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Rojas-Torres M, Beltrán-Camacho L, Martínez-Val A, Sánchez-Gomar I, Eslava-Alcón S, Rosal-Vela A, Jiménez-Palomares M, Doiz-Artázcoz E, Martínez-Torija M, Moreno-Luna R, Olsen JV, Duran-Ruiz MC. Unraveling the differential mechanisms of revascularization promoted by MSCs & ECFCs from adipose tissue or umbilical cord in a murine model of critical limb-threatening ischemia. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:71. [PMID: 39004727 PMCID: PMC11247736 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) constitutes the most severe manifestation of peripheral artery disease, usually induced by atherosclerosis. CLTI patients suffer from high risk of amputation of the lower extremities and elevated mortality rates, while they have low options for surgical revascularization due to associated comorbidities. Alternatively, cell-based therapeutic strategies represent an effective and safe approach to promote revascularization. However, the variability seen in several factors such as cell combinations or doses applied, have limited their success in clinical trials, being necessary to reach a consensus regarding the optimal "cellular-cocktail" prior further application into the clinic. To achieve so, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which these cells exert their regenerative properties. Herein, we have evaluated, for the first time, the regenerative and vasculogenic potential of a combination of endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from adipose-tissue (AT), compared with ECFCs from umbilical cord blood (CB-ECFCs) and AT-MSCs, in a murine model of CLTI. METHODS Balb-c nude mice (n:32) were distributed in four different groups (n:8/group): control shams, and ischemic mice (after femoral ligation) that received 50 µl of physiological serum alone or a cellular combination of AT-MSCs with either CB-ECFCs or AT-ECFCs. Follow-up of blood flow reperfusion and ischemic symptoms was carried out for 21 days, when mice were sacrificed to evaluate vascular density formation. Moreover, the long-term molecular changes in response to CLTI and both cell combinations were analyzed in a proteomic quantitative approach. RESULTS AT-MSCs with either AT- or CB-ECFCs, promoted a significant recovery of blood flow in CLTI mice 21 days post-ischemia. Besides, they modulated the inflammatory and necrotic related processes, although the CB group presented the slowest ischemic progression along the assay. Moreover, many proteins involved in the repairing mechanisms promoted by cell treatments were identified. CONCLUSIONS The combination of AT-MSCs with AT-ECFCs or with CB-ECFCs promoted similar revascularization in CLTI mice, by restoring blood flow levels, together with the modulation of the inflammatory and necrotic processes, and reduction of muscle damage. The protein changes identified are representative of the molecular mechanisms involved in ECFCs and MSCs-induced revascularization (immune response, vascular repair, muscle regeneration, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rojas-Torres
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, 11002, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, 11002, Spain
| | - Lucía Beltrán-Camacho
- Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, 14004, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Val
- National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Gomar
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, 11002, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, 11002, Spain
| | - Sara Eslava-Alcón
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, 11002, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, 11002, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosal-Vela
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, 11002, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, 11002, Spain
| | - Margarita Jiménez-Palomares
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, 11002, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, 11002, Spain
| | - Esther Doiz-Artázcoz
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Torija
- Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, 45071, Spain
- Nursing department, Hospital Universitario de Toledo (SESCAM), Toledo, 45071, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno-Luna
- Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, 45071, Spain.
- Cooperative Research Network Orientated to Health Results, Vascular Brain Diseases, RICORS-ICTUS, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ma Carmen Duran-Ruiz
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, 11002, Spain.
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, 11002, Spain.
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Science Faculty, Cádiz University. Torre Sur. Avda. República Saharaui S/N, Polígono Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11519, Spain.
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Costa D, Ielapi N, Perri P, Minici R, Faga T, Michael A, Bracale UM, Andreucci M, Serra R. Molecular Insight into Acute Limb Ischemia. Biomolecules 2024; 14:838. [PMID: 39062551 PMCID: PMC11274792 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is defined as a sudden reduction in blood flow to a limb, resulting in cessation of blood flow and, therefore, cessation of the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the lower limb. Despite optimal treatment to restore blood flow to ischemic tissues, some patients may suffer from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) syndrome, the most severe complication after a revascularization procedure used to restore blood flow. There are multiple molecular and cellular factors that are involved in each phase of ALI. This review focuses firstly on molecular and cellular factors of arterial thrombosis, highlighting the role of atherosclerotic plaques, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and cytokine which may alter key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Then, molecular and cellular factors of arterial embolism will be discussed, highlighting the importance of thrombi composition. Molecular and cellular factors of ischemia/reperfusion syndrome are analyzed in depth, highlighting several important mechanisms related to tissue damage, such as inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and necroptosis. Furthermore, local and general complications of ALI are discussed in the context of molecular alterations. Ultimately, the role of novel biomarkers and targeted therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Costa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), "Magna Graecia" University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), "Magna Graecia" University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Perri
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Annunziata Hospital, 1 Via Migliori, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Roberto Minici
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Faga
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ashour Michael
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), "Magna Graecia" University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Chai Q, Guo C, Li L, Cao J, Liu H, Lu Z. Association of angiogenesis-associated genes with atherosclerotic plaque progression, intraplaque hemorrhage, and immune infiltration. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32692. [PMID: 39183847 PMCID: PMC11341292 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that intraplaque angiogenesis is associated with the progression of atherosclerotic plaques and the development of intraplaque hemorrhage. The specificity of intraplaque immune cell infiltration may be associated with abnormalities in the structure and function of the nascent capillaries. Here, we analyzed expression levels of angiogenesis-associated genes in early and advanced carotid atheromatous plaque tissues as well as in stable and intraplaque hemorrhage plaques. Expression profiles of advanced arterial plaques based on angiogenesis-associated genes were classified into subtypes by performing a consensus clustering analysis. The correlation between the immune microenvironment of plaques and expression of angiogenesis-associated genes was also explored using the single sample gene set enrichment analysis method and the CIBERSORT algorithm. We identified hub angiogenesis-associated genes showing similar expression patterns throughout plaque adverse progression, and constructed a prediction model using the random forest algorithm. Receiver operating curves were constructed to evaluate efficacy in identification of intraplaque hemorrhage in a plaque. Our results suggest that heterogeneity of angiogenesis-related genes may promote the malignant development of plaques and cause plaque rupture. In conclusion, we propose a model based on expression of angiogenesis-related genes to predict the risk of plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyou Chai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, And the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chunling Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, And the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Zhaoyang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, And the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
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Vurmaz A, Atay E, Rakip U, Koca T. Observation of the neuroprotective efficacy of vitamin K in a streptozocin-induced diabetes model in chick embryos. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23609. [PMID: 38037266 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency and/or resistance. Vitamin K (VK) is a group of fat-soluble molecules, including naturally occurring vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). vitamin K2 (menaquinone), and synthetic vitamin K3 (menadione). Beyond coagulation, the health benefits of VK have been described to play different roles in both physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, energy metabolism, neuroprotection, cellular growth, and survival. It was aimed to observe the antioxidant and/or neuroprotective activity of vitamin K1 in our model of chick embryo diabetic neuropathy (DN) induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Ninety White Leghorn, fertile and 0-day-old SPF (specific pathogen-free) eggs (57 ± 4 gr) were used in the study. Chick embryo blood brain tissues were taken for biochemical evaluation. Plasma insulin and glucose levels were measured. In addition, brain tissue total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured. Plasma glucose levels were higher in the STZ-treated groups and lower in the treatment groups. Plasma insulin levels were observed to be higher in STZ groups in groups treated with high VK. Low TAS, high MDA, TOS, and VEGF levels were recorded in brain tissue STZ groups. Low VEGF, TOS, and MDA levels were recorded in the group treated with the highest VK, while high TAS levels were observed. In our STZ-induced chick embryo diabetic neuropathy model, we observed that VK1 reduced oxidant damage by showing antioxidant properties or by modulating antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Vurmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Emre Atay
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Usame Rakip
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Tülay Koca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Mohta A, Mohta A, Ghiya BC. Assessing the Association between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Ischemia: An Investigation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Cutaneous Angiogenesis, and Arterial Stiffness. Indian Dermatol Online J 2023; 14:653-657. [PMID: 37727549 PMCID: PMC10506815 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_246_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis's role in developing psoriasis and cardiovascular events has been established. However, the interplay between the two diseases regarding this cytokine remains an understudied area. Aim and Objectives This case-control study aimed to investigate the relationship between VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and cardiovascular ischemia in patients with psoriasis. Materials and Methods The study included 200 clinically diagnosed treatment-naïve cases of psoriasis and 200 controls. The VEGF level, cutaneous vascularity, and cardiovascular ischemia were measured between cases and controls. Cutaneous vascularity was assessed using non-invasive imaging technique such as laser doppler imaging (LDI) and measuring skin blood flow measurement (SBFM). Cardiovascular ischemia was evaluated using noninvasive techniques by measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and pulse-wave velocity (PWV). The arterial vasa vasorum was evaluated using ultrasound imaging. Results The study found a significant correlation between psoriasis severity and levels of VEGF (P < 0.001). Cases had significantly higher CIMT and PWV levels (P = 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between the severity of psoriasis and the levels of cutaneous angiogenesis (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). Conclusion According to this study, patients with psoriasis are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular ischemia due to excessive angiogenesis associated with the condition. VEGF plays a key role in atheroma formation in psoriasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Mohta
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Achala Mohta
- Department of PSM, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhikam C. Ghiya
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
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Gu SY, Zhang LN, Chen J, Li F, Yao MH, Jia CX, Wu R. Associations of plaque morphology and location with Intraplaque neovascularization in the carotid artery by contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1097070. [PMID: 37251224 PMCID: PMC10213664 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1097070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) is a known indicator of plaque vulnerability, and is thus considered a predictor of stroke. The morphology and location of the carotid plaque may be correlated with plaque vulnerability. Therefore, our study aimed to examine the associations of carotid plaque morphology and location with IPN. Methods A total of 141 patients with carotid atherosclerosis (mean age, 64.99 ± 10.96 years) who underwent carotid contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) between November 2021 and March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. IPN was graded according to the presence and location of microbubbles within the plaque. The association of IPN grade with carotid plaque morphology and location was evaluated using ordered logistic regression. Results Of the 171 plaques, 89 (52%) were IPN Grade 0, 21 (12.2%) were Grade 1, and 61 (35.6%) were Grade 2. IPN grade significantly associated with both plaque morphology and location, with higher grades observed among Type III morphology and common carotid artery plaques. Significant negative association was further shown between IPN grade and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Plaque morphology and location, and HDL-C remained significantly associated with IPN grade after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusion The location and morphology of carotid plaques were significantly associated with the IPN grade on CEUS, and therefore show potential as biomarkers for plaque vulnerability. Serum HDL-C was also identified as a protective factor against IPN, and may play a role in the management of carotid atherosclerosis. Our study provided a potential strategy for identification of vulnerable carotid plaques and elucidated the important imaging predictors of stroke.
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: Insights from the Theory of General Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097910. [PMID: 37175617 PMCID: PMC10178362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind atherosclerosis pathogenesis. However, there is still a need to systematize this data from a general pathology perspective, particularly with regard to atherogenesis patterns in the context of both canonical and non-classical inflammation types. In this review, we analyze various typical phenomena and outcomes of cellular pro-inflammatory stress in atherosclerosis, as well as the role of endothelial dysfunction in local and systemic manifestations of low-grade inflammation. We also present the features of immune mechanisms in the development of productive inflammation in stable and unstable plaques, along with their similarities and differences compared to canonical inflammation. There are numerous factors that act as inducers of the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, including vascular endothelium aging, metabolic dysfunctions, autoimmune, and in some cases, infectious damage factors. Life-critical complications of atherosclerosis, such as cardiogenic shock and severe strokes, are associated with the development of acute systemic hyperinflammation. Additionally, critical atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower extremities induces paracoagulation and the development of chronic systemic inflammation. Conversely, sepsis, other critical conditions, and severe systemic chronic diseases contribute to atherogenesis. In summary, atherosclerosis can be characterized as an independent form of inflammation, sharing similarities but also having fundamental differences from low-grade inflammation and various variants of canonical inflammation (classic vasculitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Koueik J, Wesley UV, Dempsey RJ. Pathophysiology, cellular and molecular mechanisms of large and small vessel diseases. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105499. [PMID: 36746322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment and dementia in aged population. CVD presents in a myriad number of clinical ways based on the functional location of pathology. While primary clinical emphasis has been placed on motor, speech and visual deficits, vascular cognitive decline is a vastly under recognized and devastating condition afflicting millions of Americans. CVD, a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to brain involves an integration between small and large vessels. Cerebral large vessel diseases (LVD) are associated with atherosclerosis, artery-to-artery embolism, intracardiac embolism and a large vessel stroke leading to substantial functional disability. Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is critically involved in stroke, brain hemorrhages, cognitive decline and functional loss in elderly patients. An evolving understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms emphasizes that inflammatory vascular changes contribute to systemic pathologic conditions of the central nervous systems (CNS), with specific clinical presentations including, cognitive decline. Advances in an understanding of pathophysiology of disease processes and therapeutic interventions may help improve outcomes. This review will focus on large and small vessels diseases and their relationship to vascular cognitive decline, atherosclerosis, stroke, and inflammatory neurodegeneration. We will also emphasize the molecular and cellular mechanisms, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors associated with LVD and SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Koueik
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Umadevi V Wesley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Sultan SR, Bashmail FT, Alzahrani NA, Alharbi SI, Anbar R, Alkharaiji M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the evaluation of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Echocardiography 2022; 39:1032-1043. [PMID: 35768892 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a promising imaging modality for the assessment of plaque vulnerability. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the ability of CEUS parameters to differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques and to assess its reproducibility. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that potentially evaluated carotid plaques using CEUS. From the initial 2870 searches, 11 relevant publications comprising a total of 821 carotid plaques were reviewed. Data on CEUS parameters including quantitative and semi-quantitative parameters were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS The overall analysis showed significantly higher CEUS parameters in symptomatic carotid plaques compared to asymptomatic carotid plaques (standardised mean difference (SMD) .95, 95% confidence interval (CI) .56-1.27, p < .01). Intra and inter-observer reproducibility of quantitative CEUS parameters were excellent (intra-observer, r = .95, 95% CI .87-1; inter-observer, r = .93, 95% CI .80-.1). Semi-quantitative CEUS parameters showed good intra-observer reliability and moderate inter-observer reliability (intra-observer, r = .77, 95% CI .64-.89; inter-observer, r = .75, 95% CI .61-.89). Heterogeneity among studies compared CEUS parameters in symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques and studies assessed inter-observer reproducibility, and significant biases in studies assessing CEUS reproducibility were present. CONCLUSION CEUS is a useful vascular imaging method to differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques with moderate to excellent reproducibility. Quantitative CEUS analysis appeared to be more sensitive and reliable in assessing carotid plaques than semi-quantitative parameters. Further longitudinal prospective trials evaluating carotid plaque in asymptomatic population using CEUS to determine plaque characteristics that can become symptomatic are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahaden R Sultan
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima T Bashmail
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf A Alzahrani
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahd I Alharbi
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan Anbar
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alkharaiji
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Grape Pomace Extract Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Intestinal Epithelial and Endothelial Cells: Potential Health-Promoting Properties in Bowel Inflammation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061175. [PMID: 35334833 PMCID: PMC8953566 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) implies the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, combined with systemic vascular manifestations. In IBD, the incidence of cardiovascular disease appears to be related to an increase of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Grape pomace contains high levels of anti-oxidant polyphenols that are able to counteract chronic inflammatory symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine whether grape pomace polyphenolic extract (GPE) was able to mitigate the overwhelming inflammatory response in enterocyte-like cells and to improve vascular function. Intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, grown in monolayers or in co-culture with endothelial cells (Caco-2/HMEC-1), were treated with different concentrations of GPE (1, 5, 10 µg/mL gallic acid equivalents) for 2 h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α for 16 h. Through multiple assays, the expression of intestinal and endothelial inflammatory mediators, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NF-κB activation, as well as endothelial-leukocyte adhesion, were evaluated. The results showed that GPE supplementation prevented, in a concentration-dependent manner, the intestinal expression and release of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 and MMP-2. In Caco-2 cells, GPE also suppressed the gene expression of several pro-inflammatory markers, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)-10, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. The GPE anti-inflammatory effect was mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB activity and reduced intracellular ROS levels. Furthermore, transepithelial GPE suppressed the endothelial expression of IL-6, MCP-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 and the subsequent adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial cells under pro-inflammatory conditions. In conclusion, our findings suggest grape pomace as a natural source of polyphenols with multiple health-promoting properties that could contribute to the mitigation of gut chronic inflammatory diseases and improve vascular endothelial function.
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Che F, Liu Y, Gong X, Wang A, Bai X, Ju Y, Sui B, Jing J, Geng X, Zhao X. Extracranial Carotid Plaque Hemorrhage Is Independently Associated With Poor 3-month Functional Outcome After Acute Ischemic Stroke-A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Neurol 2022; 12:780436. [PMID: 34970212 PMCID: PMC8712340 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.780436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Carotid plaque hemorrhage (IPH) is a critical plaque vulnerable feature. We aim to elucidate the association between symptomatic extracranial carotid atherosclerotic IPH and poor 3-month functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke by high-resolution vessel wall MRI (HRVMRI). Methods: We prospectively studied consecutive patients with a recent stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) of carotid atherosclerotic origin. All patients underwent a High-Resolution (HR) VWMRI scan of ipsilateral extracranial carotid within 1 week after admission. The patients recruited were interviewed by telephone after 3 months after stroke onset. The primary outcome was a 3-month functional prognosis of stroke, expressed as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. A poor prognosis was defined as a 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≥ of 3. Univariate analysis was used to analyze the correlation between risk factors and IPH. The relation between IPH and 3-month functional outcome was analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 156 patients (mean age, 61.18 ± 10.12 years; 108 males) were included in the final analysis. There were significant differences in the age, gender, smoking history, national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) on admission, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) on admission between the IPH group and the non-IPH group (all p < 0.05). During the follow-up, 32 patients (20.5%) had a poor functional outcome. According to the prognosis analysis of poor functional recovery, there was a significant difference between the two groups [36.7 vs. 16.7%; unadjusted odds ratio (OR), 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12–4.81, p = 0.024). Even after adjusting for confounding factors [such as age, gender, smoking history, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission, DBP on admission, stenosis rate of carotid artery (CA), calcification, loose matrix, lipo-rich necrotic core (LRNC), and statins accepted at 3 months], IPH was still a strong predictor of poor 3-month outcome, and the adjusted OR was 3.66 (95% CI 1.68–7.94, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Extracranial carotid IPH is significantly associated with poor 3-month outcome after acute ischemic stroke and can predict the poor 3-month functional prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Che
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiping Gong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anxin Wang
- Tiantan Neuroimaging Center for Excellence, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Bai
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ju
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Sui
- Tiantan Neuroimaging Center for Excellence, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Tiantan Neuroimaging Center for Excellence, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Tiantan Neuroimaging Center for Excellence, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Effects of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Secretion of Angiogenic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121885. [PMID: 34944529 PMCID: PMC8699049 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of statins on the secretion of angiogenesis mediators by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. The study group comprised 30 participants and included: 10 statin-treated patients with diabetes, 10 statin-free diabetic subjects, and 10 statin-free non-diabetic individuals. PBMCs isolated from the blood were cultured in vitro in standard conditions and in an environment mimicking hyperglycemia. Culture supernatants were evaluated for VEGF, MCP-1, Il-10, and Il-12 by flow cytometry using commercial BDTM. Cytometric Bead Array tests. The secretion of VEGF, MCP-1 and Il-12 by PBMCs, cultured both in standard and hyperglycemic conditions, was significantly lower in the statin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison with the statin-free diabetic patients. Conversely, the secretion of Il-10 was higher in the statin-treated than in the statin-free diabetic patients. VEGF, MCP-1 and Il-12 levels in PBMCs supernatants from the glucose-containing medium were higher than those from the standard medium in each of the diabetic groups. The results of the study suggest that statins in low doses exhibit an antiangiogenic activity, reducing the secretion of potent proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF and MCP-1, and increasing the secretion of antiangiogenic Il-10 by PBMCs, also under hyperglycemic conditions characteristic for type 2 diabetes.
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13
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Tillie RJHA, Theelen TL, van Kuijk K, Temmerman L, de Bruijn J, Gijbels M, Betsholtz C, Biessen EAL, Sluimer JC. A Switch from Cell-Associated to Soluble PDGF-B Protects against Atherosclerosis, despite Driving Extramedullary Hematopoiesis. Cells 2021; 10:1746. [PMID: 34359916 PMCID: PMC8308020 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) is a mitogenic, migratory and survival factor. Cell-associated PDGF-B recruits stabilizing pericytes towards blood vessels through retention in extracellular matrix. We hypothesized that the genetic ablation of cell-associated PDGF-B by retention motif deletion would reduce the local availability of PDGF-B, resulting in microvascular pericyte loss, microvascular permeability and exacerbated atherosclerosis. Therefore, Ldlr-/-Pdgfbret/ret mice were fed a high cholesterol diet. Although plaque size was increased in the aortic root of Pdgfbret/ret mice, microvessel density and intraplaque hemorrhage were unexpectedly unaffected. Plaque macrophage content was reduced, which is likely attributable to increased apoptosis, as judged by increased TUNEL+ cells in Pdgfbret/ret plaques (2.1-fold) and increased Pdgfbret/ret macrophage apoptosis upon 7-ketocholesterol or oxidized LDL incubation in vitro. Moreover, Pdgfbret/ret plaque collagen content increased independent of mesenchymal cell density. The decreased macrophage matrix metalloproteinase activity could partly explain Pdgfbret/ret collagen content. In addition to the beneficial vascular effects, we observed reduced body weight gain related to smaller fat deposition in Pdgfbret/ret liver and adipose tissue. While dampening plaque inflammation, Pdgfbret/ret paradoxically induced systemic leukocytosis. The increased incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine indicated increased extramedullary hematopoiesis and the increased proliferation of circulating leukocytes. We concluded that Pdgfbret/ret confers vascular and metabolic effects, which appeared to be protective against diet-induced cardiovascular burden. These effects were unrelated to arterial mesenchymal cell content or adventitial microvessel density and leakage. In contrast, the deletion drives splenic hematopoiesis and subsequent leukocytosis in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée J. H. A. Tillie
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
| | - Thomas L. Theelen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
| | - Kim van Kuijk
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
| | - Lieve Temmerman
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
| | - Jenny de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith C. Sluimer
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.A.T.); (T.L.T.); (K.v.K.); (L.T.); (J.d.B.); (M.G.); (E.A.L.B.)
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences (CVS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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14
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Katsi V, Magkas N, Antonopoulos A, Trantalis G, Toutouzas K, Tousoulis D. Aortic valve: anatomy and structure and the role of vasculature in the degenerative process. Acta Cardiol 2021; 76:335-348. [PMID: 32602774 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2020.1746053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is a degenerative disease affecting increasing number of individuals and characterised by thickening, calcification and fibrosis of the valve resulting in restricted valve motion. Degeneration of the aortic valve is no longer considered a passive deposition of calcium, but an active process that involves certain mechanisms, that is endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, increased oxidative stress, calcification, bone formation, lipid deposition, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and neoangiogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates an important role for neoangiogenesis (i.e. formation of new vessels) in the pathogenesis of aortic valve stenosis. The normal aortic valve is generally an avascular tissue supplied with oxygen and nutrients via diffusion from the circulating blood. In contrast, presence of intrinsic micro-vasculature has been demonstrated in stenotic and calcified valves. Importantly, presence and density of neovessels have been associated with inflammation, calcification and bone formation. It remains unclear whether neoangiogenesis is a compensatory mechanism aiming to counteract hypoxia and increased metabolic demands of the thickened tissue or represents an active contributor to disease progression. Data extracted mainly from animal studies are supportive of a direct detrimental effect of neoangiogenesis, however, robust evidence from human studies is lacking. Thus, there is inadequate knowledge to assess whether neoangiogenesis could serve as a future therapeutic target for a disease that no effective medical therapy exists. In this review, we present basic aspects of anatomy and structure of the normal and stenotic aortic valve and we focus on the role of valve vasculature in the natural course of valve calcification and stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Katsi
- First Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Magkas
- First Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Antonopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Trantalis
- First Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- First Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Pigarevsky PV, Vorozhbit RA, Snegova VA, Guseva VA, Maltseva SV, Davydova NG, Yakovleva OG. [The role of neovascularization in the formation of an unstable human atherosclerotic plaque]. Arkh Patol 2021; 83:5-10. [PMID: 34041890 DOI: 10.17116/patol2021830315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MATERIAL AND METHODS The study material was 20 autopsy samples obtained from males aged 65 to 72 years who died from acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular insufficiency. Aortic segments (from the arch, thoracic and abdominal regions), coronary arteries and the arteries of the base of the brain (a. basilaris) were investigated; these totaled 45 tissue segments. Neovessels and cellular responses in the arterial wall were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. VEGF was immunohistochemically detected using a highly sensitive two-stage streptavidin-biotin method. RESULTS In unstable atherosclerotic lesions, there were active neovascularization processes in both the fibrous cap and the underlying parts of the adventitia. These changes are usually combined with a pronounced cellular inflammatory response that can contribute to their development. Endothelial growth factor may be one of the causes of neovascularization in unstable atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSION A comparative immunomorphological study in the human aorta, coronary arteries, and a. basilaris revealed active neovascularization processes in the cap and the underlying parts of the adventitia in unstable atherosclerotic lesions. The cause of this neovascularization is probably endothelial growth factor and cellular inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Pigarevsky
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - R A Vorozhbit
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Snegova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Guseva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S V Maltseva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N G Davydova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O G Yakovleva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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16
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Ruskovska T, Massaro M, Carluccio MA, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B, Vanden Berghe W, Declerck K, Bravo FI, Calabriso N, Combet E, Gibney ER, Gomes A, Gonthier MP, Kistanova E, Krga I, Mena P, Morand C, Nunes Dos Santos C, de Pascual-Teresa S, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Scoditti E, Suárez M, Milenkovic D. Systematic bioinformatic analysis of nutrigenomic data of flavanols in cell models of cardiometabolic disease. Food Funct 2021; 11:5040-5064. [PMID: 32537624 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavanol intake positively influences several cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of action of flavanols, in terms of gene regulation, in the cell types relevant to cardiometabolic disease have never been systematically addressed. On this basis, we conducted a systematic literature review and a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of genes whose expression is affected by flavanols in cells defining cardiometabolic health: hepatocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and immune cells. A systematic literature search was performed using the following pre-defined criteria: treatment with pure compounds and metabolites (no extracts) at low concentrations that are close to their plasma concentrations. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools to identify gene ontologies, networks, cellular pathways and interactions, as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators. The systematic literature search identified 54 differentially expressed genes at the mRNA level in in vitro models of cardiometabolic disease exposed to flavanols and their metabolites. Global bioinformatic analysis revealed that these genes are predominantly involved in inflammation, leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration, and lipid metabolism. We observed that, although the investigated cells responded differentially to flavanol exposure, the involvement of anti-inflammatory responses is a common mechanism of flavanol action. We also identified potential transcriptional regulators of gene expression: transcriptional factors, such as GATA2, NFKB1, FOXC1 or PPARG, and post-transcriptional regulators: miRNAs, such as mir-335-5p, let-7b-5p, mir-26b-5p or mir-16-5p. In parallel, we analyzed the nutrigenomic effects of flavanols in intestinal cells and demonstrated their predominant involvement in the metabolism of circulating lipoproteins. In conclusion, the results of this systematic analysis of the nutrigenomic effects of flavanols provide a more comprehensive picture of their molecular mechanisms of action and will support the future setup of genetic studies to pave the way for individualized dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Ruskovska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, North Macedonia
| | - Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ken Declerck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisca Isabel Bravo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nadia Calabriso
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreia Gomes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal and Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marie-Paule Gonthier
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Elena Kistanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irena Krga
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UNH, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Pedro Mena
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Christine Morand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UNH, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Claudia Nunes Dos Santos
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal and Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal and CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UNH, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France. and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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17
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Mensah SA, Nersesyan AA, Ebong EE. Endothelial Glycocalyx-Mediated Intercellular Interactions: Mechanisms and Implications for Atherosclerosis and Cancer Metastasis. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 12:72-90. [PMID: 33000443 PMCID: PMC7904750 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) plays a critical role in the health of the vascular system. Degradation of the GCX has been implicated in the onset of diseases like atherosclerosis and cancer because it disrupts endothelial cell (EC) function that is meant to protect from atherosclerosis and cancer. Examples of such EC function include interendothelial cell communication via gap junctions and receptor-mediated interactions between endothelial and tumor cells. This review focuses on GCX-dependent regulation of these intercellular interactions in healthy and diseased states. The ultimate goal is to build new knowledge that can be applied to developing GCX regeneration strategies that can control intercellular interaction in order to combat the progression of diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Methods In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to determine the baseline expression of GCX in physiologically relevant conditions. Chemical and mechanical GCX degradation approaches were employed to degrade the GCX. The impact of intact versus degraded GCX on intercellular interactions was assessed using cytochemistry, histochemistry, a Lucifer yellow dye transfer assay, and confocal, intravital, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Results Relevant to atherosclerosis, we found that GCX stability determines the expression and functionality of Cx43 in gap junction-mediated EC-to-EC communication. Relevant to cancer metastasis, we found that destabilizing the GCX through either disturbed flow-induced or enzyme induced GCX degradation results in increased E-selectin receptor-mediated EC-tumor cell interactions. Conclusion Our findings lay a foundation for future endothelial GCX-targeted therapy, to control intercellular interactions and limit the progression of atherosclerosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alina A Nersesyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 335 Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Complex, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Kristiansson A, Gram M, Flygare J, Hansson SR, Åkerström B, Storry JR. The Role of α 1-Microglobulin (A1M) in Erythropoiesis and Erythrocyte Homeostasis-Therapeutic Opportunities in Hemolytic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197234. [PMID: 33008134 PMCID: PMC7582998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α1-microglobulin (A1M) is a small protein present in vertebrates including humans. It has several physiologically relevant properties, including binding of heme and radicals as well as enzymatic reduction, that are used in the protection of cells and tissue. Research has revealed that A1M can ameliorate heme and ROS-induced injuries in cell cultures, organs, explants and animal models. Recently, it was shown that A1M could reduce hemolysis in vitro, observed with several different types of insults and sources of RBCs. In addition, in a recently published study, it was observed that mice lacking A1M (A1M-KO) developed a macrocytic anemia phenotype. Altogether, this suggests that A1M may have a role in RBC development, stability and turnover. This opens up the possibility of utilizing A1M for therapeutic purposes in pathological conditions involving erythropoietic and hemolytic abnormalities. Here, we provide an overview of A1M and its potential therapeutic effect in the context of the following erythropoietic and hemolytic conditions: Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), 5q-minus myelodysplastic syndrome (5q-MDS), blood transfusions (including storage), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), preeclampsia (PE) and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kristiansson
- Section for Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Magnus Gram
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Johan Flygare
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Stefan R. Hansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Bo Åkerström
- Section for Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Jill R. Storry
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office of Medical Services, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Usman A, Patterson AJ, Yuan J, Cluroe A, Patterson I, Graves MJ, Gillard JH, Sadat U. Ferumoxytol-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of carotid atheroma- a feasibility and temporal dependence study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1808. [PMID: 32020031 PMCID: PMC7000763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferumoxytol is an ultrasmall super paramagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) agent recently used for magnetic resonance (MR) vascular imaging. Other USPIOs have been previously used for assessing inflammation within atheroma. We aim to assess feasibility of ferumoxytol in imaging carotid atheroma (with histological assessment); and the optimum MR imaging time to detect maximum quantitative signal change post-ferumoxytol infusion. Ten patients with carotid artery disease underwent high-resolution MR imaging of their carotid arteries on a 1.5 T MR system. MR imaging was performed before and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs post ferumoxytol infusion. Optimal ferumoxytol uptake time was evaluated by quantitative relaxometry maps indicating the difference in T2* (ΔT2*) and T2 (ΔT2) between baseline and post-Ferumoxytol MR imaging using 3D DANTE MEFGRE qT2*w and iMSDE black-blood qT2w sequences respectively. 20 patients in total (10 symptomatic and 10 with asymptomatic carotid artery disease) had ferumoxytol-enhanced MR imaging at the optimal imaging window. 69 carotid MR imaging studies were completed. Ferumoxytol uptake (determined by a decrease in ΔT2* and ΔT2) was identified in all carotid plaques (symptomatic and asymptomatic). Maximum quantitative decrease in ΔT2* (10.4 [3.5-16.2] ms, p < 0.001) and ΔT2 (13.4 [6.2-18.9] ms; p = 0.001) was found on carotid MR imaging at 48 hrs following the ferumoxytol infusion. Ferumoxytol uptake by carotid plaques was assessed by histopathological analysis of excised atheroma. Ferumoxytol-enhanced MR imaging using quantitative 3D MR pulse sequences allows assessment of inflammation within carotid atheroma in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The optimum MR imaging time for carotid atheroma is 48 hrs after its administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Usman
- University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Patterson
- University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alison Cluroe
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilse Patterson
- University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin J Graves
- University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Umar Sadat
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Xu Y, Yan Y, Geng T, Wang C, Xu Y, Yang P, Yan J. CD137-CD137L Signaling Affects Angiogenesis by Mediating Phenotypic Conversion of Macrophages. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 75:148-154. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Krishnan P, Moreno PR, Turnbull IC, Purushothaman M, Zafar MU, Tarricone A, Singla S, Kini A, Sharma S, Narula J, Badimon JJ, K-Raman P. Incremental effects of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in medial arterial calcification: Synergistic pathways for peripheral artery disease progression. Vasc Med 2019; 24:383-394. [PMID: 31090495 PMCID: PMC9812284 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x19842276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) separately are known to facilitate the progression of medial arterial calcification (MAC) in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD), but their combined effect on MAC and associated mediators of calcification is not well studied. The association of MAC and calcification inducer bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) and inhibitor fetuin-A, with PAD, is well known. Our aim was to investigate the association of MAC with alterations in BMP-2 and fetuin-A protein expression in patients with PAD with DM and/or CKD. Peripheral artery plaques (50) collected during directional atherectomy from symptomatic patients with PAD were evaluated, grouped into no-DM/no-CKD (n = 14), DM alone (n = 10), CKD alone (n = 12), and DM+CKD (n = 14). MAC density was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin, and alizarin red stain. Analysis of inflammation, neovascularization, BMP-2 and fetuin-A protein density was performed by immunohistochemistry. MAC density, inflammation grade and neovessel content were significantly higher in DM+CKD versus no-DM/no-CKD and CKD (p < 0.01). BMP-2 protein density was significantly higher in DM+CKD versus all other groups (p < 0.01), whereas fetuin-A protein density was significantly lower in DM+CKD versus all other groups (p < 0.001). The combined presence of DM+CKD may be associated with MAC severity in PAD plaques more so than DM or CKD alone, as illustrated in this study, where levels of calcification mediators BMP-2 and fetuin-A protein were related most robustly to DM+CKD. Further understanding of mechanisms involved in mediating calcification and their association with DM and CKD may be useful in improving management and developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Krishnan
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Pedro R Moreno
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mount Sinai St. Luke’s and Mount Sinai West, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Irene C. Turnbull
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Meerarani Purushothaman
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - M. Urooj Zafar
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Arthur Tarricone
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sandeep Singla
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Annapoorna Kini
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Samin Sharma
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jagat Narula
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mount Sinai St. Luke’s and Mount Sinai West, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Juan J Badimon
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Purushothaman K-Raman
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Reiss AB, Silverman A, Khalfan M, Vernice NA, Kasselman LJ, Carsons SE, De Leon J. Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:969-986. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190430113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. There is accumulating evidence that the RA disease state accelerates the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Treatments for RA improve joint symptomatology and may reduce inflammation, but consideration of their effects on the cardiovascular system is generally low priority.Objective:Since cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in RA patients, the impact of RA therapies on atherosclerosis is an area in need of attention and the focus of this review.Results:The drugs used to treat RA may be analgesics, conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and/or biologics, including antibodies against the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Pain relievers such as nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase inhibitors may adversely affect lipid metabolism and cyclooxygenase inhibitors have been associated with increased adverse cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Methotrexate, the anchor disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug in RA treatment has multiple atheroprotective advantages and is often combined with other therapies. Biologic inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α may be beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease because tumor necrosis factor-α promotes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, some studies show a worsening of the lipid profile in RA with blockade of this cytokine, leading to higher total cholesterol and triglycerides.Conclusion:Greater understanding of the pharmacologic activity of RA treatments on the atherosclerotic process may lead to improved care, addressing both damages to the joints and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Andrew Silverman
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Muhammed Khalfan
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Vernice
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Lora J. Kasselman
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Steven E. Carsons
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
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Huang YJ, Nan GX. Oxidative stress-induced angiogenesis. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 63:13-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Summerhill V, Orekhov A. Pericytes in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:279-297. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gáll T, Pethő D, Nagy A, Hendrik Z, Méhes G, Potor L, Gram M, Åkerström B, Smith A, Nagy P, Balla G, Balla J. Heme Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (HIER Stress) in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1595. [PMID: 30515102 PMCID: PMC6255930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins resulted from oxidative protein modification induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by activating the pathways of unfolded protein response. In pathologic hemolytic conditions, extracellular free hemoglobin is submitted to rapid oxidation causing heme release. Resident cells of atherosclerotic lesions, after intraplaque hemorrhage, are exposed to heme leading to oxidative injury. Therefore, we raised the question whether heme can also provoke ER stress. Smooth muscle cells are one of the key players of atherogenesis; thus, human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) were selected as a model cell to reveal the possible link between heme and ER stress. Using immunoblotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, we quantitated the markers of ER stress. These were: phosphorylated eIF2α, Activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4), DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 (also known as C/EBP homology protein, termed CHOP), X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1), Activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa) and heme responsive genes heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed on human carotid artery specimens from patients who had undergone carotid endarterectomy. We demonstrate that heme increases the phosphorylation of eiF2α in HAoSMCs and the expression of ATF4. Heme also enhances the splicing of XBP1 and the proteolytic cleavage of ATF6. Consequently, there is up-regulation of target genes increasing both mRNA and protein levels of CHOP and GRP78. However, TGFβ and collagen type I decreased. When the heme binding proteins, alpha-1-microglobulin (A1M) and hemopexin (Hpx) are present in cell media, the ER stress provoked by heme is inhibited. ER stress pathways are also retarded by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) indicating that reactive oxygen species are involved in heme-induced ER stress. Consistent with these findings, elevated expression of the ER stress marker GRP78 and CHOP were observed in smooth muscle cells of complicated lesions with hemorrhage compared to either atheromas or healthy arteries. In conclusion, heme triggers ER stress in a time- and dose-dependent manner in HAoSMCs. A1M and Hpx as well as NAC effectively hamper heme-induced ER stress, supporting their use as a potential therapeutic approach to reverse such a deleterious effects of heme toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gáll
- HAS-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pethő
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Annamária Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Potor
- HAS-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Magnus Gram
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Åkerström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Balla
- HAS-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- HAS-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Application of High-Resolution CUBE Sequence in Exploring Stroke Mechanisms of Atherosclerotic Stenosis of Middle Cerebral Artery. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 28:156-162. [PMID: 30322755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze the vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaques of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and compare their differences between patients with cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack (TIA) using 3-dimensional fast-spin-echo T1-weighted sequence (namely CUBE). METHODS Forty-seven patients with atherosclerotic stenosis of the MCA were included in this study. They received magnetic resonance examinations with routine T1WI, T2WI, 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography and diffusion-weighted imaging, as well as high-resolution CUBE T1WI sequence. Two physicians independently observed the location and degree of enhancement of the atheromatous plaques. The vessel area and lumen area at the maximal-lumen-narrowing and reference site were measured to calculate the plaque area, rate of stenosis, and remodeling index of the MCA. The chi-squared test was used to compare the differences of degree of enhancement between the cerebral infarction and TIA groups. The differences of rate of stenosis and remodeling index were compared by independent sample t test. RESULTS Twenty-five lesion vessels in the infarction group and 22 in the TIA group were analyzed. The difference of stenosis rate between the groups was not statistically significant. The lesion vessels of infarction group had a significantly larger remodeling index and plaque area, and the plaques had a significantly higher degree of enhancement, compared to the TIA group. CONCLUSIONS CUBE T1WI can be used to characterize the MCA vessel wall and atherosclerotic plaque. Positive remodeling and enhanced plaques are closely correlated with the occurrence of brain stroke.
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Simon F, Oberhuber A, Floros N, Düppers P, Schelzig H, Duran M. Pathophysiology of chronic limb ischemia. GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2018; 23:13-18. [PMID: 29950791 PMCID: PMC5997105 DOI: 10.1007/s00772-018-0380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ischemia of the lower extremities is an everyday problem in vascular surgery clinics. In Germany, approximately 3% of all hospitalizations are due to peripheral artery disease (PAD), with critical limb ischemia (CLI) in particular showing a rapid increase. The consequences of chronic undersupply range from reduced walking distance to loss of limbs. At the beginning there are stress factors, such as hyperlipidemia (LDL), free radicals, arterial hypertension, infections or subclinical inflammation that interfere with endothelial homeostasis and cause endothelial dysfunction with increased permeability. Cells of the immune system are attracted and migrate into the vascular wall, where they lead to the degradation of matrix components and destabilization of the plaque. By changing the phenotype of smooth muscle cells and macrophages towards osteoclast-like cells, bone-like hardening of the vessel wall takes place. Above a vessel wall thickness of approximately 100 µm, hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1α) is intensified by the lack of oxygen, which leads to an increase in growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This promotes angiogenesis, but it is not sufficient to compensate for a stenosed artery. Arteriogenesis refers to the growth of existing collateral vessels. The driving forces are the pressure gradient before and after the stenosis and the shear forces acting on the vessel walls. In the case of progressive stenosis, the compensatory capacities can be overtaxed and a manifest hypoxia in the tissue with regression of the obtained vascular structures and tissue atrophy occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Simon
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Network for Fundamental Research in Vascular Medicine (Netzwerk Gefäßmedizinische Grundlagenforschung, NGG), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A. Oberhuber
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N. Floros
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P. Düppers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H. Schelzig
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Duran
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Suzuki E, Imuta H, Fujita D, Takahashi M, Oba S, Kiyosue A, Nishimatsu H. Endogenous Interleukin-1β Is Implicated in Intraplaque Hemorrhage in Apolipoprotein E Gene Null Mice. Circ J 2018; 82:1130-1138. [PMID: 29467356 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) has been implicated in plaque instability and rupture in atherosclerotic lesions, although the mechanisms by which IPH progresses remain largely unknown. In this study, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with carotid artery ligation and cuff placement around the artery were used, and pro-inflammatory cytokines that are implicated in IPH were analyzed.Methods and Results:The expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increased significantly following cuff placement compared with mice with carotid artery ligation alone. IPH occurred in the cuff-placed carotid artery following treatment with the negative control (NC) small interfering RNA (siRNA). However, the occurrence was significantly reduced in the cuff-placed carotid artery following treatment with an IL-1β siRNA. Neovessel formation was significantly reduced in the carotid artery treated with the NC siRNA compared with that treated with IL-1β siRNA. IL-1β significantly inhibited the tube formation and wound healing capacities of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, immunostaining of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) significantly increased in the carotid artery treated with the NC siRNA compared with that treated with IL-1β siRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that endogenous IL-1β is implicated in the progression of IPH via the inhibition of physiological angiogenesis in the atherosclerotic plaque, leading to the formation of leaky neovessels. Furthermore, the stimulation of MMP-9 expression may also contribute to the formation of leaky neovessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsu Suzuki
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Imuta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Daishi Fujita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Masao Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Shigeyoshi Oba
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo
| | - Arihiro Kiyosue
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
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Malecic N, Young HS. Excessive angiogenesis associated with psoriasis as a cause for cardiovascular ischaemia. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:299-304. [PMID: 28156019 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis, a common disease affecting 2%-3% of the UK population, produces significant impairment of quality of life and is an immense burden on sufferers and their families. Psoriasis is associated with significant cardiovascular comorbidity and the metabolic syndrome. Angiogenesis, a relatively under-researched component of psoriasis, is a key factor in pathogenesis of psoriasis and also contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well-established mediator of pathological angiogenesis which is upregulated in psoriasis. It is possible that, in patients with psoriasis, cutaneous angiogenesis may be both a marker for systemic vascular pathology and a novel therapeutic target. In this viewpoint study, the role of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis as a cause for cardiovascular events in patients with psoriasis is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Malecic
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Department of Dermatology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen S Young
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Department of Dermatology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Acute Limb Ischemia-Much More Than Just a Lack of Oxygen. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020374. [PMID: 29373539 PMCID: PMC5855596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemia of an extremity occurs in several stages, a lack of oxygen being the primary contributor of the event. Although underlying patho-mechanisms are similar, it is important to determine whether it is an acute or chronic event. Healthy tissue does not contain enlarged collaterals, which are formed in chronically malperfused tissue and can maintain a minimum supply despite occlusion. The underlying processes for enhanced collateral blood flow are sprouting vessels from pre-existing vessels (via angiogenesis) and a lumen extension of arterioles (via arteriogenesis). While disturbed flow patterns with associated local low shear stress upregulate angiogenesis promoting genes, elevated shear stress may trigger arteriogenesis due to increased blood volume. In case of an acute ischemia, especially during the reperfusion phase, fluid transfer occurs into the tissue while the vascular bed is simultaneously reduced and no longer reacts to vaso-relaxing factors such as nitric oxide. This process results in an exacerbative cycle, in which increased peripheral resistance leads to an additional lack of oxygen. This whole process is accompanied by an inundation of inflammatory cells, which amplify the inflammatory response by cytokine release. However, an extremity is an individual-specific composition of different tissues, so these processes may vary dramatically between patients. The image is more uniform when broken down to the single cell stage. Because each cell is dependent on energy produced from aerobic respiration, an event of acute hypoxia can be a life-threatening situation. Aerobic processes responsible for yielding adenosine triphosphate (ATP), such as the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, suffer first, thus disrupting the integrity of cellular respiration. One consequence of this is irreparable damage of the cell membrane due to an imbalance of electrolytes. The eventual increase in net fluid influx associated with a decrease in intracellular pH is considered an end-stage event. Due to the lack of ATP, individual cell organelles can no longer sustain their activity, thus initiating the cascade pathways of apoptosis via the release of cytokines such as the BCL2 associated X protein (BAX). As ischemia may lead to direct necrosis, inflammatory processes are further aggravated. In the case of reperfusion, the flow of nascent oxygen will cause additional damage to the cell, further initiating apoptosis in additional surrounding cells. In particular, free oxygen radicals are formed, causing severe damage to cell membranes and desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). However, the increased tissue stress caused by this process may be transient, as radical scavengers may attenuate the damage. Taking the above into final consideration, it is clearly elucidated that acute ischemia and subsequent reperfusion is a process that leads to acute tissue damage combined with end-organ loss of function, a condition that is difficult to counteract.
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Nègre-Salvayre A, Garoby-Salom S, Swiader A, Rouahi M, Pucelle M, Salvayre R. Proatherogenic effects of 4-hydroxynonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:127-139. [PMID: 28040472 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal generated by peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. This reactive carbonyl compound exhibits a huge number of biological properties that result mainly from the formation of HNE-adducts on free amino groups and thiol groups in proteins. In the vascular system, HNE adduct accumulation progressively leads to cellular dysfunction and tissue damages that are involved in the progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases. HNE contributes to the atherogenicity of oxidized LDL, by forming HNE-apoB adducts that deviate the LDL metabolism to the scavenger receptor pathway of macrophagic cells, and lead to the formation of foam cells. HNE activates transcription factors (Nrf2, NF-kappaB) that (dys)regulate various cellular responses ranging from hormetic and survival signaling at very low concentrations, to inflammatory and apoptotic effects at higher concentrations. Among a variety of cellular targets, HNE can modify signaling proteins involved in atherosclerotic plaque remodeling, particularly growth factor receptors (PDGFR, EGFR), cell cycle proteins, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum components or extracellular matrix proteins, which progressively alters smooth muscle cell proliferation, angiogenesis and induces apoptosis. HNE adducts accumulate in the lipidic necrotic core of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and may locally contribute to macrophage and smooth muscle cell apoptosis, which may induce plaque destabilization and rupture, thereby increasing the risk of athero-thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Salvayre
- Inserm UMR-1048, France; University of Toulouse, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Dept, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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de Jager SCA, Meeuwsen JAL, van Pijpen FM, Zoet GA, Barendrecht AD, Franx A, Pasterkamp G, van Rijn BB, Goumans MJ, den Ruijter HM. Preeclampsia and coronary plaque erosion: Manifestations of endothelial dysfunction resulting in cardiovascular events in women. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:129-137. [PMID: 28899695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The risk for CVD is increased in women with a history of preeclampsia. Multiple studies have indicated that accelerated atherosclerosis underlies this increased CVD risk. Furthermore, it has been suggested that endothelial dysfunction and inflammation play an important role in the increased CVD risk of women with preeclampsia. Rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaques can induce the formation of thrombi that underlie the onset of acute clinical CVD such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In relatively young women, cardiovascular events are mainly due to plaque erosions. Eroded plaques have a distinct morphology compared to ruptured plaques, but have been understudied as a substrate for CVD. The currently available evidence points towards lesions with features of stability such as high collagen content and smooth muscle cells and with distinct mechanisms that further promote the pro-thrombotic environment such as Toll Like Receptor (TLR) signaling and endothelial apoptosis. These suggested mechanisms, that point to endothelial dysfunction and intimal thickening, may also play a role in preeclampsia. Pregnancy is considered a stress test for the cardiovascular system with preeclampsia as an additional pathological substrate for earlier manifestation of vascular disease. This review provides a summary of the possible common mechanisms involved in preeclampsia and accelerated atherosclerosis in young females and highlights plaque erosion as a likely substrate for CVD events in women with a history of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - John A L Meeuwsen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freeke M van Pijpen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand A Zoet
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Centre, Division of Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan D Barendrecht
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arie Franx
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Centre, Division of Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas B van Rijn
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Centre, Division of Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Plaque microvascularization and permeability: Key players in atherogenesis and plaque rupture. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:320-321. [PMID: 28673479 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jönsson Rylander AC, Lindgren A, Deinum J, Bergström GML, Böttcher G, Kalies I, Wåhlander K. Fibrinolysis inhibitors in plaque stability: a morphological association of PAI-1 and TAFI in advanced carotid plaque. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:758-769. [PMID: 28135035 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Fibrinolysis inhibitors are localized in advanced atheroma by immunohistology of endarterectomies. Neovascular endothelium/neocapillaries show thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). Macrophage areas show free plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), notably in the vulnerable part. Free PAI-1 and TAFI stabilize active plaque area by inhibition of fibrinolysis and inflammation. SUMMARY Background Fibrinolysis plays an important role in destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and is tightly regulated by specific inhibitors. Objective The fibrinolysis inhibitors plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) were quantified and described in the morphological context of advanced carotid plaques American Heart Association VI-VIII to elucidate their role in plaque stability. Methods Immunohistochemistry in serial sections along the longitudinal axis of endarterectomies from patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (n = 19) were studied using an antibody specific for free PAI-1 (I205), an antibody with high affinity for TAFI/TAFIa (CP17) and established antibodies for smooth muscle cells (α-actin), endothelial cells (von Willebrand factor [VWF]), macrophages (CD68) and platelets (CD42). Results PAI-1 and TAFI show a specific distribution in these advanced plaques with a maximum corresponding to the internal carotid artery (ICA). Free PAI-1 was mainly detected in macrophages and in intravascular thrombi, and TAFI in endothelial cells (ECs) but also macrophages. The one-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni's correction showed a significant increase of macrophages and ECs, TAFI and PAI-1 in areas with high neovascularization in endarterectomy sections corresponding to ICA. High Spearman factors for TAFI, PAI-1 and VWF indicate neovascularization as the main source of plasma proteins, transported by platelets into the atheroma (PAI-1) or expressed by ECs (TAFI). CD68 was highly associated with VWF, PAI-1 and especially TAFI, underlining the role of macrophages in fibrinolytic activity and inflammation. Conclusion The abundance of free PAI-1 and TAFI in the plaque may inhibit plasmin generation and thereby counteract plaque destabilization by fibrinolysis, cell migration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Lindgren
- Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - J Deinum
- CVMD IMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - G M L Bergström
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Böttcher
- CSM Pathology Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - I Kalies
- CVMD GMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - K Wåhlander
- CVMD Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Camaré C, Pucelle M, Nègre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R. Angiogenesis in the atherosclerotic plaque. Redox Biol 2017; 12:18-34. [PMID: 28212521 PMCID: PMC5312547 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifocal alteration of the vascular wall of medium and large arteries characterized by a local accumulation of cholesterol and non-resolving inflammation. Atherothrombotic complications are the leading cause of disability and mortality in western countries. Neovascularization in atherosclerotic lesions plays a major role in plaque growth and instability. The angiogenic process is mediated by classical angiogenic factors and by additional factors specific to atherosclerotic angiogenesis. In addition to its role in plaque progression, neovascularization may take part in plaque destabilization and thromboembolic events. Anti-angiogenic agents are effective to reduce atherosclerosis progression in various animal models. However, clinical trials with anti-angiogenic drugs, mainly anti-VEGF/VEGFR, used in anti-cancer therapy show cardiovascular adverse effects, and require additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Camaré
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Departement, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mélanie Pucelle
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
| | - Robert Salvayre
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Departement, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Pennington KL, DeAngelis MM. Epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors. EYE AND VISION 2016; 3:34. [PMID: 28032115 PMCID: PMC5178091 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-016-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in adults over 50 years old. Genetic, epidemiological, and molecular studies are beginning to unravel the intricate mechanisms underlying this complex disease, which implicate the lipid-cholesterol pathway in the pathophysiology of disease development and progression. Many of the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with AMD are also associated with other complex degenerative diseases of advanced age, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we present epidemiological findings associating AMD with a variety of lipid pathway genes, cardiovascular phenotypes, and relevant environmental exposures. Despite a number of studies showing significant associations between AMD and these lipid/cardiovascular factors, results have been mixed and as such the relationships among these factors and AMD remain controversial. It is imperative that researchers not only tease out the various contributions of such factors to AMD development but also the connections between AMD and CVD to develop optimal precision medical care for aging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Pennington
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
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Hjelmgren O, Gellerman K, Kjelldahl J, Lindahl P, Bergström GML. Increased Vascularization in the Vulnerable Upstream Regions of Both Early and Advanced Human Carotid Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166918. [PMID: 27973542 PMCID: PMC5156420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascularization of atherosclerotic plaques has been linked to plaque vulnerability. The aim of this study was to test if the vascularization was increased in upstream regions of early atherosclerotic carotid plaques and also to test if the same pattern of vascularization was seen in complicated, symptomatic plaques. METHODS We enrolled 45 subjects with early atherosclerotic lesions for contrast enhanced ultrasound and evaluated the percentage of plaque area in a longitudinal ultrasound section which contained contrast agent. Contrast-agent uptake was evaluated in both the upstream and downstream regions of the plaque. We also collected carotid endarterectomy specimens from 56 subjects and upstream and downstream regions were localized using magnetic resonance angiography and analyzed using histopathology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Vascularization was increased in the upstream regions of early carotid plaques compared with downstream regions (30% vs. 23%, p = 0.033). Vascularization was also increased in the upstream regions of advanced atherosclerotic lesions compared with downstream regions (4.6 vs. 1.4 vessels/mm2, p = 0.001) and was associated with intra-plaque hemorrhage and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Vascularization is increased in the upstream regions of both early and advanced plaques and is in advanced lesions mainly driven by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Hjelmgren
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Karl Gellerman
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Kjelldahl
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Lindahl
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran M. L. Bergström
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Graves KL, Vigerust DJ. Hp: an inflammatory indicator in cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol 2016; 12:471-81. [DOI: 10.2217/fca-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade significant advancement has occurred in the biological and pathological role that Hp has in cardiovascular disease. Hp is an acute-phase protein with a role in the neutralization and clearance of free heme. Iron has tremendous potential for initiating vascular oxidation, inflammation and exacerbating coronary atherosclerosis. Hp genotype has been linked as a prognostic biomarker of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, restenosis and cardiac transplant rejection. The increased understanding of Hp as a biomarker has provided new insights into the mechanisms of inflammation after cardiac injury and support the concept that Hp is not only an important antioxidant in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, but also an enhancer of inflammation in cardiac transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Vigerust
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- MyGenetx Clinical Laboratories, Franklin, TN 37067, USA
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Abstract
In Brief Prospective identification of individuals with diabetes who are at greatest risk for developing complications would have considerable public health importance by allowing appropriate resources to be focused on those who would benefit most from aggressive intervention. Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute-phase protein that is crucial for the elimination of free hemoglobin and the neutralization of oxidative damage. In the past two decades, associations have been made between polymorphisms in Hp and complications arising from diabetes. Individuals with polymorphism in Hp have been shown to have significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the current literature on the role of Hp in health and disease, with a focus on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Vigerust
- MyGenetx Clinical Laboratories, Franklin, TN
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nashville, TN
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Whiteford JR, De Rossi G, Woodfin A. Mutually Supportive Mechanisms of Inflammation and Vascular Remodeling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:201-78. [PMID: 27572130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is often accompanied by angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from existing ones. This vascular response is a response to chronic hypoxia and/or ischemia, but is also contributory to the progression of disorders including atherosclerosis, arthritis, and tumor growth. Proinflammatory and proangiogenic mediators and signaling pathways form a complex and interrelated network in these conditions, and many factors exert multiple effects. Inflammation drives angiogenesis by direct and indirect mechanisms, promoting endothelial proliferation, migration, and vessel sprouting, but also by mediating extracellular matrix remodeling and release of sequestered growth factors, and recruitment of proangiogenic leukocyte subsets. The role of inflammation in promoting angiogenesis is well documented, but by facilitating greater infiltration of leukocytes and plasma proteins into inflamed tissues, angiogenesis can also propagate chronic inflammation. This review examines the mutually supportive relationship between angiogenesis and inflammation, and considers how these interactions might be exploited to promote resolution of chronic inflammatory or angiogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G De Rossi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Woodfin
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Qin W, Xie W, Xia N, He Q, Sun T. Silencing of Transient Receptor Potential Channel 4 Alleviates oxLDL-induced Angiogenesis in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells by Inhibition of VEGF and NF-κB. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:930-6. [PMID: 26999308 PMCID: PMC4805139 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPC4) plays central roles in endothelial cell function. The aim of this study was to investigate the silencing effects of TRPC4 on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced angiogenesis in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), as well as the underlying molecular mechanism involved in this process. Material/Methods HCAECs were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting TRPC4 (TRPC4-siRNA) or with a negative control (NC)-siRNA. The expression of TRPC4 was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. After the siRNA transfection, oxLDL was added to the medium. Cell proliferation, migration, and in vitro angiogenesis were determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Transwell assay and scratch-wound assay, respectively, and tube formation on Matrigel. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 were assessed by Western blotting. Results Both the mRNA and protein levels of TRPC4 were significantly reduced by transfection with TRPC4-siRNA compared to the control group or NC-siRNA group (P<0.05). Silencing of TRPC4 significantly decreased the cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation (all P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of VEGF and NF-κB p65 were markedly lowered by silencing of TRPC4 in HCAECs. Conclusions These results suggest that silencing of TRPC4 alleviates angiogenesis induced by oxLDL in HCAECs through inactivation of VEGF and NF-κB. Suppression of TRPC4 might be an alternative therapeutic strategy for atherosclerotic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Qinglin He
- , Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Tianwei Sun
- , Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
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O'Brien KD, Hippe DS, Chen H, Neradilek MB, Probstfield JL, Peck S, Isquith DA, Canton G, Yuan C, Polissar NL, Zhao XQ, Kerwin WS. Longer duration of statin therapy is associated with decreased carotid plaque vascularity by magnetic resonance imaging. Atherosclerosis 2016; 245:74-81. [PMID: 26708287 PMCID: PMC8629315 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plaque neovasculature is a major route for lipoprotein and leukocyte ingress into plaques, and has been identified as a risk factor for carotid plaque disruption. Vp, a variable derived from pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), correlates with plaque neovasculature density. Because lipid-lowering therapy has been associated with regression of neovasculature in animal models, we sought to determine clinical correlates of carotid plaque neovasculature (as assessed by Vp) in participants on statin therapy for established cardiovascular disease. METHODS 98 participants from an AIM-HIGH sub-study underwent DCE-MRI of their carotid arteries. Expert readers who were blinded to all clinical variables analyzed the MR images to measure carotid plaque Vp in all participants. Associations between Vp and duration of statin therapy and other clinical risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS Prior duration of statin treatment at enrollment ranged from <1 year (21%) 1-5 years (40%) and >5 years (39%). In univariate analyses, shorter duration of statin therapy (P = 0.01), the presence of metabolic syndrome (P = 0.02), and higher body mass index (P = 0.01) and lipoprotein(a) (P = 0.01) were all significantly associated with higher baseline Vp values. In multivariate analyses, significant associations remained between shorter duration of statin therapy (P = 0.004) and lipoprotein(a) (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These are the first human, in vivo findings suggesting a relationship between duration of statin therapy and regression of carotid plaque neovasculature. Future longitudinal studies are warranted both to confirm this finding and to address whether changes in neovasculature may translate into change in risk for plaque disruption. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIERS NCT00880178, NCT01178320 and NCT00120289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D O'Brien
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel S Hippe
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Huijun Chen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jeffrey L Probstfield
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne Peck
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel A Isquith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gador Canton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chun Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Xue-Qiao Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Konta A, Ozaki K, Sakata Y, Takahashi A, Morizono T, Suna S, Onouchi Y, Tsunoda T, Kubo M, Komuro I, Eishi Y, Tanaka T. A functional SNP in FLT1 increases risk of coronary artery disease in a Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2016; 61:435-41. [PMID: 26791355 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) including myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in many countries. Similar to other common diseases, its pathogenesis is thought to result from complex interactions among multiple genetic and environmental factors. Recent large-scale genetic association analysis for CAD identified 15 new loci. We examined the reproducibility of these previous association findings with 7990 cases and 6582 controls in a Japanese population. We found a convincing association of rs9319428 in FLT1, encoding fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (P=5.98 × 10(-8)). Fine mapping using tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at FLT1 locus revealed that another SNP (rs74412485) showed more profound genetic effect for CAD (P=2.85 × 10(-12)). The SNP, located in intron 1 in FLT1, enhanced the transcriptional level of FLT1. RNA interference experiment against FLT1 showed that the suppression of FLT1 resulted in decreased expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules. Expression of FLT1 was observed in endothelial cells of human coronary artery. Our results indicate that the genetically coded increased expression of FLT1 by a functional SNP implicates activation in an inflammatory cascade that might eventually lead to CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Konta
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Morizono
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Suna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Onouchi
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresourse Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Injury of arterial endothelium by abnormal shear stress and other insults induces migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which in turn leads to intimal thickening, hypoxia, and vasa vasorum angiogenesis. The resultant new blood vessels extend from the tunica media into the outer intima, allowing blood-borne oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particles to accumulate in outer intimal tissues by extravasation through local capillaries. In response to oxLDL accumulation, monocytes infiltrate into arterial wall tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages and subsequently evolve into foam cells by uptaking large quantities of oxLDL particles, the latter process being stimulated by hypoxia. Increased oxygen demand due to expanding macrophage and foam cell populations contributes to persistent hypoxia in plaque lesions, whereas hypoxia further promotes plaque growth by stimulating angiogenesis, monocyte infiltration, and oxLDL uptake into macrophages. Molecularly, the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and the expression of its target genes mediate many of the hypoxia-induced processes during plaque initiation and growth. It is hoped that further understanding of the underlying mechanisms may lead to novel therapies for effective intervention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA,
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45
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Ivanova EA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Intimal pericytes as the second line of immune defence in atherosclerosis. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:583-93. [PMID: 26516412 PMCID: PMC4620069 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. The initiation and growth of atherosclerotic plaques is accompanied by recruitment of inflammatory and precursor cells from the bloodstream and their differentiation towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes. This process is orchestrated by the production of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Human arterial intima consists of structurally distinct leaflets, with a proteoglycan-rich layer lying immediately below the endothelial lining. Recent studies reveal the important role of stellate pericyte-like cells (intimal pericytes) populating the proteoglycan-rich layer in the development of atherosclerosis. During the pathologic process, intimal pericytes may participate in the recruitment of inflammatory cells by producing signalling molecules and play a role in the antigen presentation. Intimal pericytes are also involved in lipid accumulation and the formation of foam cells. This review focuses on the role of pericyte-like cells in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Zhang Q, Li C, Zhou M, Liao Y, Huang C, Shi J, Wang Y, Wang W. Quantification of carotid plaque elasticity and intraplaque neovascularization using contrast-enhanced ultrasound and image registration-based elastography. ULTRASONICS 2015; 62:253-262. [PMID: 26074459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is valuable for evaluation of carotid plaque vulnerability to investigate the relation between intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) and plaque elasticity. The contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been used in IPN measurement, but it cannot assess plaque elasticity. The aim of this study was to develop an ultrasound elastography technique based on registration of CEUS sequential images and to use this technique for direct comparison between IPN and plaque elasticity. We employed a nonrigid image registration method using the free-form deformation model to register a pair of clinical CEUS images at systole and diastole. The 2D displacement field of the plaque was estimated and then utilized to calculate the axial and lateral strain distributions within the plaque, from which quantitative strain parameters were obtained. The IPN was measured semiquantitatively with visual assessment and quantitatively with the time-intensity curve analysis and the analysis of contrast agent spatial distributions. Histopathology with CD34 staining for quantification of microvessel density (MVD) was performed on plaques excised by carotid endarterectomy. Simulation experiments showed that the mean absolute error and the root mean squared error of the displacement estimation were 0.325±0.180 pixel (7.2%±3.8%) and 0.556±0.284 pixel (12.3%±6.1%), respectively, demonstrating high accuracy of the elastography technique. Thirty-eight plaques in 29 patients met the inclusion criteria for the elastography and image analysis, where ten plaques underwent endarterectomy. The 95th percentile (A95) and standard deviation (Asd) of the axial strains exhibited significant differences between the low and high grades of IPN visually assessed (p<0.01). A95 (R=0.579; p<0.001) and Asd (R=0.609; p<0.001) were correlated with the enhanced intensity of plaque, and also correlated with the MVD (R=0.793 and 0.817, respectively; p<0.01), suggesting that plaque became softer and more elastically heterogeneous as IPN increased. These findings provide direct and quantitative evidence for the associations between plaque strains and IPN and might be helpful for evaluation of carotid plaque vulnerability and for plaque risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China.
| | - Chaolun Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Moli Zhou
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liao
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Huang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shi
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
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47
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Diminazene enhances stability of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-deficient mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:103-113. [PMID: 26304699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, while Ang-(1-7) has atheroprotective actions. Accordingly, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which breaks-down Ang II and forms Ang-(1-7), has been suggested as a target against atherosclerosis. Here we investigated the actions of diminazene, a recently developed ACE2 activator compound, in a model of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was induced in the carotid artery of ApoE-deficient mice by a shear stress (SS) modifier device. The animals were treated with diminazene (15mg/kg/day) or vehicle. ACE2 was strongly expressed in the aortic root and low SS-induced carotid plaques, but poorly expressed in the oscillatory SS-induced carotid plaques. Diminazene treatment did not change the lesion size, but ameliorated the composition of aortic root and low SS-induced carotid plaques by increasing collagen content and decreasing both MMP-9 expression and macrophage infiltration. Interestingly, these beneficial effects were not observed in the oscillatory SS-induced plaque. Additionally, diminazene treatment decreased intraplaque ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, circulating cytokine and chemokine levels and serum triglycerides. In summary, ACE2 was distinctively expressed in atherosclerotic plaques, which depends on the local pattern of shear stress. Moreover, diminazene treatment enhances the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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48
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Marino F, Tozzi M, Schembri L, Ferraro S, Tarallo A, Scanzano A, Legnaro M, Castelli P, Cosentino M. Production of IL-8, VEGF and Elastase by Circulating and Intraplaque Neutrophils in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124565. [PMID: 25893670 PMCID: PMC4404350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in atherosclerotic plaques have been identified only recently, and their contribution to plaque development is not yet fully understood. In this study, production of elastase, interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by PMN was investigated in subjects with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods The study enrolled 50 patients (Pts) and 10 healthy subjects (HS). Circulating PMN (cPMN) isolated from venous blood (in both Pts and HS) and from plaques (pPMN, in Pts) were cultured, alone or with 0.1 μM fMLP. Elastase, IL-8 and VEGF mRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR. In CEA specimens, PMN were localized by immunohistochemistry. Results In both Pts cPMN and pPMN, IL-8 mRNA was higher at rest but lower after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), and VEGF mRNA was higher both at rest and after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), while elastase mRNA was not significantly different. On the contrary, protein production was always higher in cPMN of HS with respect to values measured in cells of Pts. In CEA specimens, CD66b+ cells localized to areas with massive plaque formation close to neovessels. Pts with soft and mix plaques, as defined by computed tomography, did not differ in cPMN or pPMN IL-8, VEGF or elastase mRNA, or in intraplaque CD66b+ cell density. However, Pts with soft plaques had higher white blood cell count due to increased PMN. Conclusions In Pts with carotid plaques, both circulating and intraplaque PMN produce IL-8, VEGF and elastase, which are crucial for plaque development and progression. These findings suggest mechanistic explanations to the reported correlation between PMN count and cardiovascular mortality in carotid ATH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Tozzi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Schembri
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonino Tarallo
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Angela Scanzano
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Patrizio Castelli
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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49
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Kappel BA, Federici M. Can renin inhibition by Aliskiren prove itself in atherosclerosis prevention? Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:767-8. [PMID: 25463118 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Arpad Kappel
- Universitaetsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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50
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a silent chronic vascular pathology that is the cause of the majority of cardiovascular ischaemic events. The evolution of vascular disease involves a combination of endothelial dysfunction, extensive lipid deposition in the intima, exacerbated innate and adaptive immune responses, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and remodelling of the extracellular matrix, resulting in the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. High-risk plaques have a large acellular lipid-rich necrotic core with an overlying thin fibrous cap infiltrated by inflammatory cells and diffuse calcification. The formation of new fragile and leaky vessels that invade the expanding intima contributes to enlarge the necrotic core increasing the vulnerability of the plaque. In addition, biomechanical, haemodynamic and physical factors contribute to plaque destabilization. Upon erosion or rupture, these high-risk lipid-rich vulnerable plaques expose vascular structures or necrotic core components to the circulation, which causes the activation of tissue factor and the subsequent formation of a fibrin monolayer (coagulation cascade) and, concomitantly, the recruitment of circulating platelets and inflammatory cells. The interaction between exposed atherosclerotic plaque components, platelet receptors and coagulation factors eventually leads to platelet activation, aggregation and the subsequent formation of a superimposed thrombus (i.e. atherothrombosis) which may compromise the arterial lumen leading to the presentation of acute ischaemic syndromes. In this review, we will describe the progression of the atherosclerotic lesion along with the main morphological characteristics that predispose to plaque rupture, and discuss the multifaceted mechanisms that drive platelet activation and subsequent thrombus formation. Finally, we will consider the current scientific challenges and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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