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Song B, Qiu Z, Li M, Luo T, Wu Q, Krishnan HB, Wu J, Xu P, Zhang S, Liu S. Breeding of ‘DND358’: A new soybean cultivar for processing soy protein isolate with a hypocholesterolemic effect similar to that of fenofibrate. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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2
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Jung SM, Haddad EH, Kaur A, Sirirat R, Kim AY, Oda K, Rajaram S, Sabaté J. A Non-Probiotic Fermented Soy Product Reduces Total and LDL Cholesterol: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020535. [PMID: 33562090 PMCID: PMC7915103 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Asian fermented soy food products are associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk in prospective studies, but few randomized controlled trials have been conducted in at-risk populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a commercial non-probiotic fermented soy product on blood lipids in adults with cardiovascular risk biomarkers. In a randomized, crossover, intervention study, 27 men and women (aged 29–75 y) exhibiting at least two risk factors, consumed two packets (12.5 g each) daily of a fermented powdered soy product, or an isoenergic control powder made from germinated brown rice for 12 weeks each. The consumption of the fermented soy product resulted in a significantly greater mean change from baseline (compared to the germinated rice, all p < 0.05) in total cholesterol of −0.23 mmol/L (CI: −0.40, −0.06) compared with 0.14 mmol/L (CI: −0.03, 0.31), respectively; and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol −0.18 mmol/L (CI: −0.32, −0.04) compared with 0.04 mmol/L (CI: −0.01, 0.018) respectively. This was accompanied by an increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the germinated rice group, a decrease in apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in the fermented soy group, and a between-treatment effect in apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1); however, the ratio of the LDL:HDL and of Apo B:ApoA1 did not differ between the groups. The ratio of total cholesterol:LDL decreased in men in the fermented soy group (p < 0.001). Twenty-four-hour urine collection at the end of each treatment period resulted in an increased excretion expressed as a ratio in μmol/d between treatments of 10.93 (CI: 5.07, 23.54) for daidzein; 1.24 (CI: 1.14, 4.43) for genistein; and, 8.48 (CI: 4.28, 16.80) for glycitein, all p < 0.05. The fermented soy powder consumed by participants in this study without implementing other changes in their typical diets, decreased the total and LDL cholesterol, and may serve as a dietary strategy to manage blood lipids. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03429920.
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Bellesi FA, Pizones Ruiz-Henestrosa VM, Pilosof A. Lipolysis of soy protein and HPMC mixed emulsion as modulated by interfacial competence of emulsifiers. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Moriyama T, Yano E, Zaima N, Miyazaki K, Shirotsuki K, Sato A, Sawaguchi M. Development of Pretreatment Protocols for Determination of Soybean β-Conglycinin in Processed Soybean Foods Using Commercial ELISA Kits. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:270-277. [PMID: 32612090 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-Conglycinin is the major storage protein in soybeans. Pre-clinical animal models and human clinical studies have demonstrated the triglyceride-lowering effect of this protein, suggesting that it could be put into practical use as a functional food material. To date, however, there are no accurate and simple assays for quantification of β-conglycinin. In this study, samples were pretreated by mixing them with rice flour powder prior to extraction of proteins. Then, we used commercially available ELISA kits for detection of allergens that could be present in any contaminating soybean residue. This enabled accurate and highly reproducible quantitation of β-conglycinin content in several processed soybean foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University
| | - Erika Yano
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University
| | | | | | - Aki Sato
- Misuzu Corporation, Department of Quality Technology
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Kim HJ, Choi EJ, Kim HS, Choi CW, Choi SW, Kim SL, Seo WD, Do SH. Soyasaponin Ab alleviates postmenopausal obesity through browning of white adipose tissue. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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6
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Microencapsulation of active ingredients in functional foods: From research stage to commercial food products. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Karamali M, Kashanian M, Alaeinasab S, Asemi Z. The effect of dietary soy intake on weight loss, glycaemic control, lipid profiles and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:533-543. [PMID: 29468748 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary soy intake on weight loss and metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS A randomised clinical trial was conducted among 60 women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either a test diet (n = 30) or a control diet (n = 30) for 8 weeks. Participants in the test group consumed a diet containing 0.8 g protein kg-1 body weight (35% animal proteins, 35% soy protein and 30% vegetable proteins) and participants in the control group consumed a similar diet containing 70% animal proteins and 30% vegetable proteins. RESULTS Adherence to the test diet, compared with the control diet, resulted in significant decreases [mean (SD)] in body mass index (BMI) [-0.3 (0.6) versus +0.1 (0.5) kg m-2 , P = 0.02], fasting plasma glucose [-0.2 (0.5) versus +0.1 (0.3) mmol L-1 , P = 0.01], total testosterone [-0.3 (0.7) versus +0.3 (0.3) mmol L-1 , P < 0.001], insulin [-15.0 (18.0) versus +4.8 (18.6) pmol L-1 , P < 0.001] and insulin resistance [-0.6 (0.6) versus +0.2 (0.7), P < 0.001], as well as a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [+0.01 (0.01) versus -0.002 (0.02), P = 0.01]. In addition, significant decreases in triglycerides [-0.1 (0.4) versus +0.2 (0.3) mmol L-1 , P = 0.01] and malondialdehyde (MDA) [-1.2 (1.0) versus +0.2 (1.2) μmol L-1 , P < 0.001] and significant increases in nitric oxide (NO) [+13.6 (14.1) versus +0.9 (24.3) μmol L-1 , P = 0.01] and glutathione (GSH) [+170.1 (175.5) versus +24.2 (168.7) μmol L-1 , P = 0.002] were seen in the test group compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to test diet among subjects with PCOS significantly decreased BMI, glycaemic control, total testosterone, triglycerides and MDA, and significantly increased NO and GSH compared to the control diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karamali
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Kashanian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Z Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Simental-Mendía LE, Gotto AM, Atkin SL, Banach M, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:16-24. [PMID: 29129666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy supplementation has been shown to reduce total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, contradictory effects of soy isoflavone supplementation on lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] have been reported suggesting the need for a meta-analysis to be undertaken. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of supplementation with soy isoflavones on plasma Lp(a) levels through a systematic review and meta-analysis of eligible randomized placebo-controlled trials. METHODS The search included PubMed-Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases (by March 26, 2017), and quality of studies was evaluated according to Cochrane criteria. Quantitative data synthesis was performed using a random-effects model, with standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval as summary statistics. Meta-regression and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis were performed to assess the modifiers of treatment response. RESULTS Ten eligible studies comprising 11 treatment arms with 973 subjects were selected for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis did not suggest any significant alteration of plasma Lp(a) levels after supplementation with soy isoflavones (standardized mean difference: 0.08, 95% confidence interval: -0.05, 0.20, P = .228). The effect size was robust in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. In meta-regression analysis, neither dose nor duration of supplementation with soy isoflavones was significantly associated with the effect size. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis of the 10 available randomized placebo-controlled trials revealed no significant effect of soy isoflavones treatment on plasma Lp(a) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Pilosof AM. Potential impact of interfacial composition of proteins and polysaccharides stabilized emulsions on the modulation of lipolysis. The role of bile salts. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Loman AA, Islam SMM, Li Q, Ju LK. Soybean bio-refinery platform: enzymatic process for production of soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate and fermentable sugar syrup. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1501-14. [PMID: 27207010 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean carbohydrate is often found to limit the use of protein in soy flour as food and animal feed due to its indigestibility to monogastric animal. In the current study, an enzymatic process was developed to produce not only soy protein concentrate and soy protein isolate without indigestible carbohydrate but also soluble reducing sugar as potential fermentation feedstock. For increasing protein content in the product and maximizing protein recovery, the process was optimized to include the following steps: hydrolysis of soy flour using an Aspergillus niger enzyme system; separation of the solid and liquid by centrifugation (10 min at 7500×g); an optional step of washing to remove entrapped hydrolysate from the protein-rich wet solid stream by ethanol (at an ethanol-to-wet-solid ratio (v/w) of 10, resulting in a liquid phase of approximately 60 % ethanol); and a final precipitation of residual protein from the sugar-rich liquid stream by heat treatment (30 min at 95 °C). Starting from 100 g soy flour, this process would produce approximately 54 g soy protein concentrate with 70 % protein (or, including the optional solid wash, 43 g with 80 % protein), 9 g soy protein isolate with 89 % protein, and 280 ml syrup of 60 g/l reducing sugar. The amino acid composition of the soy protein concentrate produced was comparable to that of the starting soy flour. Enzymes produced by three fungal species, A. niger, Trichoderma reesei, and Aspergillus aculeatus, were also evaluated for effectiveness to use in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, USA
| | - S M Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, USA.
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Oliveira EF, Santos-Martins D, Ribeiro AM, Brás NF, Cerqueira NS, Sousa SF, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors: an updated review of patents of novel compounds and formulations (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1257-1272. [PMID: 27537201 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1216977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are remarkably safe and efficient medications that are the mainstay of hypercholesterolemia treatment and have proven to be an invaluable tool to lower the risk of acute cardiovascular events. These compounds are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-R), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. In spite of their success, they present undesirable side effects and are now loosing patent protection, which provides a great opportunity for the development of new and improved statins. Areas covered: This review summarizes the new patents for HMG-R inhibitors for the 2011-2015 period. Combinations of existing statins with other drugs are also addressed, as well as novel applications of existing statins. Expert opinion: Recent efforts for the discovery of HMG-CoA-R inhibitors has resulted in several new molecules. Most of these are based on commercially available statins, including sterol and terpenoid derivatives. A few peptides have also been patented. However, the origin of the side effects caused by previous statins continues to be, to a large extent, unknown. Although the patents published in the past 5 years are promising, and might result in new drugs, there is still no way to know if they will present reduced toxicity. Only future clinical trials will answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Filipe Oliveira
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Diogo Santos-Martins
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - António Meireles Ribeiro
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Natércia Fernandes Brás
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa Cerqueira
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sérgio Filipe Sousa
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria João Ramos
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- a UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Garg S, Lule VK, Malik RK, Tomar SK. Soy Bioactive Components in Functional Perspective: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1136936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheenam Garg
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Vaibhao Kisanrao Lule
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar Malik
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Tomar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Wu PY, Yang SH, Wong TC, Chen TW, Chen HH, Chen TH, Chen YT. Association of Processed Meat Intake with Hypertension Risk in Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141917. [PMID: 26517837 PMCID: PMC4627724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesized that hemodialysis patients consuming greater processed meat is associated with hypertension risk, which can be partly explained by the high sodium content in processed meat. From September 2013 to May 2014, one hundred and four patients requiring chronic hemodialysis treatment were recruited from hemodialysis centers. Data on systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before receiving dialysis, and 3-day dietary records of the recruited patients were collected. HD patients with systolic and diastolic blood pressures greater than140 mmHg and higher than 90 mmHg, respectively, were considered hypertension risk. Protein foods were divided into 4 categories: red meat, white meat, soybeans, and processed meat (e.g., sausage and ham). In a model adjusted for energy intake and hypertension history, additional servings of processed meats was positively associated to systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.1 [1.0–4.3]), and diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg (odds ratio: 2.5 [1.2–5.5]). After adjustment for dietary sodium contents or body mass index (BMI), most associations were substantially attenuated and were no longer significant. In systolic blood pressure greater than140 mmHg, one serving per day of red meats (β = -1.22, P < .05) and white meats (β = -0. 75, P = .05) was associated with a reduced risk compared with one serving per day of processed meats. Similarly, compared with one serving per day of processed meat, a reduced risk of diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mmHg was associated with one serving per day of red meat (β = -1. 59, P < .05), white meat (β = -0. 62, P < .05). Thus, in these hemodialysis patients, intake of processed meat is significantly positively associated with higher blood pressure risk, and both sodium contents in processed meat and BMI significantly contributes to this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Wu
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Yang
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SHY)
| | - Te-Chih Wong
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzen-Wen Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - His-Hsien Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Hsiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tong Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Influence of daily consumption of synbiotic soy-based product supplemented with okara soybean by-product on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gul K, Singh AK, Jabeen R. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: The Foods for the Future World. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2617-27. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.903384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Soda K. Biological Effects of Polyamines on the Prevention of Aging-associated Diseases and on Lifespan Extension. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Soda
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University
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17
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Soda K. Polyamines. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.61.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Soda
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is one of the most vibrant and widely prevailing health concerns worldwide. It is characterized by several metabolic abnormalities, which involve obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, enhanced oxidative stress; hypertension and increased pro-inflammatory state that ultimate contribute towards poor health. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Pakistan according to different definitions is reported to be from 18 % to 46 %. Fifty percent of Pakistani population is at high risk of metabolic syndrome as being hypertensive. In studying dyslipidemia in Pakistan, hypertriglyceridemia is found in 27-54 % of the population, whereas 68-81 % has low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Population likes to eat healthier diet without changing their fundamental dietary pattern. Nutrition science has moved on from the classical concepts of avoiding nutrient deficiencies and basic nutritional adequacy to the concept of positive or optimal nutrition. Many traditional food products including fruits, vegetables, flaxseed, oat, barley, whole grains, soy and milk have been found to contain component with potential health benefits. Nowadays, functional foods are used in the prevention and amelioration of several chronic diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome. The relation of the consumption of certain functional foods and the improvement in health status is regulated through health claims. This review focuses on the different features of the metabolic syndrome and the influence of functional foods on these aspects, involving dyslipidemia, improvement of insulin sensitivity, serum lipid profile, antioxidant status, anti-inflammatory status and weight management of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Issa Khan
- National institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
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Santos SCC, Araújo da Silva AR, de Aragao MEF, de Oliveira MR, Lucena FMP, de Almeida LM, Queiroz JA, Paredes PFM, Guedes MIF. Humoral immune response in mice immunised by oral and subcutaneous routes with Isosoy proteins. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.637190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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López-Castejón ML, de la Fuente J, Ruiz M, Guerrero A. Influence of the presence of monoglyceride on the interfacial properties of soy protein isolate. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2618-2623. [PMID: 22487877 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study focused on the contribution of soy protein isolate (SPI), in the absence or presence of monostearin (ME), to surface and interfacial properties as a function of protein concentration and pH, which is relevant to the physical stability of a variety of food systems. RESULTS An increase in protein content always yielded a rapid decrease in surface tension followed by an evolution towards an asymptotic value. Addition of ME gave rise to mixed SPI/ME films, although the interface became dominated by SPI above the concentration for interfacial saturation. The relative interfacial shear viscosity of SPI films showed a marked dependence on: aging time, which may be attributed to a reorganisation of protein species at the interface with some penetration of hydrophobic parts into the oil phase; shear forces, which may partially reverse this reorganisation, leading to shear-thickening behaviour; and pH, which is the key factor controlling which SPI species is predominant at the interface. The effect of adding ME also depends on pH, favouring a reinforcement of SPI/ME films only at low pH, at which 3S and 7S fractions are dominant. CONCLUSION The results obtained indicate that SPI shows excellent potential to favour stabilisation of air/water and oil/water interfaces in food systems.
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Nilufer-Erdil D, Serventi L, Boyacioglu D, Vodovotz Y. Effect of soy milk powder addition on staling of soy bread. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Xiao CW, Wood CM, Robertson P, Gilani GS. Protease inhibitor activities and isoflavone content in commercial soymilks and soy-based infant formulas sold in Ottawa, Canada. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Aguilar-Palazuelos E, Zazueta-Morales JDJ, Harumi EN, Martínez-Bustos F. Optimization of extrusion process for production of nutritious pellets. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A blend of 50% Potato Starch (PS), 35% Quality Protein Maize (QPM), and 15% Soybean Meal (SM) were used in the preparation of expanded pellets utilizing a laboratory extruder with a 1.5 × 20.0 × 100.0 mm die-nozzle. The independent variables analyzed were Barrel Temperature (BT) (75-140 °C) and Feed Moisture (FM) (16-30%). The effect of extrusion variables was investigated in terms of Expansion Index (EI), apparent density (ApD), Penetration Force (PF) and Specific Mechanical Energy (SME), viscosity profiles, DSC, crystallinity by X-ray diffraction, and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The PF decreased from 30 to 4 kgf with the increase of both independent variables (BT and FM). SME was affected only by FM, and decreased with the increase in this variable. The optimal region showed that the maximum EI was found for BT in the range of 123-140 °C and 27-31% for FM, respectively. The extruded pellets obtained from the optimal processing region were probably not completely degraded, as shown in the structural characterization. Acceptable expanded pellets could be produced using a blend of PS, QPM, and SM by extrusion cooking.
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Postprandial Lipemia Detects the Effect of Soy Protein on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Compared with the Fasting Lipid Profile. Lipids 2010; 45:1127-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hypoglycemic effect of fermented soymilk added with bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) in diabetic mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Boue SM, Cleveland TE, Carter-Wientjes C, Shih BY, Bhatnagar D, McLachlan JM, Burow ME. Phytoalexin-enriched functional foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2614-2622. [PMID: 19334749 DOI: 10.1021/jf8040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods have been a developing area of food science research for the past decade. Many foods are derived from plants that naturally contain compounds beneficial to human health and can often prevent certain diseases. Plants containing phytochemicals with potent anticancer and antioxidant activities have spurred development of many new functional foods. This has led to the creation of functional foods to target health problems such as obesity and inflammation. More recent research into the use of plant phytoalexins as nutritional components has opened up a new area of food science. Phytoalexins are produced by plants in response to stress, fungal attack, or elicitor treatment and are often antifungal or antibacterial compounds. Although phytoalexins have been investigated for their possible role in plant defense, until recently they have gone unexplored as nutritional components in human foods. These underutilized plant compounds may possess key beneficial properties including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation activity, cholesterol-lowering ability, and even anticancer activity. For these reasons, phytoalexin-enriched foods would be classified as functional foods. These phytoalexin-enriched functional foods would benefit the consumer by providing "health-enhanced" food choices and would also benefit many underutilized crops that may produce phytoalexins that may not have been considered to be beneficial health-promoting foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Boue
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70179, USA. sboue@ srrc.ars.usda.gov
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Lu MP, Wang R, Song X, Chibbar R, Wang X, Wu L, Meng QH. Dietary soy isoflavones increase insulin secretion and prevent the development of diabetic cataracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Res 2009; 28:464-71. [PMID: 19083447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soy isoflavone-containing diets have been reported to be beneficial in diabetes. This present study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of isoflavones in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg STZ. Diabetic rats were then randomly divided into 3 groups and received a special diet supplemented with casein (control), low-isoflavone soy (LIS) protein, and high-isoflavone soy protein (HIS) for 8 weeks. Compared with the control or LIS groups, those rats on the HIS diet had significantly increased body weight and serum insulin levels and reduced serum glucose and methylglyoxal levels. Serum glutathione levels were also increased in rats given the HIS diet compared with those in the control or LIS (P < .01). Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly higher in HIS-fed rats than that of the control or LIS rats (P < .05). More importantly, the death rate and incidence of cataracts in the diabetic rats were markedly decreased in the HIS group. In conclusion, ingestion of high-isoflavone soy protein not only lowers glucose levels but also reduces the incidence of cataracts in diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of soy isoflavones are attributed to increased insulin secretion, a better glycemic control, and antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ping Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 0W8
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Borgwardt K, Bonifatius S, Gardemann A. Acidic peptides enhanced genistein-dependent inhibition of human platelet aggregation: potential protective effect of digestible peptides plus genistein against atherosclerosis. Nutr Res 2009; 28:523-31. [PMID: 19083455 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The leading cause of death in the United States and European countries is coronary heart disease. We hypothesized that the ingestion of soy compounds may not only have beneficial effects on atherosclerotic risk by lowering lipid compounds, but also by reducing platelet aggregability. Therefore, we analyzed in vitro the influence of defined and digestible peptides, frequently found in glycinin and beta-conglycinin as important proteins of soy bean, on platelet aggregation of 180 healthy volunteers with or without the isoflavone genistein by aggregometry and flow cytometry. (i) The predominating share of amino acids and acidic, neutral, and basic di- and tripeptides of up to 2 mmol/L did not modify platelet aggregation induced by collagen, adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, or arachidonic acid. (ii) Genistein inhibited agonist-induced platelet aggregation dose dependently. (iii) In the presence of the acidic peptides glutamate-glutamate and aspartate-aspartate-aspartate (1 mmol/L each), genistein reduced collagen- and ADP-dependent platelet activation stronger than 250 micromol/L of this isoflavone alone. Other peptides were less effective (eg, glutamate-glutamate-glutamate) or ineffective (eg, asparagine-asparagine). (iv) Glutamate-glutamate-glutamate (1 nmol/L), glutamate-glutamate (1 micromol/L), and aspartate-aspartate-aspartate (1 micromol/L) enhanced the inhibition of genistein on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid. Thus, the results of the present in vitro investigation allow the assumption that nutrition with specific compounds of soy--acidic peptides together with genistein--might protect against coronary atherosclerosis by attenuating platelet activity. In vivo studies are warranted to check this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Borgwardt
- Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Kahlon TS, Chiu MCM, Chapman MH. Steam cooking significantly improves in vitro bile acid binding of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage. Nutr Res 2009; 28:351-7. [PMID: 19083431 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid binding capacity has been related to the cholesterol-lowering potential of foods and food fractions. Lowered recirculation of bile acids results in utilization of cholesterol to synthesize bile acid and reduced fat absorption. Secondary bile acids have been associated with increased risk of cancer. Bile acid binding potential has been related to lowering the risk of heart disease and that of cancer. Previously, we have reported bile acid binding by several uncooked vegetables. However, most vegetables are consumed after cooking. How cooking would influence in vitro bile acid binding of various vegetables was investigated using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile under physiological conditions. Eight replicate incubations were conducted for each treatment simulating gastric and intestinal digestion, which included a substrate only, a bile acid mixture only, and 6 with substrate and bile acid mixture. Cholestyramine (a cholesterol-lowering, bile acid binding drug) was the positive control treatment and cellulose was the negative control. Relative to cholestyramine, in vitro bile acid binding on dry matter basis was for the collard greens, kale, and mustard greens, 13%; broccoli, 10%; Brussels sprouts and spinach, 8%; green bell pepper, 7%; and cabbage, 5%. These results point to the significantly different (P < or = .05) health-promoting potential of collard greens = kale = mustard greens > broccoli > Brussels sprouts = spinach = green bell pepper > cabbage as indicated by their bile acid binding on dry matter basis. Steam cooking significantly improved the in vitro bile acid binding of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage compared with previously observed bile acid binding values for these vegetables raw (uncooked). Inclusion of steam-cooked collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage in our daily diet as health-promoting vegetables should be emphasized. These green/leafy vegetables, when consumed regularly after steam cooking, would lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, advance human nutrition research, and improve public health.
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Ameliorative action of cyanobacterial phycoerythrin on CCl4-induced toxicity in rats. Toxicology 2008; 248:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Santo AS, Cunningham AM, Alhassan S, Browne RW, Burton H, Leddy JJ, Grandjean PW, Horvath SM, Horvath PJ. NMR analysis of lipoprotein particle size does not increase sensitivity to the effect of soy protein on CVD risk when compared with the traditional lipid profile. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:489-500. [DOI: 10.1139/h08-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The traditional lipid profile compared with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) may underestimate the risk for cardiovascular disease and may explain some of the discrepancies in results between studies analyzing the salubrious effects of soy. Our purpose was to compare the traditional lipid profile with NMR quantification of the number of lipoprotein particles, subclasses, and diameters or sizes in 30 sedentary males, between 18 and 30 years of age, consuming 1 of the following 3 supplements daily for 28 days: milk protein (Milk), isoflavone-poor soy protein (Soy–), or isoflavone-rich soy protein (Soy+). The study used a double-blind, parallel-arm design with random assignment to 1 of the 3 protein supplement groups. Fasting EDTA blood samples were collected at baseline and after 28 days of supplementation and analyzed for the number and size of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, respectively. Fasting serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), total HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL2-C, HDL3-C, triglycerides (TGs), free fatty acids (FFAs), and glucose. Fasting heparin blood samples were collected at baseline and after supplementation and analyzed for apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E, as well as hepatic and lipoprotein lipase concentrations. HDL3-C increased by 47.2% after Soy+ supplementation and hepatic lipase decreased 19.2% after Soy– supplementation (p < 0.05). HDL-C and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II were found to increase in all 3 groups (p < 0.05). Results support that NMR analysis of lipoprotein particle number and size are not more sensitive to the effect of soy protein on CVD risk compared with the traditional lipid profile. Furthermore, the lack of isoflavones in soy protein seems to have a deleterious effect on hepatic lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio S. Santo
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Ariana M. Cunningham
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Sofiya Alhassan
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Richard W. Browne
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Harold Burton
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - John J. Leddy
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Peter W. Grandjean
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Steven M. Horvath
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Peter J. Horvath
- Division of Healthful Living and Sports Studies, School of Health Sciences, Lenoir-Rhyne College, Moretz 104 – Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Hickory, NC 28603, USA
- The Center for Diabetes Self-Management Care, Frye Regional Medical Center, 420 North Center St., Hickory, NC 28601, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, N229, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Kimball Tower 108, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Larkin T, Price WE, Astheimer L. The key importance of soy isoflavone bioavailability to understanding health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:538-52. [PMID: 18568859 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701542716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past two decades has provided significant epidemiological and other evidence for the health benefits of the consumption of soy-based foods. A large number of dietary intervention studies have examined the effects of soy isoflavones on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and hormone-dependent cancers. However, these report large variability in outcome measures, very limited reproducibility between studies, and in some cases, controversy between the results of clinical trials using dietary soy or soy protein and isoflavone supplementation. This highlights a major gap in our understanding of soy isoflavone uptake, metabolism, distribution, and overall bioavailability. There are many potential factors that may influence bioavailability and a better knowledge is necessary to rationalize the inconsistencies in the intervention and clinical studies. This review focuses attention on our current state of knowledge in this area and highlights the importance of metabolism of the parent soy isoflavones and the critical role of gut microbiota on the bioavailability of these compounds and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Larkin
- Smart Food Centre, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Cho SJ, Juillerat MA, Lee CH. Cholesterol lowering mechanism of soybean protein hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10599-10604. [PMID: 18052124 DOI: 10.1021/jf071903f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Numerous attempts have been made to find the mechanism and component of the cholesterol lowering activity of soybean. In this study, it was proved that the peptides in soybean protein hydrolysate (SPH) made by certain proteases have a hypocholesterolemic effect. Among the mechanisms suggested, that is, blockage of bile acid and/or cholesterol absorption, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, and stimulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) transcription, SPH appeared to stimulate LDL-R transcription. When Hep T9A4 cells were incubated with soy protein hydrolysates by using the proteases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FSE-68, LDL-R transcription was strongly stimulated, but the other mechanisms were not affected. Among the six types of SPH, F1-15, hydrolyzed with the neutral protease to a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 15%, showed the highest LDL-R transcription. The fractions of molecular weight of 200 and 3000 Da showed LDL-R transcription stimulating activity. The bioactivity is due to soybean peptides because the ethanol extract of soybean protein which contains isoflavones does not stimulate LDL-R transcription. In conclusion, dietary upregulation of LDL-R transcription by soybean may be consequent to an enhanced catabolism or a reduced synthesis of intracellular cholesterol. Therefore, we suggest that soy peptides can effectively stimulate LDL-R transcription in the human liver cell line and reduce blood cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jun Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Kahlon TS, Chiu MCM, Chapman MH. Steam cooking significantly improves in vitro bile acid binding of beets, eggplant, asparagus, carrots, green beans, and cauliflower. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Larkin TA, Astheimer LB, Price WE. Dietary combination of soy with a probiotic or prebiotic food significantly reduces total and LDL cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 63:238-45. [PMID: 17940545 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a dietary combination of soy with either a probiotic (yoghurt) or a prebiotic (resistant starch) would result in enhanced lipid-lowering effects compared with a control soy diet, possibly via improvements in isoflavone bioavailability. SUBJECTS Mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects (men and post-menopausal women) older than 45 years were recruited via the local media. Thirty-six subjects commenced the study; five withdrew. RESULTS Soy+probiotic significantly decreased total cholesterol (4.7+/-2.0%; P=0.038) and soy+prebiotic significantly decreased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.5+/-1.6%; P=0.003 and 7.3+/-2.2%; P=0.005, respectively). The bioavailabilities of daidzein, genistein or equol were not affected by probiotic or prebiotic consumption or associated with lipid changes. CONCLUSION Dietary combination of soy with either a probiotic or a prebiotic resulted in significant lipid lowering, not related to isoflavone bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Larkin
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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Ustundag B, Bahcecioglu IH, Sahin K, Duzgun S, Koca S, Gulcu F, Ozercan IH. Protective effect of soy isoflavones and activity levels of plasma paraoxonase and arylesterase in the experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:2006-14. [PMID: 17420940 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by diffuse fatty infiltration in the liver and ballooning degeneration and inflammation in hepatocytes. We aimed to study the protective effect of soy isoflavones on experimental NASH and their effects on plasma paraoxanese and arylesterase levels in rats. Twenty-eight male rats were divided into four groups: Group 1 (n=7) received an isocaloric normal diet for 8 weeks, Group 2 (n=7) was fed an isocaloric basal diet plus oral soy isoflavone for 8 weeks (100 mg/kg in diet), Group 3 (n=7) received a special diet that was methionine and choline deficient (MCD) and rich in fat for 8 weeks, and Group 4 (n=7) was fed a special diet that was MCD and rich in fat plus oral soy isoflavone for 8 weeks (100 mg/kg in diet). Blood samples were collected to measure plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), paraoxanese, and arylesterase and biochemical parameters. Tissue samples were duly taken for histopathological examination and measurement of tissue MDA levels. Plasma MDA levels were higher in Group 3 than in Groups 1, 2, and 4 (P <0.01, P <0.05, and P <0.05 respectively). Liver tissue MDA levels were also significantly higher in Group 3 compared to Groups 1, 2, and 4 (P <0.001, P <0.001, and P <0.05 respectively). A significant decrease was found in the plasma and liver tissue MDA levels in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (P <0.05 and P <0.05, respectively). The activity levels of plasma paraoxanase and arylesterase were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Groups 1 and 3 (P <0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). Also, the plasma paraoxanase and arylesterase levels were significantly higher in Group 4 compared to Groups 1 and 3 (P <0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). A significant reduction was observed in Group 4 in steatosis, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis compared to Group 3 (P <0.05 for each). We conclude that soy isoflavones seem to be effective in preventing liver damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation in the NASH model induced by a MCD diet. They stimulate and increase the activity of the antioxidative paraoxanase enyzme while decreasing the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ustundag
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Firat (Euphrates) University, Elazig, Turkey.
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Double-blind study of the addition of high-protein soya milkv. cows' milk to the diet of patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or intolerance of statins. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114599001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Total substitution of soyabean protein for animal protein in the diet has been repeatedly shown to lower plasma cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. A new, highly palatable, high-protein soya drink may allow replacement of a significant percentage of animal protein in the diet. The soya drink was given, within a crossover designv. a cows' milk preparation of similar composition and taste, to twenty-one severely hypercholesterolaemic patients (mean baseline plasma cholesterol 8·74 mmol/l) with a history of resistance to or intolerance of statin treatment. Each dietary supplement was given for 4 weeks, with a 4-week interval between treatments, Plasma lipid levels were monitored every 2 weeks during each dietary sequence. The concomitant dietary treatment, which had been followed for a long time by all patients, was carefully monitored throughout the study. The soya supplementation reduced plasma total cholesterol level by 6·5%, when given first, and by 7·4% when given after cows' milk. When given first, cows' milk resulted in a small, non-significant reduction of plasma cholesterol level (-3·9%), and when given after soya, it changed total plasma cholesterol to a minimal extent (-1·6%). Changes in total and LDL-cholesterol levels after 2 and 4 weeks of soyav. cows' milk treatment were, thus, respectively -6·1, -7·0 and -6·2, -7·8% (bothP< 0·05). These first data from a double-blind study confirm a significant cholesterol-lowering effect of soyabean protein, even when only partly replacing animal protein in the diet, in individuals with extreme plasma cholesterol elevations.
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Puska P, Korpelainen V, Høie LH, Skovlund E, Smerud KT. Isolated soya protein with standardised levels of isoflavones, cotyledon soya fibres and soya phospholipids improves plasma lipids in hypercholesterolaemia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a yoghurt formulation. Br J Nutr 2007; 91:393-401. [PMID: 15005825 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20031074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study whether a yoghurt containing isolated soya protein with standardised levels of isoflavones, cotyledon soya fibres and soya phospholipids is more effective in lowering total and LDL-cholesterol than a placebo. One hundred and forty-three subjects were randomised to the soya group (n69) or to the placebo (n74). The mean baseline levels were 7·6 and 5·1mmol/l for total and LDL-cholesterol, respectively. Fasting serum lipoproteins were assessed five times during the 8-week intervention period, and 4 weeks thereafter. The results were analysed by a mixed model for unbalanced repeated measurements. During the intervention, there were highly significant differences in lipid-lowering effect in favour of the active soya intervention group compared with the control group. The significant differences were for total cholesterol (estimated mean difference 0·40mmol/l;P<0·001), LDL-cholesterol (0·39mmol/l;P<0·001), non-HDL-cholesterol (0·40mmol/l;P<0·001) and for the total:HDL-cholesterol ratio (0·23;P=0·005). There was no difference in the effects on HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols or homocysteine. The lipid-lowering effect occurred within 1–2 weeks of intervention, and was not due to weight loss. The safety profile for active soya was similar to the placebo group, except for gastrointestinal symptoms, which caused a significantly higher dropout rate (fourteenv. three subjects) among the subjects taking active soya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Puska
- National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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41
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Xiao CW, Wood C, Huang W, L'Abbé MR, Gilani GS, Cooke GM, Curran I. Tissue-specific regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression by dietary soya protein isolate in rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:1048-54. [PMID: 16768825 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that intake of soya protein isolate (SPI) inhibited the DNA-binding activities of hepatic thyroid hormone receptor (TR). The genes for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, contain the thyroid hormone response element in their promoters and are regulated by TR. The present study has examined the effect oflong-term feeding of SPI and soya isoflavones (ISF) on the gene expression and protein phosphorylation of different ACC isoforms in different tissues and plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in rats. Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed diets containing 20% casein or alcohol-washed SPI with or without supplemental ISF for 70, 190 and 310d. SPI intake significantly reduced plasma TAG concentrations compared with casein, whereas supplemental ISF had no effect. Hepatic ACCα and ACCβ mRNA abundance and protein content were markedly lowerin the rats fed SPI than in those fed casein. The protein contents of ACCα in the kidneyand ACCβ, the predominant isoform in the heart and kidney, were unchanged by dietary SPI.The ratios of phospho-ACCα/ACCα and phospho-ACCβ/ACCβ were not differentamong dietary groups in all tissues measured. The present study demonstrates that ingestion ofSPI decreases plasma TAG level and down-regulates ACCα and ACCβ gene expression in the liver but not in the heart and kidney. The results indicate that the effect of SPI is tissue-specific and that alteration of ACC gene expression rather than phosphorylation status may play a major role in the regulation of ACC activities by soya proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2.
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In vitro binding of bile acids by blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), plums (Prunus spp.), prunes (Prunus spp.), strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa), cherries (Malpighia punicifolia), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and apples (Malus sylvestris). Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kahlon T, Smith G. In vitro binding of bile acids by bananas, peaches, pineapple, grapes, pears, apricots and nectarines. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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44
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In vitro binding of bile acids by spinach, kale, brussels sprouts, broccoli, mustard greens, green bell pepper, cabbage and collards. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kahlon T, Chapman M, Smith G. In vitro binding of bile acids by okra, beets, asparagus, eggplant, turnips, green beans, carrots, and cauliflower. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effects of soy protein and genistein on blood glucose, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2006; 79:1578-84. [PMID: 16831449 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the effect of soy protein and genistein, one of the main isoflavones in soybeans, on blood glucose, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into nondiabetic control, STZ, STZ-genistein supplemented group (STZ-G; 600 mg/kg diet), and STZ-isolated soy protein supplemented group (STZ-ISP; 200 g/kg diet). Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg BW) freshly dissolved in 0.1 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 4.5) into the intraperitonium. Diabetes was confirmed by measuring the fasting blood glucose concentration 48-h post-injection. The rats with blood glucose level above 350 mg/dL were considered to be diabetic. Genistein and ISP were supplemented in the diet for 3 weeks. The supplementation of genistein and ISP increased the plasma insulin level but decreased the HbA(IC) level of the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The supplementation of genistein and ISP increased the glucokinase level of the STZ-induced diabetic rats. A significant reduction in glucose-6-phosphatase was observed in the groups treated with genistein and ISP in comparison with the diabetic control group. Hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities of the STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly decreased in comparison with the control rats. Administering genistein and ISP to the STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly increased those enzyme activities. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the STZ-induced diabetic rats was significantly elevated, while the genistein and ISP supplement decreased it to the control concentration. Genistein and ISP supplements seem to be beneficial for correcting the hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications.
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Moyad MA. Step-by-Step Lifestyle Changes That Can Improve Urologic Health in Men, Part II: What Do I Tell My Patients? Prim Care 2006; 33:165-85, ix-x. [PMID: 16516685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Moyad
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Urology, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA.
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Dyrskog SEU, Jeppesen PB, Colombo M, Abudula R, Hermansen K. Preventive effects of a soy-based diet supplemented with stevioside on the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Metabolism 2005; 54:1181-8. [PMID: 16125530 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The world witnesses an explosive increase in diabetes, demanding intensified prevention and treatment not least for the low-income population. The plant, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, has been used for the treatment of diabetes in traditional medicine. We have previously demonstrated that stevioside, a diterpene glycoside isolated from the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, possesses insulinotropic, glucagonostatic, antihyperglycemic, and blood pressure-lowering effects in animal studies. We have also found that a dietary supplement, Abalon, of soy protein, isoflavones, and cotyledon fiber has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate if the combination of stevioside and a dietary supplement of soy protein possesses beneficial qualities in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. We randomized male Zucker diabetic fatty rats into 4 groups and fed them the different test diets for 10 weeks: (A) standard carbohydrate-rich laboratory diet (chow), (B) chow+stevioside (0.03 g/kg body weight [BW] per day), (C) 50% soy (Abalon)+50% chow (adjusted for vitamins and minerals), and (D) 50% soy (Abalon)+50% chow+stevioside 0.03 g/kg BW per day. We measured plasma glucose, blood pressure, weight, and food intake once weekly. The animals were equipped with an intra-arterial catheter, and at week 10, the conscious rats underwent an intra-arterial glucose tolerance test (2.0 g/kg BW). Stevioside exerts beneficial effects in type 2 diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty rats, that is, lowers blood glucose (area under the glucose curve [AUC(30min)]: group A vs B, a 19% reduction; and group C vs D, a 12% reduction; P<.001). We did not detect any effect on insulin or glucagon responses. After 2 weeks of treatment, a decrease in the systolic blood pressure was observed in the stevioside-treated groups (P<.01). Abalon had beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk markers, that is, (1) lowers total cholesterol (P<.01), (2) reduces triglycerides (P=.01), and (3) reduces free fatty acids (P<.001). The combination of stevioside and soy supplementation appears to possess the potential as effective treatment of a number of the characteristic features of the metabolic syndrome, that is, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A long-term human study of the concept in type 2 diabetic subjects is needed to verify these promising results in animal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Eric Underbjerg Dyrskog
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus THG, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.
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Huang W, Wood C, L'Abbé MR, Gilani GS, Cockell KA, Xiao CW. Soy protein isolate increases hepatic thyroid hormone receptor content and inhibits its binding to target genes in rats. J Nutr 2005; 135:1631-5. [PMID: 15987841 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.7.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that intake of 20% alcohol-washed soy protein isolate (SPI) significantly increased hepatic thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta1 protein content in rats. However, whether SPI influences the binding ability of TR to its target genes is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of increasing amounts of dietary SPI on hepatic TRbeta1 content and the binding of TR to thyroid hormone response element (TRE) in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (28 d old) were fed diets containing casein (20%) with or without isoflavone supplementation (50 mg/kg diet) or alcohol-washed SPI (5, 10, or 20%) for 90 d. The hepatic TRbeta1 protein content was measured by Western blot, and the binding ability of TR to DNA was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Consumption of the 20% SPI diet increased pancreatic relative weight and decreased spleen relative weight. Intake of SPI markedly elevated TRbeta1 content in both male and female rats compared with a casein-based control diet. The increase in TRbeta1 in females was much higher than that in males. Interestingly, the binding abilities of TR to DNA were significantly inhibited by increasing amounts of dietary SPI in female rats. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that dietary SPI increases hepatic TRbeta1 protein content and inhibits the binding of TR to target genes. Modulation of hepatic TRbeta1, a key regulator of gene expression involved in lipid metabolism, by SPI may be a novel mechanism by which soy components lower blood lipid level and exert their hypocholesterolemic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Huang
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2
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50
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Abstract
Isoflavonic phytoestrogens, or isoflavones, constitute a class of phytoestrogens that have properties similar to selective estrogen receptor modulators, and have attracted a substantial degree of attention in recent years, particularly as a possible alternative to the conventional hormone replacement therapy regimens used by postmenopausal women. Despite great promise, it is difficult to make many specific recommendations about their use at the current time, in light of the many outstanding questions that hopefully will be answered in the future by focused interventional studies involving humans. Studies to date indicate that the use of isoflavones to address vasomotor symptoms provides at most small benefits beyond a placebo effect, and no benefit for genital atrophy. As for postmenopausal women whose primary concern is cardiovascular disease, the recommendation of the American Heart Association to include soy protein foods as part of an otherwise healthy diet is well justified, and similarly the substitution of supplements containing soy protein for animal protein can also be recommended. The use of purified isoflavone supplements not containing soy protein may have some cardiovascular benefits, but these appear to be less substantial in degree than those provided by soy protein with isoflavones. In particular, more research is needed to assess the effects of isoflavones on osteoporosis, for which no recommendation regarding isoflavones can be made based on the current data. Also, isoflavones should not be taken by postmenopausal women for the specific purpose of decreasing their risk of breast or endometrial cancer, although, at least for those without pre-existing disease or at high risk, it seems quite unlikely that isoflavone use is harmful in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Phipps
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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