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Milles A, Banitz T, Bielcik M, Frank K, Gallagher CA, Jeltsch F, Jepsen JU, Oro D, Radchuk V, Grimm V. Local buffer mechanisms for population persistence. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1051-1059. [PMID: 37558537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Assessing and predicting the persistence of populations is essential for the conservation and control of species. Here, we argue that local mechanisms require a better conceptual synthesis to facilitate a more holistic consideration along with regional mechanisms known from metapopulation theory. We summarise the evidence for local buffer mechanisms along with their capacities and emphasise the need to include multiple buffer mechanisms in studies of population persistence. We propose an accessible framework for local buffer mechanisms that distinguishes between damping (reducing fluctuations in population size) and repelling (reducing population declines) mechanisms. We highlight opportunities for empirical and modelling studies to investigate the interactions and capacities of buffer mechanisms to facilitate better ecological understanding in times of ecological upheaval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Milles
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Am Muhlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Nationalparkamt Hunsrück-Hochwald, Research, Biotope- and Wildlife Management, Brückener Straße 24, 55765 Birkenfeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Banitz
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Milos Bielcik
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Frank
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Osnabrück, Institute for Environmental Systems Research, Barbarastr. 12, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cara A Gallagher
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Am Muhlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Am Muhlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Uhd Jepsen
- Department of Arctic Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens gt.14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniel Oro
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB - CSIC), Acces Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain.
| | - Viktoriia Radchuk
- Ecological Dynamics Department, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Grimm
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Am Muhlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Mollet FM, Enberg K, Boukal DS, Rijnsdorp AD, Dieckmann U. An evolutionary explanation of female-biased sexual size dimorphism in North Sea plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e8070. [PMID: 36733451 PMCID: PMC9885137 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is caused by differences in selection pressures and life-history trade-offs faced by males and females. Proximate causes of SSD may involve sex-specific mortality, energy acquisition, and energy expenditure for maintenance, reproductive tissues, and reproductive behavior. Using a quantitative, individual-based, eco-genetic model parameterized for North Sea plaice, we explore the importance of these mechanisms for female-biased SSD, under which males are smaller and reach sexual maturity earlier than females (common among fish, but also arising in arthropods and mammals). We consider two mechanisms potentially serving as ultimate causes: (a) Male investments in male reproductive behavior might evolve to detract energy resources that would otherwise be available for somatic growth, and (b) diminishing returns on male reproductive investments might evolve to reduce energy acquisition. In general, both of these can bring about smaller male body sizes. We report the following findings. First, higher investments in male reproductive behavior alone cannot explain the North Sea plaice SSD. This is because such higher reproductive investments require increased energy acquisition, which would cause a delay in maturation, leading to male-biased SSD contrary to observations. When accounting for the observed differential (lower) male mortality, maturation is postponed even further, leading to even larger males. Second, diminishing returns on male reproductive investments alone can qualitatively account for the North Sea plaice SSD, even though the quantitative match is imperfect. Third, both mechanisms can be reconciled with, and thus provide a mechanistic basis for, the previously advanced Ghiselin-Reiss hypothesis, according to which smaller males will evolve if their reproductive success is dominated by scramble competition for fertilizing females, as males would consequently invest more in reproduction than growth, potentially implying lower survival rates, and thus relaxing male-male competition. Fourth, a good quantitative fit with the North Sea plaice SSD is achieved by combining both mechanisms while accounting for sex-specific costs males incur during their spawning season. Fifth, evolution caused by fishing is likely to have modified the North Sea plaice SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Mollet
- Evolution and Ecology Program and Advancing Systems Analysis ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
- Wageningen Marine ResearchIJmuidenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Blueyou Consulting Ltd.ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Katja Enberg
- Evolution and Ecology Program and Advancing Systems Analysis ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - David S. Boukal
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Present address:
Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp
- Wageningen Marine ResearchIJmuidenThe Netherlands
- Aquaculture and Fisheries GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program and Advancing Systems Analysis ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
- Complexity Science and Evolution UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST)OnnaJapan
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai)HayamaJapan
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3
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Sun P, Shang Y, Sun R, Tian Y, Heino M. The Effects of Selective Harvest on Japanese Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) Phenotypic Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.844693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) is an important fish species in the China Seas with wide distribution, extensive migration, and high economic value. This species has been yielding high fisheries production despite experiencing continuously high fishing pressure and the conversion from gillnet to trawl harvesting. Meanwhile, changes in life-history traits have been observed, including earlier maturation and smaller size at age. Here, we build an individual-based eco-genetic model parameterized for Japanese Spanish mackerel to investigate the population’s response to different fishing scenarios (fishing by trawl or by gillnet). The model allows evolution of life-history processes including maturation, reproduction and growth. It also incorporates environmental variability, phenotypic plasticity, and density-dependent feedbacks. Our results show that different gear types can result in different responses of life-history traits and altered population dynamics. The population harvested by gillnet shows weaker response to fishing than that by trawl. When fishing ceases, gillnet-harvested population can recover to the pre-harvest level more easily than that harvested by trawl. The different responses of population growth rate and evolution to different fishing gears demonstrated in this study shed light on the sustainable management and utilization of Japanese Spanish mackerel in the over-exploited China Seas.
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Refocusing multiple stressor research around the targets and scales of ecological impacts. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1478-1489. [PMID: 34556829 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecological communities face a variety of environmental and anthropogenic stressors acting simultaneously. Stressor impacts can combine additively or can interact, causing synergistic or antagonistic effects. Our knowledge of when and how interactions arise is limited, as most models and experiments only consider the effect of a small number of non-interacting stressors at one or few scales of ecological organization. This is concerning because it could lead to significant underestimations or overestimations of threats to biodiversity. Furthermore, stressors have been largely classified by their source rather than by the mechanisms and ecological scales at which they act (the target). Here, we argue, first, that a more nuanced classification of stressors by target and ecological scale can generate valuable new insights and hypotheses about stressor interactions. Second, that the predictability of multiple stressor effects, and consistent patterns in their impacts, can be evaluated by examining the distribution of stressor effects across targets and ecological scales. Third, that a variety of existing mechanistic and statistical modelling tools can play an important role in our framework and advance multiple stressor research.
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5
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Hočevar S, Kuparinen A. Marine food web perspective to fisheries-induced evolution. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2378-2391. [PMID: 34745332 PMCID: PMC8549614 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries exploitation can cause genetic changes in heritable traits of targeted stocks. The direction of selective pressure forced by harvest acts typically in reverse to natural selection and selects for explicit life histories, usually for younger and smaller spawners with deprived spawning potential. While the consequences that such selection might have on the population dynamics of a single species are well emphasized, we are just beginning to perceive the variety and severity of its propagating effects within the entire marine food webs and ecosystems. Here, we highlight the potential pathways in which fisheries-induced evolution, driven by size-selective fishing, might resonate through globally connected systems. We look at: (i) how a size truncation may induce shifts in ecological niches of harvested species, (ii) how a changed maturation schedule might affect the spawning potential and biomass flow, (iii) how changes in life histories can initiate trophic cascades, (iv) how the role of apex predators may be shifting and (v) whether fisheries-induced evolution could codrive species to depletion and biodiversity loss. Globally increasing effective fishing effort and the uncertain reversibility of eco-evolutionary change induced by fisheries necessitate further research, discussion and precautionary action considering the impacts of fisheries-induced evolution within marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hočevar
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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6
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Gandra M, Assis J, Martins MR, Abecasis D. Reduced Global Genetic Differentiation of Exploited Marine Fish Species. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1402-1412. [PMID: 33290548 PMCID: PMC8042762 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on genetic structure is key to understand species connectivity patterns and to define the spatiotemporal scales over which conservation management plans should be designed and implemented. The distribution of genetic diversity (within and among populations) greatly influences species ability to cope and adapt to environmental changes, ultimately determining their long-term resilience to ecological disturbances. Yet, the drivers shaping connectivity and structure in marine fish populations remain elusive, as are the effects of fishing activities on genetic subdivision. To investigate these questions, we conducted a meta-analysis and compiled genetic differentiation data (FST/ΦST estimates) for more than 170 fish species from over 200 published studies globally distributed. We modeled the effects of multiple life-history traits, distance metrics, and methodological factors on observed population differentiation indices and specifically tested whether any signal arising from different exposure to fishing exploitation could be detected. Although the myriad of variables shaping genetic structure makes it challenging to isolate the influence of single drivers, results showed a significant correlation between commercial importance and genetic structure, with widespread lower population differentiation in commercially exploited species. Moreover, models indicate that variables commonly used as proxy for connectivity, such as larval pelagic duration, might be insufficient, and suggest that deep-sea species may disperse further. Overall, these results contribute to the growing body of knowledge on marine genetic connectivity and suggest a potential effect of commercial fisheries on the homogenization of genetic diversity, highlighting the need for additional research focused on dispersal ecology to ensure long-term sustainability of exploited marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gandra
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jorge Assis
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - David Abecasis
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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7
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Perälä T, Kuparinen A. Eco-evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing: From single species models to dynamic evolution within complex food webs. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2507-2520. [PMID: 33294005 PMCID: PMC7691468 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of contemporary evolution across ecological time scales stimulated research on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of natural populations. Aquatic systems provide a good setting to study eco-evolutionary dynamics owing to a wealth of long-term monitoring data and the detected trends in fish life-history traits across intensively harvested marine and freshwater systems. In the present study, we focus on modelling approaches to simulate eco-evolutionary dynamics of fishes and their ecosystems. Firstly, we review the development of modelling from single species to multispecies approaches. Secondly, we advance the current state-of-the-art methodology by implementing evolution of life-history traits of a top predator into the context of complex food web dynamics as described by the allometric trophic network (ATN) framework. The functioning of our newly developed eco-evolutionary ATNE framework is illustrated using a well-studied lake food web. Our simulations show how both natural selection arising from feeding interactions and size-selective fishing cause evolutionary changes in the top predator and how those feed back to its prey species and further cascade down to lower trophic levels. Finally, we discuss future directions, particularly the need to integrate genomic discoveries into eco-evolutionary projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Perälä
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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8
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Gabagambi NP, Skorping A, Chacha M, Jonathan Kihedu K, Mennerat A. Life history shifts in an exploited African fish following invasion by a castrating parasite. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13225-13235. [PMID: 33304532 PMCID: PMC7713912 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that infection by a parasite that reduces future host survival or fecundity should select for increased investment in current reproduction. In this study, we use the cestode Ligula intestinalis and its intermediate fish host Engraulicypris sardella in Wissman Bay, Lake Nyasa (Tanzania), as a model system. Using data about infection of E. sardella fish hosts by L. intestinalis collected for a period of 10 years, we explored whether parasite infection affects the fecundity of the fish host E. sardella, and whether host reproductive investment has increased at the expense of somatic growth. We found that L. intestinalis had a strong negative effect on the fecundity of its intermediate fish host. For the noninfected fish, we observed an increase in relative gonadal weight at maturity over the study period, while size at maturity decreased. These findings suggest that the life history of E. sardella has been shifting toward earlier reproduction. Further studies are warranted to assess whether these changes reflect plastic or evolutionary responses. We also discuss the interaction between parasite and fishery-mediated selection as a possible explanation for the decline of E. sardella stock in the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Skorping
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Mwita Chacha
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries TechnologyCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Fisheries TechnologyUniversity of Dar es SalaamDar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | - Adele Mennerat
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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9
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Conservation Genomics in a Changing Arctic. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:149-162. [PMID: 31699414 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although logistically challenging to study, the Arctic is a bellwether for global change and is becoming a model for questions pertinent to the persistence of biodiversity. Disruption of Arctic ecosystems is accelerating, with impacts ranging from mixing of biotic communities to individual behavioral responses. Understanding these changes is crucial for conservation and sustainable economic development. Genomic approaches are providing transformative insights into biotic responses to environmental change, but have seen limited application in the Arctic due to a series of limitations. To meet the promise of genome analyses, we urge rigorous development of biorepositories from high latitudes to provide essential libraries to improve the conservation, monitoring, and management of Arctic ecosystems through genomic approaches.
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10
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Gíslason D, Heino M, Robinson BW, McLaughlin RB, Dunlop ES. Reaction norm analysis reveals rapid shifts toward delayed maturation in harvested Lake Erie yellow perch ( Perca flavescens). Evol Appl 2019; 12:888-901. [PMID: 31080503 PMCID: PMC6503831 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvested marine fish stocks often show a rapid and substantial decline in the age and size at maturation. Such changes can arise from multiple processes including fisheries-induced evolution, phenotypic plasticity, and responses to environmental factors other than harvest. The relative importance of these processes could differ systematically between marine and freshwater systems. We tested for temporal shifts in the mean and within-cohort variability of age- and size-based maturation probabilities of female yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) from four management units (MUs) in Lake Erie. Lake Erie yellow perch have been commercially harvested for more than a century, and age and size at maturation have varied since sampling began in the 1980s. Our analysis compared probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs) for cohorts when abundance was lower and harvest higher (1993-1998) to cohorts when abundance was higher and harvest lower (2005-2010). PMRNs have been used in previous studies to detect signs of evolutionary change in response to harvest. Maturation size threshold increased between the early and late cohorts, and the increases were statistically significant for the youngest age in the western MU1 and for older ages in the eastern MU3. Maturation envelope widths, a measure of the variability in maturation among individuals in a cohort, also increased between early and late cohorts in the western MUs where harvest was highest. The highest rates of change in size at maturation for a given age were as large or larger than rates reported for harvested marine fishes where declines in age and size at maturation have been observed. Contrary to the general observation of earlier maturation evolving in harvested stocks, female yellow perch in Lake Erie may be rapidly evolving delayed maturation since harvest was relaxed in the late 1990s, providing a rare example of possible evolutionary recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davíð Gíslason
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
- Matís OhfReykjavíkIceland
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Evolution and Ecology ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
- Institute of OceanographyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Beren W. Robinson
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | | | - Erin S. Dunlop
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughOntarioCanada
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11
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Jana D, Dutta S, Samanta GP. Interplay between reproduction and age selective harvesting: A case study of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fish at Sundarban estuary of northern Bay of Bengal, India. INT J BIOMATH 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524519500232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New offspring due to sexual reproduction is not an instantaneous process from its birth, it takes time to be sexually mature. On the other hand, harvesting of commercially profitable fish population before the perfect size or weight is reached is not only a commercial loss but also risks the extinction of the population. Now, we discuss the issue of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin, northern Bay of Bengal for the age-selective harvesting of Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) which lays eggs after its sexual maturation. Harvesting of hilsa before its sexual maturation risks its extinction and due to lamer body weight, it is not a commercially profitable policy. This is a reality of Sundarban estuary for hilsa fish harvesting, therefore, biologically and economically both India and Bangladesh are facing several problems. Empirical data of Frasergunje Fishing Harbor shows a clear picture as the supporting document of this mathematical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaldev Jana
- Department of Mathematics & SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sachinandan Dutta
- Aquatic Bioresource Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India
| | - G. P. Samanta
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
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12
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Gobin J, Lester NP, Fox MG, Dunlop ES. Ecological change alters the evolutionary response to harvest in a freshwater fish. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:2175-2186. [PMID: 30285303 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting can induce rapid evolution in animal populations, yet the role of ecological change in buffering or enhancing that response is poorly understood. Here, we developed an eco-genetic model to examine how ecological changes brought about by two notorious invasive species, zebra and quagga mussels, influence harvest-induced evolution and resilience in a freshwater fish. Our study focused on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where the species supports valuable commercial and subsistence fisheries, and where the invasion of dreissenid (zebra and quagga) mussels caused drastic shifts in ecosystem productivity. Using our model system, we predicted faster rates of evolution of maturation reaction norms in lake whitefish under pre-invasion ecosystem conditions when growth and recruitment of young to the population were high. Slower growth rates that occurred under post-invasion conditions delayed when fish became vulnerable to the fishery, thus decreasing selection pressure and lessening the evolutionary response to harvest. Fishing with gill nets and traps nets generally selected for early maturation at small sizes, except when fishing at low levels with small mesh gill nets under pre-invasion conditions; in this latter case, evolution of delayed maturation was predicted. Overall, the invasion of dreissenid mussels lessened the evolutionary response to harvest, while also reducing the productivity and commercial yield potential of the stock. These results demonstrate how ecological conditions shape evolutionary outcomes and how invasive species can have a direct effect on evolutionary responses to harvest and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenilee Gobin
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Nigel P Lester
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, DNA Bldg., Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 8N8, Canada
| | - Michael G Fox
- Trent School of the Environment and Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Erin S Dunlop
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, DNA Bldg., Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 8N8, Canada
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13
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Ayllón D, Railsback SF, Almodóvar A, Nicola GG, Vincenzi S, Elvira B, Grimm V. Eco-evolutionary responses to recreational fishing under different harvest regulations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9600-9613. [PMID: 30386560 PMCID: PMC6202708 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting alters demography and life histories of exploited populations, and there is mounting evidence that rapid phenotypic changes at the individual level can occur when harvest is intensive. Therefore, recreational fishing is expected to induce both ecological and rapid evolutionary changes in fish populations and consequently requires rigorous management. However, little is known about the coupled demographic and evolutionary consequences of alternative harvest regulations in managed freshwater fisheries. We used a structurally realistic individual-based model and implemented an eco-genetic approach that accounts for microevolution, phenotypic plasticity, adaptive behavior, density-dependent processes, and cryptic mortality sources (illegal harvest and hooking mortality after catch and release). We explored the consequences of a range of harvest regulations, involving different combinations of exploitation intensity and minimum and maximum-length limits, on the eco-evolutionary trajectories of a freshwater fish stock. Our 100-year simulations of size-selective harvest through recreational fishing produced negative demographic and structural changes in the simulated population, but also plastic and evolutionary responses that compensated for such changes and prevented population collapse even under intense fishing pressure and liberal harvest regulations. Fishing-induced demographic and evolutionary changes were driven by the harvest regime, and the strength of responses increased with increasing exploitation intensity and decreasing restriction in length limits. Cryptic mortality strongly amplified the impacts of harvest and might be exerting a selective pressure that opposes that of size-selective harvest. "Slot" limits on harvestable length had overall positive effects but lower than expected ability to buffer harvest impacts. Harvest regulations strongly shape the eco-evolutionary dynamics of exploited fish stocks and thus should be considered in setting management policies. Our findings suggest that plastic and evolutionary responses buffer the demographic impacts of fishing, but intense fishing pressure and liberal harvest regulations may lead to an unstructured, juvenescent population that would put the sustainability of the stock at risk. Our study also indicates that high rates of cryptic mortality may make harvest regulations based on harvest slot limits ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayllón
- Faculty of BiologyDepartment of Biodiversity, Ecology and EvolutionComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
- Department of Ecological ModellingHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Steven F. Railsback
- Department of MathematicsHumboldt State UniversityArcataCalifornia
- Lang Railsback & AssociatesArcataCalifornia
| | - Ana Almodóvar
- Faculty of BiologyDepartment of Biodiversity, Ecology and EvolutionComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Graciela G. Nicola
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Castilla‐La ManchaToledoSpain
| | - Simone Vincenzi
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia
| | - Benigno Elvira
- Faculty of BiologyDepartment of Biodiversity, Ecology and EvolutionComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Volker Grimm
- Department of Ecological ModellingHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
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14
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Morbey YE, Mema M. Size-selective fishing and the potential for fisheries-induced evolution in lake whitefish. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1412-1424. [PMID: 30151049 PMCID: PMC6099822 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term evolutionary effects of fishing on maturation schedules can depend on gear type, the shape of the gear type's size-selectivity function, and the size and age structure of a population. Our goal was to better understand how environmentally induced differences in somatic growth influence the evolutionary effects of size-selective fisheries, using lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Huron as a case study. Using a state-dependent optimization model of energy allocation parameterized for lake whitefish, we show that fishing with gill nets (bell-shaped selectivity) and trap nets (sigmoid-shaped selectivity) can be potent agents of selection on size thresholds for maturity. Compared to trap nets and large mesh (114 mm) gill nets, small mesh (89 mm) gill nets are better able to buffer populations from fishing-induced evolution by safeguarding large, fecund fish, but only when overall fishing mortality is low and growth rates sufficiently fast such that fish can outgrow vulnerable size classes. Regardless of gear type, and all else being equal, high fishing mortality in combination with low growth rates is expected to intensify the long-term evolutionary effects of fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marin Mema
- Department of BiologyWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
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15
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Sørdalen TK, Halvorsen KT, Harrison HB, Ellis CD, Vøllestad LA, Knutsen H, Moland E, Olsen EM. Harvesting changes mating behaviour in European lobster. Evol Appl 2018; 11:963-977. [PMID: 29928303 PMCID: PMC5999211 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Removing individuals from a wild population can affect the availability of prospective mates and the outcome of competitive interactions, with subsequent effects on mating patterns and sexual selection. Consequently, the rate of harvest-induced evolution is predicted to be strongly dependent on the strength and dynamics of sexual selection, yet there is limited empirical knowledge on the interplay between selective harvesting and the mating systems of exploited species. In this study, we used genetic parentage assignment to compare mating patterns of the highly valued and overexploited European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in a designated lobster reserve and nearby fished area in southern Norway. In the area open to fishing, the fishery is regulated by a closed season, a minimum legal size and a ban on the harvest of egg-bearing females. Due to the differences in size and sex-specific fishing mortality between the two areas, males and females are of approximately equal average size in the fished area, whereas males tend to be larger in the reserve. Our results show that females would mate with males larger than their own body size, but the relative size difference was significantly larger in the reserve. Sexual selection acted positively on both body size and claw size in males in the reserve, while it was nonsignificant in fished areas. This strongly suggests that size truncation of males by fishing reduces the variability of traits that sexual selection acts upon. If fisheries continue to target large individuals (particularly males) with higher relative reproductive success, the weakening of sexual selection will likely accelerate fisheries-induced evolution towards smaller body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje K. Sørdalen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | | | - Hugo B. Harrison
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLDAustralia
| | | | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of BiologyCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | - Even Moland
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | - Esben M. Olsen
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal Research (CCR)University of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
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16
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Hollins J, Thambithurai D, Koeck B, Crespel A, Bailey DM, Cooke SJ, Lindström J, Parsons KJ, Killen SS. A physiological perspective on fisheries-induced evolution. Evol Appl 2018; 11:561-576. [PMID: 29875803 PMCID: PMC5978952 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that intense fishing pressure is not only depleting fish stocks but also causing evolutionary changes to fish populations. In particular, body size and fecundity in wild fish populations may be altered in response to the high and often size‐selective mortality exerted by fisheries. While these effects can have serious consequences for the viability of fish populations, there are also a range of traits not directly related to body size which could also affect susceptibility to capture by fishing gears—and therefore fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE)—but which have to date been ignored. For example, overlooked within the context of FIE is the likelihood that variation in physiological traits could make some individuals within species more vulnerable to capture. Specifically, traits related to energy balance (e.g., metabolic rate), swimming performance (e.g., aerobic scope), neuroendocrinology (e.g., stress responsiveness) and sensory physiology (e.g., visual acuity) are especially likely to influence vulnerability to capture through a variety of mechanisms. Selection on these traits could produce major shifts in the physiological traits within populations in response to fishing pressure that are yet to be considered but which could influence population resource requirements, resilience, species’ distributions and responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hollins
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Barbara Koeck
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Amelie Crespel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - David M Bailey
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science Carleton University Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Kevin J Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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17
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A millennium of north-east Atlantic cod juvenile growth trajectories inferred from archaeological otoliths. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187134. [PMID: 29077736 PMCID: PMC5659679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeological excavations of historical fishing sites across the North Atlantic have recovered high quantities of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) bones. In the current study we use Atlantic cod otoliths from archaeological excavations of a historical fishing sites in north-west Iceland, dated to AD 970 -AD 1910 to examine historical growth trajectories of cod. No large scale growth variations or shifts in growth patterns were observed in the current chronologies, supporting the stability of historical Atlantic cod growth trajectories. The most significant variation in growth patterns was consistent with those that have been observed in recent times, for example, reduced early juvenile growth during periods of colder ocean temperature. The current results represent a high resolution chronological record of north-east Atlantic cod growth, greatly increasing the prior temporal range of such data, thereby providing a valuable baseline for a broad range of studies on Atlantic cod growth.
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18
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Wang HY, Chen YS, Hsu CC, Shen SF. Fishing-induced changes in adult length are mediated by skipped-spawning. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:274-284. [PMID: 28052500 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating fishing effects on fish population dynamics is a critical step toward sustainable fisheries management. Despite previous studies that have suggested age or size truncation in exploited fish populations, other aspects of fishing effects on population demography, e.g., via altering life histories and density, have received less attention. Here, we investigated the fishing effects altering adult demography via shifting reproductive trade-offs in the iconic, overexploited, Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. We found that, contrary to our expectation, mean lengths of catch increased over time in longline fisheries. On the other hand, mean catch lengths for purse seine fisheries did not show such increasing trends. We hypothesized that the size-dependent energetic cost of the spawning migration and elevated fishing mortality on the spawning grounds potentially drive size-dependent skipped spawning for adult tuna, mediating the observed changes in the catch lengths. Using eco-genetic individual-based modeling, we demonstrated that fishing-induced evolution of skipped spawning and size truncation interacted to shape the observed temporal changes in mean catch lengths for tuna. Skipped spawning of the small adults led to increased mean catch lengths for the longline fisheries, while truncation of small adults by the purse seines could offset such a pattern. Our results highlight the eco-evolutionary dynamics of fishing effects on population demography and caution against using demographic traits as a basis for fisheries management of the Pacific bluefin tuna as well as other migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shiuan Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Shen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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19
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Roles of density-dependent growth and life history evolution in accounting for fisheries-induced trait changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:15030-15035. [PMID: 27940913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525749113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative roles of density dependence and life history evolution in contributing to rapid fisheries-induced trait changes remain debated. In the 1930s, northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), currently the world's largest cod stock, experienced a shift from a traditional spawning-ground fishery to an industrial trawl fishery with elevated exploitation in the stock's feeding grounds. Since then, age and length at maturation have declined dramatically, a trend paralleled in other exploited stocks worldwide. These trends can be explained by demographic truncation of the population's age structure, phenotypic plasticity in maturation arising through density-dependent growth, fisheries-induced evolution favoring faster-growing or earlier-maturing fish, or a combination of these processes. Here, we use a multitrait eco-evolutionary model to assess the capacity of these processes to reproduce 74 y of historical data on age and length at maturation in northeast Arctic cod, while mimicking the stock's historical harvesting regime. Our results show that model predictions critically depend on the assumed density dependence of growth: when this is weak, life history evolution might be necessary to prevent stock collapse, whereas when a stronger density dependence estimated from recent data is used, the role of evolution in explaining fisheries-induced trait changes is diminished. Our integrative analysis of density-dependent growth, multitrait evolution, and stock-specific time series data underscores the importance of jointly considering evolutionary and ecological processes, enabling a more comprehensive perspective on empirically observed stock dynamics than previous studies could provide.
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20
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McDaniel J, Piner K, Lee HH, Hill K. Evidence that the Migration of the Northern Subpopulation of Pacific Sardine (Sardinops sagax) off the West Coast of the United States Is Age-Based. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166780. [PMID: 27851805 PMCID: PMC5112908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of fish movements has been an important area of study for fisheries ecology and population dynamics for decades. Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, along the west coast of the United States exhibit a well-defined large-scale seasonal migration. Larger and older fish are found in the northern reaches of their range during summer and contract to southerly offshore areas for spawning during spring. Because of the close correlation between fish size and age it has not yet been determined if movements are size- or age-based. Measuring spatial changes in the age structure conditioned on individual lengths was used to determine the roles of age versus length in the seasonal migration. S. sagax have a pattern of increasing age-at-length with seasonal northward movements and offshore movements for spawning. The pattern of increasing age-at-length with distance from the origin eliminates a solely length-based process of movement and supports age-based movement. Patterns in the size and age when fish first show migratory behaviors, coupled with the patterns observed during the spawning season, support a hypothesis that migratory behaviors are linked to age-based ontogenetic changes associated with maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny McDaniel
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kevin Piner
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hui-Hua Lee
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Hill
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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21
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Ward TD, Algera DA, Gallagher AJ, Hawkins E, Horodysky A, Jørgensen C, Killen SS, McKenzie DJ, Metcalfe JD, Peck MA, Vu M, Cooke SJ. Understanding the individual to implement the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow005. [PMID: 27293757 PMCID: PMC4825417 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management (EAFMs) have emerged as requisite for sustainable use of fisheries resources. At the same time, however, there is a growing recognition of the degree of variation among individuals within a population, as well as the ecological consequences of this variation. Managing resources at an ecosystem level calls on practitioners to consider evolutionary processes, and ample evidence from the realm of fisheries science indicates that anthropogenic disturbance can drive changes in predominant character traits (e.g. size at maturity). Eco-evolutionary theory suggests that human-induced trait change and the modification of selective regimens might contribute to ecosystem dynamics at a similar magnitude to species extirpation, extinction and ecological dysfunction. Given the dynamic interaction between fisheries and target species via harvest and subsequent ecosystem consequences, we argue that individual diversity in genetic, physiological and behavioural traits are important considerations under EAFMs. Here, we examine the role of individual variation in a number of contexts relevant to fisheries management, including the potential ecological effects of rapid trait change. Using select examples, we highlight the extent of phenotypic diversity of individuals, as well as the ecological constraints on such diversity. We conclude that individual phenotypic diversity is a complex phenomenon that needs to be considered in EAFMs, with the ultimate realization that maintaining or increasing individual trait diversity may afford not only species, but also entire ecosystems, with enhanced resilience to environmental perturbations. Put simply, individuals are the foundation from which population- and ecosystem-level traits emerge and are therefore of central importance for the ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D. Ward
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6.
| | - Dirk A. Algera
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
| | - Austin J. Gallagher
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
| | - Emily Hawkins
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1N 9B4
| | - Andrij Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Christian Jørgensen
- Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J. McKenzie
- Equipe Diversité et Ecologie des Poissons, UMR5119 Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 5 34095, France
| | - Julian D. Metcalfe
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Myron A. Peck
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg 22767, Germany
| | - Maria Vu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1N 9B4
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
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22
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Heino M, Díaz Pauli B, Dieckmann U. Fisheries-Induced Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Institute of Marine Research and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Beatriz Díaz Pauli
- Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
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23
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Feiner ZS, Chong SC, Knight CT, Lauer TE, Thomas MV, Tyson JT, Höök TO. Rapidly shifting maturation schedules following reduced commercial harvest in a freshwater fish. Evol Appl 2015; 8:724-37. [PMID: 26240608 PMCID: PMC4516423 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Size-selective harvest of fish stocks can lead to maturation at smaller sizes and younger ages, which may depress stock productivity and recovery. Such changes in maturation may be very slow to reverse, even following complete fisheries closures. We evaluated temporal trends in maturation of five Great Lakes stocks of yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) using indices that attempt to disentangle plastic and evolutionary changes in maturation: age at 50% maturity and probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs). Four populations were fished commercially throughout the time series, while the Lake Michigan fishery was closed following a stock collapse. We documented rapid increases in PMRNs of the Lake Michigan stock coincident with the commercial fishery closure. Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron PMRNs also increased following reduced harvest, while Lake Erie populations were continuously fished and showed little change. The rapid response of maturation may have been enhanced by the short generation time of yellow perch and potential gene flow between northern and southern Lake Michigan, in addition to potential reverse adaptation following the fishing moratorium. These results suggest that some fish stocks may retain the ability to recover from fisheries-induced life history shifts following fishing moratoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Feiner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephen C Chong
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Carey T Knight
- Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Fairport Fish Research Station Fairport Harbor, OH, USA
| | - Thomas E Lauer
- Department of Biology, Ball State University Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Michael V Thomas
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station Harrison Township, Mt. Clemons, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Tyson
- Division of Wildlife, Sandusky Fisheries Research Unit, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Sandusky, OH, USA
| | - Tomas O Höök
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
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24
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Uusi-Heikkilä S, Whiteley AR, Kuparinen A, Matsumura S, Venturelli PA, Wolter C, Slate J, Primmer CR, Meinelt T, Killen SS, Bierbach D, Polverino G, Ludwig A, Arlinghaus R. The evolutionary legacy of size-selective harvesting extends from genes to populations. Evol Appl 2015; 8:597-620. [PMID: 26136825 PMCID: PMC4479515 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-selective harvesting is assumed to alter life histories of exploited fish populations, thereby negatively affecting population productivity, recovery, and yield. However, demonstrating that fisheries-induced phenotypic changes in the wild are at least partly genetically determined has proved notoriously difficult. Moreover, the population-level consequences of fisheries-induced evolution are still being controversially discussed. Using an experimental approach, we found that five generations of size-selective harvesting altered the life histories and behavior, but not the metabolic rate, of wild-origin zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish adapted to high positively size selective fishing pressure invested more in reproduction, reached a smaller adult body size, and were less explorative and bold. Phenotypic changes seemed subtle but were accompanied by genetic changes in functional loci. Thus, our results provided unambiguous evidence for rapid, harvest-induced phenotypic and evolutionary change when harvesting is intensive and size selective. According to a life-history model, the observed life-history changes elevated population growth rate in harvested conditions, but slowed population recovery under a simulated moratorium. Hence, the evolutionary legacy of size-selective harvesting includes populations that are productive under exploited conditions, but selectively disadvantaged to cope with natural selection pressures that often favor large body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany ; Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew R Whiteley
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paul A Venturelli
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christian Wolter
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon Slate
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, UK
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Meinelt
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Polverino
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany ; Chair of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
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25
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Rajasilta M, Eklund J, Hänninen J, Vuorinen I, Laine P. Female Baltic herring Clupea harengus allocate resources from growth to reproduction in poor feeding conditions. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:575-591. [PMID: 25611187 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between somatic growth and reproduction in the female Baltic herring Clupea harengus was investigated from 1984 to 2002. During the study period, growth decreased, as a consequence of decreasing salinity and weakening of feeding conditions. Production of muscle and ovarian tissue decreased in repeat spawners, but investment in reproduction took an increasing amount of the total production of new tissues. This suggested that a shift in allocation to reproduction takes precedence over body growth in the reproductive strategy of C. harengus. The process also indicated one possible mechanism leading to dwarf forms in fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajasilta
- Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - J Eklund
- Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - J Hänninen
- Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - I Vuorinen
- Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - P Laine
- Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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26
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that fishing may cause rapid contemporary evolution in freshwater and marine fish populations. This has led to growing concern about the possible consequences such evolutionary change might have for aquatic ecosystems and the utility of those ecosystems to society. This special issue contains contributions from a symposium on fisheries-induced evolution held at the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting in August 2008. Contributions include primary studies and reviews of field-based and experimental evidence, and several theoretical modeling studies advancing life-history theory and investigating potential management options. In this introduction we review the state of research in the field, discuss current controversies, and identify contributions made by the papers in this issue to the knowledge of fisheries-induced evolution. We end by suggesting directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Dunlop
- Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough, ON, Canada ; Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katja Enberg
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Nordnes, Bergen, Norway ; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
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Arlinghaus R, Matsumura S, Dieckmann U. Quantifying selection differentials caused by recreational fishing: development of modeling framework and application to reproductive investment in pike (Esox lucius). Evol Appl 2015; 2:335-55. [PMID: 25567885 PMCID: PMC3352494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for quantifying selection pressures on adaptive traits affected by size-selective fishing are still scarce, and none have as yet been developed for recreational fishing. We present an ecologically realistic age-structured model specifically tailored to recreational fishing that allows estimating selection differentials on adaptive life-history traits. The model accounts for multiple ecological feedbacks, which result in density-dependent and frequency-dependent selection. We study selection differentials on annual reproductive investment under size-selective exploitation in a highly demanded freshwater recreational fish species, northern pike (Esox lucius L.). We find that recreational angling mortality exerts positive selection differentials on annual reproductive investment, in agreement with predictions from life-history theory. The strength of selection increases with the intensity of harvesting. We also find that selection on reproductive investment can be reduced by implementing simple harvest regulations such as minimum-size limits. The general, yet computationally simple, methods introduced here allow evaluating and comparing selection pressures on adaptive traits in other fish populations and species, and thus have the potential to become a tool for evolutionary impact assessment of harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany ; Inland Fisheries Management Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuichi Matsumura
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
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Dunlop ES, Baskett ML, Heino M, Dieckmann U. Propensity of marine reserves to reduce the evolutionary effects of fishing in a migratory species. Evol Appl 2015; 2:371-93. [PMID: 25567887 PMCID: PMC3352486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary effects of fishing can have unwanted consequences diminishing a fishery's value and sustainability. Reserves, or no-take areas, have been proposed as a management tool for reducing fisheries-induced selection, but their effectiveness for migratory species has remained unexplored. Here we develop an eco-genetic model to predict the effects of marine reserves on fisheries-induced evolution under migration. To represent a stock that undergoes an annual migration between feeding and spawning grounds, we draw model parameters from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northern part of its range. Our analysis leads to the following conclusions: (i) a reserve in a stock's feeding grounds, protecting immature and mature fish alike, reduces fisheries-induced evolution, even though protected and unprotected population components mix on the spawning grounds; (ii) in contrast, a reserve in a stock's spawning grounds, protecting only mature fish, has little mitigating effects on fisheries-induced evolution and can sometimes even exacerbate its magnitude; (iii) evolutionary changes that are already underway may be difficult to reverse with a reserve; (iv) directly after a reserve is created or enlarged, most reserve scenarios result in yield losses; and (v) timescale is very important: short-term yield losses immediately after a reserve's creation can give way to long-term gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Dunlop
- Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria ; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Marissa L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
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Sharpe DMT, Hendry AP. Life history change in commercially exploited fish stocks: an analysis of trends across studies. Evol Appl 2015; 2:260-75. [PMID: 25567879 PMCID: PMC3352497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Age and size at maturation have declined dramatically in many commercial fish stocks over the past few decades – changes that have been widely attributed to fishing pressure. We performed an analysis of such trends across multiple studies, to test for the consistency of life history changes under fishing, and for their association with the intensity of exploitation (fishing mortality rate). We analyzed 143 time series from 37 commercial fish stocks, the majority of which originated from the North Atlantic. Rates of phenotypic change were calculated for two traditional maturation indices (length and age at 50% maturity), as well as for probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs). We found that all three indices declined in heavily exploited populations, and at a rate that was strongly correlated with the intensity of fishing (for length at 50% maturity and PMRNs). These results support previous assertions that fishing pressure is playing a major role in the life history changes observed in commercial fish stocks. Rates of change were as strong for PMRNs as for age and size at 50% maturity, which is consistent with the hypothesis that fishing-induced phenotypic changes can sometimes have a genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Department of Biology, McGill University Canada ; Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Canada
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Hutchings JA. Avoidance of fisheries-induced evolution: management implications for catch selectivity and limit reference points. Evol Appl 2015; 2:324-34. [PMID: 25567884 PMCID: PMC3352487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
I examined how the fitness (r) associated with early- and late-maturing genotypes varies with fishing mortality (F) and age-/size-specific probability of capture. Life-history data on Newfoundland's northern Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) allowed for the estimation of r for individuals maturing at 4 and 7 year in the absence of fishing. Catch selectivity data associated with four types of fishing gear (trap, gillnet, handline, otter trawl) were then incorporated to examine how r varied with gear type and with F. The resulting fitness functions were then used to estimate the F above which selection would favour early (4 year) rather than delayed (7 year) maturity. This evolutionarily-sensitive threshold, F evol, identifies a limit reference point somewhat similar to those used to define overfishing (e.g., F msy, F 0.1). Over-exploitation of northern cod resulted in fishing mortalities considerably greater than those required to effect evolutionary change. Selection for early maturity is reduced by the dome-shaped selectivities characteristic of fixed gears such as handlines (the greater the leptokurtosis, the lower the probability of a selection response) and enhanced by the knife-edged selectivities of bottom trawls. Strategies to minimize genetic change are consistent with traditional management objectives (e.g., yield maximization, population increase). Compliance with harvest control rules guided by evolutionarily-sensitive limit reference points, which may be achieved by adherence to traditional reference points such as F msy and F 0.1, should be sufficient to minimize the probability of fisheries-induced evolution for commercially exploited species.
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Enberg K, Jørgensen C, Dunlop ES, Heino M, Dieckmann U. Implications of fisheries-induced evolution for stock rebuilding and recovery. Evol Appl 2015; 2:394-414. [PMID: 25567888 PMCID: PMC3352485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide depletion of fish stocks has led fisheries managers to become increasingly concerned about rebuilding and recovery planning. To succeed, factors affecting recovery dynamics need to be understood, including the role of fisheries-induced evolution. Here we investigate a stock's response to fishing followed by a harvest moratorium by analyzing an individual-based evolutionary model parameterized for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua from its northern range, representative of long-lived, late-maturing species. The model allows evolution of life-history processes including maturation, reproduction, and growth. It also incorporates environmental variability, phenotypic plasticity, and density-dependent feedbacks. Fisheries-induced evolution affects recovery in several ways. The first decades of recovery were dominated by demographic and density-dependent processes. Biomass rebuilding was only lightly influenced by fisheries-induced evolution, whereas other stock characteristics such as maturation age, spawning stock biomass, and recruitment were substantially affected, recovering to new demographic equilibria below their preharvest levels. This is because genetic traits took thousands of years to evolve back to preharvest levels, indicating that natural selection driving recovery of these traits is weaker than fisheries-induced selection was. Our results strengthen the case for proactive management of fisheries-induced evolution, as the restoration of genetic traits altered by fishing is slow and may even be impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Enberg
- Department of Biology, University of Bergenyy Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Erin S Dunlop
- Department of Biology, University of Bergenyy Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria ; Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough, ON, Canada ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergenyy Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
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Marty L, Dieckmann U, Ernande B. Fisheries-induced neutral and adaptive evolution in exploited fish populations and consequences for their adaptive potential. Evol Appl 2015; 8:47-63. [PMID: 25667602 PMCID: PMC4310581 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishing may induce neutral and adaptive evolution affecting life-history traits, and molecular evidence has shown that neutral genetic diversity has declined in some exploited populations. Here, we theoretically study the interplay between neutral and adaptive evolution caused by fishing. An individual-based eco-genetic model is devised that includes neutral and functional loci in a realistic ecological setting. In line with theoretical expectations, we find that fishing induces evolution towards slow growth, early maturation at small size and higher reproductive investment. We show, first, that the choice of genetic model (based on either quantitative genetics or gametic inheritance) influences the evolutionary recovery of traits after fishing ceases. Second, we analyse the influence of three factors possibly involved in the lack of evolutionary recovery: the strength of selection, the effect of genetic drift and the loss of adaptive potential. We find that evolutionary recovery is hampered by an association of weak selection differentials with reduced additive genetic variances. Third, the contribution of fisheries-induced selection to the erosion of functional genetic diversity clearly dominates that of genetic drift only for the traits related to maturation. Together, our results highlight the importance of taking into account population genetic variability in predictions of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Marty
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Unité Halieutique Manche-Mer du NordBoulogne-sur-mer, France
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- IIASA, Evolution and Ecology ProgramLaxenburg, Austria
| | - Bruno Ernande
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Unité Halieutique Manche-Mer du NordBoulogne-sur-mer, France
- IIASA, Evolution and Ecology ProgramLaxenburg, Austria
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33
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Modelling harvesting strategies for the lobster fishery in northern Europe: the importance of protecting egg-bearing females. POPUL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-014-0460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Laugen AT, Engelhard GH, Whitlock R, Arlinghaus R, Dankel DJ, Dunlop ES, Eikeset AM, Enberg K, Jørgensen C, Matsumura S, Nusslé S, Urbach D, Baulier L, Boukal DS, Ernande B, Johnston FD, Mollet F, Pardoe H, Therkildsen NO, Uusi-Heikkilä S, Vainikka A, Heino M, Rijnsdorp AD, Dieckmann U. Evolutionary impact assessment: accounting for evolutionary consequences of fishing in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. FISH AND FISHERIES (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2014; 15:65-96. [PMID: 26430388 PMCID: PMC4579828 DOI: 10.1111/faf.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries-induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life-history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane T Laugen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology,Box 7044, SE-75643, Uppsala, Sweden
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques,Avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-14520, Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Georg H Engelhard
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas),Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Rebecca Whitlock
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University,120 Oceanview Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, California, USA
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute,Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries,Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,Philippstrasse 13, Haus 7, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothy J Dankel
- Institute of Marine Research,PO Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erin S Dunlop
- Institute of Marine Research,PO Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
- EvoFish Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen,Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,300 Water Street, PO Box 7000, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 8M5
| | - Anne M Eikeset
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo,PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja Enberg
- Institute of Marine Research,PO Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
- EvoFish Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen,Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Jørgensen
- EvoFish Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen,Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Ecology Unit, Uni Research,PO Box 7810, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shuichi Matsumura
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries,Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University,Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sébastien Nusslé
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne,Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Conservation Biology, Bern University,Erlachstrasse 9a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Davnah Urbach
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, The Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center,78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Loїc Baulier
- Institute of Marine Research,PO Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
- EvoFish Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen,Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Center, Agrocampus Ouest Centre de Rennes,65 rue de Saint Brieuc, CS 84215, F-35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - David S Boukal
- Institute of Marine Research,PO Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
- EvoFish Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen,Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Ecosystems Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia,Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Ernande
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques,150 quai Gambetta, BP 699, F-62321, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Fiona D Johnston
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries,Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,Philippstrasse 13, Haus 7, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Mollet
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- Wageningen IMARES,Postbus 68, 1970, AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Pardoe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, MARICE, University of Iceland,Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nina O Therkildsen
- Section for Population Ecology and Genetics, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark,Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries,Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku,Pharmacity, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Anssi Vainikka
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu,PO Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Swedish Board of Fisheries, Institute of Coastal Research,PO Box 109, SE-74222, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Mikko Heino
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- Institute of Marine Research,PO Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
- EvoFish Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen,Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Adriaan D Rijnsdorp
- Wageningen IMARES,Postbus 68, 1970, AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre,PO Box 338, 6700, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
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Abstract
Fish stocks experiencing high fishing mortality show a tendency to mature earlier and at a smaller size, which may have a genetic component and therefore long-lasting economic and biological effects. To date, the economic effects of such ecoevolutionary dynamics have not been empirically investigated. Using 70 y of data, we develop a bioeconomic model for Northeast Arctic cod to compare the economic yield in a model in which life-history traits can vary only through phenotypic plasticity with a model in which, in addition, genetic changes can occur. We find that evolutionary changes toward faster growth and earlier maturation occur consistently even if a stock is optimally managed. However, if a stock is managed optimally, the evolutionary changes actually increase economic yield because faster growth and earlier maturation raise the stock's productivity. The optimal fishing mortality is almost identical for the evolutionary and nonevolutionary model and substantially lower than what it has been historically. Therefore, the costs of ignoring evolution under optimal management regimes are negligible. However, if fishing mortality is as high as it has been historically, evolutionary changes may result in economic losses, but only if the fishery is selecting for medium-sized individuals. Because evolution facilitates growth, the fish are younger and still immature when they are susceptible to getting caught, which outweighs the increase in productivity due to fish spawning at an earlier age.
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Sharpe DMT, Wandera SB, Chapman LJ. Life history change in response to fishing and an introduced predator in the East African cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea. Evol Appl 2012; 5:677-93. [PMID: 23144655 PMCID: PMC3492894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishing and introduced species are among the most important stressors affecting freshwaters and can also be strong selective agents. We examined the combined effects of commercial fishing and an introduced predator (Nile perch, Lates niloticus) on life history traits in an African cyprinid fish (Rastrineobola argentea) native to the Lake Victoria basin in East Africa. To understand whether these two stressors have driven shifts in life history traits of R. argentea, we tested for associations between life history phenotypes and the presence/absence of stressors both spatially (across 10 Ugandan lakes) and temporally (over four decades in Lake Victoria). Overall, introduced Nile perch and fishing tended to be associated with a suite of life history responses in R. argentea, including: decreased body size, maturation at smaller sizes, and increased reproductive effort (larger eggs; and higher relative fecundity, clutch volume, and ovary weight). This is one of the first well-documented examples of fisheries-induced phenotypic change in a tropical, freshwater stock; the magnitude of which raises some concerns for the long-term sustainability of this fishery, now the most important (by mass) in Lake Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M T Sharpe
- Department of Biology, McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Chapman BB, Hulthén K, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Skov C, Hansson LA, Brönmark C. Partial migration in fishes: causes and consequences. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:456-78. [PMID: 22803720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Partial migration, where only some individuals from a population migrate, has been widely reported in a diverse range of animals. In this paper, what is known about the causes and consequences of partial migration in fishes is reviewed. Firstly, the ultimate and proximate drivers of partial migration are reflected upon: what ecological factors can shape the evolution of migratory dimorphism? How is partial migration maintained over evolutionary timescales? What proximate mechanisms determine whether an individual is migratory or remains resident? Following this, the consequences of partial migration are considered, in an ecological and evolutionary context, and also in an applied sense. Here it is argued that understanding the concept of partial migration is crucial for fisheries and ecosystem managers, and can provide information for conservation strategies. The review concludes with a reflection on the future opportunities in this field, and the avenues of research that are likely to be fruitful to shed light on the enduring puzzle of partial migration in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Chapman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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38
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Kendall NW, Quinn TP. Quantifying and comparing size selectivity among Alaskan sockeye salmon fisheries. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 22:804-816. [PMID: 22645812 DOI: 10.1890/11-1189.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying long-term size-selective harvest patterns is necessary for understanding the potential evolutionary effects on exploited species. The comparison of fishery selection patterns on the same species subject to different gear types, in different areas, and over multi-decadal periods can reveal the factors influencing selection. In this study we quantified and compared size-selective harvest by nine Alaskan sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fisheries to understand overall patterns. We calculated length-specific linear selection differentials (the difference in average length of fish before vs. after fishing), which are produced by different combinations of exploitation rates and length-selectivity values, and nonlinear standardized differentials, describing disruptive selection, across all years for each fishery. Selection differentials varied among years, but larger fish were caught in 73% of years for males and 84% of years for females, leaving smaller fish to spawn. Disruptive selection was observed on female and male fish in 84% and 92% of years, respectively. Linear selection was stronger on females than males in 77% of years examined, and disruptive selection was stronger on males in 71% of years. Selection pressure was influenced by a combination of factors under and beyond management control; analyses using mixed-effects models indicated that fisheries were less size selective in years when fish were larger than average and had lower exploitation rates. The observed harvest of larger than average sockeye salmon is consistent with the hypothesis that size-selective fishing contributes to decreasing age and length at maturation trends over time, but temporal variability in selection and strong disruptive selection suggests that the overall directional pressure is weaker than is often assumed in evolutionary models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neala W Kendall
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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40
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Marty L, Dieckmann U, Rochet MJ, Ernande B. Impact of environmental covariation in growth and mortality on evolving maturation reaction norms. Am Nat 2011; 177:E98-118. [PMID: 21460562 DOI: 10.1086/658988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maturation age and size have important fitness consequences through their effects on survival probabilities and body sizes. The evolution of maturation reaction norms in response to environmental covariation in growth and mortality is therefore a key subject of life-history theory. The eco-evolutionary model we present and analyze here incorporates critical features that earlier studies of evolving maturation reaction norms have often neglected: the trade-off between growth and reproduction, source-sink population structure, and population regulation through density-dependent growth and fecundity. We report the following findings. First, the evolutionarily optimal age at maturation can be decomposed into the sum of a density-dependent and a density-independent component. These components measure, respectively, the hypothetical negative age at which an individual's length would be 0 and the delay in maturation relative to this offset. Second, along any growth trajectory, individuals mature earlier when mortality is higher. This allows us to deduce, third, how the shapes of evolutionarily optimal maturation reaction norms depend on the covariation between growth and mortality (positive or negative, linear or curvilinear, and deterministic or probabilistic). Providing eco-evolutionary explanations for many alternative reaction-norm shapes, our results appear to be in good agreement with current empirical knowledge on maturation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Marty
- Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), 150 Quai Gambetta, Boulogne-sur-mer, France.
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Baker MR, Kendall NW, Branch TA, Schindler DE, Quinn TP. Selection due to nonretention mortality in gillnet fisheries for salmon. Evol Appl 2011; 4:429-43. [PMID: 25567993 PMCID: PMC3352528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries often exert selective pressures through elevated mortality on a nonrandom component of exploited stocks. Selective removal of individuals will alter the composition of a given population, with potential consequences for its size structure, stability and evolution. Gillnets are known to harvest fish according to size. It is not known, however, whether delayed mortality due to disentanglement from gillnets exerts selective pressures that reinforce or counteract harvest selection. We examined gillnet disentanglement in exploited populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to characterize the length distribution of fish that disentangle from gillnets and determine whether nonretention mortality reinforces harvest selection and exerts common pressures according to sex and age. We also evaluated discrete spawning populations to determine whether nonretention affects populations with different morphologies in distinct ways. In aggregate, nonretention mortality in fish that disentangle from gillnets counters harvest selection but with different effects by sex and age. At the level of individual spawning populations, nonretention mortality may exert stabilizing, disruptive, or directional selection depending on the size distribution of a given population. Our analyses suggest nonretention mortality exerts significant selective pressures and should be explicitly included in analyses of fishery-induced selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Baker
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neala W Kendall
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trevor A Branch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel E Schindler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Assessing evolutionary consequences of size-selective recreational fishing on multiple life-history traits, with an application to northern pike (Esox lucius). Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a change to the selective fishing philosophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9485-9. [PMID: 20435916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912771107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, many fish species are overexploited, and many stocks have collapsed. This crisis, along with increasing concerns over flow-on effects on ecosystems, has caused a reevaluation of traditional fisheries management practices, and a new ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) paradigm has emerged. As part of this approach, selective fishing is widely encouraged in the belief that nonselective fishing has many adverse impacts. In particular, incidental bycatch is seen as wasteful and a negative feature of fishing, and methods to reduce bycatch are implemented in many fisheries. However, recent advances in fishery science and ecology suggest that a selective approach may also result in undesirable impacts both to fisheries and marine ecosystems. Selective fishing applies one or more of the "6-S" selections: species, stock, size, sex, season, and space. However, selective fishing alters biodiversity, which in turn changes ecosystem functioning and may affect fisheries production, hindering rather than helping achieve the goals of EBFM. We argue here that a "balanced exploitation" approach might alleviate many of the ecological effects of fishing by avoiding intensive removal of particular components of the ecosystem, while still supporting sustainable fisheries. This concept may require reducing exploitation rates on certain target species or groups to protect vulnerable components of the ecosystem. Benefits to society could be maintained or even increased because a greater proportion of the entire suite of harvested species is used.
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Tseng M, Bernatchez L. Editorial: 2009 in review. Evol Appl 2010; 3:93-5. [PMID: 25567909 PMCID: PMC3352473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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