of miRNAs in MCI, including astrocyte regulation during stressful conditions. Additionally, the protection mechanisms exerted by astrocytes against some damage in the central nervous system (CNS) lead to astrocytic reactivation, in which a differential expression of miRNAs has been shown. Nevertheless, excessive reactivation can cause neurodegeneration, and a clear pattern defining the equilibrium point between a neuroprotective or detrimental astrocytic phenotype is unknown. Therefore, the miRNA expression has gained significant attention to understand the maintenance of brain balance and improve the diagnosis and treatment at earlier stages in the ND. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the emerging role of miRNAs in cellular processes that contribute to the loss of cognitive function, including lipotoxicity, which can induce chronic inflammation, also considering the fundamental role of astrocytes in brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica E. Ramírez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Natalia Gil-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - María Alejandra Tapias
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Yeimy González-Giraldo
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla 080007, Colombia
| | | | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Archie SR, Chowdhury EA, Abbruscato TJ. Brain Energy Metabolism in Ischemic Stroke: Effects of Smoking and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158512. [PMID: 35955647 PMCID: PMC9369264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of energy metabolism in the brain is crucial for maintaining brain activity in physiological and different pathophysiological conditions. Ischemic stroke has a complex pathophysiology which includes perturbations in the brain energy metabolism processes which can contribute to worsening of brain injury and stroke outcome. Smoking and diabetes are common risk factors and comorbid conditions for ischemic stroke which have also been associated with disruptions in brain energy metabolism. Simultaneous presence of these conditions may further alter energy metabolism in the brain leading to a poor clinical prognosis after an ischemic stroke event. In this review, we discuss the possible effects of smoking and/or diabetes on brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial energy metabolism which, when present concurrently, may exacerbate energy metabolism in the ischemic brain. More research is needed to investigate brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in ischemic stroke in the presence of smoking and/or diabetes, which would provide further insights on the pathophysiology of these comorbid conditions and facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Pushie MJ, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Hackett MJ, Kelly ME, Webb SM. X-ray fluorescence microscopy methods for biological tissues. Metallomics 2022; 14:mfac032. [PMID: 35512669 PMCID: PMC9226457 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy is a flexible tool for identifying the distribution of trace elements in biological specimens across a broad range of sample sizes. The technique is not particularly limited by sample type and can be performed on ancient fossils, fixed or fresh tissue specimens, and in some cases even live tissue and live cells can be studied. The technique can also be expanded to provide chemical specificity to elemental maps, either at individual points of interest in a map or across a large field of view. While virtually any sample type can be characterized with X-ray fluorescence microscopy, common biological sample preparation methods (often borrowed from other fields, such as histology) can lead to unforeseen pitfalls, resulting in altered element distributions and concentrations. A general overview of sample preparation and data-acquisition methods for X-ray fluorescence microscopy is presented, along with outlining the general approach for applying this technique to a new field of investigation for prospective new users. Considerations for improving data acquisition and quality are reviewed as well as the effects of sample preparation, with a particular focus on soft tissues. The effects of common sample pretreatment steps as well as the underlying factors that govern which, and to what extent, specific elements are likely to be altered are reviewed along with common artifacts observed in X-ray fluorescence microscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5 Canada
- Clinical Trial Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W8 Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Mark J Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Austrailia 6102, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Austrailia 6845, Australia
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Zhou X, Venigalla M, Raju R, Münch G. Pharmacological considerations for treating neuroinflammation with curcumin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:755-771. [PMID: 35294663 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prof. Dr. Peter Riederer, the former Head of the Neurochemistry Department of the Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Clinic at the University of Würzburg (Germany), has been one of the pioneers of research into oxidative stress in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will outline how his scientific contribution to the field has opened a new direction for AD treatment beyond "plaques and tangles". In the 1990s, Prof. Riederer was one of the first scientists who proposed oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as one of the major contributors to Alzheimer's disease, despite the overwhelming support for the "amyloid-only" hypothesis at the time, which postulated that the sole and only cause of AD is β-amyloid. His group also highlighted the role of advanced glycation end products, sugar and dicarbonyl-derived protein modifications, which crosslink proteins into insoluble aggregates and potent pro-inflammatory activators of microglia. For the treatment of chronic neuroinflammation, he and his group suggested that the most appropriate drug class would be cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs) which have a broader anti-inflammatory action range than conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. One of the most potent CSAIDs is curcumin, but it suffers from a variety of pharmacokinetic disadvantages including low bioavailability, which might have tainted many human clinical trials. Although a variety of oral formulations with increased bioavailability have been developed, curcumin's absorption after oral delivery is too low to reach therapeutic concentrations in the micromolar range in the systemic circulation and the brain. This review will conclude with evidence that rectally applied suppositories might be the best alternatives to oral medications, as this route will be able to evade first-pass metabolism in the liver and achieve high concentrations of curcumin in plasma and tissues, including the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, 158-160 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Madhuri Venigalla
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Ritesh Raju
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.
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Association of central arterial stiffness with hippocampal blood flow and N-acetyl aspartate concentration in hypertensive adult Dahl salt sensitive rats. J Hypertens 2021; 39:2113-2121. [PMID: 34001812 PMCID: PMC8452328 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central arterial stiffness (CAS) is associated with elevated arterial blood pressure (BP) and is likely associated with stiffening of cerebral artery walls, with attendant cerebral hypoperfusion, neuronal density loss and cognitive decline. Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) rats exhibit age-associated hypertension and memory loss, even on a normal salt intake. METHOD We sought to explore whether central arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of CAS, is associated with hippocampal cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neuronal density in hypertensive Dahl-S rats. We measured systolic BP (by tail-cuff plethysmography), aortic PWV (by echocardiography) and CBF and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) (by magnetic resonance imaging) in 6 month-old male Dahl-S rats (n = 12). RESULTS Greater PWV was significantly associated with lower CBF and lower NAA concentration in the hippocampus, supporting a role of CAS in cerebrovascular dysfunction and decline in cognitive performance with aging. CONCLUSION These findings implicate increased CAS in cerebral hypoperfusion and loss of neuronal density and function in the Dahl-S model of age-associated cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Cellular Mechanisms Participating in Brain Repair of Adult Zebrafish and Mammals after Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020391. [PMID: 33672842 PMCID: PMC7917790 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is an evolutionary conserved process occurring in all vertebrates. However, striking differences are observed between the taxa, considering the number of neurogenic niches, the neural stem cell (NSC) identity, and brain plasticity under constitutive and injury-induced conditions. Zebrafish has become a popular model for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in adult neurogenesis. Compared to mammals, the adult zebrafish displays a high number of neurogenic niches distributed throughout the brain. Furthermore, it exhibits a strong regenerative capacity without scar formation or any obvious disabilities. In this review, we will first discuss the similarities and differences regarding (i) the distribution of neurogenic niches in the brain of adult zebrafish and mammals (mainly mouse) and (ii) the nature of the neural stem cells within the main telencephalic niches. In the second part, we will describe the cascade of cellular events occurring after telencephalic injury in zebrafish and mouse. Our study clearly shows that most early events happening right after the brain injury are shared between zebrafish and mouse including cell death, microglia, and oligodendrocyte recruitment, as well as injury-induced neurogenesis. In mammals, one of the consequences following an injury is the formation of a glial scar that is persistent. This is not the case in zebrafish, which may be one of the main reasons that zebrafish display a higher regenerative capacity.
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Gurler D, White DM, Kraguljac NV, Ver Hoef L, Martin C, Tennant B, Lahti AC. Neural Signatures of Memory Encoding in Schizophrenia Are Modulated by Antipsychotic Treatment. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:12-24. [PMID: 32316023 PMCID: PMC7874518 DOI: 10.1159/000506402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is no pharmacological treatment to remediate cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (SZ). It is imperative to characterize underlying pathologies of memory processing in order to effectively develop new treatments. In this longitudinal study, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging during a memory encoding task with proton MR spectroscopy to measure hippocampal glutamate + glutamine (Glx). Seventeen SZ were scanned while unmedicated and after 6 weeks of treatment with risperidone and compared to a group of matched healthy controls (HC) scanned 6 weeks apart. Unmedicated patients showed reduced blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response in several regions, including the hippocampus, and greater BOLD response in regions of the default mode network (DMN) during correct memory encoding. Post hoc contrasts from significant group by time interactions indicated reduced hippocampal BOLD response at baseline with subsequent increase following treatment. Hippocampal Glx was not different between groups at baseline, but at week 6, hippocampal Glx was significantly lower in SZ compared to HC. Finally, in unmedicated SZ, higher hippocampal Glx predicted less deactivation of the BOLD response in regions of the DMN. Using 2 brain imaging modalities allowed us to concurrently investigate different mechanisms involved in memory encoding dysfunction in SZ. Hippocampal pathology during memory encoding stems from decreased hippocampal recruitment and faulty deactivation of the DMN, and hippocampal recruitment during encoding can be modulated by antipsychotic treatment. High Glx in unmedicated patients predicted less deactivation of the DMN; these results suggest a mechanism by which faulty DMN deactivation, a hallmark of pathological findings in SZ, is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Gurler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David Matthew White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Nina Vanessa Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Clinton Martin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Blake Tennant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Adrienne Carol Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA,
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Fan AP, An H, Moradi F, Rosenberg J, Ishii Y, Nariai T, Okazawa H, Zaharchuk G. Quantification of brain oxygen extraction and metabolism with [ 15O]-gas PET: A technical review in the era of PET/MRI. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117136. [PMID: 32634594 PMCID: PMC7592419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) are key cerebral physiological parameters to identify at-risk cerebrovascular patients and understand brain health and function. PET imaging with [15O]-oxygen tracers, either through continuous or bolus inhalation, provides non-invasive assessment of OEF and CMRO2. Numerous tracer delivery, PET acquisition, and kinetic modeling approaches have been adopted to map brain oxygenation. The purpose of this technical review is to critically evaluate different methods for [15O]-gas PET and its impact on the accuracy and reproducibility of OEF and CMRO2 measurements. We perform a meta-analysis of brain oxygenation PET studies in healthy volunteers and compare between continuous and bolus inhalation techniques. We also describe OEF metrics that have been used to detect hemodynamic impairment in cerebrovascular disease. For these patients, advanced techniques to accelerate the PET scans and potential synthesis with MRI to avoid arterial blood sampling would facilitate broader use of [15O]-oxygen PET for brain physiological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey P Fan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Hongyu An
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Farshad Moradi
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yosuke Ishii
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nariai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okazawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Greg Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Rozhkova EA, Lee B, Prasad JA, Liu Y, Shevchenko EV. Hypoxia-induced biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles in the living brain. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19285-19290. [PMID: 31539009 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While a large number of studies deal with biomedical applications of various types of nanoparticles synthesized using wet chemistry, we propose the concept of targeted biosynthesis of nanoparticles in the living brain. Here we demonstrate that the pathological biochemical process of accumulation of reduced pyridine nucleotides under deleterious conditions of brain hypoxia can be redirected to drive the biosynthesis of biocompatible Au nanoparticles from a precursor salt in situ in the immediate vicinity of the hypoxia site, thereby restoring the redox status of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Rozhkova
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Judy A Prasad
- Department of Neurobiology, the University of Chicago, 947 E. 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Elena V Shevchenko
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
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Hif1a and Hif2a can be safely inactivated in cone photoreceptors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16121. [PMID: 31695081 PMCID: PMC6834587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired tissue oxygenation results in hypoxia and leads to the activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF). A chronic, HIF-triggered molecular response to hypoxia may be an important factor in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and is likely activated before any clinical manifestation of the disease. Thus, HIF1 and HIF2 recently emerged as potential therapeutic targets for AMD. To address and evaluate potential consequences of anti-HIF therapies for retinal physiology and function, we generated mouse lines that have Hif1a, or both Hif1a and Hif2a ablated specifically in cone photoreceptors. The knockdown of Hifs in cones did not cause detectable pathological alterations such as loss of cone photoreceptors, retinal degeneration or abnormalities of the retinal vasculature, had no impact on retinal function and resulted in a similar tolerance to hypoxic exposure. Our data indicate that HIF transcription factors are dispensable for maintaining normal cone function and survival in retinas of adult mice. This study provides the groundwork necessary to establish safety profiles for strategies aiming at antagonizing HIF1A and HIF2A function in cone photoreceptors for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases that involve a hypoxic component such as AMD.
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15
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de la Torre JC, Olmo AD, Valles S. Can mild cognitive impairment be stabilized by showering brain mitochondria with laser photons? Neuropharmacology 2019; 171:107841. [PMID: 31704275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is now substantial evidence that cerebral blood flow (CBF) declines with age. From age 20 to 60, CBF is estimated to dip about 16% and continues to drop at a rate of 0.4%/year. This CBF dip will slowly reduce oxygen/glucose delivery to brain thus lowering ATP energy production needed by brain cells to perform normal activities. Reduced ATP production from mitochondrial loss or damage in the wear-and-tear of aging worsens when vascular risk factors (VRF) to Alzheimer's disease develop that can accelerate both age-decline CBF and mitochondrial deficiency to a level where mild cognitive impairment (MCI) develops. To date, no pharmacological or any other treatment has been successful in reversing, stabilizing or delaying MCI. For the first time in medical interventions, a non-pharmacological, non-invasive, well-tolerated, easy to perform, free of significant side effects and cost-effective treatment may achieve what virtually all AD treatments in the past have been unable to accomplish. This intervention uses transcranial infrared brain stimulation (TIBS), a form of photobiomodulation (PBM). PBM is a bioenergetic non-ionizing, therapeutic approach using low level light emission from laser or light emitting diodes. PBM has been used in a number of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, depression, traumatic brain injury, and stroke with diverse reported benefits. This brief review examines the impact of reduced energy supply stemming from chronic brain hypoperfusion in the aging brain. In this context, the use of TIBS is planned in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of MCI patients to be done at our University Clinic. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C de la Torre
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Antonio Del Olmo
- Neurology Section, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, 46017, Spain
| | - Soraya Valles
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
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16
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McAvoy K, Kawamata H. Glial mitochondrial function and dysfunction in health and neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103417. [PMID: 31678567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential metabolic roles in neural cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has profound effects on the brain. In primary mitochondrial diseases, mutations that impair specific oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins or OXPHOS assembly factors lead to isolated biochemical defects and a heterogeneous group of clinical phenotypes, including mitochondrial encephalopathies. A broader defect of OXPHOS function, due to mutations in proteins involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance, mitochondrial biogenesis, or mitochondrial tRNAs can also underlie severe mitochondrial encephalopathies. While primary mitochondrial dysfunction causes rare genetic forms of neurological disorders, secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of some of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Many studies have investigated mitochondrial function and dysfunction in bulk central nervous system (CNS) tissue. However, the interpretation of these studies has been often complicated by the extreme cellular heterogeneity of the CNS, which includes many different types of neurons and glial cells. Because neurons are especially dependent on OXPHOS for ATP generation, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be directly involved in cell autonomous neuronal demise. Despite being metabolically more flexible than neurons, glial mitochondria also play an essential role in the function of the CNS, and have adapted specific metabolic and mitochondrial features to support their diversity of functions. This review analyzes our current understanding and the gaps in knowledge of mitochondrial properties of glia and how they affect neuronal functions, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAvoy
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hibiki Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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17
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Glycogenolysis in Cerebral Cortex During Sensory Stimulation, Acute Hypoglycemia, and Exercise: Impact on Astrocytic Energetics, Aerobic Glycolysis, and Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:209-267. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Bastian C, Quinn J, Doherty C, Franke C, Faris A, Brunet S, Baltan S. Role of Brain Glycogen During Ischemia, Aging and Cell-to-Cell Interactions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:347-361. [PMID: 31667815 PMCID: PMC11218841 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The astrocyte-neuron lactate transfer shuttle (ANLS) is one of the important metabolic systems that provides a physiological infrastructure for glia-neuronal interactions where specialized architectural organization supports the function. Perivascular astrocyte end-feet take up glucose via glucose transporter 1 to actively regulate glycogen stores, such that high ambient glucose upregulates glycogen and low levels of glucose deplete glycogen stores. A rapid breakdown of glycogen into lactate during increased neuronal activity or low glucose conditions becomes essential for maintaining axon function. However, it fails to benefit axon function during an ischemic episode in white matter (WM). Aging causes a remarkable change in astrocyte architecture characterized by thicker, larger processes oriented parallel to axons, as opposed to vertically-transposing processes. Subsequently, aging axons become more vulnerable to depleted glycogen, although aging axons can use lactate as efficiently as young axons. Lactate equally supports function during aglycemia in corpus callosum (CC), which consists of a mixture of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Moreover, axon function in CC shows greater resilience to a lack of glucose compared to optic nerve, although both WM tracts show identical recovery after aglycemic injury. Interestingly, emerging evidence implies that a lactate transport system is not exclusive to astrocytes, as oligodendrocytes support the axons they myelinate, suggesting another metabolic coupling pathway in WM. Future studies are expected to unravel the details of oligodendrocyte-axon lactate metabolic coupling to establish that all WM components metabolically cooperate and that lactate may be the universal metabolite to sustain central nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthasagar Bastian
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John Quinn
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christine Doherty
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Caroline Franke
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anna Faris
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sylvain Brunet
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Selva Baltan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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19
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Cipolla-Neto J, Amaral FGD. Melatonin as a Hormone: New Physiological and Clinical Insights. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:990-1028. [PMID: 30215696 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates, besides being produced in peripheral tissues and acting as an autocrine and paracrine signal, melatonin is centrally synthetized by a neuroendocrine organ, the pineal gland. Independently of the considered species, pineal hormone melatonin is always produced during the night and its production and secretory episode duration are directly dependent on the length of the night. As its production is tightly linked to the light/dark cycle, melatonin main hormonal systemic integrative action is to coordinate behavioral and physiological adaptations to the environmental geophysical day and season. The circadian signal is dependent on its daily production regularity, on the contrast between day and night concentrations, and on specially developed ways of action. During its daily secretory episode, melatonin coordinates the night adaptive physiology through immediate effects and primes the day adaptive responses through prospective effects that will only appear at daytime, when melatonin is absent. Similarly, the annual history of the daily melatonin secretory episode duration primes the central nervous/endocrine system to the seasons to come. Remarkably, maternal melatonin programs the fetuses' behavior and physiology to cope with the environmental light/dark cycle and season after birth. These unique ways of action turn melatonin into a biological time-domain-acting molecule. The present review focuses on the above considerations, proposes a putative classification of clinical melatonin dysfunctions, and discusses general guidelines to the therapeutic use of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Cadena EJ, White DM, Kraguljac NV, Reid MA, Maximo JO, Nelson EA, Gawronski BA, Lahti AC. A Longitudinal Multimodal Neuroimaging Study to Examine Relationships Between Resting State Glutamate and Task Related BOLD Response in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:632. [PMID: 30555359 PMCID: PMC6281980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have observed impairments in both brain function and neurometabolite levels in schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the relationship between brain activity and neurochemistry in off-medication patients with schizophrenia and if this relationship is altered following antipsychotic medication by combining proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used single voxel MRS acquired in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and fMRI during performance of a Stroop color-naming task in 22 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), initially off-medication and after a 6-week course of risperidone, and 20 matched healthy controls (HC) twice, 6 weeks apart. We observed a significant decrease in ACC glutamate + glutamine (Glx)/Creatine (Cr) levels in medicated SZ patients compared to HC but not compared to their off-medication baseline. In off-medication SZ, the relationship between ACC Glx/Cr levels and the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response in regions of the salience network (SN) and posterior default mode network (DMN) was opposite than of HC. After 6 weeks, the relationship between Glx and the BOLD response was still opposite between the groups; however for both groups the direction of the relationship changed from baseline to week 6. These results suggest a mechanism whereby alterations in the relationship between cortical glutamate and BOLD response is disrupting the modulation of major neural networks subserving cognitive processes, potentially affecting cognition. While these relationships appear to normalize with treatment in patients, the interpretations of the results are confounded by significant group differences in Glx levels, as well as the variability of the relationship between Glx and BOLD response in HC over time, which may be driven by factors including habituation to task or scanner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J. Cadena
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David M. White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Nina V. Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Meredith A. Reid
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Auburn University at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jose O. Maximo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eric A. Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Brian A. Gawronski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Adrienne C. Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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21
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Coggan JS, Calì C, Keller D, Agus M, Boges D, Abdellah M, Kare K, Lehväslaiho H, Eilemann S, Jolivet RB, Hadwiger M, Markram H, Schürmann F, Magistretti PJ. A Process for Digitizing and Simulating Biologically Realistic Oligocellular Networks Demonstrated for the Neuro-Glio-Vascular Ensemble. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:664. [PMID: 30319342 PMCID: PMC6171468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One will not understand the brain without an integrated exploration of structure and function, these attributes being two sides of the same coin: together they form the currency of biological computation. Accordingly, biologically realistic models require the re-creation of the architecture of the cellular components in which biochemical reactions are contained. We describe here a process of reconstructing a functional oligocellular assembly that is responsible for energy supply management in the brain and creating a computational model of the associated biochemical and biophysical processes. The reactions that underwrite thought are both constrained by and take advantage of brain morphologies pertaining to neurons, astrocytes and the blood vessels that deliver oxygen, glucose and other nutrients. Each component of this neuro-glio-vasculature ensemble (NGV) carries-out delegated tasks, as the dynamics of this system provide for each cell-type its own energy requirements while including mechanisms that allow cooperative energy transfers. Our process for recreating the ultrastructure of cellular components and modeling the reactions that describe energy flow uses an amalgam of state-of the-art techniques, including digital reconstructions of electron micrographs, advanced data analysis tools, computational simulations and in silico visualization software. While we demonstrate this process with the NGV, it is equally well adapted to any cellular system for integrating multimodal cellular data in a coherent framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Coggan
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Calì
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Keller
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Agus
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,CRS4, Center of Research and Advanced Studies in Sardinia, Visual Computing, Pula, Italy
| | - Daniya Boges
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abdellah
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kalpana Kare
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heikki Lehväslaiho
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,CSC - IT Center for Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Stefan Eilemann
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Blaise Jolivet
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,The European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hadwiger
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felix Schürmann
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Knezovic A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Babic A, Bagaric R, Farkas V, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates effects of oral galactose in streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:48-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Harder DR, Rarick KR, Gebremedhin D, Cohen SS. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow: Response to Cytochrome P450 Lipid Metabolites. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:801-821. [PMID: 29687906 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous reviews related to the cerebral circulation. Most of these reviews are similar in many ways. In the present review, we thought it important to provide an overview of function with specific attention to details of cerebral arterial control related to brain homeostasis, maintenance of neuronal energy demands, and a unique perspective related to the role of astrocytes. A coming review in this series will discuss cerebral vascular development and unique properties of the neonatal circulation and developing brain, thus, many aspects of development are missing here. Similarly, a review of the response of the brain and cerebral circulation to heat stress has recently appeared in this series (8). By trying to make this review unique, some obvious topics were not discussed in lieu of others, which are from recent and provocative research such as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, circadian regulation of proteins effecting cerebral blood flow, and unique properties of the neurovascular unit. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:801-821, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Harder
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin R Rarick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Debebe Gebremedhin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susan S Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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24
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Kikuchi A, Nasir FBM, Inami A, Mohsen A, Watanuki S, Miyake M, Takeda K, Koike D, Ito T, Sasakawa J, Matsuda R, Hiraoka K, Maurer M, Yanai K, Watabe H, Tashiro M. Effects of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine on regional glucose metabolic changes and hemodynamic responses in the human prefrontal cortex during cognitive tasks. Hum Psychopharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29532516 PMCID: PMC5900896 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antihistamines often have sedative side effects. This was the first study to measure regional cerebral glucose (energy) consumption and hemodynamic responses in young adults during cognitive tests after antihistamine administration. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover study, 18 healthy young Japanese men received single doses of levocetirizine 5 mg and diphenhydramine 50 mg at intervals of at least six days. Subjective feeling, task performances, and brain activity were evaluated during three cognitive tests (word fluency, two-back, and Stroop). Regional cerebral glucose consumption changes were measured using positron emission tomography with [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose. Regional hemodynamic responses were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Energy consumption in prefrontal regions was significantly increased after antihistamine administration, especially diphenhydramine, whereas prefrontal hemodynamic responses, evaluated with oxygenated hemoglobin levels, were significantly lower with diphenhydramine treatment. Stroop test accuracy was significantly impaired by diphenhydramine, but not by levocetirizine. There was no significant difference in subjective sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS Physiological "coupling" between metabolism and perfusion in the healthy human brain may not be maintained under pharmacological influence due to antihistamines. This uncoupling may be caused by a combination of increased energy demands in the prefrontal regions and suppression of vascular permeability in brain capillaries after antihistamine treatment. Further research is needed to validate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kikuchi
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | | | - Akie Inami
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Attayeb Mohsen
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan,Department of PharmacologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan,Bioinformatics ProjectNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and NutritionOsakaJapan
| | - Shoichi Watanuki
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Masayasu Miyake
- Division of Radiation Safety, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kazuko Takeda
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Daigo Koike
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takayasu Ito
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Junpei Sasakawa
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Rin Matsuda
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kotaro Hiraoka
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité—Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan,Department of PharmacologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Division of Radiation Safety, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Manabu Tashiro
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope CenterTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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25
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Nday CM, Eleftheriadou D, Jackson G. Shared pathological pathways of Alzheimer's disease with specific comorbidities: current perspectives and interventions. J Neurochem 2018; 144:360-389. [PMID: 29164610 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to one of the most multifactorial, complex and heterogeneous morbidity-leading disorders. Despite the extensive research in the field, AD pathogenesis is still at some extend obscure. Mechanisms linking AD with certain comorbidities, namely diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia, are increasingly gaining importance, mainly because of their potential role in promoting AD development and exacerbation. Their exact cognitive impairment trajectories, however, remain to be fully elucidated. The current review aims to offer a clear and comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art approaches focused on generating in-depth knowledge regarding the overlapping pathology of AD and its concomitant ailments. Thorough understanding of associated alterations on a number of molecular, metabolic and hormonal pathways, will contribute to the further development of novel and integrated theranostics, as well as targeted interventions that may be beneficial for individuals with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Eleftheriadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Graham Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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26
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Prominent cerebral veins on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in pulmonary embolism. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:3004-3012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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Boscia F, Begum G, Pignataro G, Sirabella R, Cuomo O, Casamassa A, Sun D, Annunziato L. Glial Na(+) -dependent ion transporters in pathophysiological conditions. Glia 2016; 64:1677-97. [PMID: 27458821 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dynamics are essential for regulating functional processes in glial cells. Indeed, glial Na(+) signaling influences and regulates important glial activities, and plays a role in neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions or in response to injury of the central nervous system (CNS). Emerging studies indicate that Na(+) pumps and Na(+) -dependent ion transporters in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes regulate Na(+) homeostasis and play a fundamental role in modulating glial activities in neurological diseases. In this review, we first briefly introduced the emerging roles of each glial cell type in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and myelin diseases. Then, we discussed the current knowledge on the main roles played by the different glial Na(+) -dependent ion transporters, including Na(+) /K(+) ATPase, Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchangers, Na(+) /H(+) exchangers, Na(+) -K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporters, and Na(+) - HCO3- cotransporter in the pathophysiology of the diverse CNS diseases. We highlighted their contributions in cell survival, synaptic pathology, gliotransmission, pH homeostasis, and their role in glial activation, migration, gliosis, inflammation, and tissue repair processes. Therefore, this review summarizes the foundation work for targeting Na(+) -dependent ion transporters in glia as a novel strategy to control important glial activities associated with Na(+) dynamics in different neurological disorders. GLIA 2016;64:1677-1697.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive, and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive, and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive, and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive, and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Casamassa
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive, and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School.,Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive, and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Rackebrandt K, Gehring H. Calibration and evaluation of a continuous wave multi-distance NIRS system in simulated desaturation investigations. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/3/035017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Dumitrache LC, McKinnon PJ. Polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP) mutations and neurologic disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:121-129. [PMID: 27125728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of human neurologic diseases are caused by inherited defects in DNA repair. In many cases, these syndromes almost exclusively impact the nervous system, underscoring the critical requirement for genome stability in this tissue. A striking example of this is defective enzymatic activity of polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP), leading to microcephaly or neurodegeneration. Notably, the broad neural impact of mutations in PNKP can result in markedly different disease entities, even when the inherited mutation is the same. For example microcephaly with seizures (MCSZ) results from various hypomorphic PNKP mutations, as does ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 4 (AOA4). Thus, other contributing factors influence the neural phenotype when PNKP is disabled. Here we consider the role for PNKP in maintaining brain function and how perturbation in its activity can account for the varied pathology of neurodegeneration or microcephaly present in MCSZ and AOA4 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia C Dumitrache
- Dept. of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Dept. of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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30
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Rackebrandt K, Gehring H. Detection of the venous oxygen saturation in an oxygenation and perfusion model. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/1/015013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Aging patients with diabetes are at higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Emerging evidences demonstrate the role of brain insulin resistance, which is a key mediator in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus that may lead to Alzheimer's disease. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors regulate many biological processes such as axonal growth, protein synthesis, cell growth, gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and development. Among these, the energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity are the major transduction processes regulated by insulin, which are the core objectives for learning and memory. It was also proposed that hyper insulinemia induced insulin resistance results in injury to the central nervous system by the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β which is the key ailment in the cognitive decline. Hence, the endogenous brain specific insulin impairments and signaling account for the majority of Alzheimer's abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Bitra
- Division of Pharmacology, Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India
| | - Deepthi Rapaka
- Division of Pharmacology, Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India
| | - Annapurna Akula
- Division of Pharmacology, Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India
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32
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Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, Brusselle GG. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease: A comprehensive review. Respir Med 2015; 109:1371-80. [PMID: 26342840 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Along with the aging population, the public health burden of cerebrovascular disease is increasing. Cerebral small vessel disease and accumulation of brain pathology associate with cognitive decline and can lead to clinical outcomes, such as stroke and dementia. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease among elderly. The quality of life and prognosis of patients with COPD is greatly determined by the presence of comorbidities including stroke and cognitive impairment. Despite the clinical relevance of cerebral small vessel disease, stroke and (vascular) cognitive impairment in patients with COPD, literature is scarce and underlying mechanisms are unknown. The aim of the present review is therefore to summarize current scientific knowledge, to provide a better understanding of the interplay between COPD and the aging brain and to define remaining knowledge gaps. This narrative review article 1) overviews the epidemiology of cerebral small vessel disease, stroke and cognitive impairment in patients with COPD; 2) discusses potential underlying mechanisms including aging, smoking, systemic inflammation, vasculopathy, hypoxia and genetic susceptibility; and 3) highlights areas requiring further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Lahousse
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Croarkin PE, Thomas MA, Port JD, Baruth JM, Choi DS, Abulseoud OA, Frye MA. N-acetylaspartate normalization in bipolar depression after lamotrigine treatment. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:450-7. [PMID: 25495884 PMCID: PMC4655601 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a general marker of neuronal viability, and total NAA (tNAA), the combined signal of NAA and N-acetylaspartylglutamate, in bipolar depression before and after lamotrigine treatment. Given that NAA is synthesized through direct acetylation of aspartate by acetyl-coenzyme A-l-aspartate-N-acetyltransferase, we hypothesized that treatment with lamotrigine would be associated with an increase in NAA level. METHODS Patients with bipolar depression underwent two-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulate at baseline (n = 15) and after 12 weeks of lamotrigine treatment (n = 10). A group of age-matched healthy controls (n = 9) underwent scanning at baseline for comparison. RESULTS At baseline, patients with bipolar depression had significantly lower NAA [mean standard deviation (SD) = 1.13 (0.21); p = 0.02] than controls [mean (SD) = 1.37 (0.27)]. Significant increases in NAA [mean (SD) = 1.39 (0.21); p = 0.01] and tNAA [mean (SD) = 1.61 (0.25); p = 0.02] levels were found after 12 weeks of lamotrigine treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an NAA deficit in bipolar depression that is normalized after lamotrigine treatment. Future research is warranted to evaluate whether baseline NAA level is a potential biomarker for identifying lamotrigine response patterns and whether this functional brain change has an associated clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - M Albert Thomas
- Department of Radiology, Psychiatry, and Biomedical Engineering, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John D Port
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Baltan S. Can lactate serve as an energy substrate for axons in good times and in bad, in sickness and in health? Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:25-30. [PMID: 25034458 PMCID: PMC4297510 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian white matter, glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes plays a critical role in supporting axon function using the astrocyte-neuron lactate transfer shuttle (ANLTS) system with specialized monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). A rapid breakdown of glycogen to lactate during increased neuronal activity or low glucose conditions becomes essential to maintain axon function. Therefore astrocytes actively regulate their glycogen stores with respect to ambient glucose levels such that high ambient glucose upregulates glycogen and low levels of glucose depletes glycogen stores. Although lactate fully supports axon function in the absence of glucose and becomes a preferred energy metabolite when axons discharge at high frequency, it fails to benefit axon function during an ischemic episode in white matter. Emerging evidence implies a similar lactate transport system between oligodendrocytes and the axons they myelinate, suggesting another metabolic coupling pathway in white matter. Therefore the conditions that activate this lactate shuttle system and the signaling mechanisms that mediate activation of this system are of great interest. Future studies are expected to unravel the details of oligodendrocyte-axon lactate metabolic coupling to establish how white matter components metabolically cooperate and that lactate may be the universal metabolite to sustain CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selva Baltan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, NC/30, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA,
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35
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The neuroprotective role of metformin in advanced glycation end product treated human neural stem cells is AMPK-dependent. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:720-31. [PMID: 25595658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuronal damage results from hyperglycemia followed by increased formation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), which leads to neurodegeneration, although the molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. Metformin, one of the most widely used anti-diabetic drugs, exerts its effects in part by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a critical evolutionarily conserved enzyme expressed in the liver, skeletal muscle and brain, and promotes cellular energy homeostasis and biogenesis by regulating several metabolic processes. While the mechanisms of AMPK as a metabolic regulator are well established, the neuronal role for AMPK is still unknown. In the present study, human neural stem cells (hNSCs) exposed to AGEs had significantly reduced cell viability, which correlated with decreased AMPK and mitochondria associated gene/protein (PGC1α, NRF-1 and Tfam) expressions, as well as increased activation of caspase 3 and 9 activities. Metformin prevented AGEs induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol in the hNSCs. Co-treatment with metformin significantly abrogated the AGE-mediated effects in hNSCs. Metformin also significantly rescued hNSCs from AGE-mediated mitochondrial deficiency (lower ATP, D-loop level, mitochondrial mass, maximal respiratory function, COX activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential). Furthermore, co-treatment of hNSCs with metformin significantly blocked AGE-mediated reductions in the expression levels of several neuroprotective genes (PPARγ, Bcl-2 and CREB). These findings extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of both AGE-induced neuronal toxicity, and AMPK-dependent neuroprotection by metformin. This study further suggests that AMPK may be a potential therapeutic target for treating diabetic neurodegeneration.
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36
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Fan AP, Evans KC, Stout JN, Rosen BR, Adalsteinsson E. Regional quantification of cerebral venous oxygenation from MRI susceptibility during hypercapnia. Neuroimage 2014; 104:146-55. [PMID: 25300201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for noninvasive imaging of regional brain oxygenation to manage stroke, tumor, and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxygenation imaging from magnetic susceptibility in MRI is a promising new technique to measure local venous oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) along the cerebral venous vasculature. However, this approach has not been tested in vivo at different levels of oxygenation. The primary goal of this study was to test whether susceptibility imaging of oxygenation can detect OEF changes induced by hypercapnia, via CO2 inhalation, within selected a priori brain regions. Ten healthy subjects were scanned at 3T with a 32-channel head coil. The end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) was monitored continuously and inspired gases were adjusted to achieve steady-state conditions of eucapnia (41±3mmHg) and hypercapnia (50±4mmHg). Gradient echo phase images and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pcASL) images were acquired to measure regional OEF and CBF respectively during eucapnia and hypercapnia. By assuming constant cerebral oxygen consumption throughout both gas states, regional CBF values were computed to predict the local change in OEF in each brain region. Hypercapnia induced a relative decrease in OEF of -42.3% in the straight sinus, -39.9% in the internal cerebral veins, and approximately -50% in pial vessels draining each of the occipital, parietal, and frontal cortical areas. Across volunteers, regional changes in OEF correlated with changes in ETCO2. The reductions in regional OEF (via phase images) were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with predicted reductions in OEF derived from CBF data (via pcASL images). These findings suggest that susceptibility imaging is a promising technique for OEF measurements, and may serve as a clinical biomarker for brain conditions with aberrant regional oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey P Fan
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA; Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Karleyton C Evans
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA; Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital East, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey N Stout
- Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Elfar Adalsteinsson
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA; Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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37
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Sayre NL, Chen Y, Sifuentes M, Stoveken B, Lechleiter JD. Purinergic receptor stimulation decreases ischemic brain damage by energizing astrocyte mitochondria. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 11:121-50. [PMID: 25236727 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a leading cause of death in the world, cerebral ischemic stroke has limited treatment options. The lack of glucose and oxygen after stroke is particularly harmful in the brain because neuronal metabolism accounts for significantly more energy consumption per gram of body weight compared to other organs. Our laboratory has identified mitochondrial metabolism of astrocytes to be a key target for pharmacologic intervention, not only because astrocytes play a central role in regulating brain metabolism, but also because they are essential for neuronal health and support. Here we review current literature pertaining to the pathobiology of stroke, along with the role of astrocytes and metabolism in stroke. We also discuss our research, which has revealed that pharmacologic stimulation of metabotropic P2Y1 receptor signaling in astrocytes can increase mitochondrial energy production and also reduce damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Sayre
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Natsubori T, Inoue H, Abe O, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Aoki Y, Koike S, Yahata N, Katsura M, Gonoi W, Sasaki H, Takao H, Kasai K, Yamasue H. Reduced frontal glutamate + glutamine and N-acetylaspartate levels in patients with chronic schizophrenia but not in those at clinical high risk for psychosis or with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1128-39. [PMID: 24023251 PMCID: PMC4133658 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in brain pathology as schizophrenia progresses have been repeatedly suggested by previous studies. Meta-analyses of previous proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) studies at each clinical stage of schizophrenia indicate that the abnormalities of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glutamatergic metabolites change progressively. However, to our knowledge, no single study has addressed the possible differences in (1)H MRS abnormalities in subjects at 3 different stages of disease, including those at ultrahigh risk for psychosis (UHR), with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), and with chronic schizophrenia (ChSz). In the current study, 24 patients with UHR, 19 FES, 25 ChSz, and their demographically matched 3 independent control groups (n = 26/19/28 for the UHR, FES, and ChSz control groups, respectively) underwent (1)H MRS in a 3-Tesla scanner to examine metabolites in medial prefrontal cortex. The analysis revealed significant decreases in the medial prefrontal NAA and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) levels, specifically in the ChSz group as indexed by a significant interaction between stage (UHR/FES/ChSz) and clinical status (patients/controls) (P = .008). Furthermore, the specificity of NAA and Glx reductions compared with the other metabolites in the patients with ChSz was also supported by a significant interaction between the clinical status and types of metabolites that only occurred at the ChSz stage (P = .001 for NAA, P = .004 for Glx). The present study demonstrates significant differences in (1)H MRS abnormalities at different stages of schizophrenia, which potentially correspond to changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission, plasticity, and/or excitotoxicity and regional neuronal integrity with relevance for the progression of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunobu Natsubori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norichika Iwashiro
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Aoki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yahata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Katsura
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Gonoi
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Takao
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
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Diehl-Schmid J, Onur OA, Kuhn J, Gruppe T, Drzezga A. Imaging Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:489. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Herholz K. The role of PET quantification in neurological imaging: FDG and amyloid imaging in dementia. Clin Transl Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-014-0073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Bodini B, Stefano ND, Golay X, Nicolay K, Pelletier D, Pouwels PJW, Smith SA, Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Stankoff B, Yousry T, Miller DH. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:807-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Damiano M, Gautier CA, Bulteau AL, Ferrando-Miguel R, Gouarne C, Paoli MG, Pruss R, Auchère F, L'Hermitte-Stead C, Bouillaud F, Brice A, Corti O, Lombès A. Tissue- and cell-specific mitochondrial defect in Parkin-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99898. [PMID: 24959870 PMCID: PMC4069072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Parkin, encoded by PARK2 gene, is a major cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. In Drosophila and mammalian cell models Parkin has been shown in to play a role in various processes essential to maintenance of mitochondrial quality, including mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and degradation. However, the relevance of altered mitochondrial quality control mechanisms to neuronal survival in vivo is still under debate. We addressed this issue in the brain of PARK2-/- mice using an integrated mitochondrial evaluation, including analysis of respiration by polarography or by fluorescence, respiratory complexes activity by spectrophotometric assays, mitochondrial membrane potential by rhodamine 123 fluorescence, mitochondrial DNA content by real time PCR, and oxidative stress by total glutathione measurement, proteasome activity, SOD2 expression and proteins oxidative damage. Respiration rates were lowered in PARK2-/- brain with high resolution but not standard respirometry. This defect was specific to the striatum, where it was prominent in neurons but less severe in astrocytes. It was present in primary embryonic cells and did not worsen in vivo from 9 to 24 months of age. It was not associated with any respiratory complex defect, including complex I. Mitochondrial inner membrane potential in PARK2-/- mice was similar to that of wild-type mice but showed increased sensitivity to uncoupling with ageing in striatum. The presence of oxidative stress was suggested in the striatum by increased mitochondrial glutathione content and oxidative adducts but normal proteasome activity showed efficient compensation. SOD2 expression was increased only in the striatum of PARK2-/- mice at 24 months of age. Altogether our results show a tissue-specific mitochondrial defect, present early in life of PARK2-/- mice, mildly affecting respiration, without prominent impact on mitochondrial membrane potential, whose underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, as complex I defect and prominent oxidative damage were ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Damiano
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Clément A. Gautier
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Ferrando-Miguel
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Rebecca Pruss
- Trophos, SA Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Auchère
- Laboratoire Mitochondries, Métaux et Stress Oxydatif, Département de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline L'Hermitte-Stead
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France
| | - Olga Corti
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Anne Lombès
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Wang Q, Zhao Y, Sun M, Liu S, Li B, Zhang L, Yang L. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose attenuates sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1183-9. [PMID: 24907647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Sevoflurane, one of the most commonly used anesthetics in clinic, induced neuroinflammation and caused cognitive impairment. 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is a synthetic analogue of glucose and is clinically used in medical imaging safely. METHODS We examined the effect of 2-DG on sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation in the mouse primary microglia cells. Mouse microglia cells were treated with 4.1% sevoflurane for 6h to examine the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or 2-DG was used 1h before sevoflurane treatment. RESULTS In the present study, we found that sevoflurane increased level of IL-6 and TNF-α through activating NF-κB signaling, and that 2-DG reduced sevoflurane-induced increase in IL-6 and TNF-α and nuclear NF-κB in microglia cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that NF-κB signaling pathway could be a target for sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and 2-DG might be a potential therapy to prevent or treat sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Yupeng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Min Sun
- Medical College of Qingdao University, 16, Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Baolin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People 's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
| | - Longqiu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People 's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, PR China.
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Ogundele OM, Omoaghe AO, Ajonijebu DC, Ojo AA, Fabiyi TD, Olajide OJ, Falode DT, Adeniyi PA. Glia activation and its role in oxidative stress. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:483-93. [PMID: 24218104 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glia activation and neuroinflamation are major factors implicated in the aetiology of most neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Several agents and toxins have been known to be capable of inducing glia activation an inflammatory response; most of which are active substances that can cause oxidative stress by inducing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Neurogenesis on the other hand involves metabolic and structural interaction between neurogenic and glia cells of the periventricular zone (PVZ); a region around the third ventricle. This study investigates glia activation (GFAP), cell proliferation (Ki-67) and neuronal metabolism (NSE) during neurogenesis and oxidative stress by comparing protein expression in the PVZ against that of the parietal cortex. Adult Wistar Rats were treated with normal saline and 20 mg/Kg KCN for 7 days. The tissue sections were processed for immunohistochemistry to demonstrate glia cells (anti Rat-GFAP), cell proliferation (anti Rat-Ki-67) and neuronal metabolism (anti Rat-NSE) using the antigen retrieval method. The sections from Rats treated with cyanide showed evidence of neurodegeneration both in the PVZ and cortex. The distribution of glia cells (GFAP), Neuron specific Enolase (NSE) and Ki-67 increased with cyanide treatment, although the increases were more pronounced in the neurogenic cell area (PVZ) when compared to the cortex. This suggests the close link between neuronal metabolism and glia activation both in neurogenesis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Michael Ogundele
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria,
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45
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Maltezos S, Horder J, Coghlan S, Skirrow C, O'Gorman R, Lavender TJ, Mendez MA, Mehta M, Daly E, Xenitidis K, Paliokosta E, Spain D, Pitts M, Asherson P, Lythgoe DJ, Barker GJ, Murphy DG. Glutamate/glutamine and neuronal integrity in adults with ADHD: a proton MRS study. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e373. [PMID: 24643164 PMCID: PMC3966039 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that abnormalities in glutamate signalling may contribute to the pathophysiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([1H]MRS) can be used to measure glutamate, and also its metabolite glutamine, in vivo. However, few studies have investigated glutamate in the brain of adults with ADHD naive to stimulant medication. Therefore, we used [1H]MRS to measure the combined signal of glutamate and glutamine (Glu+Gln; abbreviated as Glx) along with other neurometabolites such as creatine (Cr), N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline. Data were acquired from three brain regions, including two implicated in ADHD-the basal ganglia (caudate/striatum) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-and one 'control' region-the medial parietal cortex. We compared 40 adults with ADHD, of whom 24 were naive for ADHD medication, whereas 16 were currently on stimulants, against 20 age, sex and IQ-matched healthy controls. We found that compared with controls, adult ADHD participants had a significantly lower concentration of Glx, Cr and NAA in the basal ganglia and Cr in the DLPFC, after correction for multiple comparisons. There were no differences between stimulant-treated and treatment-naive ADHD participants. In people with untreated ADHD, lower basal ganglia Glx was significantly associated with more severe symptoms of inattention. There were no significant differences in the parietal 'control' region. We suggest that subcortical glutamate and glutamine have a modulatory role in ADHD adults; and that differences in glutamate-glutamine levels are not explained by use of stimulant medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maltezos
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - J Horder
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, PO Box 50, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail:
| | - S Coghlan
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - C Skirrow
- King's College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - R O'Gorman
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - T J Lavender
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - M A Mendez
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,Autism Assessment and Behavioural Genetics Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - M Mehta
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - E Daly
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - K Xenitidis
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - E Paliokosta
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Spain
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,Autism Assessment and Behavioural Genetics Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - M Pitts
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Asherson
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK,King's College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - D J Lythgoe
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - G J Barker
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - D G Murphy
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,Autism Assessment and Behavioural Genetics Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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46
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Cisternas P, Silva-Alvarez C, Martínez F, Fernandez E, Ferrada L, Oyarce K, Salazar K, Bolaños JP, Nualart F. The oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid, regulates neuronal energy metabolism. J Neurochem 2014; 129:663-71. [PMID: 24460956 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential factor for neuronal function and survival, existing in two redox states, ascorbic acid (AA), and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). Here, we show uptake of both AA and DHA by primary cultures of rat brain cortical neurons. Moreover, we show that most intracellular AA was rapidly oxidized to DHA. Intracellular DHA induced a rapid and dramatic decrease in reduced glutathione that was immediately followed by a spontaneous recovery. This transient decrease in glutathione oxidation was preceded by an increase in the rate of glucose oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and a concomitant decrease in glucose oxidation through glycolysis. DHA stimulated the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP. Furthermore, we found that DHA stimulated the rate of lactate uptake by neurons in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Thus, DHA is a novel modulator of neuronal energy metabolism by facilitating the utilization of glucose through the PPP for antioxidant purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Microscopía Avanzada CMA BIOBIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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47
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Boca S, Koestler F, Ksas B, Chevalier A, Leymarie J, Fekete A, Mueller MJ, Havaux M. Arabidopsis lipocalins AtCHL and AtTIL have distinct but overlapping functions essential for lipid protection and seed longevity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:368-81. [PMID: 23837879 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalins are a group of multifunctional proteins, recognized as carriers of small lipophilic molecules, which have been characterized in bacteria and animals. Two true lipocalins have been recently identified in plants, the temperature-induced lipocalin (TIL) and the chloroplastic lipocalin (CHL), the expression of which is induced by various abiotic stresses. Each lipocalin appeared to be specialized in the responses to specific stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana, with AtTIL and AtCHL playing a protective role against heat and high light, respectively. The double mutant AtCHL KO × AtTIL KO deficient in both lipocalins was more sensitive to temperature, drought and light stresses than the single mutants, exhibiting intense lipid peroxidation. AtCHL deficiency dramatically enhanced the photosensitivity of mutants (vte1, npq1) affected in lipid protection mechanisms (tocopherols, zeaxanthin), confirming the role of lipocalins in the prevention of lipid peroxidation. Seeds of the AtCHL KO × AtTIL KO double mutant were very sensitive to natural and artificial ageing, and again this phenomenon was associated with the oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids. The presented results show that the Arabidopsis lipocalins AtTIL and AtCHL have overlapping functions in lipid protection which are essential for stress resistance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Boca
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
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48
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Kraguljac NV, White DM, Reid MA, Lahti AC. Increased hippocampal glutamate and volumetric deficits in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:1294-302. [PMID: 24108440 PMCID: PMC7891898 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission have been postulated to be a key pathophysiologic mechanism in schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To evaluate hippocampal volumetric measures and neurometabolites in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and the correlations between these markers. Our a priori hypothesis was that glutamate levels would negatively correlate with hippocampal volume in schizophrenia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Combined 3-T structural magnetic resonance imaging and single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, of 27 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 27 healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hippocampal volumetric measures and neurometabolites, and the correlations between volumetric measurements and neurometabolites. RESULTS Hippocampal volumetric deficits, increased ratios of hippocampal glutamate and glutamine to creatine (Glx/Cr), and a loss of correlation between hippocampal N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr and Glx/Cr in patients with schizophrenia were found. Significant correlations between hippocampal volumetric measures and Glx/Cr were also found in patients with schizophrenia but not healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings support the theory that alterations in hippocampal glutamate levels potentially account for structural deficits in the hippocampus observed in schizophrenia neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David M White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Meredith A Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Adrienne C Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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49
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Hampel H, Lista S, Teipel SJ, Garaci F, Nisticò R, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Bertram L, Duyckaerts C, Bakardjian H, Drzezga A, Colliot O, Epelbaum S, Broich K, Lehéricy S, Brice A, Khachaturian ZS, Aisen PS, Dubois B. Perspective on future role of biological markers in clinical therapy trials of Alzheimer's disease: a long-range point of view beyond 2020. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:426-49. [PMID: 24275164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying various paths toward the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has begun to provide new insight for interventions to modify disease progression. The evolving knowledge gained from multidisciplinary basic research has begun to identify new concepts for treatments and distinct classes of therapeutic targets; as well as putative disease-modifying compounds that are now being tested in clinical trials. There is a mounting consensus that such disease modifying compounds and/or interventions are more likely to be effectively administered as early as possible in the cascade of pathogenic processes preceding and underlying the clinical expression of AD. The budding sentiment is that "treatments" need to be applied before various molecular mechanisms converge into an irreversible pathway leading to morphological, metabolic and functional alterations that characterize the pathophysiology of AD. In light of this, biological indicators of pathophysiological mechanisms are desired to chart and detect AD throughout the asymptomatic early molecular stages into the prodromal and early dementia phase. A major conceptual development in the clinical AD research field was the recent proposal of new diagnostic criteria, which specifically incorporate the use of biomarkers as defining criteria for preclinical stages of AD. This paradigm shift in AD definition, conceptualization, operationalization, detection and diagnosis represents novel fundamental opportunities for the modification of interventional trial designs. This perspective summarizes not only present knowledge regarding biological markers but also unresolved questions on the status of surrogate indicators for detection of the disease in asymptomatic people and diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Pavillon François Lhermitte, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Simone Lista
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology, and Radiotherapy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome and San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond-Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Hovagim Bakardjian
- IM2A - Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France; IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975 Paris, France; Inserm, U975, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France; INRIA, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-Rocquencourt, France
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Karl Broich
- Federal Institute of Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975 Paris, France; Inserm, U975, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975 Paris, France; Inserm, U975, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Abstract
Dystonia is a common movement disorder seen by neurologists in clinic. Genetic forms of the disease are important to recognize clinically and also provide valuable information about possible pathogenic mechanisms within the wider disorder. In the past few years, with the advent of new sequencing technologies, there has been a step change in the pace of discovery in the field of dystonia genetics. In just over a year, four new genes have been shown to cause primary dystonia (CIZ1, ANO3, TUBB4A and GNAL), PRRT2 has been identified as the cause of paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia and other genes, such as SLC30A10 and ATP1A3, have been linked to more complicated forms of dystonia or new phenotypes. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding genetic forms of dystonia—related to both new and well-known genes alike—and incorporating genetic, clinical and molecular information. We discuss the mechanistic insights provided by the study of the genetic causes of dystonia and provide a helpful clinical algorithm to aid clinicians in correctly predicting the genetic basis of various forms of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Charlesworth
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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