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Wang QY, Wang HY, Zhang WG, Xu JZ. Economical one-pot synthesis of isoquercetin and D-allulose from quercetin and sucrose using whole-cell biocatalyst. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 176:110412. [PMID: 38402828 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Isoquercetin and D-allulose have diverse applications and significant value in antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and lipid metabolism. Isoquercetin can be synthesized from quercetin, while D-allulose is converted from D-fructose. However, their production scale and overall quality are relatively low, leading to high production costs. In this study, we have devised a cost-effective one-pot method for biosynthesizing isoquercetin and D-allulose using a whole-cell biocatalyst derived from quercetin and sucrose. To achieve this, the optimized isoquercetin synthase and D-allulose-3-epimerase were initially identified through isofunctional gene screening. In order to reduce the cost of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) during isoquercetin synthesis and ensure a continuous supply of UDPG, sucrose synthase is introduced to enable the self-circulation of UDPG. At the same time, the inclusion of sucrose permease was utilized to successfully facilitate the catalytic production of D-allulose in whole cells. Finally, the recombinant strain BL21/UGT-SUS+DAE-SUP, which overexpresses MiF3GTMUT, GmSUS, EcSUP, and DAEase, was obtained. This strain co-produced 41±2.4 mg/L of isoquercetin and 5.7±0.8 g/L of D-allulose using 120 mg/L of quercetin and 20 g/L of sucrose as substrates for 5 h after optimization. This is the first green synthesis method that can simultaneously produce flavonoid compounds and rare sugars. These findings provide valuable insights and potential for future industrial production, as well as practical applications in factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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2
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Lee HY, Lee GH, Hoang TH, Park SA, Lee J, Lim J, Sa S, Kim GE, Han JS, Kim J, Chae HJ. d-Allulose Ameliorates Hyperglycemia Through IRE1α Sulfonation-RIDD- Sirt1 Decay Axis in the Skeletal Muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:229-245. [PMID: 35166127 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The skeletal muscle maintains glucose disposal via insulin signaling and glucose transport. The progression of diabetes and insulin resistance is critically influenced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. d-Allulose, a low-calorie sugar substitute, has shown crucial physiological activities under conditions involving hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms of d-allulose in the progression of diabetes have not been fully elucidated. Here, we evaluated the effect of d-allulose on hyperglycemia-associated ER stress responses in human skeletal myoblasts (HSkM) and db/db diabetic and high-fat diet-fed mice. Results: d-allulose effectively controlled glycemic markers such as insulin and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), showing anti-diabetic effects by inhibiting the disruption of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression, in which the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway is involved. The levels of glucose dysmetabolism-based NADPH oxidase, such as NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase (Nox) 4, were highly increased, and their interaction with IRE1α and the resultant sulfonation-regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD)-Sirt1 decay were also highly increased under diabetic conditions, which were controlled with d-allulose treatment. Skeletal muscle cells grown with a high glucose medium supplemented with d-allulose showed controlled IRE1α sulfonation-RIDD-Sirt1 decay, in which Nox4 was involved. Innovation and Conclusion: The study observations indicate that d-allulose contributes to the muscular glucose disposal in the diabetic state where ER-localized Nox4-induced IRE1α sulfonation results in the decay of Sirt1, a core factor for controlling glucose metabolism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 229-245.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea.,Non-Clinical Evaluation Center Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Geum-Hwa Lee
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - The-Hiep Hoang
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seon-Ah Park
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Juwon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Junghyun Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Soonok Sa
- Food Biotech R&D Center, Samyang Corp., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Go Eun Kim
- Food Biotech R&D Center, Samyang Corp., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Jung Sook Han
- Food Biotech R&D Center, Samyang Corp., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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3
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Chen X, Wang F, Yu Q, Liu S, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yuan Z. One pot cascade biosynthesis of d-allulose from d-glucose and its kinetic modelling. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Haas MJ, Parekh S, Kalidas P, Richter A, Warda F, Wong NCW, Tokuda M, Mooradian AD. Insulin mimetic effect of D-allulose on apolipoprotein A-I gene. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14064. [PMID: 34984676 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Several nutrients modulate the transcriptional activity of the apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) gene. To determine the influence of rare sugars on apo A-I expression in hepatic (HepG2) and intestinal derived (Caco-2) cell lines, apo A-I, albumin, and SP1 were quantified with enzyme immunoassay and Western blots while mRNA levels were quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The promoter activity was measured using transient transfection assays with plasmids containing various segments and mutations in the promoter. D-allulose and D-tagatose, increased apo A-I concentration in culture media while D-sorbose and D-allose did not have any measurable effects. D-allulose did not increase apo A-I levels in Caco-2 cells. These changes paralleled the increased mRNA levels and promoter activity. D-allulose-response was mapped at the insulin response core element (IRCE). Mutation of the IRCE decreased the ability of D-allulose and insulin to activate the promoter. Treatment of HepG2 cells, but not Caco-2 cells, with D-alluose and insulin increased SP1 expression relative to control cells. D-allulose augmented the expression and IRCE binding of SP1, an essential transcription factor for the insulin on apo A-I promoter activity. D-allulose can modulate some insulin-responsive genes and may have anti-atherogenic properties, in part due to increasing apo A-I production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of mortality in industrialized countries. A risk factor associated with CAD is low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) concentrations in plasma. Thus, novel therapeutic agents or nutrients that upregulate apo A-I production should be identified. D-allulose and D-tagatose are used as sweeteners and may have favorable effects on insulin resistance and diabetes. This study shows that D-allulose and D-tagatose increases apo A-I production through increased transcription factor SP1-binding to insulin response element of the promoter. These sweeteners modulate some insulin responsive genes, increase the production of apo-A-I, and therefore may have anti-atherogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Shrina Parekh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Poonam Kalidas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Angela Richter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Firas Warda
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Arshag D Mooradian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Investigation of d-allulose effects on high-sucrose diet-induced insulin resistance via hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08013. [PMID: 34589631 PMCID: PMC8461346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
d-Allulose, a C-3 epimer of d-fructose, is a rare sugar that has no calories. Although d-allulose has been reported to have several health benefits, such as anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects, there have been no reports evaluating the effects of d-allulose on insulin resistance using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HE-clamp). Therefore, we investigated the effects of d-allulose on a high-sucrose diet (HSD)-induced insulin resistance model. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three dietary groups: HSD containing 5% cellulose (HSC), 5% d-allulose (HSA), and a commercial diet. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) and HE-clamp were performed after administration of the diets for 4 and 7 weeks. After 7 weeks, the muscle and adipose tissues of rats were obtained to analyze Akt signaling via western blotting, and plasma adipocytokine levels were measured. ITT revealed that d-allulose ameliorated systemic insulin resistance. Furthermore, the results of the 2-step HE-clamp procedure indicated that d-allulose reversed systemic and muscular insulin resistance. d-Allulose reversed the insulin-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation in the soleus muscle and epididymal fat tissues and reduced plasma TNF-α levels. This study is the first to show that d-allulose improves systemic and muscle insulin sensitivity in conscious rats.
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Xia Y, Cheng Q, Mu W, Hu X, Sun Z, Qiu Y, Liu X, Wang Z. Research Advances of d-allulose: An Overview of Physiological Functions, Enzymatic Biotransformation Technologies, and Production Processes. Foods 2021; 10:2186. [PMID: 34574296 PMCID: PMC8467252 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
d-allulose has a significant application value as a sugar substitute, not only as a food ingredient and dietary supplement, but also with various physiological functions, such as improving insulin resistance, anti-obesity, and regulating glucolipid metabolism. Over the decades, the physiological functions of d-allulose and the corresponding mechanisms have been studied deeply, and this product has been applied to various foods to enhance food quality and prolong shelf life. In recent years, biotransformation technologies for the production of d-allulose using enzymatic approaches have gained more attention. However, there are few comprehensive reviews on this topic. This review focuses on the recent research advances of d-allulose, including (1) the physiological functions of d-allulose; (2) the major enzyme families used for the biotransformation of d-allulose and their microbial origins; (3) phylogenetic and structural characterization of d-allulose 3-epimerases, and the directed evolution methods for the enzymes; (4) heterologous expression of d-allulose ketose 3-epimerases and biotransformation techniques for d-allulose; and (5) production processes for biotransformation of d-allulose based on the characterized enzymes. Furthermore, the future trends on biosynthesis and applications of d-allulose in food and health industries are discussed and evaluated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiuyu Hu
- China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, Beijing 100833, China;
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Yangyu Qiu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Ximing Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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7
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Smith A, Avery A, Ford R, Yang Q, Goux A, Mukherjee I, Neville DCA, Jethwa P. Rare sugars: metabolic impacts and mechanisms of action: a scoping review. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-18. [PMID: 34505561 PMCID: PMC9343225 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Food manufacturers are under increasing pressure to limit the amount of free sugars in their products. Many have reformulated products to replace sucrose, glucose and fructose with alternative sweeteners, but some of these have been associated with additional health concerns. Rare sugars are 'monosaccharides and their derivatives that hardly exist in nature', and there is increasing evidence that they could have health benefits. This review aimed to scope the existing literature in order to identify the most commonly researched rare sugars, to ascertain their proposed health benefits, mechanisms of action and potential uses and to highlight knowledge gaps. A process of iterative database searching identified fifty-five relevant articles. The reported effects of rare sugars were noted, along with details of the research methodologies conducted. Our results indicated that the most common rare sugars investigated are d-psicose and d-tagatose, with the potential health benefits divided into three topics: glycaemic control, body composition and CVD. All the rare sugars investigated have the potential to suppress postprandial elevation of blood glucose and improve glycaemic control in both human and animal models. Some animal studies have suggested that certain rare sugars may also improve lipid profiles, alter the gut microbiome and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The present review demonstrates that rare sugars could play a role in reducing the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and/or CVD. However, understanding of the mechanisms by which rare sugars may exert their effects is limited, and their effectiveness when used in reformulated products is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Smith
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Amanda Avery
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Qian Yang
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Aurélie Goux
- Mondelēz International, Nutrition Research, 91400Saclay, France
| | | | | | - Preeti Jethwa
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
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8
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Lee D, Han Y, Kwon EY, Choi MS. d-allulose Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction in C57BL/KsJ-db/db Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:E3656. [PMID: 32796637 PMCID: PMC7465492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
d-allulose is an uncommon sugar that provides almost no calories when consumed. Its sweetness is 70% that of sucrose. d-allulose is a metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, few reports concerning its effect on diabetes and related metabolic disturbances in db/db mice are available. In this study, we evaluated d-allulose's effect on hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes and inflammatory responses in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Mice were divided into normal diet, erythritol supplemented (5% w/w), and d-allulose supplemented (5% w/w) groups. Blood glucose and plasma glucagon levels and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) were significantly lower in the d-allulose group than in the normal diet group, and plasma insulin level was significantly increased. Further, d-allulose supplement significantly increased hepatic glucokinase activity and decreased hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Expression of glucose transporter 4, insulin receptor substrate 1, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha and AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 were also upregulated by d-allulose supplement in adipocyte and muscle. Finally, d-allulose effectively lowered plasma and hepatic triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, and simultaneously reduced hepatic fatty acid oxidation and carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity. These changes are likely attributable to suppression of hepatic fatty acid synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Notably, d-allulose also reduced pro-inflammatory adipokine and cytokine levels in plasma. Our results indicate that d-allulose is an effective sugar substitute for improving lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (D.L.); (Y.H.)
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Youngji Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (D.L.); (Y.H.)
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (D.L.); (Y.H.)
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (D.L.); (Y.H.)
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong Puk-Ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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Mochizuki S, Fukumoto T, Ohara T, Ohtani K, Yoshihara A, Shigematsu Y, Tanaka K, Ebihara K, Tajima S, Gomi K, Ichimura K, Izumori K, Akimitsu K. The rare sugar D-tagatose protects plants from downy mildews and is a safe fungicidal agrochemical. Commun Biol 2020; 3:423. [PMID: 32759958 PMCID: PMC7406649 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rare sugar D-tagatose is a safe natural product used as a commercial food ingredient. Here, we show that D-tagatose controls a wide range of plant diseases and focus on downy mildews to analyze its mode of action. It likely acts directly on the pathogen, rather than as a plant defense activator. Synthesis of mannan and related products of D-mannose metabolism are essential for development of fungi and oomycetes; D-tagatose inhibits the first step of mannose metabolism, the phosphorylation of D-fructose to D-fructose 6-phosphate by fructokinase, and also produces D-tagatose 6-phosphate. D-Tagatose 6-phosphate sequentially inhibits phosphomannose isomerase, causing a reduction in D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate, common substrates for glycolysis, and in D-mannose 6-phosphate, needed to synthesize mannan and related products. These chain-inhibitory effects on metabolic steps are significant enough to block initial infection and structural development needed for reproduction such as conidiophore and conidiospore formation of downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Mochizuki
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
- Agrochemical Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc., 1358 Ichimiyake, Yasu, Shiga, 520-2362, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohara
- Agrochemical Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc., 1358 Ichimiyake, Yasu, Shiga, 520-2362, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohtani
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Akihide Yoshihara
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Yoshio Shigematsu
- Agrochemical Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc., 1358 Ichimiyake, Yasu, Shiga, 520-2362, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Agrochemical Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc., 1358 Ichimiyake, Yasu, Shiga, 520-2362, Japan
| | - Koichi Ebihara
- Agrochemical Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc., 1358 Ichimiyake, Yasu, Shiga, 520-2362, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tajima
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kenji Gomi
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Ken Izumori
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kazuya Akimitsu
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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10
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Van Laar ADE, Grootaert C, Van Camp J. Rare mono- and disaccharides as healthy alternative for traditional sugars and sweeteners? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:713-741. [PMID: 32212974 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1743966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are major health problems affecting hundreds of millions of people. Caloric overfeeding with calorie-dense food ingredients like sugars may contribute to these chronic diseases. Sugar research has also identified mechanisms via which conventional sugars like sucrose and fructose can adversely influence metabolic health. To replace these sugars, numerous sugar replacers including artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols have been developed. Rare sugars became new candidates to replace conventional sugars and their health effects are already reported in individual studies, but overviews and critical appraisals of their health effects are missing. This is the first paper to provide a detailed review of the metabolic health effects of rare sugars as a group. Especially allulose has a wide range of health effects. Tagatose and isomaltulose have several health effects as well, while other rare sugars mainly provide health benefits in mechanistic studies. Hardly any health claims have been approved for rare sugars due to a lack of evidence from human trials. Human trials with direct measures for disease risk factors are needed to allow a final appraisal of promising rare sugars. Mechanistic cell culture studies and animal models are required to enlarge our knowledge on understudied rare sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar D E Van Laar
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Kakleas K, Christodouli F, Karavanaki K. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and sweeteners: a literature review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:83-93. [PMID: 32212870 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1740588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Sweeteners are substances used to replace sugar. They can either be chemically produced (artificial sweeteners) or extracted from plants (natural sweeteners). In the last two decades, there is an increased popularity in their role as sugar substitutes in individuals to promote weight loss or maintain glycemic control. However, despite their favorable effects, there is concern regarding their side effects and especially their influence in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Areas covered: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on Medline including systematic reviews, longitudinal controlled studies, and retrospective cohort studies. We present an up-to-date systematic review of the current literature regarding the safety in artificial and natural sweeteners use as a means of weight loss or diabetes control.Expert opinion: Natural sweeteners have not been associated directly with NAFLD, and on the contrary, some, such as stevia, and trehalose, may have a protective effect. Rare sugars and polyols can be used safely and have significant benefits that include anti-oxidant effect and optimal glycemic control. Artificial sweeteners, due to their effect on NAFLD development and insulin resistance, are not indicated in patients with obesity or diabetes. Further studies in human subjects are required to verify the above findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kakleas
- Pediatric Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Foteini Christodouli
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Karavanaki
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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12
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A one-pot two-enzyme system on the production of high value-added D-allulose from Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Fu G, Zhang S, Dong H, Chen J, Tu R, Zhang D. Enhanced production of
d
‐psicose 3‐epimerase in
Bacillus subtilis
by regulation of segmented fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:812-818. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Shibin Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Huina Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Tu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
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14
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ÖZGÜR M, UÇAR A. Karbonhidrat ve Yağ Metabolizmasında D-alluloz (D-psikoz). DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.469828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Sustainable bioconversion of food waste into high-value products by immobilized enzymes to meet bio-economy challenges and opportunities - A review. Food Res Int 2019; 123:226-240. [PMID: 31284972 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, food waste has intensified much attention from the local public, national and international organizations as well as a wider household territory due to increasing environmental, social and economic concerns, climate change and scarcity of fossil fuel resources. On one aspect, food-processing waste represents a substantial ecological burden. On the other hand, these waste streams are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, thus hold significant potential for biotransformation into an array of high-value compounds. Indeed, the high sugar, protein, and fat content render food waste streams as attractive feedstocks for enzymatic valorization given the plentiful volumes generated annually. Enzymes as industrial biocatalysts offer unique advantages over traditional chemical processes with regard to eco-sustainability, and process efficiency. Herein, an effort has been made to delineate immobilized enzyme-driven valorization of food waste streams into marketable products such as biofuels, bioactive compounds, biodegradable plastics, prebiotics, sweeteners, rare sugars, surfactants, etc. Current challenges and prospects are also highlighted with respect to the development of industrially adaptable biocatalytic systems to achieve the ultimate objectives of sustainable manufacturing combined with minimum waste generation. Applications-based strategies to enzyme immobilization are imperative to design cost-efficient and sustainable industrially applicable biocatalysts. With a deeper apprehension of support material influences, and analyzing the extreme environment, enzymes might have significant potential in improving the overall sustainability of food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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16
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Kishida K, Martinez G, Iida T, Yamada T, Ferraris RP, Toyoda Y. d-Allulose is a substrate of glucose transporter type 5 (GLUT5) in the small intestine. Food Chem 2018; 277:604-608. [PMID: 30502192 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
d-Allulose has been reported to have beneficial health effects. However, the transport system(s) mediating intestinal d-allulose transport has not yet been clearly identified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether intestinal d-allulose transport is mediated by glucose transporter type 5 (GLUT5). When d-allulose alone was gavaged, plasma d-allulose levels were dramatically higher in rats previously fed fructose. This suggests enhanced intestinal d-allulose absorption paralleled increases in GLUT5 expression observed only in fructose-fed rats. When d-allulose was gavaged with d-fructose, previously observed increases in plasma d-allulose levels were dampened and delayed, indicating d-fructose inhibited transepithelial d-allulose transport into plasma. Tracer D-[14C]-fructose uptake rate was reduced to 54.8% in 50 mM d-allulose and to 16.4% in 50 mM d-fructose, suggesting d-allulose competed with D-[14C]-fructose and the affinity of d-allulose for GLUT5 was lower than that of d-fructose. GLUT5 clearly mediates, likely at lower affinity relative to d-fructose, intestinal d-allulose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Kishida
- Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
| | - Gustavo Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1749, USA.
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited, 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan.
| | - Takako Yamada
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited, 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan.
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1749, USA.
| | - Yukiyasu Toyoda
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan.
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Converting Galactose into the Rare Sugar Talose with Cellobiose 2-Epimerase as Biocatalyst. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102519. [PMID: 30275414 PMCID: PMC6222537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase from Rhodothermus marinus (RmCE) reversibly converts a glucose residue to a mannose residue at the reducing end of β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides. In this study, the monosaccharide specificity of RmCE has been mapped and the synthesis of d-talose from d-galactose was discovered, a reaction not yet known to occur in nature. Moreover, the conversion is industrially relevant, as talose and its derivatives have been reported to possess important antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. As the enzyme also catalyzes the keto-aldo isomerization of galactose to tagatose as a minor side reaction, the purity of talose was found to decrease over time. After process optimization, 23 g/L of talose could be obtained with a product purity of 86% and a yield of 8.5% (starting from 4 g (24 mmol) of galactose). However, higher purities and concentrations can be reached by decreasing and increasing the reaction time, respectively. In addition, two engineering attempts have also been performed. First, a mutant library of RmCE was created to try and increase the activity on monosaccharide substrates. Next, two residues from RmCE were introduced in the cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CsCE) (S99M/Q371F), increasing the kcat twofold.
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18
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Han Q, Eiteman MA. Enhancement of NAD(H) pool for formation of oxidized biochemicals in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:939-950. [PMID: 30159648 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The NAD+/NADH ratio and the total NAD(H) play important roles for whole-cell biochemical redox transformations. After the carbon source is exhausted, the degradation of NAD(H) could contribute to a decline in the rate of a desired conversion. In this study, methods to slow the native rate of NAD(H) degradation were examined using whole-cell Escherichia coli with two model oxidative NAD+-dependent biotransformations. A high phosphate concentration (50 mM) was observed to slow NAD(H) degradation. We also constructed E. coli strains with deletions in genes coding several enzymes involved in NAD+ degradation. In shake-flask experiments, the total NAD(H) concentration positively correlated with conversion of xylitol to L-xylulose by xylitol 4-dehydrogenase, and the greatest conversion (80%) was observed using MG1655 nadR nudC mazG/pZE12-xdh/pCS27-nox. Controlled 1-L batch processes comparing E. coli nadR nudC mazG with a wild-type background strain demonstrated a 30% increase in final L-xylulose concentration (5.6 vs. 7.9 g/L) and a 25% increase in conversion (0.53 vs. 0.66 g/g). MG1655 nadR nudC mazG was also examined for the conversion of galactitol to L-tagatose by galactitol 2-dehydrogenase. A batch process using 15 g/L glycerol and 10 g/L galactitol generated over 9.4 g/L L-tagatose, corresponding to 90% conversion and a yield of 0.95 g L-tagatose/g galactitol consumed. The results demonstrate the value of minimizing NAD(H) degradation as a means to improve NAD+-dependent biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- School of Chemical Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mark A Eiteman
- School of Chemical Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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19
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The Ability of Different Ketohexoses to Alter Apo-A-I Structure and Function In Vitro and to Induce Hepatosteatosis, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Plasma Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3124364. [PMID: 29951163 PMCID: PMC5987316 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3124364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we have tested the nonenzymatic glycation activities of ketohexoses, such as tagatose and psicose. Although tagatose-treated apoA-I (t-A-I) and psicose-treated apoA-I (p-A-I) exerted more inhibitory activity you cupric ion-mediated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) phagocytosis into macrophage than fructose-treated apoA-I (f-A-I). In the lipid-free state, t-A-I and f-A-I showed more multimerized band without crosslinking. Since t-A-I lost its phospholipid binding ability, the rHDL formation was not as successful as f-A-I. However, injecting t-A-I showed more antioxidant activities in zebrafish embryo under the presence of oxLDL. Three weeks of consumption of fructose (50% of wt in Tetrabit/4% cholesterol) showed a 14% elevation of serum triacylglycerol (TG), while tagatose-administered group showed 30% reduction in serum TG compared to high cholesterol control. Fructose-fed group showed the biggest area of Oil Red O staining with the intensity as strong as the HCD control. However, tagatose-consumed group showed much lesser Oil Red O-stained area with the reduction of lipid accumulation. In conclusion, although tagatose treatment caused modification of apoA-I, the functional loss was not as much severe as the fructose treatment in macrophage cell model, zebrafish embryo, and hypercholesterolemic zebrafish model.
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20
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Nagata Y, Mizuta N, Kanasaki A, Tanaka K. Rare sugars, d-allulose, d-tagatose and d-sorbose, differently modulate lipid metabolism in rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2020-2026. [PMID: 28940418 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare sugars including d-allulose, d-tagatose, and d-sorbose are present in limited quantities in nature; some of these rare sugars are now commercially produced using microbial enzymes. Apart from the anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycaemic activities of d-allulose, effects of these sugars on lipid metabolism have not been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to determine if and how d-tagatose and d-sorbose modulate lipid metabolism in rats. After feeding these rare sugars to rats, parameters on lipid metabolism were determined. RESULTS No diet-related effects were observed on body weight and food intake. Hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity was lowered by d-allulose and d-sorbose but increased by d-tagatose. Faecal fatty acid excretion was non-significantly decreased by d-allulose, but significantly increased by d-sorbose without affecting faecal steroid excretion. A trend toward reduced adipose tissue weight was observed in groups fed rare sugars. Serum adiponectin levels were decreased by d-sorbose relative to the control. Gene expression of cholesterol metabolism-related liver proteins tended to be down-regulated by d-allulose and d-sorbose but not by d-tagatose. In the small intestine, SR-B1 mRNA expression was suppressed by d-sorbose. CONCLUSION Lipid metabolism in rats varies with rare sugars. Application of rare sugars to functional foods for healthy body weight maintenance requires further studies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nagata
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, Nagasaki, Japan
- Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Narumi Mizuta
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akane Kanasaki
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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Glycation of whey proteins: Technological and nutritional implications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:83-92. [PMID: 29366894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Whey proteins are globular proteins that have received much attention due to their high nutritional value and characteristic functional properties. In addition to being part of the protein system in milk, they constitute the main proteins in whey and whey protein products. Interaction of whey proteins with reducing sugars and carbohydrates via Maillard reaction have been extensively studied in milk and in model systems. Glycation of individual whey proteins results in variable increases in their solubility, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and emulsion and foam stabilization. Limited glycation of whey protein products particularly whey protein isolates (WPI) using polysaccharides has been studied with the aim to produce conjugates with modified functional properties and acceptable sensory properties. An overview is presented here on the effect of glycation on individual whey proteins and whey protein products and the potential uses of the glycated whey proteins.
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22
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Iwasaki Y, Sendo M, Dezaki K, Hira T, Sato T, Nakata M, Goswami C, Aoki R, Arai T, Kumari P, Hayakawa M, Masuda C, Okada T, Hara H, Drucker DJ, Yamada Y, Tokuda M, Yada T. GLP-1 release and vagal afferent activation mediate the beneficial metabolic and chronotherapeutic effects of D-allulose. Nat Commun 2018; 9:113. [PMID: 29317623 PMCID: PMC5760716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overeating and arrhythmic feeding promote obesity and diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are effective anti-obesity drugs but their use is limited by side effects. Here we show that oral administration of the non-calorie sweetener, rare sugar d-allulose (d-psicose), induces GLP-1 release, activates vagal afferent signaling, reduces food intake and promotes glucose tolerance in healthy and obese-diabetic animal models. Subchronic d-allulose administered at the light period (LP) onset ameliorates LP-specific hyperphagia, visceral obesity, and glucose intolerance. These effects are blunted by vagotomy or pharmacological GLP-1R blockade, and by genetic inactivation of GLP-1R signaling in whole body or selectively in vagal afferents. Our results identify d-allulose as prominent GLP-1 releaser that acts via vagal afferents to restrict feeding and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, when administered in a time-specific manner, chronic d-allulose corrects arrhythmic overeating, obesity and diabetes, suggesting that chronotherapeutic modulation of vagal afferent GLP-1R signaling may aid in treating metabolic disorders. The sweetener D-allulose has beneficial metabolic effects in animal models, but its mechanism of action was unclear. Here the authors report that D-allulose triggers GLP-1 release in the gut and GLP-1R signaling on vagal afferents, counteracting arrhythmic overeating, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Iwasaki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Mio Sendo
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Katsuya Dezaki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Chayon Goswami
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ryohei Aoki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arai
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Parmila Kumari
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaki Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chiaki Masuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004 Mailbox 39, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. .,Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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Immobilization on graphene oxide improves the thermal stability and bioconversion efficiency of D-psicose 3-epimerase for rare sugar production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 107:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Nishii N, Takashima S, Kobatake Y, Tokuda M, Kitagawa H. The long-term safety of D-allulose administration in healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1780-1784. [PMID: 28924091 PMCID: PMC5709552 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and biological effects of a long-term dose of D-allulose were evaluated in healthy dogs. For 12 weeks, the dogs were administered D-allulose (0.2 g/kg) or placebo daily. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations in the D-allulose group were significantly lower than those in the control group at and after week 2 (P<0.05). D-Allulose administration did not cause clinical signs or changes in hematological and biochemical levels, except for lipids. D-Allulose administration also did not influence body weight. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the glucose tolerance test, performed one day after the termination of D-allulose administration, were not different between groups, suggesting no cumulative effects of D-allulose on glucose metabolism in healthy dogs. In conclusion, long-term administration of D-allulose caused no harmful effects in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Nishii
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Shintani T, Yamada T, Hayashi N, Iida T, Nagata Y, Ozaki N, Toyoda Y. Rare Sugar Syrup Containing d-Allulose but Not High-Fructose Corn Syrup Maintains Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity Partly via Hepatic Glucokinase Translocation in Wistar Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2888-2894. [PMID: 28209058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is associated with the risk of both diabetes and obesity. Rare sugar syrup (RSS) has been developed by alkaline isomerization of HFCS and has anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. However, the influence of RSS on glucose metabolism has not been explored. We investigated whether long-term administration of RSS maintains glucose tolerance and whether the underlying mechanism involves hepatic glucokinase translocation. Wistar rats were administered water, RSS, or HFCS in drinking water for 10 weeks and then evaluated for glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, liver glycogen content, and subcellular distribution of liver glucokinase. RSS significantly suppressed body weight gain and abdominal fat mass (p < 0.05). The glucose tolerance test revealed significantly higher blood glucose levels in the HFCS group compared to the water group, whereas the RSS group had significantly lower blood glucose levels from 90 to 180 min (p < 0.05). At 30, 60, and 90 min, the levels of insulin in the RSS group were significantly lower than those in the water group (p < 0.05). The amount of hepatic glycogen was more than 3 times higher in the RSS group than that in the other groups. After glucose loading, the nuclear export of glucokinase was significantly increased in the RSS group compared to the water group. These results imply that RSS maintains glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, at least partly, by enhancing nuclear export of hepatic glucokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Shintani
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited , 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan
| | - Takako Yamada
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited , 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan
| | - Noriko Hayashi
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited , 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited , 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagata
- Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-9521, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ozaki
- Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital , 3-35 Michishita, Nakamuraku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 453-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Toyoda
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University , 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi468-8503, Japan
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26
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Fredslund F, Otten H, Gemperlein S, Poulsen JCN, Carius Y, Kohring GW, Lo Leggio L. Structural characterization of the thermostable Bradyrhizobium japonicumD-sorbitol dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:846-852. [PMID: 27827356 PMCID: PMC5101586 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16016927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum sorbitol dehydrogenase is NADH-dependent and is active at elevated temperatures. The best substrate is D-glucitol (a synonym for D-sorbitol), although L-glucitol is also accepted, giving it particular potential in industrial applications. Crystallization led to a hexagonal crystal form, with crystals diffracting to 2.9 Å resolution. In attempts to phase the data, a molecular-replacement solution based upon PDB entry 4nbu (33% identical in sequence to the target) was found. The solution contained one molecule in the asymmetric unit, but a tetramer similar to that found in other short-chain dehydrogenases, including the search model, could be reconstructed by applying crystallographic symmetry operations. The active site contains electron density consistent with D-glucitol and phosphate, but there was not clear evidence for the binding of NADH. In a search for the features that determine the thermostability of the enzyme, the Tm for the orthologue from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, for which the structure was already known, was also determined, and this enzyme proved to be considerably less thermostable. A continuous β-sheet is formed between two monomers in the tetramer of the B. japonicum enzyme, a feature not generally shared by short-chain dehydrogenases, and which may contribute to thermostability, as may an increased Pro/Gly ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folmer Fredslund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harm Otten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Gemperlein
- Microbiology, Saarland University, Campus Building A1.5, Saarbrücken, D-66123 Saarland, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian N. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology, ZHMB, Saarland University, Building 60, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gert-Wieland Kohring
- Microbiology, Saarland University, Campus Building A1.5, Saarbrücken, D-66123 Saarland, Germany
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bermúdez C, Peña I, Mata S, Alonso JL. Sweet Structural Signatures Unveiled in Ketohexoses. Chemistry 2016; 22:16829-16837. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celina Bermúdez
- Grupo de Espectroscopía Molecular (GEM); Edificio Quifima; Laboratorios de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia; Unidad Asociada CSIC; Parque Científico Uva; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 5 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Isabel Peña
- Grupo de Espectroscopía Molecular (GEM); Edificio Quifima; Laboratorios de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia; Unidad Asociada CSIC; Parque Científico Uva; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 5 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Santiago Mata
- Grupo de Espectroscopía Molecular (GEM); Edificio Quifima; Laboratorios de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia; Unidad Asociada CSIC; Parque Científico Uva; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 5 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José L. Alonso
- Grupo de Espectroscopía Molecular (GEM); Edificio Quifima; Laboratorios de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia; Unidad Asociada CSIC; Parque Científico Uva; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 5 47011 Valladolid Spain
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28
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van Putten RJ, van der Waal JC, Harmse M, van de Bovenkamp HH, de Jong E, Heeres HJ. A Comparative Study on the Reactivity of Various Ketohexoses to Furanics in Methanol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1827-1834. [PMID: 27312687 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The acid-catalysed dehydration of the four 2-ketohexoses (fructose, sorbose, tagatose and psicose) to furanics was studied in methanol (65 g L(-1) substrate concentration, 17 and 34 mm sulfuric acid, 100 °C) with Avantium high-throughput technology. Significant differences in the reactivities of the hexoses and yields of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its methyl ether (MMF) were observed. Psicose and tagatose were the most reactive, and psicose also afforded the highest combined yield of MMF and HMF of approximately 55 % at 96 % sugar conversion. Hydroxyacetylfuran and its corresponding methyl ether were formed as byproducts, particularly for sorbose and tagatose, with a maximum combined yield of 8 % for sorbose. The formation of hydroxyacetylfuran was studied through (13) C NMR spectroscopy with labelled sorbose, which provided new insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan C van der Waal
- Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Harmse
- Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk H van de Bovenkamp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ed de Jong
- Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hero J Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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He W, Mu W, Jiang B, Yan X, Zhang T. Construction of a Food Grade Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Based on Replicative Plasmids with an Auxotrophic Marker for Biotransformation of d-Fructose to d-Allulose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3243-3250. [PMID: 27056339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A food grade recombinant Bacillus subtilis that produces d-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase; EC 5.1.3.30) was constructed by transforming a replicative multicopy plasmid with a d-alanine racemase gene marker into B. subtilis 1A751 with the d-alanine racemase gene knocked out. The DPEase was expressed in B. subtilis without antibiotic resistance genes and without adding antibiotics during fermentation. Whole cells of the food grade recombinant B. subtilis were used to biotransform d-fructose to d-allulose. The two tandem promoters, including the HpaII and P43 promoters, increased expression levels compared to the use of one promoter, HpaII. For large-scale d-allulose production, the optimal enzyme dose was 40 enzyme activity units of dry cells per gram of d-fructose, which produced a 28.5% turnover yield in 60 min. The recombinant plasmid exhibited stability over 100 generations. This food grade recombinant B. subtilis may be used for large-scale d-allulose production in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University , 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
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30
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Hossain A, Yamaguchi F, Matsuo T, Tsukamoto I, Toyoda Y, Ogawa M, Nagata Y, Tokuda M. Rare sugar D-allulose: Potential role and therapeutic monitoring in maintaining obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:49-59. [PMID: 26297965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are the leading worldwide risk factors for mortality. The inextricably interlinked pathological progression from excessive weight gain, obesity, and hyperglycemia to T2DM, usually commencing from obesity, typically originates from overconsumption of sugar and high-fat diets. Although most patients require medications, T2DM is manageable or even preventable with consumption of low-calorie diet and maintaining body weight. Medicines like insulin, metformin, and thiazolidinediones that improve glycemic control; however, these are associated with weight gain, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. These situations warrant the attentive consideration of the role of balanced foods. Recently, we have discovered advantages of a rare sugar, D-allulose, a zero-calorie functional sweetener having strong anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Study revealed that after oral administration in rats D-allulose readily entered the blood stream and was eliminated into urine within 24h. Cell culture study showed that D-allulose enters into and leaves the intestinal enterocytes via glucose transporters GLUT5 and GLUT2, respectively. In addition to D-allulose's short-term effects, the characterization of long-term effects has been focused on preventing commencement and progression of T2DM in diabetic rats. Human trials showed that D-allulose attenuates postprandial glucose levels in healthy subjects and in borderline diabetic subjects. The anti-hyperlipidemic effect of D-allulose, combined with its anti-inflammatory actions on adipocytes, is beneficial for the prevention of both obesity and atherosclerosis and is accompanied by improvements in insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, this review presents brief discussions focusing on physiological functions and potential benefits of D-allulose on obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hossain
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Matsuo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacobioinformatics, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa-gun 76100795, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagata
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 859-2195, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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31
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Itoh K, Mizuno S, Hama S, Oshima W, Kawamata M, Hossain A, Ishihara Y, Tokuda M. Beneficial Effects of Supplementation of the Rare Sugar "D-allulose" Against Hepatic Steatosis and Severe Obesity in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) Mice. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H1619-26. [PMID: 26012374 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A rare sugar, D-allulose (also called D-psicose), has recently been applied as a food supplement in view of controlling diabetes and obesity in Japan. D-allulose has been proven to have unique effects against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in a number of studies using several species of rats and mice. However, the antiobesity effects of D-allulose have not yet been assessed in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) (ob/ob) mice. Therefore, this study explored the dietary supplemental effects of this sugar in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Consequently, the subchronic ingestion of D-allulose in ob/ob mice for 15 wk significantly decreased the body and liver weights, and the loss of body weight was involved in the reduction of the total fat mass, including abdominal visceral fat, and not fat-free body mass, including muscle. Furthermore, D-allulose improved hepatic steatosis, as evaluated using hepatic histological studies and MRI. In the normal mice, none of these parameters were influenced by the single or long-term ingestion of D-allulose. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of D-allulose especially influences postprandial hyperglycemia and obesity-related hepatic steatosis, without exercise therapy or dietary restriction. Therefore, D-allulose may be useful as a supplement for preventing and improving obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Itoh
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri Univ, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Shodo Mizuno
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri Univ, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan.,Dept. of Pharmacy, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Kagawa, 765-8507, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hama
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri Univ, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan.,Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Second Tokushima Factory, Bulk Pharmaceutical Chemicals Dept, Second Tokushima Factory, Production Headquarters, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Wataru Oshima
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri Univ, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Miku Kawamata
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri Univ, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Akram Hossain
- Dept. of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Univ, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.,Research Laboratory, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Dept. of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Univ, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.,Rare Sugar Research Center, Kagawa Univ, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
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32
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Nagata Y, Kanasaki A, Tamaru S, Tanaka K. D-psicose, an epimer of D-fructose, favorably alters lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3168-3176. [PMID: 25754616 DOI: 10.1021/jf502535p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
D-Psicose, a C3 epimer of D-fructose, is known to lower body weight and adipose tissue weight and affect lipid metabolism. The precise mechanism remains unknown. It has been reported that D-psicose has a short half-life and is not metabolized in the body. To determine how D-psicose modifies lipid metabolism, rats were fed diets with or without 3% D-psicose for 4 weeks. Rats were decapitated without fasting every 6 h over a period of 24 h. Changes in serum and liver lipid levels, liver enzyme activity, and gene expression were quantified in experiment 1. Rats fed D-psicose had significantly lower serum insulin and leptin levels. Liver enzyme activities involved in lipogenesis were significantly lowered by the D-psicose diet, whereas gene expression of a transcriptional modulator of fatty acid oxidation was enhanced. In experiment 2, feeding the D-psicose diet gave significantly lower body weight (389 ± 3 vs 426 ± 6 g, p < 0.05) and food intake (23.8 ± 0.2 vs 25.7 ± 0.4 g/day, p < 0.05) compared to the control diet. Rats fed the D-psicose diet gave significantly higher energy expenditure in the light period and fat oxidation in the dark period compared to rats fed the control diet, whereas carbohydrate oxidation was lower. In summary, these results indicate that the D-psicose diet decreases lipogenesis, increases fatty acid oxidation, and enhances 24 h energy expenditure, leading to d-psicose's potential for weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nagata
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
- §Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Akane Kanasaki
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Shizuka Tamaru
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanaka
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
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Hossain A, Yamaguchi F, Hirose K, Matsunaga T, Sui L, Hirata Y, Noguchi C, Katagi A, Kamitori K, Dong Y, Tsukamoto I, Tokuda M. Rare sugar D-psicose prevents progression and development of diabetes in T2DM model Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:525-35. [PMID: 25632221 PMCID: PMC4304484 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s71289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fundamental cause of overweight and obesity is consumption of calorie-dense foods. We have introduced a zero-calorie sweet sugar, d-psicose (d-allulose), a rare sugar that has been proven to have strong antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects, and could be used as a replacement of natural sugar for the obese and diabetic subjects. AIM Above mentioned efficacy of d-psicose (d-allulose) has been confirmed in our previous studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats with short-term treatment. In this study we investigated the long-term effect of d-psicose in preventing the commencement and progression of T2DM with the mechanism of preservation of pancreatic β-cells in OLETF rats. METHODS Treated OLETF rats were fed 5% d-psicose dissolved in water and control rats only water. Nondiabetic control rats, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO), were taken as healthy control and fed water. To follow the progression of diabetes, periodic measurements of blood glucose, plasma insulin, and body weight changes were continued till sacrifice at 60 weeks. Periodic in vivo body fat mass was measured. On sacrifice, pancreas, liver, and abdominal adipose tissues were collected for various staining tests. RESULTS d-Psicose prevented the commencement and progression of T2DM till 60 weeks through the maintenance of blood glucose levels, decrease in body weight gain, and the control of postprandial hyperglycemia, with decreased levels of HbA1c in comparison to nontreated control rats. This improvement in glycemic control was accompanied by the maintenance of plasma insulin levels and the preservation of pancreatic β-cells with the significant reduction in inflammatory markers. Body fat accumulation was significantly lower in the treatment group, with decreased infiltration of macrophages in the abdominal adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the rare sugar d-psicose could be beneficial for the prevention and control of obesity and hyperglycemia with the preservation of β-cells in the progression of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hossain
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kitaitami, Itami-Shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kayoko Hirose
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Matsunaga
- Division of Hospital Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Li Sui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Chisato Noguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Katagi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kamitori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Youyi Dong
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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Tsukamoto I, Hossain A, Yamaguchi F, Hirata Y, Dong Y, Kamitori K, Sui L, Nonaka M, Ueno M, Nishimoto K, Suda H, Morimoto K, Shimonishi T, Saito M, Song T, Konishi R, Tokuda M. Intestinal absorption, organ distribution, and urinary excretion of the rare sugar D-psicose. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1955-64. [PMID: 25378908 PMCID: PMC4207542 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s60247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate intestinal absorption, organ distribution, and urinary elimination of the rare sugar D-psicose, a 3-carbon stereoisomer of D-fructose that is currently being investigated and which has been found to be strongly effective against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Methods This study was performed using radioactive D-psicose, which was synthesized enzymatically from radioactive D-allose. Concentrations in whole blood, urine, and organs were measured at different time points until 2 hours after both oral and intravenous administrations and 7 days after a single oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) to Wistar rats. Autoradiography was also performed by injecting 100 mg/kg body weight of 14C-labeled D-psicose or glucose intravenously to C3H mice. Results Following oral administration, D-psicose easily moved to blood. The maximum blood concentration (48.5±15.6 μg/g) was observed at 1 hour. Excretion to urine was 20% within 1 hour and 33% within 2 hours. Accumulation to organs was detected only in the liver. Following intravenous administration, blood concentration was decreased with the half-life=57 minutes, and the excretion to urine was up to almost 50% within 1 hour. Similarly to the results obtained with oral administration, accumulation to organs was detected only in the liver. Seven days after the single-dose oral administration, the remaining amounts in the whole body were less than 1%. Autoradiography of mice showed results similar to those in rats. High signals of 14C-labeled D-psicose were observed in liver, kidney, and bladder. Interestingly, no accumulation of D-psicose was observed in the brain. Conclusion D-psicose was absorbed well after oral administration and eliminated rapidly after both oral and intravenous administrations, with short duration of action. The study provides valuable pharmacokinetic data for further drug development of D-psicose. Because the findings were mainly based on animal study, it is necessary to implement human trials to study the metabolism pathway, which would give an important guide for human intake and food application of D-psicose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akram Hossain
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan ; Matsutani Chemical Industry Co, Ltd, Itami, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Youyi Dong
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kamitori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Li Sui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Machiko Nonaka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Inflammation Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nishimoto
- Division of Radioisotope Research, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Suda
- Division of Radioisotope Research, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Rare Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Madoka Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tao Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ryoji Konishi
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Co-expression of d-glucose isomerase and d-psicose 3-epimerase: Development of an efficient one-step production of d-psicose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 64-65:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Tseng CW, Liao CY, Sun Y, Peng CC, Tzen JTC, Guo RT, Liu JR. Immobilization of Clostridium cellulolyticum D-psicose 3-epimerase on artificial oil bodies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6771-6776. [PMID: 24980476 DOI: 10.1021/jf502022w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The rare sugar D-psicose possesses several fundamental biological functions. D-Psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum (CC-DPEase) has considerable potential for use in D-psicose production. In this study, CC-DPEase was fused to the N terminus of oleosin, a unique structural protein of seed oil bodies and was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a CC-DPEase-oleosin fusion protein. After reconstitution into artificial oil bodies (AOBs), refolding, purification, and immobilization of the active CC-DPEase were simultaneously accomplished. Immobilization of CC-DPEase on AOB increased the optimal temperature but decreased the optimal pH of the enzyme activity. Furthermore, the AOB-immobilized CC-DPEase had a thermal stability and a bioconversion rate similar to those of the free-form enzyme and retained >50% of its initial activity after five cycles of enzyme use. Thus, AOB-immobilized CC-DPEase has potential application in the production of d-psicose at a lower cost than the free-form enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Inhibition by DietaryD-Psicose of Body Fat Accumulation in Adult Rats Fed a High-Sucrose Diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1123-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Ochiai M, Onishi K, Yamada T, Iida T, Matsuo T. D-psicose increases energy expenditure and decreases body fat accumulation in rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:245-50. [PMID: 24144428 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.845653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-obesity effects of D-psicose by increasing energy expenditure in rats pair-fed the high-sucrose diet (HSD). Wistar rats were divided into two dietary groups: HSD containing 5% cellulose (C) and 5% d-psicose (P). The C dietary group was further subdivided into two groups: rats fed the C diet ad libitum (C-AD) and pair-fed the C diet along with those in the P group (C-PF). Resting energy expenditure during darkness and lipoprotein lipase activity in the soleus muscle were significantly higher in the P group than in the C-PF group. Serum levels of glucose, leptin and adiponectin; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the liver and perirenal adipose tissue; and body fat accumulation were all significantly lower in the P group than in the C-PF group. The anti-obesity effects of D-psicose could be induced not only by suppressing lipogenic enzyme activity but also by increasing EE in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ochiai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University , 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita , Kagawa , Japan and
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40
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An l-glucitol oxidizing dehydrogenase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 for production of d-sorbose with enzymatic or electrochemical cofactor regeneration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3023-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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41
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Zeng Y, Zhang H, Guan Y, Zhang L, Sun Y. Comparative study on the effects of d-psicose and d-fructose in the Maillard reaction with β-lactoglobulin. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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42
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Payne AN, Chassard C, Lacroix C. Gut microbial adaptation to dietary consumption of fructose, artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols: implications for host-microbe interactions contributing to obesity. Obes Rev 2012; 13:799-809. [PMID: 22686435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Western diet, comprised of highly refined carbohydrates and fat but reduced complex plant polysaccharides, has been attributed to the prevalence of obesity. A concomitant rise in the consumption of fructose and sugar substitutes such as sugar alcohols, artificial sweeteners, even rare sugars, has mirrored this trend, as both probable contributor and solution to the epidemic. Acknowledgement of the gut microbiota as a factor involved in obesity has sparked much controversy as to the cause and consequence of this relationship. Dietary intakes are a known modulator of gut microbial phylogeny and metabolic activity, frequently exploited to stimulate beneficial bacteria, promoting health benefits. Comparably little research exists on the impact of 'unconscious' dietary modulation on the resident commensal community mediated by increased fructose and sugar substitute consumption. This review highlights mechanisms of potential host and gut microbial fructose and sugar substitute metabolism. Evidence is presented suggesting these sugar compounds, particularly fructose, condition the microbiota, resulting in acquisition of a westernized microbiome with altered metabolic capacity. Disturbances in host-microbe interactions resulting from fructose consumption are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Payne
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hossain A, Yamaguchi F, Matsunaga T, Hirata Y, Kamitori K, Dong Y, Sui L, Tsukamoto I, Ueno M, Tokuda M. Rare sugar D-psicose protects pancreas β-islets and thus improves insulin resistance in OLETF rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:717-23. [PMID: 22877751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rare sugar D-psicose has cropped up as a non-toxic and effective compound to protect and preserve pancreatic β-islets in the growing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats through the regulation of glucose and fat metabolism. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of rare sugar D-psicose on the protection of pancreatic β-islets using Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a T2DM model. Treated rats were fed with 5% D-psicose or 5% D-glucose supplemented drinking water, and only water in the control for 13 weeks. A non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO), fed with water served as a counter control of OLETF. D-Psicose significantly attenuated progressive β-islet fibrosis and preserved islets, evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining and immunostainings of insulin and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). D-Psicose significantly reduced increase in body weight and abdominal fat deposition. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed reduced blood glucose levels suggesting the improvement of insulin resistance. All these data suggests that D-psicose protected and preserved pancreatic β-islets through the maintenance of hyperglycemia and by the prevention of fat accumulation in OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hossain
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Overexpression of D-psicose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp. in Escherichia coli and its potential application in D-psicose production. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1901-6. [PMID: 22760176 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPE) gene from Ruminococcus sp. was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified and characterized. It was optimally active at pH 7.5-8.0 and 60 °C. Activity was not dependent on the presence of metal ions; however, it became more thermostable with added Mn(2+). The K (m) of the enzyme for D-psicose (48 mM) was lower than that for D-tagatose (230 mM), suggesting that D-psicose is the optimum substrate. More importantly, the thermostability of the novel DPE from Ruminococcus is the strongest among all of the D-psicose and D-tagatose 3-epimerases and may be suitable for the industrial production of D-psicose from fructose.
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45
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Beerens K, Desmet T, Soetaert W. Enzymes for the biocatalytic production of rare sugars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:823-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carbohydrates are much more than just a source of energy as they also mediate a variety of recognition processes that are central to human health. As such, saccharides can be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries to stimulate our immune system (e.g., prebiotics), to control diabetes (e.g., low-calorie sweeteners), or as building blocks for anticancer and antiviral drugs (e.g., l-nucleosides). Unfortunately, only a small number of all possible monosaccharides are found in nature in sufficient amounts to allow their commercial exploitation. Consequently, so-called rare sugars have to be produced by (bio)chemical processes starting from cheap and widely available substrates. Three enzyme classes that can be used for rare sugar production are keto–aldol isomerases, epimerases, and oxidoreductases. In this review, the recent developments in rare sugar production with these biocatalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Beerens
- grid.5342.0 0000000120697798 Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- grid.5342.0 0000000120697798 Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- grid.5342.0 0000000120697798 Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
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Wei H, Pasman W, Rubingh C, Wopereis S, Tienstra M, Schroen J, Wang M, Verheij E, van der Greef J. Urine metabolomics combined with the personalized diagnosis guided by Chinese medicine reveals subtypes of pre-diabetes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1482-91. [PMID: 22414982 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05445k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continuously increases globally. A personalized strategy applied in the pre-diabetic stage is vital for diabetic prevention and management. The personalized diagnosis of Chinese Medicine (CM) may help to stratify the diabetics. Metabolomics is regarded as a potential platform to provide biomarkers for disease-subtypes. We designed an explorative study of 50 pre-diabetic males, combining GC-MS urine metabolomics with CM diagnosis in order to identify diagnostic biomarkers for pre-diabetic subtypes. Three CM physicians reached 85% diagnosis consistency resulting in the classification of 3 pre-diabetic groups. The urine metabolic patterns of groups 1 'Qi-Yin deficiency' and 2 'Qi-Yin deficiency with dampness' (subtype A) and group 3 'Qi-Yin deficiency with stagnation' (subtype B) were clearly discriminated. The majority of metabolites (51%), mainly sugars and amino acids, showed higher urine levels in subtype B compared with subtype A. This indicated more disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism and renal function in subtype B compared with subtype A. No differences were found for hematological and biochemical parameters except for levels of glucose and γ-glutamyltransferase that were significantly higher in subtype B compared with subtype A. This study proved that combining metabolomics with CM diagnosis can reveal metabolic signatures for pre-diabetic subtypes. The identified urinary metabolites may be of special clinical relevance for non-invasive screening for subtypes of pre-diabetes, which could lead to an improvement in personalized interventions for diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wei
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO and Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Chung MY, Oh DK, Lee KW. Hypoglycemic health benefits of D-psicose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:863-9. [PMID: 22224918 DOI: 10.1021/jf204050w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an emerging health problem worldwide. The incidence of type 2 diabetes has dramatically increased and is expected to increase more rapidly in the future. Most patients with type 2 diabetes suffer from obesity and diabetes-related complications, including cardiovascular disease and hepatic steatosis. It has been proposed that simple sugar consumption is one of the major risk factors in the development of diabetes. Hence, the replacement of sugars with a low glycemic response would be an effective strategy to prevent type 2 diabetes. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that D-psicose, which has 70% the sweetness of sucrose and no calories, is a functional sugar exerting several health benefits preventing the development of diabetes. Although D-psicose presents in small amounts in natural products, a recent new technique using biocatalyst sources enables large-scale D-psicose production. More importantly, several clinical and animal studies demonstrated that D-psicose has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant activities, which make it an ideal candidate for preventing diabetes and related health concerns. This review will summarize the protective effects of D-psicose against type 2 diabetes and its complications, suggesting its potential benefits as a sucrose substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chung
- Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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48
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Zeng Y, Zhang X, Guan Y, Sun Y. Characteristics and antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products from psicose-lysine and fructose-lysine model systems. J Food Sci 2011; 76:C398-403. [PMID: 21535806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-Psicose, an epimer of D-fructose isomerized at C-3 position, is a rare ketohexose that is thought to be beneficial for obese people and diabetic patients as a noncaloric sweetener. In the present study, model Maillard reaction products were obtained from D-psicose (or D-fructose) and L-lysine heating at 120 °C up to 8 h with the initial pH 9.0. The changes in pH, UV-vis absorbance, and free amino groups during the reaction were detected. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of the Maillard reaction products at different intervals was investigated. Although there was almost no difference in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity, the Maillard reaction products from psicose performed better than that from fructose in the radical-scavenging activity of 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and 1, 1,-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl. The reducing power of the Maillard reaction products from psicose was also stronger than that from fructose. These results indicated that psicose played an effective role in the Maillard reaction and its Maillard reaction products could act as potential antioxidants in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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49
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Ueda A, Yamashita T, Uenishi J. Chemical synthesis of β-d-psicofuranosyl disaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1722-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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