Racial differences in oxidative stress and inflammation: in vitro and in vivo

Do inflammation and relational motivation coordinate having better sex? The interplay between C-reactive protein and relational approach motivation on sexual well-being

Much evidence on heightened inflammation and social behavior focuses on social withdrawal. Building on recent theory (Muscatell and Inagaki, 2021), we focused instead on the socially affiliative experience of sex. We investigated the interplay between immunology and motivation on sexual well-being among 158 individuals in romantic relationships. Inflammation, indexed by C-reactive protein (CRP), and sexual well-being were measured multiple times over a month. Relational approach motivation (i.e., motivation toward rewards in relationships) was measured at study entry. Results revealed significant associations between CRP and sexual satisfaction and partnered orgasms frequency for those most motivated to approach rewards with their partner. Interaction effects were replicated with relationship-focused psychological correlates of sexual well-being (e.g., touch, shared laughter, social support), but not with individual-focused outcomes (e.g., adapting to change, goal progress). This is one of the first human studies to demonstrate the body and mind coordinate to promote satisfying sexual experiences within romantic relationships.

Identification of Oxidative Stress-Related Biomarkers for Pain-Depression Comorbidity Based on Bioinformatics

Oxidative stress has been identified as a major factor in the development and progression of pain and psychiatric disorders, but the underlying biomarkers and molecular signaling pathways remain unclear. This study aims to identify oxidative stress-related biomarkers and signaling pathways in pain-depression comorbidity. Integrated bioinformatics analyses were applied to identify key genes by comparing pain-depression comorbidity-related genes and oxidative stress-related genes. A total of 580 differentially expressed genes and 35 differentially expressed oxidative stress-related genes (DEOSGs) were identified. By using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis and a protein-protein interaction network, 43 key genes and 5 hub genes were screened out, respectively. DEOSGs were enriched in biological processes and signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation. The five hub genes, RNF24, MGAM, FOS, and TKT, were deemed potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for patients with pain-depression comorbidity. These genes may serve as valuable targets for further research and may aid in the development of early diagnosis, prevention strategies, and pharmacotherapy tools for this particular patient population.

The effect of endothelin a receptor inhibition and biological sex on cutaneous microvascular function in non-Hispanic Black and White young adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether endothelin-A receptor (ETAR) inhibition in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) young adults depends on biological sex. We recruited females during low hormone (n = 22) and high hormone (n = 22) phases, and males (n = 22). Participants self-identified as NHB (n = 33) or NHW (n = 33). Participants were instrumented with two microdialysis fibers: (1) lactated Ringer's (control) and (2) 500 nM BQ-123 (ETAR antagonist). Local heating was used to elicit cutaneous vasodilation, and an infusion of 20 mM L-NAME to quantify NO-dependent vasodilation. At control sites, NO-dependent vasodilation was lowest in NHB males (46 ± 13 %NO) and NHB females during low hormone phases (47 ± 12 %NO) compared to all NHW groups. Inhibition of ETAR increased NO-dependent vasodilation in NHB males (66 ± 13 %NO), in both groups of females during low hormone phases (NHW, control: 64 ± 12 %NO, BQ-123: 85 ± 11 %NO; NHB, BQ-123: 68 ± 13 %NO), and in NHB females during high hormone phases (control: 61 ± 11 %NO, BQ-123: 83 ± 9 %NO). There was no effect for ETAR inhibition in NHW males or females during high hormone phases. These data suggest the effect of ETAR inhibition on NO-dependent vasodilation is influenced by biological sex and racial identity.

Socioeconomic status as a potential mediator of arterial aging in marginalized ethnic and racial groups: current understandings and future directions

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the United States. However, disparities in CVD-related morbidity and mortality exist as marginalized racial and ethnic groups are generally at higher risk for CVDs (Black Americans, Indigenous People, South and Southeast Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders) and/or development of traditional CVD risk factors (groups above plus Hispanics/Latinos) relative to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). In this comprehensive review, we outline emerging evidence suggesting these groups experience accelerated arterial dysfunction, including vascular endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening, a nontraditional CVD risk factor that may predict risk of CVDs in these groups with advancing age. Adverse exposures to social determinants of health (SDOH), specifically lower socioeconomic status (SES), are exacerbated in most of these groups (except South Asians-higher SES) and may be a potential mediator of accelerated arterial aging. SES negatively influences the ability of marginalized racial and ethnic groups to meet aerobic exercise guidelines, the first-line strategy to improve arterial function, due to increased barriers, such as time and financial constraints, lack of motivation, facility access, and health education, to performing conventional aerobic exercise. Thus, identifying alternative interventions to conventional aerobic exercise that 1) overcome these common barriers and 2) target the biological mechanisms of aging to improve arterial function may be an effective, alternative method to aerobic exercise to ameliorate accelerated arterial aging and reduce CVD risk. Importantly, dedicated efforts are needed to assess these strategies in randomized-controlled clinical trials in these marginalized racial and ethnic groups.

Prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and maternal oxidative stress: Evidence from the LIFECODES study

BACKGROUND

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although their underlying biological mechanisms are not fully understood, evidence suggests PFAS may disrupt endocrine functions and contribute to oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

We examined associations between early pregnancy PFAS exposure and OS biomarkers, exploring potential effect modifications by fetal sex and maternal race.

METHODS

We used data from 469 LIFECODES participants with measured plasma PFAS (median 10 weeks gestation) and repeated measures (median 10, 18, 26, and 35 weeks gestation) of urinary OS biomarkers [8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-isoprostane) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)]. Protein damage biomarkers (chlorotyrosine, dityrosine, and nitrotyrosine) were additionally measured in plasma from a subset (N = 167) during the third visit. Associations between each PFAS and OS biomarkers were examined using linear mixed-effects models and multivariable linear regressions, adjusting for potential confounders, including maternal age, race, education level, pre-pregnancy BMI, insurance status, and parity. Effect modifications were evaluated by including an interaction term between each PFAS and fetal sex or maternal race in the models.

RESULTS

We observed significant positive associations between PFOS and 8-isoprostane, with a 9.68% increase in 8-isoprostane levels (95% CI: 0.10%, 20.18%) per interquartile range increase in PFOS. In contrast, PFUA was negatively associated [9.32% (95% CI: -17.68%, -0.11%)], while there were suggestive positive associations for MPAH and PFOA with 8-isoprostane. The associations of several PFAS with 8-OHdG varied by fetal sex, showing generally positive trends in women who delivered females, but negative or null in those who delivered males. No significant effect modification by maternal race was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides evidence linking PFAS exposure to OS during pregnancy, with potential sex-specific effects of certain PFAS on 8-OHdG. Further research should explore additional OS/inflammatory biomarkers and assess the modifying effects of dietary and behavioral patterns across diverse populations.

Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in Prostate Cancer and Its Disparity in African Descendants

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in almost all disorders, including cancer. Many factors, including aging, a high-fat diet, a stressful lifestyle, smoking, infection, genetic mutations, etc., lead to elevated levels of ROS. Prostate cancer, the most prevalent type of cancer in senior American men and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in American men, results from chronic oxidative stress. The doubled incident rate as well as the doubled mortality numbers of prostate cancer have persisted in African Americans in comparison with Caucasian Americans and other racial groups, indicating a prostate cancer disparity in African American men. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest findings on ROS in prostate cancer development and progression within the last five years to update our understanding in this area, as several comprehensive literature reviews addressing oxidative stress and/or inflammation in prostate cancer before 2020 are available. In addition to other known factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, cultural mistrust of the health care system, etc. that are long-existing in the African American group, we also summarize the latest evidence that demonstrated high systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in African Americans for their potential contribution to the racial prostate cancer disparity in this population.

The association between the urinary chromium and blood pressure: a population-based study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The impact of trace elements and heavy metals on human health has attracted widespread attention. However, the correlation between urinary chromium concentrations and blood pressure remains unclear and inadequately reported, and the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between urinary chromium concentrations and blood pressure in adults in the United States (US).

METHODS

We utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 for this study. Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate linear regression were used to explore the association of urinary chromium concentrations with hypertension and blood pressure. Additionally, we also performed subgroup analysis and restricted cubic splines (RCS).

RESULTS

A total of 2958 participants were enrolled in this study. The overall mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 123.98 ± 0.60, 72.66 ± 0.57 mmHg, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was found in 41.31% of the whole participants. In the fully adjusted model, we did not observe a correlation between urinary chromium concentrations and the risk of hypertension and systolic blood pressure. However, we found a negative association between urinary chromium concentrations and diastolic blood pressure. In subgroup analysis, we observed a positive association between urinary chromium and the risk of hypertension among participants older than 60 years of age and those who were Non-Hispanic Black. The interaction term highlighted the influence of age and race on this positive association. We also found a negative association of urinary chromium with diastolic blood pressure in male, participants who were current smokers, overweight, and other races, as well as those without alcohol use and anti-hypertensive drug use. However, the interaction term only revealed the influence of alcohol consumption on the negative association.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggested that urinary chromium concentrations may show a negative association with diastolic blood pressure and this association was significantly dependent on alcohol consumption. Besides, a positive association between urinary chromium and the risk of hypertension was also found among participants older than 60 years of age and those who were Non-Hispanic Black.

Acute inflammation elicits decreased blood pressure but similar arterial stiffness in young African American adults

African Americans (AA) have a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) as compared to their White (W) counterparts. CVD is characterized by increased blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness and systemic inflammation. An acute inflammatory stimulus may explain physiological manifestations responsible for amplified CVD in AA that are not apparent at rest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate central and peripheral BP, central and local arterial stiffness, and indices of pulse wave morphology in young healthy AA and W participants in response to acute inflammation. Concentrations of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and measures of central and peripheral BP, central arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)), local carotid arterial stiffness (β-stiffness, elastic modulus (Ep)), and indices of pulse wave morphology were assessed in 28 participants (21 ± 2 years, AA: n = 11) at baseline (BL), 24 h and 48 h post-inflammation. Changes in IL-6 concentrations (ΔIL-6) were significantly greater at 24 h as compared to 48 h post-inflammation (0.652 ± 0.644 vs. -0.146 ± 0.532 pg/μl, P ≤ 0.0001). Among AA participants, central and peripheral diastolic BP were significantly decreased at 24 h post-inflammation as compared to BL (aortic diastolic BP: -4 ± 4 mmHg, P = 0.016; brachial diastolic BP: -4 ± 4 mmHg, P = 0.014). AA participants also experienced a significant decrease in central and peripheral mean arterial BP at 48 h post-inflammation as compared to BL (aortic mean arterial pressure: -4 ± 4 mmHg, P = 0.009; brachial mean arterial pressure: -4 ± 4 mmHg, P = 0.012). Despite haemodynamic changes, there were no differences in central or local carotid arterial stiffness or indices of pulse wave morphology.

Racial disparity in uterine leiomyoma: new insights of genetic and environmental burden in myometrial cells

Uterine leiomyoma (LM), also known as uterine fibroids, are common gynecological tumors and can reach a prevalence of 70% among women by the age of 50 years. Notably, the LM burden is much higher in Black women with earlier onset, a greater tumor number, size, and severity compared to White women. Published knowledge shows that there are genetic, environmental, and lifestyle-based risk factors associated with racial disparity for LM. Significant strides have been made on genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic data levels in Black and White women to elucidate the underlying pathomolecular reasons of racial disparity in LM development. However, racial disparity of LM remains a major area of concern in gynecological research. This review highlights risk factors of LM and their role in different races. Furthermore, we discuss the genetics and uterine myometrial microenvironment in LM development. Comparative findings revealed that a major racial difference in the disease is linked to myometrial oxidative burden and altered ROS pathways which is relevant to the oxidized guanine in genomic DNA and MED12 mutations that drive the LM genesis. Considering the burden and morbidity of LM, we anticipate that this review on genetic risk and myometrial microenvironment will strengthen understanding and propel the growth of research to address the racial disparity of LM burden.

Salty Subjects: Unpacking Racial Differences in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To review underlying mechanisms and environmental factors that may influence racial disparities in the development of salt-sensitive blood pressure.

RECENT FINDINGS

Our group and others have observed racial differences in diet and hydration, which may influence salt sensitivity. Dietary salt elicits negative alterations to the gut microbiota and immune system, which may increase hypertension risk, but little is known regarding potential racial differences in these physiological responses. Antioxidant supplementation and exercise offset vascular dysfunction following dietary salt, including in Black adults. Furthermore, recent work proposes the role of racial differences in exposure to social determinants of health, and differences in health behaviors that may influence risk of salt sensitivity. Physiological and environmental factors contribute to the mechanisms that manifest in racial differences in salt-sensitive blood pressure. Using this information, additional work is needed to develop strategies that can attenuate racial disparities in salt-sensitive blood pressure.

Race and sex differences in ROS production and SOD activity in HUVECs

Black individuals and men are predisposed to an earlier onset and higher prevalence of hypertension, compared with White individuals and women, respectively. Therefore, the influence of race and sex on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity following induced inflammation was evaluated in female and male human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from Black and White individuals. It was hypothesized that HUVECs from Black individuals and male HUVECs would exhibit greater ROS production and impaired SOD activity. Inflammation was induced in HUVEC cell lines (n = 4/group) using tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, 50ng/ml). There were no between group differences in ROS production or SOD activity in HUVECs from Black and White individuals, and HUVECs from Black individuals exhibited similar SOD activity at 24hr compared with 4hr of TNF-α treatment (p>0.05). However, HUVECs from White individuals exhibited significantly greater SOD Activity (p<0.05) at 24hr as compared to 4hr in the control condition but not with TNF-α treatment (p>0.05). Female HUVECs exhibited significantly lower ROS production than male HUVECs in the control condition and following TNF-α induced inflammation (p<0.05). Only female HUVECs exhibited significant increases in SOD activity with increased exposure time to TNF-α induced inflammation (p<0.05). HUVECs from White individuals alone exhibit blunted SOD activity when comparing control and TNF-α conditions. Further, compared to female HUVECs, male HUVECs exhibit a pro-inflammatory state.

Influence of Race and High Laminar Shear Stress on TNFR1 Signaling in Endothelial Cells

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding to endothelial TNF receptor-I (TNFR-I) facilitates monocyte recruitment and chronic inflammation, leading to the development of atherosclerosis. In vitro data show a heightened inflammatory response and atherogenic potential in endothelial cells (ECs) from African American (AA) donors. High laminar shear stress (HSS) can mitigate some aspects of racial differences in endothelial function at the cellular level. We examined possible racial differences in TNF-induced monocyte adhesion and TNFR1 signaling complex expression/activity, along with the effects of HSS. Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) monocytes were used in a co-culture system with human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) from Caucasian American (CA) and AA donors to examine racial differences in monocyte adhesion. An in vitro exercise mimetic model was applied to investigate the potential modulatory effect of HSS. THP-1 adherence to ECs and TNF-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding were elevated in AA ECs compared to CA ECs, but not significantly. We report no significant racial differences in the expression of the TNFR-I signaling complex. Application of HSS significantly increased the expression and shedding of TNFR-I and the expression of TRAF3, and decreased the expression of TRAF5 in both groups. Our data does not support TNF-induced NF-κB activation as a potential mediator of racial disparity in this model. Other pathways and associated factors activated by the TNFR1 signaling complex are recommended targets for future research.

Blood pressure surge with alarm is reduced after exercise and diet intervention in firefighters

BACKGROUND

Cardiac-related incidents are a public health concern for tactical occupations, and cardiovascular disease rates are higher in these populations compared with civilians. Research is needed to examine blood pressure (BP) responses in firefighters. The pager alert is one occupational hazard, and it is unknown if lifestyle change can reduce the systolic surge response.

PURPOSE

To measure BP surge with alarm in firefighters to determine whether the magnitude is lower after a 6-week tactical exercise and Mediterranean-diet intervention.

METHODS

SBP and DBP and BP surge levels, circulating markers, vascular health, and fitness were analyzed. BP surge with alarm was captured during a 12-hour workshift. Exercise and diet were self-reported. Diet was tracked with diet scores based on number of servings.

RESULTS

Twenty five firefighters (43.4 ± 13.9 years) participated. We found changes in the magnitude of BP surge with alarm (SBP surge from16.7 ± 12.9 to 10.5 ± 11.7 mmHg, P < 0.05; DBP surge from 8.2 ± 10.8 to 4.9 ± 5.6 mmHg, P > 0.05) after intervention. We confirm that clinical (127.6 ± 9.1 to 120 ± 8.2 mmHg) and central (122.7 ± 11.3 to 118.2 ± 10.7 mmHg) SBP levels improve with exercise and diet. We report for the first time in firefighters that oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (9.1 ± 1.5 to 11.2 ± 2.2 U/ml) and nitric oxide (40.4 ± 7 to 48.9 ± 16.9 μmol/l) levels improve with an exercise and diet intervention.

CONCLUSION

These findings have implications toward the benefit that short-term lifestyle changes make toward reducing the alarm stress response in first responders.

Racial differences in transcriptomics and reactive oxygen species burden in myometrium and leiomyoma

STUDY QUESTION

Are there differences in Mediator Complex Subunit 12 mutations (MED12) mutation, transcriptomics, and protein expression in uterine myometrium and leiomyomas of Black and White women?

SUMMARY ANSWER

RNA sequencing, tissue microarray, and immunohistochemistry data revealed that Black and White women have significant differences in their myometrium and leiomyoma profiles.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Black women develop uterine leiomyoma earlier than White women, and are more likely to be anemic, have multiple tumors, undergo hysterectomy at an earlier age, have a higher uterine weight, and report very severe pelvic pain.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Uterine tissues were collected from premenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy or myomectomy at Northwestern University Prentice Women's Hospital (Chicago, IL) from 2010 to 2021. Tissues were collected from a total of 309 women, including from 136 Black women, 135 White women, and 38 women from other racial groups. A total of 529 uterine leiomyomas (290 from Black women, 184 from White women, and 55 from women of other racial groups) were subjected to molecular analysis. Leiomyoma and matched myometrium from a total of 118 cases including 60 Black women and 58 White women, were used for tissue microarrays, along with 34 samples of myometrium without leiomyoma from White women.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Tissues from the above patient cohorts were analyzed by tissue microarray, immunohistochemistry, RNA sequencing, and mutation analysis.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The results indicated that leiomyoma from Black women have a higher rate of MED12 mutations (79.0%) than those from White women (68.5%) (*P ≤ 0.05). RNA-sequencing analysis in myometrium revealed differentially expressed genes (270 upregulated, 374 downregulated) dependent on race, wherein reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways were positively correlated with samples derived from Black patients. The levels of proteins associated with oxidative DNA damage and repair, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), were higher in leiomyoma and matched myometrium, particularly those from Black patients, compared to the control myometrium (with leiomyoma) (***P ≤ 0.001).

LARGE SCALE DATA

The datasets are available in the NCBI (The BioProject number: PRJNA859428).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Myometrium without leiomyoma derived from White patients was used as a control in the tissue microarray analysis, as myometrium without leiomyoma from Black patients was not accessible in large numbers. The RNA sequencing was performed on myometrium tissue with leiomyoma present from 10 White and 10 Black women. However, one sample from a Black woman yielded low-quality RNA-sequencing data and was excluded from further analysis.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Women with symptomatic leiomyomas have a considerable loss in their quality of life. This study provides information on underlying genetic and molecular defects that may be necessary for future therapeutics targeted at leiomyomas.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This work was supported by grants from NCI (R01CA254367) and NICHD (P01HD057877). The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Endothelin A receptor inhibition increases nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation independent of superoxide in non-Hispanic Black young adults

Young non-Hispanic Black adults have reduced microvascular endothelial function compared with non-Hispanic White counterparts, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endothelin-1 A receptor (ET_AR) and superoxide on cutaneous microvascular function in young non-Hispanic Black (n = 10) and White (n = 10) adults. Participants were instrumented with four intradermal microdialysis fibers: 1) lactated Ringer's (control), 2) 500 nM BQ-123 (ET_AR antagonist), 3) 10 μM tempol (superoxide dismutase mimetic), and 4) BQ-123 + tempol. Skin blood flow was assessed via laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and each site underwent rapid local heating from 33°C to 39°C. At the plateau of local heating, 20 mM l-NAME [nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor] was infused to quantify NO-dependent vasodilation. Data are means ± standard deviation. NO-dependent vasodilation was decreased in non-Hispanic Black compared with non-Hispanic White young adults (P < 0.01). NO-dependent vasodilation was increased at BQ-123 sites (73 ± 10% NO) and at BQ-123 + tempol sites (71 ± 10%NO) in non-Hispanic Black young adults compared with control (53 ± 13%NO, P = 0.01). Tempol alone had no effect on NO-dependent vasodilation in non-Hispanic Black young adults (63 ± 14%NO, P = 0.18). NO-dependent vasodilation at BQ-123 sites was not statistically different between non-Hispanic Black and White (80 ± 7%NO) young adults (P = 0.15). ET_AR contributes to reduced NO-dependent vasodilation in non-Hispanic Black young adults independent of superoxide, suggesting a greater effect on NO synthesis rather than NO scavenging via superoxide.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endothelin-1 A receptors (ET_ARs) have been shown to reduce endothelial function independently and through increased production of superoxide. We show that independent ET_AR inhibition increases microvascular endothelial function in non-Hispanic Black young adults. However, administration of a superoxide dismutase mimetic alone and in combination with ET_AR inhibition had no effect on microvascular endothelial function suggesting that, in the cutaneous microvasculature, the negative effects of ET_AR in non-Hispanic Black young adults are independent of superoxide production.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathophysiology, Outcomes, and Future Directions

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in the United States, exacting a debilitating physical, social, and financial strain. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the impact of TBI on medically underserved communities in the U.S. The purpose of the current study was to review the literature on TBI for evidence of racial/ethnic differences in the U.S. Results of the review showed significant racial/ethnic disparities in TBI outcome and several notable differences in other TBI variables. American Indian/Alaska Natives have the highest rate and number of TBI-related deaths compared with all other racial/ethnic groups; Blacks/African Americans are significantly more likely to incur a TBI from violence when compared with Non-Hispanic Whites; and minorities are significantly more likely to have worse functional outcome compared with Non-Hispanic Whites, particularly among measures of community integration. We were unable to identify any studies that looked directly at underlying racial/ethnic biological variations associated with different TBI outcomes. In the absence of studies on racial/ethnic differences in TBI pathobiology, taking an indirect approach, we looked for studies examining racial/ethnic differences in oxidative stress and inflammation outside the scope of TBI as they are known to heavily influence TBI pathobiology. The literature indicates that Blacks/African Americans have greater inflammation and oxidative stress compared with Non-Hispanic Whites. We propose that future studies investigate the possibility of racial/ethnic differences in inflammation and oxidative stress within the context of TBI to determine whether there is any relationship or impact on TBI outcome.

The association of systemic inflammation and cognitive functions of pre-school aged children residing in a Schistosoma haematobium endemic area in Zimbabwe

Background

Cognitive function is negatively impacted by schistosomiasis and might be caused by systemic inflammation which has been hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms driving cognitive decline, This study explored the association of systemic inflammatory biomarkers; interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and hematological parameters with cognitive performance of preschool-aged children (PSAC) from an Schistosoma haematobium endemic area.

Methods

The Griffith III tool was used to measure the cognitive performance of 136 PSAC. Whole blood and sera were collected and used to quantify levels of IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-17 A and CRP using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hematological parameters using the hematology analyzer. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between each inflammatory biomarker and cognitive performance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether systemic inflammation due to S. haematobium infection affected cognitive performance in PSAC.

Results

Higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6, were correlated with lower performance in the Foundations of Learning domain (r = -0.30; p < 0.001 and r = -0.26; p < 0.001), respectively. Low cognitive performance in the Eye-Hand-Coordination Domain was observed in PSAC with high levels of the following inflammatory biomarkers that showed negative correlations to performance; TNF-α (r = -0.26; p < 0.001), IL-6 (r = -0.29; p < 0.001), IL-10 (r = -0.18; p < 0.04), WBC (r = -0.29; p < 0.001), neutrophils (r = -0.21; p = 0.01) and lymphocytes (r = -0.25; p = 0.003) The General Development Domain correlated with TNF-α (r = -0.28; p < 0.001) and IL-6 (r = -0.30; p < 0.001). TGF-β, L-17A and MXD had no significant correlations to performance in any of the cognitive domains. The overall general development of PSAC was negatively impacted by S. haematobium infections (OR = 7.6; p = 0.008) and (OR = 5.6; p = 0.03) where the PSAC had higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 respectively.

Conclusion

Systemic inflammation and S. haematobium infections are negatively associated with cognitive function. We recommend the inclusion of PSAC into mass drug treatment programs.

Exaggerated pressor responses, but unaltered blood flow regulation and functional sympatholysis during lower limb exercise in young, non-Hispanic black males

PURPOSE

Young non-Hispanic black (BL) males have displayed lower blood flow (BF) and vascular conductance (VC), but intact functional sympatholysis, during upper limb exercise when compared to non-Hispanic white (WH) males. This study sought to explore if similar differences were also present in the lower limbs.

METHODS

Thirteen young BL males and thirteen WH males completed one visit comprised of rhythmic lower limb (plantar flexion) exercise as well as upper limb (handgrip) exercise for a limb-specific comparison. Limb BF, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and VC were evaluated at three submaximal workloads (8, 16, and 24 kg). To determine potential limb differences in functional sympatholysis, the impact of sympathetic nervous system activation (via cold-pressor test (CPT)) was evaluated at rest and during steady state exercise (30 % of maximal voluntary contraction) on a subsequent visit.

RESULTS

MAP responses to lower and upper limb exercise were elevated in young BL males (vs WH males), resulting in significantly lower VC responses in the upper limb, but not the lower limb. Further, BL males, when compared to WH males, revealed no differences in functional sympatholysis, evident by similar responses in both the exercising leg and arm VC during CPT.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the current study indicate that although elevated MAP responses were observed during both lower and upper limb exercise in young BL males, vascular conductance was only hindered in the upper limbs. This may potentially highlight enhanced compensatory mechanisms in the lower limb (vs upper limb) to maintain perfusion in young BL males.

The Prognostic Value of Derivatives-Reactive Oxygen Metabolites (d-ROMs) for Cardiovascular Disease Events and Mortality: A Review

Oxidative stress participates in the development and exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The ability to promptly quantify an imbalance in an individual reductive-oxidative (RedOx) state could improve cardiovascular risk assessment and management. Derivatives-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) are an emerging biomarker of oxidative stress quantifiable in minutes through standard biochemical analysers or by a bedside point-of-care test. The current review evaluates available data on the prognostic value of d-ROMs for CVD events and mortality in individuals with known and unknown CVD. Outcome studies involving small and large cohorts were analysed and hazard ratio, risk ratio, odds ratio, and mean differences were used as measures of effect. High d-ROM plasma levels were found to be an independent predictor of CVD events and mortality. Risk begins increasing at d-ROM levels higher than 340 UCARR and rises considerably above 400 UCARR. Conversely, low d-ROM plasma levels are a good negative predictor for CVD events in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure. Moreover, combining d-ROMs with other relevant biomarkers routinely used in clinical practice might support a more precise cardiovascular risk assessment. We conclude that d-ROMs represent an emerging oxidative-stress-related biomarker with the potential for better risk stratification both in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention.

Mitochondrial Phenotype as a Driver of the Racial Dichotomy in Obesity and Insulin Resistance

African Americans (AA) are disproportionately burdened by metabolic diseases. While largely unexplored between Caucasian (C) and AA, differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics may provide crucial insight to mechanisms for increased susceptibility to metabolic diseases. AA display lower total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate compared to C, but paradoxically have a higher amount of skeletal muscle mass, suggestive of inherent energetic efficiency differences between these races. Such adaptations would increase the chances of overnutrition in AA; however, these disparities would not explain the racial difference in insulin resistance (IR) in healthy subjects. Hallmarks associated with insulin resistance (IR), such as reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and metabolic inflexibility are present even in healthy AA without a metabolic disease. These adaptations might be influential of mitochondrial “substrate preference” and could play a role in disproportionate IR rates among races. A higher glycolytic flux and provision of shuttles transferring electrons from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix could be a contributing factor in development of IR via heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This review highlights the above concepts and provides suggestions for future studies that could help delineate molecular premises behind potential impairments in insulin signaling and metabolic disease susceptibility in AA.

Adaptive stress response genes associated with breast cancer subtypes and survival outcomes reveal race-related differences

Aggressive breast cancer variants, like triple negative and inflammatory breast cancer, contribute to disparities in survival and clinical outcomes among African American (AA) patients compared to White (W) patients. We previously identified the dominant role of anti-apoptotic protein XIAP in regulating tumor cell adaptive stress response (ASR) that promotes a hyperproliferative, drug resistant phenotype. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified 46-88 ASR genes that are differentially expressed (2-fold-change and adjusted p-value < 0.05) depending on PAM50 breast cancer subtype. On average, 20% of all 226 ASR genes exhibited race-related differential expression. These genes were functionally relevant in cell cycle, DNA damage response, signal transduction, and regulation of cell death-related processes. Moreover, 23% of the differentially expressed ASR genes were associated with AA and/or W breast cancer patient survival. These identified genes represent potential therapeutic targets to improve breast cancer outcomes and mitigate associated health disparities.

Enhanced parasympathetic cholinergic activity with galantamine inhibited lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese African Americans

BACKGROUND

African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), they are 20% more likely to die from CVD than whites, chronic exposure to inflammation and oxidative stress contributes to CVD. In previous studies, enhancing parasympathetic cholinergic activity has been shown to decrease inflammation. Considering that AAs have decreased parasympathetic activity compared to whites, we hypothesize that stimulating it with a central acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, galantamine, would prevent lipid-induced oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that acute dose of galantamine, an AChE inhibitor, decreases lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese AAs.

METHODS

Proof-of-concept, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study that tested the effect of a single dose of 16 mg of galantamine versus placebo on lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese AAs. Subjects were studied on two separate days, one week apart. In each study day, 16 mg or matching placebo was administered before 20% intralipids infusion at doses of 0.8 mL/m2/min with heparin at doses of 200 U/h for 4 h. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 h during the infusion.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Changes in F₂-isoprostane (F₂-IsoPs), marker of oxidative stress, measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in plasma at baseline, 2, and 4-h post-lipid infusion. Secondary outcomes include changes in inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF alpha).

RESULTS

A total of 32 obese AA women were screened and fourteen completed the study (age 37.8 ± 10.70 years old, BMI 38.7 ± 3.40 kg/m²). Compared to placebo, 16 mg of galantamine significantly inhibited the increase in F₂-IsoPs in PBMC (0.007 ± 0.008 vs. - 0.002 ± 0.006 ng/sample, P = 0.016), and plasma (0.01 ± 0.02 vs. - 0.003 ± 0.01 ng/mL, P = 0.023). Galantamine also decreased IL-6 (11.4 ± 18.45 vs. 7.7 ± 15.10 pg/mL, P = 0.021) and TNFα levels (18.6 ± 16.33 vs. 12.9 ± 6.16 pg/mL, P = 0.021, 4-h post lipid infusion) compared with placebo. These changes were associated with an increased plasma acetylcholine levels induced by galantamine (50.5 ± 10.49 vs. 43.6 ± 13.38 during placebo pg/uL, P = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

In this pilot, proof-of-concept study, enhancing parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) cholinergic activity with galantamine inhibited lipid-induced oxidative stress and inflammation induced by lipid infusion in obese AAs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT02365285.

The Intertwined Roles of Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and the burden of the disease continues to grow as the global population ages. Currently, the only treatment option is to lower intraocular pressure. A better understanding of glaucoma pathogenesis will help us to develop novel therapeutic options. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance in redox homeostasis, with reactive oxygen species producing processes overcoming anti-oxidant defensive processes. Oxidative stress works in a synergistic fashion with endoplasmic reticulum stress, to drive glaucomatous damage to trabecular meshwork, retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve head. We discuss the oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and their connections including their key intermediary, calcium. We highlight therapeutic options aimed at disrupting these pathways and discuss their potential role in glaucoma treatment.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Serum Concentrations of Ischaemia-Modified Albumin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke, Intracerebral Haemorrhage, and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

The identification of robust circulating biomarkers of stroke may improve outcomes. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of serum concentrations of ischaemia-modified albumin (IMA) in subjects with or without acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar from inception to March 2022. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist and GRADE, respectively. In 17 studies, IMA concentrations were significantly higher in patients with AIS (standard mean difference, SMD = 2.52, 95% CI 1.92 to 3.12; p < 0.001), ICH (SMD = 3.13, 95% CI 1.00 to 5.25; p = 0.004), and SAH (SMD = 4.50, 95% CI 0.91 to 7.01; p = 0.014) vs. controls (very low certainty of evidence). In AIS, the effect size was associated with the male gender, and was relatively larger in studies conducted in Egypt and India and those using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. IMA concentrations were progressively higher, by direct comparison, in SAH, ICH, and AIS. In sensitivity analysis, the pooled SMDs were not altered when individual studies were sequentially removed. Our meta-analysis suggests that IMA concentrations might be useful to diagnose stroke and discriminate between AIS, ICH, and SAH (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021320535).

Racial Differences in Pain, Nutrition, and Oxidative Stress

Investigating the disproportionate rates of chronic pain and their related comorbidities between Black and non-Hispanic White (White) individuals is a growing area of interest, both in the healthcare community and in general society. Researchers have identified racial differences in chronic pain prevalence and severity, but still very little is known about the mechanisms underlying them. Current explanations for these differences have primarily focused on socioeconomic status and unequal healthcare between races as causal factors. Whereas these factors are informative, a racial gap still exists between Black and White individuals when these factors are controlled for. One potential cause of this racial gap in chronic pain is the differences in nutrition and dietary intake between groups. Certain foods play a key role in the inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways in the human body and could potentially influence the severity of the pain experience. Here, we review the previous literature on the surrounding topics and propose a potential mechanism to explain racial differences in the chronic pain population, based on established racial differences in diet and oxidative stress.

Contributions of endothelin-1 and l-arginine to blunted cutaneous microvascular function in young, black women

Non-Hispanic black (BL) individuals have the greatest prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), relative to other racial/ethnic groups (e.g., non-Hispanic white population; WH), which may be secondary to blunted vascular function. Although women typically present with reduced CVD relative to men of the same racial/ethnic group, the prevalence is similar between BL women and men though the mechanisms differ. This study hypothesized that reduced microvascular function in young, BL women is associated with endothelin-1 (ET-1) overactivity or insufficient l-arginine bioavailability. Nine BL and nine WH women participated (age: 20 ± 2 vs. 22 ± 2 yr). Cutaneous microvascular function was assessed during 39°C local heating, whereas lactated Ringer's (control), BQ-123 (ET-1 receptor type A antagonist), BQ-788 (ET-1 receptor type B antagonist), or l-arginine were infused via intradermal microdialysis to modify cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Subsequent infusion of N^ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester allowed for quantification of the nitric oxide (NO) contribution to vasodilation, whereas combined sodium nitroprusside and 43°C heating allowed for normalization to maximal CVC (%CVC_max). BL women had blunted %CVC_max and NO contribution to dilation during the 39°C plateau (P < 0.027 for both). BQ-123 improved this response through augmented NO-mediated dilation (P < 0.048 for both). BQ-788 and l-arginine did not alter the CVC responses (P > 0.835 for both) or the NO contribution (P > 0.371 for both). Cutaneous microvascular function is reduced in BL women, and ET-1 receptor type A may contribute to this reduced function. Further research is needed to better characterize these mechanisms in young, BL women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cardiovascular disease remains a burden in the United States non-Hispanic black (BL) population, although its manifestation through blunted vasodilation in this population is different between men and women. Accordingly, this study determined that reduced microvascular function in young, BL women may be partially controlled by endothelin-1 (ET-1) type A receptors, although neither type B receptors nor insufficient l-arginine bioavailability seems to contribute to this response. Accordingly, further research is needed to better characterize these ET-1 related mechanisms and illuminate other pathways that may contribute to this disparate vascular function in young, BL women.

Diagnosis and Management of Idiopathic Persistent Iritis after Cataract Surgery (IPICS)

PURPOSE

To investigate the diagnosis and management of patients with idiopathic persistent iritis after cataract surgery (IPICS).

DESIGN

Retrospective interventional case series.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with IPICS were evaluated for demographic and clinical characteristics and immune blood markers. Those with more than 6 months of follow-up were evaluated for treatment efficacy to achieve remission (ie, absence of inflammation for 3 months), with either exclusive slow tapering of topical steroids or the need for systemic immunosuppression.

RESULTS

Forty-five patients presented with IPICS. Most were African American (39, 86.7%) or female (33, 77.3%). Antinuclear antibodies were present in 23 (69.9%) of patients. Main complications were steroid dependency (38,84.4%), glaucoma (24,53.5%), and macular edema (11,37.5%). Thirty two patients presented treatment follow up. On these,the proposed treatment strategy achieved remission in 30 (93.8%) of cases in a mean of 6.1 months via tapering of topical steroids in 15 (46.9%) of patients. However, in 17 (53.1%) of cases, adjuvant anti-inflammatory systemic medication was indicated. Meloxicam use was associated with remission in 11 (64.7%) of these patients and, in a minority with persistent iritis, treatment was escalated to methotrexate, which was successful in 4 (100%) of the cases.

CONCLUSIONS

IPICS is a distinct clinical anterior uveitis most common in African American and female patients, characterized by an unexpected onset of iritis after cataract surgery and high rates of steroid dependency, glaucoma, and macular edema. It is best treated with an initial slow taper of topical steroids; although adjuvant systemic anti-inflammatory therapy may be necessary to obtain remission and avoid complications.

Oxidative Stress, Testosterone, Cortisol, and Vitamin D: Differences in Professional Soccer Players of African and Caucasian Origin

BACKGROUND

Under conditions of intense exercise, the production of free radicals and cortisol increases, whereas blood levels of testosterone and vitamin D decrease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavior of these parameters, ethnic differences, and their relationships with overtraining.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty professional soccer players were studied. Oxidative stress, testosterone, cortisol, and vitamin D were collected in pre- and mid-competitive season, and their differences in Africans and Caucasians were evaluated.

RESULTS

An increase in oxidative stress was observed in mid-season in both groups, but this was more significant in Africans (386 ± 162.6 vs. 277.8 ± 106.9 UCarr, p = 0.005; 2,965.4 ± 815.8 vs. 2,560.6 ± 608.1 BAP, p = 0.035). Levels of testosterone and vitamin D were higher in August compared to February in all participants; in both months, testosterone levels were higher in Africans (11.5 ± 2.4 vs. 9.1 ± 2.6, p = 0.004; 10.3 ± 1.6 vs. 7.7 ± 2.3, p = 0.000), whereas vitamin D levels were higher in Caucasians (39.4 ± 11.1 vs. 33.4 ± 9.7, p = 0.048; 31.8 ± 9.7 vs. 27.4 ± 9.4, in August and February, respectively). Insufficient/deficient levels of vitamin D were more frequently observed in Africans, but the difference was close to significance only in August.

CONCLUSIONS

Although lower levels of vitamin D and higher levels of cortisol and oxidative stress in mid-season in Africans could have a negative influence on performance, no symptoms of overtraining were observed, probably due to higher levels of testosterone which enable homeostatic balance.

Risk factors associated with post-operative uveitis after cataract surgery: a retrospective case-control study

BACKGROUND/AIM

Post-operative uveitis is the most common complication after cataract surgery in the UK. The study aims to evaluate the risk of post-operative uveitis in cataract surgery patients of different ethnicity in the presence and absence of co-morbidities as well as operative complications using multivariate analysis.

METHODS

A retrospective case-control study of patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery between January 2018 to December 2019 at two hospital sites. Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between two groups defined by the development of post-operative uveitis. Statistically significant factors in univariate analysis were further analysed using multivariate analysis to account for confounders.

RESULTS

One thousand and five hundred eighty seven eyes had undergone phacoemulsification cataract operations with 104 (6.6%) developing post-operative uveitis. Compared to eyes of White/Mixed/Other ethnicity, Asian and Afro-Caribbean eyes were associated with a twofold (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.16-3.52, P = 0.013) and fivefold (OR 5.15, 95% CI 2.85-9.29, P < 0.001) risk of post-operative uveitis, respectively. Complicated surgery involving eyes with small pupil/iris hooks/Malyugin ring (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.16-6.30, P = 0.022) and posterior capsular rupture (OR 6.00, 95% CI 2.55-14.12, P < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of post-operative uveitis.

CONCLUSIONS

The factors significantly associated with a post-operative uveitis outcome were patients of Asian and Afro-Caribbean ethnicity, small intra-operative pupil size, use of iris hooks or Malyugin ring and PCR. The post-operative management plan should be tailored in these group of patients with a view of early assessment and prompt management of symptoms.

Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure in Blacks and Women: A Role of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Epithelial Na+ Channel

Significance: Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular disease, and disproportionately affects blacks and women. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including exaggerated activation of sodium transporters in the kidney leading to salt retention and water. Recent Advances: Recent studies have found that in addition to the renal epithelium, myeloid immune cells can sense sodium via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), which leads to activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase enzyme complex, increased fatty acid oxidation, and production of isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). IsoLGs are immunogenic and contribute to salt-induced hypertension. In addition, aldosterone-mediated activation of ENaC has been attributed to the increased SSBP in women. The goal of this review is to highlight mechanisms contributing to SSBP in blacks and women, including, but not limited to increased activation of ENaC, fatty acid oxidation, and inflammation. Critical Issues: A critical barrier to progress in management of SSBP is that its diagnosis is not feasible in the clinic and is limited to expensive and laborious research protocols, which makes it difficult to investigate. Yet without understanding the underlying mechanisms, this important risk factor remains without treatment. Future Directions: Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms that contribute to differential blood pressure responses to dietary salt and find feasible diagnostic tools. This is extremely important and may go a long way in mitigating the racial and sex disparities in cardiovascular outcomes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1477-1493.

Quantitative assessment of the immune microenvironment in African American Triple Negative Breast Cancer: a case-control study

PURPOSE

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is more common in African American (AA) than Non-AA (NAA) population. We hypothesize that tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to this disparity. Here, we use multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence to characterize the expression of immunologic biomarkers in the TME in both populations.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

TNBC tumor resection specimen tissues from a 100-patient case: control cohort including 49 AA and 51 NAA were collected. TME markers including CD45, CD14, CD68, CD206, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD3, Ki67, GzB, Thy1, FAP, aSMA, CD34, Col4, VWF and PD-L1 we quantitatively assessed in every field of view. Mean expression levels were compared between cases and controls.

RESULTS

Although no significant differences were detected in individual lymphoid and myeloid markers, we found that infiltration with CD45+ immune cells (p = 0.0102) was higher in TNBC in AA population. AA TNBC tumors also had significantly higher level of lymphocytic infiltration defined as CD45+ CD14- cells (p = 0.0081). CD3+ T-cells in AA tumors expressed significantly higher levels of Ki67 (0.0066) compared to NAAs, indicating that a higher percentage of AA tumors contained activated T-cells. All other biomarkers showed no significant differences between the AA and NAA group.

CONCLUSIONS

While the TME in TNBC is rich in immune cells in both racial groups, there is a numerical increase in lymphoid infiltration in AA compared to NAA TNBC. Significantly, higher activated T cells seen in AA patients raises the possibility that there may be a subset of AA patients with improved response to immunotherapy.

The Effect of Race and Shear Stress on CRP-Induced Responses in Endothelial Cells

Background

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an independent biomarker of systemic inflammation and a predictor of future cardiovascular disease (CVD). More than just a pure bystander, CRP directly interacts with endothelial cells to decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and bioactivity, decrease nitric oxide (NO) production, and increase the release of vasoconstrictors and adhesion molecules. Race is significantly associated with CRP levels and CVD risks. With aerobic exercise, the vessel wall is exposed to chronic high laminar shear stress (HiLSS) that shifts the endothelium phenotype towards an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antiproliferative environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the racial differences concerning the CRP-induced effects in endothelial cells and the potential role of HiLSS in mitigating these differences.

Methods

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from four African American (AA) and four Caucasian (CA) donors were cultured and incubated under the following conditions: (1) static control, (2) CRP (10 μg/mL, 24 hours), (3) CRP receptor (FcγRIIB) inhibitor followed by CRP stimulation, (4) HiLSS (20 dyne/cm², 24 hours), and (5) HiLSS followed by CRP stimulation.

Results

AA HUVECs had significantly higher FcγRIIB receptor expression under both basal and CRP incubation conditions. Blocking FcγRIIB receptor significantly attenuated the CRP-induced decrements in eNOS expression only in AA HUVECs. Finally, HiLSS significantly counteracted CRP-induced effects.

Conclusion

Understanding potential racial differences in endothelial function is important to improve CVD prevention. Our results shed light on FcγRIIB receptor as a potential contributor to racial differences in endothelial function in AA.

Diabetes pathogenesis and management: the endothelium comes of age

Endothelium, acting as a barrier, protects tissues against factors that provoke insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and itself responds to the insult of insulin resistance inducers with altered function. Endothelial insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction occur early in the evolution of insulin resistance-related disease, can co-exist with and even contribute to the development of metabolic insulin resistance, and promote vascular complications in those affected. The impact of endothelial insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction varies depending on the blood vessel size and location, resulting in decreased arterial plasticity, increased atherosclerosis and vascular resistance, and decreased tissue perfusion. Women with insulin resistance and diabetes are disproportionately impacted by cardiovascular disease, likely related to differential sex-hormone endothelium effects. Thus, reducing endothelial insulin resistance and improving endothelial function in the conduit arteries may reduce atherosclerotic complications, in the resistance arteries lead to better blood pressure control, and in the microvasculature lead to less microvascular complications and more effective tissue perfusion. Multiple diabetes therapeutic modalities, including medications and exercise training, improve endothelial insulin action and vascular function. This action may delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and/or its complications, making the vascular endothelium an attractive therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and potentially type 1 diabetes.

The Hydroethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Tieghemella heckelii (A.Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard (Sapotaceae) Produced N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor-Dependent Analgesia and Attenuates Acute Inflammatory Pain via Disruption of Oxidative Stress

BACKGROUND

Tieghemella heckelii stem bark is used in African traditional medicine to treat inflammatory pain conditions. However, these biological actions of the plant have not been proven. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and the mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of the hydroethanolic stem bark extract of T. heckelii (THBE).

METHODS

Phytochemical composition of THBE was investigated using qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay. Analgesic activity was evaluated using hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing assays. Mechanism of analgesic action was determined using pharmacological antagonist such as naloxone, atropine, flumazenil, nifedipine, or ketamine. Test agents were administered orally as follows: Tween 80 (5%) (control), diclofenac sodium (DS) 10/tramadol 9 mg/kg (standard), or THBE 10, 100, and 450 mg/kg. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipid peroxidation levels were also measured.

RESULTS

THBE which contained 58.45% saponins, 229.04 ± 0.049 GAE mg/g phenolic compounds,and 0.482 ± 0.0028 QE mg/g flavonoids produced (p < 0.5) anti-inflammatory effect of 56.22% and analgesia of 330 ± 72% and 50.4% in the hot plate and writhing assays, respectively, at 10 mg/kg and inhibited oxidative stress by GPx and SOD elevation in rats during inflammation. Ketamine significantly blocked the analgesia of THBE, indicating NMDA receptor-dependent analgesic action. Whereas, naloxone, atropine, nifedipine, and flumazenil could not antagonize the analgesic action of THBE.

CONCLUSION

These results show that THBE produced potent anti-inflammatory effect via disruption of oxidative stress and also generated NMDA receptor-dependent analgesia.

Functional significance of 8-isoprostanes in sinonasal disease and asthma

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to investigate how 8-isoprostanes, used as a marker of airway oxidative stress, were related to sinus disease and asthma.

METHODS

We analyzed samples and data from two separate studies, one investigating sinonasal disease in asthma, the other investigating the effect of BMI on airway disease. We measured airway (nasal lavage) 8-isoprostanes and investigated the relationship with measures of sinus and asthma symptoms, asthma control and lung function.

RESULTS

The study of people with sinonasal disease and poorly controlled asthma included 48 obese, 31 overweight and 23 lean participants. In multivariate analysis, nasal lavage 8-isoprostane levels increased with increasing BMI (p < 0.01), and were higher in Caucasian than African American participants (p = 0.01). Sinus symptoms were inversely related to nasal 8-isoprostanes (p = 0.02) independent of BMI and Race. In the study investigating the effect of BMI on airway disease, we enrolled 13 controls with obesity and 21 people with obesity and asthma: 8-isoprostane levels were higher in obese controls than in obese people with asthma (p < 0.01), and levels were inversely related to sinus symptoms (p = 0.02) and asthma control (p < 0.01).

INTERPRETATION

8-isoprostanes in nasal lavage are increased in obesity, and increased in Caucasians compared with African Americans. However, levels are higher in obese controls than obese people with asthma, and appear inversely related to symptoms of airway disease.

CLINICAL IMPLICATION

Airway 8-isoprostanes likely reflect complex oxidative signaling pathways, which are altered in obesity and those of different race, rather than being a simple marker of airway oxidative injury.

CAPSULE SUMMARY

Increased airway oxidative signaling (8-isoprostanes), may reflect normal physiology in the setting of obesity, as decreased levels are associated with disease activity in people with chronic sinonasal disease and asthma.

Differential responses of resistance arterioles to elevated intraluminal pressure in blacks and whites

Black Americans have an earlier onset, higher average blood pressure, and higher rates of hypertension-related mortality and morbidity, compared to whites. The racial difference may be related to microvasculature, the major regulatory site of blood pressure. The goal of this study was to compare the response of resistance vessels to high intraluminal pressure between black and white participants. A total of 38 vessels were obtained from human fat samples [21 black, 17 white; mean age 32 ± 12 yr and body mass index (BMI) 26.9 ± 4.9; between-group P ≥ 0.05] and included in this study. Internal diameter was measured in response to the flow induced by various pressure gradients (Δ10, Δ20, Δ40, Δ60, and Δ100 cmH₂O), and flow-induced dilation (FID) was calculated before and after high intraluminal pressure (150 cmH₂O). Before high intraluminal pressure, FID was not different between blacks and whites (P = 0.112). After exposure to high intraluminal pressure, FID was reduced at every pressure gradient in vessels from blacks (P < 0.001), whereas FID did not change in white participants except at Δ100 cmH₂O. When incubated with the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenger polyethylene glycol-catalase (PEG-catalase), the FID response in vessels from black, but not white, individuals was significantly reduced and the magnitude was higher at normal pressure relative to high pressure. Our findings suggest that the vessels from self-identified black individuals are more susceptible to microvascular dysfunction following transient periods of high intraluminal pressure compared to whites and show greater dependence on H₂O₂ as a main contributor to FID at normal pressures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Microvascular function regulates blood pressure and may contribute to racial differences in the incidence and prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Here, we show that using an ex vivo model of resistance arterioles isolated from human gluteal fat tissue, flow-induced dilation is not different between black and white participants. However, when exposed to transient increases in intraluminal pressure, the flow-induced dilation in resistance arterioles from black participants demonstrated greater reductions relative to their white counterparts, indicating a higher sensitivity to pressure change in the microvasculature.

Racial and ethnic disparities in coronary, vascular, structural, and congenital heart disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. However, percutaneous interventional cardiovascular therapies are often underutilized in Blacks, Hispanics, and women and may contribute to excess morbidity and mortality in these vulnerable populations. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) is committed to reducing racial, ethnic, and sex-based treatment disparities in interventional cardiology patients. Accordingly, each of the SCAI Clinical Interest Councils (coronary, peripheral, structural, and congenital heart disease [CHD]) participated in the development of this whitepaper addressing disparities in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in underserved populations. The councils were charged with summarizing the available data on prevalence, treatment, and outcomes and elucidating potential reasons for any disparities. Given the huge changes in racial and ethnic composition by age in the United States (Figure 1), it was difficult to determine disparities in rates of diagnosis and we expected to find some racial differences in prevalence of disease. For example, since the average age of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is 80 years, one may expect 80% of TAVR patients to be non-Hispanic White. Conversely, only 50% of congenital heart interventions would be expected to be performed in non-Hispanic Whites. Finally, we identified opportunities for SCAI to advance clinical care and equity for our patients, regardless of sex, ethnicity, or race.

Race-specific changes in endothelial inflammation and microRNA in response to an acute inflammatory stimulus

Both aberrant vascular reactivity to acute cardiovascular stress and epigenetic mechanisms such as microRNA (miR) may underlie the increased propensity for African Americans (AA) to develop cardiovascular disease. This study assessed racial differences in acute induced endothelial inflammation and related miRs. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) derived from AA and Caucasian Americans (CA) were exposed to influenza vaccine to determine changes in inflammatory markers, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and miR expression/release. Endothelial function [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)], circulating IL-6, and circulating miR were also measured in young, healthy AA and CA individuals before and after receiving the influenza vaccine. There were no significant racial differences in any parameters at baseline. The vaccine induced increases in IL-6 release (24%, P = 0.02) and ICAM-1 mRNA (40%, P = 0.03), as well as reduced eNOS mRNA (24%, P = 0.04) in AA HUVECs, but not in CA HUVECs (all P > 0.05). Intracellular levels of anti-inflammatory miR-221-3p and miR-222-3p increased specifically in CA HUVECs (72% and 53%, P = 0.04 and P = 0.06), whereas others did not change in either race. HUVEC secretion of several miRs decreased in both races, whereas the release of anti-inflammatory miR-150-5p was decreased only by AA cells (-30%, P = 0.03). In individuals of both races, circulating IL-6 increased approximately twofold 24 h after vaccination (both P < 0.01) and returned to baseline levels by 48 h, whereas FMD remained unchanged. Although macrovascular function was unaffected by acute inflammation in AA and CA individuals, AA endothelial cells exhibited increased susceptibility to acute inflammation and unique changes in related miR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Used as an acute inflammatory stimulus, the influenza vaccine induced an inflammatory response and decreased eNOS gene expression in endothelial cells derived from African Americans, but not Caucasian Americans. Race-specific changes in intracellular expression and release of specific microRNAs also occurred and may contribute to an exaggerated inflammatory response in African Americans. In vivo, the vaccine caused similar systemic inflammation but had no effect on endothelial function or circulating microRNAs in individuals of either race.

Blunted hyperemic response to mental stress in young, non-Hispanic black men is not impacted by acute dietary nitrate supplementation

Non-Hispanic black individuals suffer from an elevated prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relative to other populations. This elevated disease risk is, in large part, related to impaired vascular function, secondary to reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary nitrate supplementation improves several cardiovascular parameters, including vascular function, in part by increased NO bioavailability. However, whether these findings extend to a population of black individuals is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that forearm blood flow responses in young, non-Hispanic, black (BL) men during a mental stress challenge would be blunted relative to young, non-Hispanic, white (WH) men. We further hypothesized that acute dietary nitrate supplementation would improve this response in BL men. This study comprised two parts (phase 1 and phase 2). Phase 1 investigated the difference in blood flow responses between young, BL, and WH men. In contrast, phase 2 investigated the effect of acute nitrate supplementation on the responses in a subset of the BL men from phase 1. Eleven (nine for phase 2) BL and eight WH men (23 ± 3 vs. 24 ± 4 yr, respectively) participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. During each visit, hemodynamic responses during 3 min of mental stress were assessed in the brachial artery using duplex Doppler ultrasound. Phase 1 was completed in one visit, whereas phase 2 was completed over two visits separated by ∼1 wk. During phase 2, data were collected before and 2-h postconsumption of a beverage either high in nitrate content or nitrate depleted. In phase 1, peak forearm blood flow (FBF; P < 0.001), total FBF (P < 0.01), and forearm vascular conductance (FVC; P < 0.001) were blunted in the BL. During phase 2, prebeverage responses were similar to phase 1 and were unaffected following beverage consumption (P > 0.05 vs. prebeverage for all variables). These data indicate that young, BL men have blunted microvascular vasodilatory responses to acute mental stress, which may not be altered following acute nitrate supplementation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study tested the hypothesis that non-Hispanic black (BL) men have a blunted forearm hyperemic response to mental stress, which would be augmented following acute nitrate supplementation. The increase in forearm blood flow during mental stress was attenuated in BL men and was not impacted by nitrate supplementation. This supports findings of altered vascular function in this population. This is especially important as BL experience a higher prevalence of stress, which contributes to CVD risk.

Contribution of Adipose Tissue Oxidative Stress to Obesity-Associated Diabetes Risk and Ethnic Differences: Focus on Women of African Ancestry

Adipose tissue (AT) storage capacity is central in the maintenance of whole-body homeostasis, especially in obesity states. However, sustained nutrients overflow may dysregulate this function resulting in adipocytes hypertrophy, AT hypoxia, inflammation and oxidative stress. Systemic inflammation may also contribute to the disruption of AT redox equilibrium. AT and systemic oxidative stress have been involved in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through several mechanisms. Interestingly, fat accumulation, body fat distribution and the degree of how adiposity translates into cardio-metabolic diseases differ between ethnicities. Populations of African ancestry have a higher prevalence of obesity and higher T2D risk than populations of European ancestry, mainly driven by higher rates among African women. Considering the reported ethnic-specific differences in AT distribution and function and higher levels of systemic oxidative stress markers, oxidative stress is a potential contributor to the higher susceptibility for metabolic diseases in African women. This review summarizes existing evidence supporting this hypothesis while acknowledging a lack of data on AT oxidative stress in relation to IR in Africans, and the potential influence of other ethnicity-related modulators (e.g., genetic-environment interplay, socioeconomic factors) for consideration in future studies with different ethnicities.

Ethnically biased microsatellites contribute to differential gene expression and glutathione metabolism in Africans and Europeans

Approximately three percent of the human genome is occupied by microsatellites: a type of short tandem repeat (STR). Microsatellites have well established effects on (a) the genetic structure of diverse human populations and (b) expression of nearby genes. These lines of inquiry have uncovered 3,984 ethnically biased microsatellite loci (EBML) and 28,375 expression STRs (eSTRs), respectively. We hypothesize that a combination of EBML, eSTRs, and gene expression data (RNA-seq) can be used to show that microsatellites contribute to differential gene expression and phenotype in human populations. In fact, our previous study demonstrated a degree of mutual overlap between EBML and eSTRs but fell short of quantifying effects on gene expression. The present work aims to narrow the gap. First, we identify 313 overlapping EBML/eSTRs and recapitulate their mutual overlap. The 313 EBML/eSTRs are then characterized across ethnicity and tissue type. We use RNA-seq data to pursue validation of 49 regions that affect whole blood gene expression; 32 out of 54 affected genes are differentially expressed in Africans and Europeans. We quantify the relative contribution of these 32 genes to differential expression; fold change tends to be less than other differentially expressed genes. Repeat length correlates with expression for 15 of the 32 genes; two are conspicuously involved in glutathione metabolism. Finally, we repurpose a mathematical model of glutathione metabolism to investigate how a single polymorphic microsatellite affects phenotype. We conclude with a testable prediction that microsatellite polymorphisms affect GPX7 expression and oxidative stress in Africans and Europeans.

Race/ethnicity and gender modify the association between diet and cognition in U.S. older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014

INTRODUCTION

It is unclear whether the association between Mediterranean-type Diet (MeDi) and cognition is similar across different racial/ethnic groups or between women and men.

METHODS

The current study included 2435 participants (≥60 years of age) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Linear regression models were applied to examine the association between diet and cognition, adjusted for multiple demographic variables. Interaction between MeDi and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, other), and between MeDi and gender, were examined, followed by stratified analyses.

RESULTS

One score increase in MeDi was associated with 0.039 (95%confidence interval [CI] = 0.016-0.062) higher global cognitive z-score. Significant associations between MeDi and global cognition and between MeDi and immediate recall were found in the non-Hispanic Whites only (P-interaction = 0.057 and 0.059, respectively). MeDi was associated with increased score of animal fluency score in men but not in women (P-interaction = 0.082).

DISCUSSION

The positive association between MeDi and cognition might be dependent on race/ethnicity and gender.

Oxidative stress markers in patient-derived non-cancerous cervical tissues and cells

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer. However, not all infected women develop cervical cancer. Cervical tumorigenesis is characterized by a multifactorial etiology, with oxidative stress (OS) likely playing a major role. In addition to exogenous sources, metabolic processes also contribute to OS. In principle, variability in levels of cervical OS has the potential to influence the likelihood of conversion to cervical cancer. To ask whether such variability indeed existed, we assessed the levels of ROS and the oxidative DNA damage biomarker 8-oxodG in normal non-cancerous cervical tissues and cells obtained from women with uterovaginal pelvic organ prolapse following vaginal hysterectomy. We demonstrated five and ten-fold variability between tissues isolated from the transformation zone (TZ) and ectocervix (EC) of different women, respectively. Despite the greater variability (likely due to differences in tissue composition), the overall pattern of ROS levels in EC tissues mirrored those obtained in their corresponding TZ tissues. Our results also show that the levels of ROS in TZ tissues were always higher than or equal to those found in the respective EC tissues, providing a possible explanation for TZ tissue being the primary target for HPV infection and cervical carcinogenesis. Interestingly, primary keratinocytes isolated and cultured from these cervical specimens also displayed high variability in ROS levels, with some strongly mirroring the levels of ROS observed in their corresponding tissues, while others were less closely associated. Finally, we demonstrated that the levels of DNA damage mirrored the levels of ROS in the cultured primary cells. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that dispose certain individuals to develop cervical cancer has the potential to enable the development of approaches that make the conversion of HPV infection to cancer development even more rare.

Inhibition of iNOS augments cutaneous endothelial NO-dependent vasodilation in prehypertensive non-Hispanic Whites and in non-Hispanic Blacks

We tested the hypothesis that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributes to reduced nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in non-Hispanic Blacks and prehypertensive non-Hispanic Whites. Twenty Black and twenty White participants (10 normotensive, 10 prehypertensive per group; n = 40 total) participated in this study. Participants were instrumented with two microdialysis fibers, and each site was randomized as control (lactated Ringer) or iNOS inhibition (0.1 mM 1400W). Laser-Doppler flow probes and local heaters were used to measure skin blood flow and heat the skin to induce vasodilation, respectively. Each site was heated from 33°C to 39°C (rate: 0.1°C/s). Once a plateau was established, 20 mM nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, was infused at each site to quantify NO-dependent vasodilation. At control sites, %NO-dependent vasodilation was reduced in prehypertensive Whites (47 ± 10%NO) and in both normotensive and prehypertensive Blacks (39 ± 9%NO and 28 ± 5%NO, respectively) relative to normotensive Whites (73 ± 8%NO; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Compared with respective control sites, iNOS inhibition increased NO-dependent vasodilation in prehypertensive Whites (68 ± 8%NO) and in both normotensive and prehypertensive Blacks (78 ± 8%NO and 55 ± 6%NO, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). We failed to find an effect for normotensive Whites (77 ± 7%NO). After iNOS inhibition, %NO-dependent vasodilation was similar between normotensive Whites, prehypertensive Whites, and normotensive Blacks. Inhibition of iNOS increased NO-dependent vasodilation to a lesser extent in prehypertensive Blacks. These data suggest that iNOS contributes to reduced NO-dependent vasodilation in prehypertension and in Black participants.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is typically upregulated in conditions of increased oxidative stress and may have detrimental effects on the vasculature. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO), which is cardioprotective, is reduced in prehypertensive non-Hispanic Whites and in non-Hispanic Blacks. We found that inhibition of iNOS can increase endothelial NO-dependent vasodilation in prehypertensive White participants and in both normotensive and prehypertensive Black participants.Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) can be upregulated under conditions of increased oxidative stress and may have detrimental effects on the vasculature. Endothelial NO, which is cardioprotective, is reduced in prehypertensive non-Hispanic Whites and in non-Hispanic Blacks. We found that inhibition of iNOS can increase endothelial NO-dependent vasodilation in prehypertensive White participants and in both normotensive and prehypertensive Black participants.

Dietary Interventions for Treatment of Chronic Pain: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Chronic pain is highly prevalent in the United States, impacting 28.4% of the adult population, or 69.6 million people, as of 2016. Chronic pain is often associated with anxiety, depression, and restrictions in mobility and daily activities, substantially reducing quality of life. Analgesics, especially opioids, are one of the primary pharmaceutical treatment methods for chronic pain. However, prescription opioid misuse and abuse has become increasingly prevalent and concerning, prompting the need for research into alternative treatment methods which avoid the side effects of traditional treatments. Chronic pain is, in part, thought to be the result of oxidative stress and inflammation, and clinical research has indicated links between these conditions and diet. Thus, dietary interventions are a particularly promising therapeutic treatment for chronic pain, with numerous studies suggesting that diet has a noticeable effect on pain as far down as the cellular level. In this review article, data from a number of clinical trials assessing the effect of three diets—antioxidant-rich, low-carbohydrate, and Mediterranean—on oxidative stress and inflammation is compiled and discussed in the context of chronic pain. Clinical data suggests that low-carbohydrate diets and Mediterranean diets both are especially promising dietary interventions.

A Medium-Throughput System for In Vitro Oxidative Stress Assessment in IPEC-J2 Cells

The feed industry continuously seeks new molecules with antioxidant capacity since oxidative stress plays a key role in intestinal health. To improve screening of new antioxidants, this study aims to set up an assay to assess oxidative stress in the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 using plate-reader-based analysis of fluorescence. Two oxidants, H₂O₂ and menadione, were tested at 1, 2 and 3 mM and 100, 200 and 300 µM, respectively. Trolox (2 mM) was used as the reference antioxidant and the probe CM-H2DCFDA was used to indicate intracellular oxidative stress. Cell culture, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and assessment conditions were optimized to detect a significant ROS accumulation that could be counteracted by pre-incubation with trolox. Menadione (200 µM) reproducibly increased ROS levels, H₂O₂ failed to do so. Trolox significantly decreased intracellular ROS levels in menadione (200 µM)-exposed cells in a consistent way. The system was further used to screen different concentrations of the commercially available antioxidant ELIFE^®. Concentrations between 100 and 200 ppm protected best against intracellular ROS accumulation. In conclusion, the combination of CM-H2DCFDA fluorescence analysis by a plate-reader, trolox as a reference antioxidant and 200 µM of menadione as a stressor agent, provides a replicable and reliable medium-throughput setup for the evaluation of intracellular oxidative stress in IPEC-J2 cells.

Influence of sex on heightened vasoconstrictor mechanisms in the non-Hispanic black population

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects individuals of all races and ethnicities; however, its prevalence is highest in non-Hispanic black individuals (BL) relative to other populations. While previous research has provided valuable insight into elevated CVD risk in the BL population, this work has been almost exclusively conducted in men. This is alarming given that BL women suffer from CVD at an equivalent rate to BL men and each has a greater prevalence when compared to all other ethnicities, regardless of sex. The importance of investigating sex differences in mechanisms of cardiovascular function is highlighted by the National Institute of Health requiring sex to be considered as a biological variable in research studies to better our "understanding of key sex influences on health processes and outcomes." The mechanism(s) responsible for the elevated CVD risk in BL women remains unclear and is likely multifactorial. Limited studies in BL women suggest that, while impaired vasodilator capacity is involved, heightened vasoconstrictor tone and/or responsiveness may also contribute. Within this mini-review, we will discuss potential mechanisms of elevated rates of hypertension and other CVDs in BL individuals with a particular focus on young, otherwise healthy, college-aged women. To stimulate academic thought and future research, we will also discuss potential mechanisms for impaired vascular function in BL women, as well as possible divergent mechanisms between BL men and women based on either preliminary data or plausible speculation extending from findings in the existing literature. Last, we will conclude with potential future research directions aimed at better understanding the elevated risk for hypertension and CVD in BL women.

Accumulation rate of advanced glycation end products in recent onset psychosis: A longitudinal study

Schizophrenia is associated with excessive oxidative stress. Production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the skin is strongly associated with oxidative stress. Increased skin AGE-levels have been demonstrated at cross-sectional level in recent onset psychosis and chronic schizophrenia, indicating increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to investigate factors underlying AGE-accumulation and accumulation rate of AGEs in recent onset psychosis. From December 2016 through May 2017, 66 patients and 160 (highly educated) healthy controls from a previous case-control study of AGE-levels were assessed for a follow-up measurement 12-24 months after baseline. Possible determinants of AGE-accumulation were analyzed. AGE-accumulation rates in patients and controls were compared adjusted for relevant confounders. In healthy controls, a significant association of AGE-accumulation with ethnicity and tobacco exposure was found. An indication of a markedly higher AGE-accumulation rate was found in patients suffering from recent onset psychosis compared to healthy controls, independent of ethnicity and tobacco smoking, but not independent of cannabis use (more prevalent in patients than controls), although results were not significant.

Characterization of the blood pressure response during cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise testing in black and white men : Data from the Fitness Registry and Importance of Exercise: A National Database (FRIEND)

It has been established that blacks have higher overall incidence and prevalence of hypertension compared to their white counterparts. However, the maximum blood pressure (BP) response of blacks to exercise has not been characterized. A total of 5996 apparently healthy men from the Fitness Registry and Importance of Exercise: A National Database (FRIEND) who underwent maximum cardiopulmonary exercise tests on a cycle ergometer were included in this analysis. Of these participants, 1245 (21%) self-identified as black while the remaining 4751 (79%) identified as white. All subjects had a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of ≥1.0 and had no reports of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. Systolic BP (BP) response to exercise was indexed according to increase in workload (SBP/MET-slope). Both racial groups were subdivided into age groups by decade. Black men had higher peak SBP and higher SBP/MET-slopes compared to white men across all age groups (p < 0.001). Resting SBP was not different between blacks and whites except within the 18-29-year age group. The differences in peak SBP and SBP/MET-slope between age and race groups indicate that black men have an exaggerated BP response to exercise irrespective of resting BP values. Further investigation is warranted to determine the underlying mechanisms responsible and clinical implications for this exaggerated BP response to exercise.