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Lin J, Yu Z, Gao X. Advanced Noninvasive Strategies for the Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22752-22779. [PMID: 39133564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed rapid progress in the discovery of therapeutic proteins and peptides for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, their clinical applications have been considerably hindered by challenges such as low biomembrane permeability, poor stability, short circulation time, and the formidable blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recently, substantial improvements have been made in understanding the dynamics of the BBB and developing efficient approaches for delivering proteins and peptides to the CNS, especially by using various nanoparticles. Herein, we present an overview of the up-to-date understanding of the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions, emphasizing their effects on brain drug delivery. We summarize advanced strategies and elucidate the underlying mechanisms for delivering proteins and peptides to the brain. We highlight the developments and applications of nanocarriers in treating CNS diseases via BBB crossing. We also provide critical opinions on the limitations and obstacles of the current strategies and put forward prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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2
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Maes M, Almulla AF, Tang X, Stoyanova K, Vojdani A. From human herpes virus-6 reactivation to autoimmune reactivity against tight junctions and neuronal antigens, to inflammation, depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome due to Long COVID. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29864. [PMID: 39158051 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation and autoimmune responses contribute to the pathophysiology of Long COVID, and its affective and chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms, labeled "the physio-affective phenome." To investigate whether Long COVID and its physio-affective phenome are linked to autoimmunity to the tight junction proteins, zonulin and occludin (ZOOC), and immune reactivity to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and whether the latter are associated with signs of human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) reactivation, autoimmunity directed against oligodendrocyte and neuronal proteins, including myelin basic protein. IgA/IgM/IgG responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), HHV-6, ZOOC, and neuronal proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), were measured in 90 Long COVID patients and 90 healthy controls. The physio-affective phenome was conceptualized as a factor extracted from physical and affective symptom domains. Neural network identified IgA directed to LPS (IgA-LPS), IgG-ZOOC, IgG-LPS, and IgA-ZOOC as important variables associated with Long COVID diagnosis with an area under the ROC curve of 0.755. Partial Least Squares analysis showed that 40.9% of the variance in the physio-affective phenome was explained by CRP, IgA-myelin basic protein (MBP), and IgG-MBP. A large part of the variances in both autoimmune responses to MBP (36.3%-39.7%) was explained by autoimmunity (IgA and IgG) directed to ZOOC. The latter was strongly associated with indicants of HHV-6 reactivation, which in turn was associated with increased IgM-SARS-CoV-2. Autoimmunity against components of the tight junctions and increased bacterial translocation may be involved in the pathophysiology of Long COVID's physio-affective phenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Center, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research and Innovation Program for the Development of MU-PLOVDIV-(SRIPD-MUP), Creation of a Network of Research Higher Schools, National Plan for Recovery and Sustainability, European Union-NextGenerationEU
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Xiaoou Tang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Kristina Stoyanova
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Center, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research and Innovation Program for the Development of MU-PLOVDIV-(SRIPD-MUP), Creation of a Network of Research Higher Schools, National Plan for Recovery and Sustainability, European Union-NextGenerationEU
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab Inc., Los Angeles, California, USA
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Manukjan N, Chau S, Caiment F, van Herwijnen M, Smeets HJ, Fulton D, Ahmed Z, Blankesteijn WM, Foulquier S. Wnt7a Decreases Brain Endothelial Barrier Function Via β-Catenin Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4854-4867. [PMID: 38147228 PMCID: PMC11236883 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier consists of tightly connected endothelial cells protecting the brain's microenvironment from the periphery. These endothelial cells are characterized by specific tight junction proteins such as Claudin-5 and Occludin, forming the endothelial barrier. Disrupting these cells might lead to blood-brain barrier dysfunction. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can regulate the expression of these tight junction proteins and subsequent barrier permeability. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of Wnt7a mediated β-catenin signaling on endothelial barrier integrity. Mouse brain endothelial cells, bEnd.3, were treated with recombinant Wnt7a protein or XAV939, a selective inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin mediated transcription to modulate the Wnt signaling pathway. The involvement of Wnt/HIF1α signaling was investigated by inhibiting Hif1α signaling with Hif1α siRNA. Wnt7a stimulation led to activation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, which was inhibited by XAV939. Wnt7a stimulation decreased Claudin-5 expression mediated by β-catenin and decreased endothelial barrier formation. Wnt7a increased Hif1α and Vegfa expression mediated by β-catenin. However, Hif1α signaling pathway did not regulate tight junction proteins Claudin-5 and Occludin. Our data suggest that Wnt7a stimulation leads to a decrease in tight junction proteins mediated by the nuclear translocation of β-catenin, which hampers proper endothelial barrier formation. This process might be crucial in initiating endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Although HIF1α did not modulate the expression of tight junction proteins, it might play a role in brain angiogenesis and underlie pathogenic mechanisms in Wnt/HIF1α signaling in diseases such as cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narek Manukjan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 50 Universiteitssingel, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steven Chau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 50 Universiteitssingel, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Herwijnen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert J Smeets
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- MHeNs-School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - W Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 50 Universiteitssingel, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 50 Universiteitssingel, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- MHeNs-School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Ritson M, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Stolp HB. Endothelial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Is endothelial inflammation an overlooked druggable target? J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578363. [PMID: 38728929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurological diseases with a neurodegenerative component have been associated with alterations in the cerebrovasculature. At the anatomical level, these are centred around changes in cerebral blood flow and vessel organisation. At the molecular level, there is extensive expression of cellular adhesion molecules and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Together, these has been found to negatively impact blood-brain barrier integrity. Systemic inflammation has been found to accelerate and exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and degeneration. Here, we review the role of cerebrovasculature dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease and discuss the potential contribution of intermittent pro-inflammatory systemic disease in causing endothelial pathology, highlighting a possible mechanism that may allow broad-spectrum therapeutic targeting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ritson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | - Helen B Stolp
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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5
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Varghese SM, Patel S, Nandan A, Jose A, Ghosh S, Sah RK, Menon B, K V A, Chakravarty S. Unraveling the Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Depression: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5. [PMID: 38730081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychological disorder characterized by persistent dysphoria, psychomotor retardation, insomnia, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and a remarkable decrease in overall well-being. Despite the prevalence of accessible antidepressant therapies, many individuals do not achieve substantial improvement. Understanding the multifactorial pathophysiology and the heterogeneous nature of the disorder could lead the way toward better outcomes. Recent findings have elucidated the substantial impact of compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity on the manifestation of depression. BBB functions as an indispensable defense mechanism, tightly overseeing the transport of molecules from the periphery to preserve the integrity of the brain parenchyma. The dysfunction of the BBB has been implicated in a multitude of neurological disorders, and its disruption and consequent brain alterations could potentially serve as important factors in the pathogenesis and progression of depression. In this review, we extensively examine the pathophysiological relevance of the BBB and delve into the specific modifications of its components that underlie the complexities of depression. A particular focus has been placed on examining the effects of peripheral inflammation on the BBB in depression and elucidating the intricate interactions between the gut, BBB, and brain. Furthermore, this review encompasses significant updates on the assessment of BBB integrity and permeability, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic. Finally, we outline the therapeutic relevance and strategies based on BBB in depression, including COVID-19-associated BBB disruption and neuropsychiatric implications. Understanding the comprehensive pathogenic cascade of depression is crucial for shaping the trajectory of future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamili Mariya Varghese
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Shashikant Patel
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amritasree Nandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Anju Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ranjay Kumar Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Bindu Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Athira K V
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India.
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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6
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Cogill SA, Lee JH, Jeon MT, Kim DG, Chang Y. Hopping the Hurdle: Strategies to Enhance the Molecular Delivery to the Brain through the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:789. [PMID: 38786013 PMCID: PMC11119906 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine has allowed for many advances in neurological and neurodegenerative disease (ND). However, the number of patients suffering from brain diseases is ever increasing and the treatment of brain diseases remains an issue, as drug efficacy is dramatically reduced due to the existence of the unique vascular structure, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Several approaches to enhance drug delivery to the brain have been investigated but many have proven to be unsuccessful due to limited transport or damage induced in the BBB. Alternative approaches to enhance molecular delivery to the brain have been revealed in recent studies through the existence of molecular delivery pathways that regulate the passage of peripheral molecules. In this review, we present recent advancements of the basic research for these delivery pathways as well as examples of promising ventures to overcome the molecular hurdles that will enhance therapeutic interventions in the brain and potentially save the lives of millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinnead Anne Cogill
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (S.A.C.); (J.-H.L.); (M.-T.J.)
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (S.A.C.); (J.-H.L.); (M.-T.J.)
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Tae Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (S.A.C.); (J.-H.L.); (M.-T.J.)
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (S.A.C.); (J.-H.L.); (M.-T.J.)
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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De Rosa S, Battaglini D, Llompart-Pou JA, Godoy DA. Ten good reasons to consider gastrointestinal function after acute brain injury. J Clin Monit Comput 2024; 38:355-362. [PMID: 37418061 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-023-01050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain-gut axis represents a bidirectional communication linking brain function with the gastrointestinal (GI) system. This interaction comprises a top-down communication from the brain to the gut, and a bottom-up communication from the gut to the brain, including neural, endocrine, immune, and humoral signaling. Acute brain injury (ABI) can lead to systemic complications including GI dysfunction. Techniques for monitoring GI function are currently few, neglected, and many under investigation. The use of ultrasound could provide a measure of gastric emptying, bowel peristalsis, bowel diameter, bowel wall thickness and tissue perfusion. Despite novel biomarkers represent a limitation in clinical practice, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is easy-to-use and measurable at bedside. Increased IAP can be both cause and consequence of GI dysfunction, and it can influence cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure via physiological mechanisms. Here, we address ten good reasons to consider GI function in patients with ABI, highlighting the importance of its assessment in neurocritical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Rosa
- Centre for Medical Sciences - CISMed, University of Trento, Via S. Maria Maddalena 1, 38122, Trento, Italy
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, APSS, Trento, Italy
| | - Denise Battaglini
- UO Clinica Anestesiologica e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou
- Servei de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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Chen J, Xia Y, Ben Y, Lu X, Dou K, Ding Y, Han X, Yang F, Wang J, Li D. Embryonic exposure to aluminum chloride blocks the onset of spermatogenesis through disturbing the dynamics of testicular tight junctions via upregulating Slc25a5 in offspring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170128. [PMID: 38242464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Studies have revealed neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and developmental and reproductive toxicity in mice exposed to aluminum. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to clarify the mechanism underlying the impact of embryonic exposure to aluminum on the development of the male reproductive system in offspring. Pregnant mice were administered aluminum chloride (AlCl3) by gavage from day 12.5 of gestation until birth. Our findings demonstrated that embryonic exposure to AlCl3 disrupted testicular development and spermatogenesis by impairing testicular architecture, reducing sperm count, and upregulating the expression of tight junction (TJ) protein between Sertoli cells (SCs). Further in vitro studies revealed that treatment with AlCl3 stabilized TJ proteins Occludin and ZO-1 expression by inhibiting ERK signaling pathway activation, thereby upregulating Slc25a5 expression which induced ATP production leading to disruption of cytoskeletal protein homeostasis. Therefore, the study provided a new mechanistic insight into how AlCl3 exposure interfered with testicular development and spermatogenesis while suggesting that Slc25a5 might be a target affected by AlCl3 influencing cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Division of Anatomy and Histo-embryology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yunhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Division of Anatomy and Histo-embryology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yu Ben
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Division of Anatomy and Histo-embryology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xinyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Division of Anatomy and Histo-embryology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Kou Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Division of Anatomy and Histo-embryology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yibing Ding
- Translational Medicine Core Facilities, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Division of Anatomy and Histo-embryology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Fenglian Yang
- Industrial College of biomedicine and health industry, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Industrial College of biomedicine and health industry, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China; Reproductive Medicine, Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Division of Anatomy and Histo-embryology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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9
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Tanaka Y, Ohki I, Murakami K, Ozawa S, Wang Y, Murakami M. The gateway reflex regulates tissue-specific autoimmune diseases. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:12. [PMID: 38449060 PMCID: PMC10919025 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The dynamic interaction and movement of substances and cells between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs are meticulously controlled by a specialized vascular structure, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Experimental and clinical research has shown that disruptions in the BBB are characteristic of various neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis. We have been elucidating a mechanism termed the "gateway reflex" that details the entry of immune cells, notably autoreactive T cells, into the CNS at the onset of such diseases. This process is initiated through local neural responses to a range of environmental stimuli, such as gravity, electricity, pain, stress, light, and joint inflammation. These stimuli specifically activate neural pathways to open gateways at targeted blood vessels for blood immune cell entry. The gateway reflex is pivotal in managing tissue-specific inflammatory diseases, and its improper activation is linked to disease progression. In this review, we present a comprehensive examination of the gateway reflex mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Quantumimmunology Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Izuru Ohki
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Quantumimmunology Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ozawa
- Quantumimmunology Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yaze Wang
- Quantumimmunology Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Quantumimmunology Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Fang L, Li J, Cheng H, Liu H, Zhang C. Dual fluorescence images, transport pathway, and blood-brain barrier penetration of B-Met-W/O/W SE. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123854. [PMID: 38280499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Borneol is an aromatic traditional Chinese medicine that can improve the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enter the brain, and promote the brain tissue distribution of many other drugs. In our previous study, borneol-metformin hydrochloride water/oil/water composite submicron emulsion (B-Met-W/O/W SE) was prepared using borneol and SE to promote BBB penetration, which significantly increased the brain distribution of Met. However, the dynamic images, transport pathway (uptake and efflux), promotion of BBB permeability, and mechanisms of B-Met-W/O/W SE before and after entering cells have not been clarified. In this study, rhodamine B and coumarin-6 were selected as water-soluble and oil-soluble fluorescent probes to prepare B-Met-W/O/W dual-fluorescent SE (B-Met-W/O/W DFSE) with concentric circle imaging. B-Met-W/O/W SE can be well taken up by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The addition of three inhibitors (chlorpromazine hydrochloride, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and amiloride hydrochloride) indicated that its main pathway may be clathrin-mediated and fossa protein-mediated endocytosis. Meanwhile, B-Met-W/O/W SE was obviously shown to inhibit the efflux of BMECs. Next, BMECs were cultured in the Transwell chamber to establish a BBB model, and Western blot was employed to detect the protein expressions of Occludin, Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1), and p-glycoprotein (P-gp) after B-Met-W/O/W SE treatment. The results showed that B-Met-W/O/W SE significantly down-regulated the expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and P-gp, which increased the permeability of BBB, promoted drug entry into the brain through BBB, and inhibited BBB efflux. Furthermore, 11 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 7 related signaling pathways in BMECs treated with B-W/O/W SE were detected by transcriptome sequencing and verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). These results provide a scientific experimental basis for the dynamic monitoring, transmembrane transport mode, and permeation-promoting mechanism of B-Met-W/O/W SE as a new brain-targeting drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Junying Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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11
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Zhang C, Zheng J, Yu X, Kuang B, Dai X, Zheng L, Yu W, Teng W, Cao H, Li M, Yao J, Liu X, Zou W. "Baihui" (DU20)-penetrating "Qubin" (GB7) acupuncture on blood-brain barrier integrity in rat intracerebral hemorrhage models via the RhoA/ROCK II/MLC 2 signaling pathway. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38379356 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blocking the RhoA/ROCK II/MLC 2 (Ras homolog gene family member A/Rho kinase II/myosin light chain 2) signaling pathway can initiate neuroprotective mechanisms against neurological diseases such as stroke, cerebral ischemia, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether and how disrupting the RhoA/ROCK II/MLC 2 signaling pathway changes the pathogenic processes of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The present investigation included the injection of rat caudal vein blood into the basal ganglia area to replicate the pathophysiological conditions caused by ICH. METHODS Scalp acupuncture (SA) therapy was performed on rats with ICH at the acupuncture point "Baihui"-penetrating "Qubin," and the ROCK selective inhibitor fasudil was used as a positive control to evaluate the inhibitory effect of acupuncture on the RhoA/ROCK II/MLC 2 signaling pathway. Post-assessments included neurological deficits, brain edema, Evans blue extravasation, Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and transmission electron microscope imaging. RESULTS We found that ROCK II acts as a promoter of the RhoA/ROCK II/MLC 2 signaling pathway, and its expression increased at 6 h after ICH, peaked at 3 days, and then decreased at 7 days after ICH, but was still higher than the pre-intervention level. According to some experimental results, although 3 days is the peak, 7 days is the best time point for acupuncture treatment. Starting from 6 h after ICH, the neurovascular structure and endothelial cell morphology around the hematoma began to change. Based on the changes in the promoter ROCK II, a 7-day time point was selected as the breakthrough point for treating ICH model rats in the main experiment. The results of this experiment showed that both SA at "Baihui"-penetrating "Qubin" and treatment with fasudil could improve the expression of endothelial-related proteins by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK II/MLC 2 signaling pathway and reduce neurological dysfunction, brain edema, and BBB permeability in rats. CONCLUSION This study found that these experimental data indicated that SA at "Baihui"-penetrating "Qubin" could preserve BBB integrity and neurological function recovery after ICH by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK II/MLC 2 signaling pathway activation and by regulating endothelial cell-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xueping Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Binglin Kuang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohong Dai
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Clinical Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Teng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Cao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayong Yao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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12
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Fong H, Zhou B, Feng H, Luo C, Bai B, Zhang J, Wang Y. Recapitulation of Structure-Function-Regulation of Blood-Brain Barrier under (Patho)Physiological Conditions. Cells 2024; 13:260. [PMID: 38334652 PMCID: PMC10854731 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a remarkable and intricate barrier that controls the exchange of molecules between the bloodstream and the brain. Its role in maintaining the stability of the central nervous system cannot be overstated. Over the years, advancements in neuroscience and technology have enabled us to delve into the cellular and molecular components of the BBB, as well as its regulation. Yet, there is a scarcity of comprehensive reviews that follow a logical framework of structure-function-regulation, particularly focusing on the nuances of BBB regulation under both normal and pathological conditions. This review sets out to address this gap by taking a historical perspective on the discovery of the BBB and highlighting the major observations that led to its recognition as a distinct brain barrier. It explores the intricate cellular elements contributing to the formation of the BBB, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons, emphasizing their collective role in upholding the integrity and functionality of the BBB. Furthermore, the review delves into the dynamic regulation of the BBB in physiological states, encompassing neural, humoral, and auto-regulatory mechanisms. By shedding light on these regulatory processes, a deeper understanding of the BBB's response to various physiological cues emerges. This review also investigates the disruption of the BBB integrity under diverse pathological conditions, such as ischemia, infection, and toxin exposure. It elucidates the underlying mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction and explores potential therapeutic strategies that aim to restore the BBB integrity and function. Overall, this recapitulation provides valuable insights into the structure, functions, and regulation of the BBB. By integrating historical perspectives, cellular elements, regulatory mechanisms, and pathological implications, this review contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the BBB and paves the way for future research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin Fong
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.F.); (C.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Botao Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Haixiao Feng
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Chuoying Luo
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.F.); (C.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Boren Bai
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.F.); (C.L.); (B.B.)
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
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13
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Shikalov A, Koman I, Kogan NM. Targeted Glioma Therapy-Clinical Trials and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:100. [PMID: 38258110 PMCID: PMC10820492 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of glioma, with a median survival of 14.6 months post-diagnosis. Understanding the molecular profile of such tumors allowed the development of specific targeted therapies toward GBM, with a major role attributed to tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Targeted therapeutics are drugs that work by specific binding to GBM-specific or overexpressed markers on the tumor cellular surface and therefore contain a recognition moiety linked to a cytotoxic agent, which produces an antiproliferative effect. In this review, we have summarized the available information on the targeted therapeutics used in clinical trials of GBM and summarized current obstacles and advances in targeted therapy concerning specific targets present in GBM tumor cells, outlined efficacy endpoints for major classes of investigational drugs, and discussed promising strategies towards an increase in drug efficacy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalya M. Kogan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Personalized and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (A.S.); (I.K.)
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14
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Zhang M, Zhang Z, Li H, Xia Y, Xing M, Xiao C, Cai W, Bu L, Li Y, Park TE, Tang Y, Ye X, Lin WJ. Blockage of VEGF function by bevacizumab alleviates early-stage cerebrovascular dysfunction and improves cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:1. [PMID: 38173017 PMCID: PMC10763201 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant type of dementia worldwide. It is characterized by the progressive and irreversible decline of cognitive functions. In addition to the pathological beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, glial activation, and neuronal injury in the postmortem brains of AD patients, increasing evidence suggests that the often overlooked vascular dysfunction is an important early event in AD pathophysiology. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in regulating physiological functions and pathological changes in blood vessels, but whether VEGF is involved in the early stage of vascular pathology in AD remains unclear. METHODS We used an antiangiogenic agent for clinical cancer treatment, the humanized monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab, to block VEGF binding to its receptors in the 5×FAD mouse model at an early age. After treatment, memory performance was evaluated by a novel object recognition test, and cerebral vascular permeability and perfusion were examined by an Evans blue assay and blood flow scanning imaging analysis. Immunofluorescence staining was used to measure glial activation and Aβ deposits. VEGF and its receptors were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. RNA sequencing was performed to elucidate bevacizumab-associated transcriptional signatures in the hippocampus of 5×FAD mice. RESULTS Bevacizumab treatment administered from 4 months of age dramatically improved cerebrovascular functions, reduced glial activation, and restored long-term memory in both sexes of 5×FAD mice. Notably, a sex-specific change in different VEGF receptors was identified in the cortex and hippocampus of 5×FAD mice. Soluble VEGFR1 was decreased in female mice, while full-length VEGFR2 was increased in male mice. Bevacizumab treatment reversed the altered expression of receptors to be comparable to the level in the wild-type mice. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of transcriptomic changes revealed that bevacizumab effectively reversed the changes in the gene sets associated with blood-brain barrier integrity and vascular smooth muscle contraction in 5×FAD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated the mechanistic roles of VEGF at the early stage of amyloidopathy and the protective effects of bevacizumab on cerebrovascular function and memory performance in 5×FAD mice. These findings also suggest the therapeutic potential of bevacizumab for the early intervention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuting Xia
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Mengdan Xing
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Wenbao Cai
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lulu Bu
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yi Li
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yamei Tang
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China.
| | - Xiaojing Ye
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China.
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Varshney S, Alam MA, Kaur A, Dhoundiyal S. Niosomes: A Smart Drug Delivery System for Brain Targeting. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024; 12:108-125. [PMID: 37226788 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230524143832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Niosomes are lipid-based nanovesicles that have the potential to act as drug-delivery vehicles for a variety of agents. They are effective drug delivery systems for both ASOs and AAV vectors, with advantages such as improved stability, bioavailability, and targeted administration. In the context of brain-targeted drug delivery, niosomes have been investigated as a drug delivery system for brain targeting, but more research is needed to optimize their formulation to improve their stability and release profile and address the challenges of scale-up and commercialization. Despite these challenges, several applications of niosomes have demonstrated the potential of novel nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to the brain. This review briefly overviews the current use of niosomes in treating brain disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Varshney
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awaneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivang Dhoundiyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Song X, Qian H, Yu Y. Nanoparticles Mediated the Diagnosis and Therapy of Glioblastoma: Bypass or Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302613. [PMID: 37415556 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive central nervous system malignancies with high morbidity and mortality. Current clinical approaches, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are limited by the difficulty of targeting brain lesions accurately, leading to disease recurrence and fatal outcomes. The lack of effective treatments has prompted researchers to continuously explore novel therapeutic strategies. In recent years, nanomedicine has made remarkable progress and expanded its application in brain drug delivery, providing a new treatment for brain tumors. Against this background, this article reviews the application and progress of nanomedicine delivery systems in brain tumors. In this paper, the mechanism of nanomaterials crossing the blood-brain barrier is summarized. Furthermore, the specific application of nanotechnology in glioblastoma is discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Department of Radiology, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, P. R. China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Medical Micro-Nano Devices, Hefei, 230011, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Hefei, 230022, China
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Repici A, Ardizzone A, Filippone A, Colarossi C, Mare M, Raciti G, Mannino D, Cuzzocrea S, Paterniti I, Esposito E. Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Cells 2023; 12:2284. [PMID: 37759505 PMCID: PMC10526836 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms involving the brain or nearby tissues, affecting populations of all ages with a high incidence worldwide. Among the primary brain tumors, the most aggressive and also the most common is glioblastoma (GB), a type of glioma that falls into the category of IV-grade astrocytoma. GB often leads to death within a few months after diagnosis, even if the patient is treated with available therapies; for this reason, it is important to continue to discover new therapeutic approaches to allow for a better survival rate of these patients. Immunotherapy, today, seems to be one of the most innovative types of treatment, based on the ability of the immune system to counteract various pathologies, including cancer. In this context, interleukin 21 (IL-21), a type I cytokine produced by natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, appears to be a valid target for new therapies since this cytokine is involved in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity. To match this purpose, our review deeply evaluated how IL-21 could influence the progression of GB, analyzing its main biological processes and mechanisms while evaluating the potential use of the latest available therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Repici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marzia Mare
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriele Raciti
- IOM Ricerca, Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
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Agustinho B, Mark A, Laarman A, Konetchy D, Rezamand P. Effect of pH and lipopolysaccharide on tight junction regulators and inflammatory markers in intestinal cells as an experimental model of weaning transition in dairy calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:394-399. [PMID: 37727241 PMCID: PMC10505776 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Acidic conditions combined with the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may increase the permeability of gastrointestinal epithelium. Feeding starch-rich starter to dairy calves is associated with ruminal acidosis and decreases the pH of other segments of the gastrointestinal tract, and that affects the tight junction regulator. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the combination of different pH (7.4 vs. 6.0) and LPS concentrations (0, 0.5, 10 ng/mL) in intestinal cells on tight junction regulators, inflammatory markers, and permeability. The human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line was used with the main treatment of pH and LPS in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The pH was acidic (pH 6.0) or physiologic (pH 7.4), whereas LPS was 0, 0.5, or 10 ng/mL. After cells reached 70%-80% of confluence, the media were replaced with each respective treatment medium. Cells were treated for 3 h for mRNA abundance analysis, 3 and 6 h for protein abundance determination, and 3, 6, 12, and 24 h for permeability determination. Protein abundance of the myosin light-chain kinase (MYLK) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were measured by western blot. The mRNA abundance of IL-8, MYLK, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and nuclear factor kappa B (Nfkb1) was determined by real-time, quantitative PCR. Paracellular permeability was determined with Lucifer yellow after 21 d of incubation. Cell culture was performed in biological triplicate; each biological replicate for real-time, quantitative PCR had 2 technical replicates, and for protein abundance and permeability assay had one technical replicate. The MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.) was used with LPS, pH, and pH × LPS as fixed effects. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies when 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Increasing LPS doses did not affect the protein abundance of MYLK and TLR4, nor mRNA abundance of MYLK and PPRG. The LPS tended to increase mRNA abundance of IL-8 while pH × LPS interactively increased mRNA abundance of Nfkb1, where mRNA abundance of Nfkb1 was lower in cells exposed to pH 6.0 when combined with 0 and 10 ng/mL of LPS. Contrary to expectations, LPS did not affect the permeability of Caco-2 cells. The mRNA abundance of MYLK was greater at pH 6.0 versus pH 7.4. Also, protein abundance of TLR4 was lower at pH 6.0 than pH 7.4, and it decreased when exposure increased to 6 h. In addition, mRNA abundance of IL-8 was lower at pH 6.0 versus pH 7.4. Permeability was greater at pH 6.0 versus 7.4 after 6, 12, and 24 h of treatment. In summary, the effect of LPS and its interaction with pH showed less impact than expected on dependent variables measured, which might be attributed to the adopted clinically achievable LPS doses likely not being high enough to draw a strong response as observed in the literature. On the other hand, pH was far more relevant, modulating mRNA abundance of inflammatory markers, tight junction regulators, and permeability in in vitro colon cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.C. Agustinho
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - A.E. Mark
- Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2P5
| | - A.H. Laarman
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
- Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2P5
| | - D.E. Konetchy
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - P. Rezamand
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
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Coletto E, Savva GM, Latousakis D, Pontifex M, Crost EH, Vaux L, Telatin A, Bergstrom K, Vauzour D, Juge N. Role of mucin glycosylation in the gut microbiota-brain axis of core 3 O-glycan deficient mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13982. [PMID: 37634035 PMCID: PMC10460388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in intestinal mucin glycosylation have been associated with increased intestinal permeability and sensitivity to inflammation and infection. Here, we used mice lacking core 3-derived O-glycans (C3GnT-/-) to investigate the effect of impaired mucin glycosylation in the gut-brain axis. C3GnT-/- mice showed altered microbial metabolites in the caecum associated with brain function such as dimethylglycine and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine profiles as compared to C3GnT+/+ littermates. In the brain, polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive granule cells showed an aberrant phenotype in the dentate gyrus of C3GnT-/- mice. This was accompanied by a trend towards decreased expression levels of PSA as well as ZO-1 and occludin as compared to C3GnT+/+. Behavioural studies showed a decrease in the recognition memory of C3GnT-/- mice as compared to C3GnT+/+ mice. Combined, these results support the role of mucin O-glycosylation in the gut in potentially influencing brain function which may be facilitated by the passage of microbial metabolites through an impaired gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Coletto
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - George M Savva
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Dimitrios Latousakis
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Matthew Pontifex
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Emmanuelle H Crost
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Laura Vaux
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Andrea Telatin
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Kirk Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK.
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20
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Ma W, Su Y, Zhang P, Wan G, Cheng X, Lu C, Gu X. Identification of mitochondrial-related genes as potential biomarkers for the subtyping and prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1205541. [PMID: 37470054 PMCID: PMC10352499 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder prevalent among older adults. Although AD symptoms can be managed through certain treatments, advancing the understanding of underlying disease mechanisms and developing effective therapies is critical. Methods In this study, we systematically analyzed transcriptome data from temporal lobes of healthy individuals and patients with AD to investigate the relationship between AD and mitochondrial autophagy. Machine learning algorithms were used to identify six genes-FUNDC1, MAP1LC3A, CSNK2A1, VDAC1, CSNK2B, and ATG5-for the construction of an AD prediction model. Furthermore, AD was categorized into three subtypes through consensus clustering analysis. Results The identified genes are closely linked to the onset and progression of AD and can serve as reliable biomarkers. The differences in gene expression, clinical features, immune infiltration, and pathway enrichment were examined among the three AD subtypes. Potential drugs for the treatment of each subtype were also identified. Discussion The findings observed in the present study can help to deepen the understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms of AD and enable the development of precision medicine and personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelin Su
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlian Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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21
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Chavarria D, Abbaspour A, Celestino N, Shah N, Sankar S, Baker AB. A high throughput blood-brain barrier model incorporating shear stress with improved predictive power for drug discovery. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:044105. [PMID: 37614679 PMCID: PMC10444201 DOI: 10.1063/5.0150887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a key structure regulating the health of the brain and access of drugs and pathogens to neural tissue. Shear stress is a key regulator of the blood-brain barrier; however, the commonly used multi-well vitro models of the blood-brain barrier do not incorporate shear stress. In this work, we designed and validated a high-throughput system for simulating the blood-brain barrier that incorporates physiological flow and incorporates an optimized cellular model of the blood-brain barrier. This system can perform assays of blood-brain barrier function with shear stress, with 48 independent assays simultaneously. Using the high throughput assay, we conducted drug screening assays to explore the effects of compounds for opening or closing blood-brain barrier. Our studies revealed that assays with shear stress were more predictive and were able to identify compounds known to modify the blood-brain barrier function while static assays were not. Overall, we demonstrate an optimized, high throughput assay for simulating the blood-brain barrier that incorporates shear stress and is practical for use in drug screening and other high throughput studies of toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chavarria
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Ali Abbaspour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Natalie Celestino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Nehali Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | - Aaron B. Baker
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.:+512-232-7114
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22
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Malik JR, Fletcher CV, Podany AT, Dyavar SR, Scarsi KK, Pais GM, Scheetz MH, Avedissian SN. A novel 4-cell in-vitro blood-brain barrier model and its characterization by confocal microscopy and TEER measurement. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 392:109867. [PMID: 37116621 PMCID: PMC10275325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective cellular anatomical layer with a dynamic micro-environment, tightly regulating the transport of materials across it. To achieve in-vivo characteristics, an in-vitro BBB model requires the constituent cell types to be layered in an appropriate order. A cost-effective in-vitro BBB model is desired to facilitate central nervous system (CNS) drug penetration studies. Enhanced integrity of tight junctions observed during the in-vitro BBB establishment and post-experiment is essential in these models. We successfully developed an in-vitro BBB model mimicking the in-vivo cell composition and a distinct order of seeding primary human brain cells. Unlike other in-vitro BBB models, our work avoids the need for pre-coated plates for cell adhesion and provides better cell visualization during the procedure. We found that using bovine collagen-I coating, followed by bovine fibronectin coating and poly-L-lysine coating, yields better adhesion and layering of cells on the transwell membrane compared to earlier reported use of collagen and poly-L-lysine only. Our results indicated better cell visibility and imaging with the polyester transwell membrane as well as point to a higher and more stable Trans Endothelial Electrical Resistance values in this plate. In addition, we found that the addition of zinc induced higher claudin 5 expressions in neuronal cells. Dolutegravir, a drug used in the treatment of HIV, is known to appear in moderate concentrations in the CNS. Thus, dolutegravir was used to assess the functionality of the final model and cells. Using primary cells and an in-house coating strategy substantially reduces costs and provides superior imaging of cells and their tight junction protein expression. Our 4-cell-based BBB model is a suitable experimental model for the drug screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johid R Malik
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Kimberly K Scarsi
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Pais
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA; Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy Center of Pharmacometric Excellence, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Marc H Scheetz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA; Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy Center of Pharmacometric Excellence, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Sean N Avedissian
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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23
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Petrovskaya A, Tverskoi A, Medvedeva A, Nazarova M. Is blood-brain barrier a probable mediator of non-invasive brain stimulation effects on Alzheimer's disease? Commun Biol 2023; 6:416. [PMID: 37059824 PMCID: PMC10104838 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with no existing treatment leading to full recovery. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown usually precedes the advent of first symptoms in AD and accompanies the progression of the disease. At the same time deliberate BBB opening may be beneficial for drug delivery in AD. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, primarily transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have shown multiple evidence of being able to alleviate symptoms of AD. Currently, TMS/tDCS mechanisms are mostly investigated in terms of their neuronal effects, while their possible non-neuronal effects, including mitigation of the BBB disruption, are less studied. We argue that studies of TMS/tDCS effects on the BBB in AD are necessary to boost the effectiveness of neuromodulation in AD. Moreover, such studies are important considering the safety issues of TMS/tDCS use in the advanced AD stages when the BBB is usually dramatically deteriorated. Here, we elucidate the evidence of NIBS-induced BBB opening and closing in various models from in vitro to humans, and highlight its importance in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Petrovskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Artem Tverskoi
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Angela Medvedeva
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, US
| | - Maria Nazarova
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation
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24
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Wu JR, Hernandez Y, Miyasaki KF, Kwon EJ. Engineered nanomaterials that exploit blood-brain barrier dysfunction fordelivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114820. [PMID: 37054953 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated physical and functional boundarythat tightly controls the transport of materials between the blood and the brain. There is an increasing recognition that the BBB is dysfunctional in a wide range of neurological disorders; this dysfunction can be symptomatic of the disease but can also play a role in disease etiology. BBB dysfunction can be exploited for the delivery of therapeutic nanomaterials. Forexample, there can be a transient, physical disruption of the BBB in diseases such as brain injury and stroke, which allows temporary access of nanomaterials into the brain. Physicaldisruption of the BBB through external energy sources is now being clinically pursued toincrease therapeutic delivery into the brain. In other diseases, the BBB takes on new properties that can beleveraged by delivery carriers. For instance, neuroinflammation induces the expression ofreceptors on the BBB that can be targeted by ligand-modified nanomaterials and theendogenous homing of immune cells into the diseased brain can be hijacked for the delivery ofnanomaterials. Lastly, BBB transport pathways can be altered to increase nanomaterial transport. In this review, we will describe changes that can occur in the BBB in disease, and how these changes have been exploited by engineered nanomaterials forincreased transport into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yazmin Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katelyn F Miyasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine.
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Li T, Li D, Wei Q, Shi M, Xiang J, Gao R, Chen C, Xu ZX. Dissecting the neurovascular unit in physiology and Alzheimer's disease: Functions, imaging tools and genetic mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106114. [PMID: 37023830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays an essential role in regulating neurovascular coupling, which refers to the communication between neurons, glia, and vascular cells to control the supply of oxygen and nutrients in response to neural activity. Cellular elements of the NVU coordinate to establish an anatomical barrier to separate the central nervous system from the milieu of the periphery system, restricting the free movement of substances from the blood to the brain parenchyma and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β deposition impairs the normal functions of NVU cellular elements, thus accelerating the disease progression. Here, we aim to describe the current knowledge of the NVU cellular elements, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, in regulating the blood-brain barrier integrity and functions in physiology as well as alterations encountered in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the NVU functions as a whole, therefore specific labeling and targeting NVU components in vivo enable us to understand the mechanism mediating cellular communication. We review approaches including commonly used fluorescent dyes, genetic mouse models, and adeno-associated virus vectors for imaging and targeting NVU cellular elements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiakun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Palma-Florez S, López-Canosa A, Moralez-Zavala F, Castaño O, Kogan MJ, Samitier J, Lagunas A, Mir M. BBB-on-a-chip with integrated micro-TEER for permeability evaluation of multi-functionalized gold nanorods against Alzheimer's disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:115. [PMID: 36978078 PMCID: PMC10053726 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of predictive models that mimic the blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders the development of effective drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. Animal models behave differently from humans, are expensive and have ethical constraints. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms offer several advantages to resembling physiological and pathological conditions in a versatile, reproducible, and animal-free manner. In addition, OoC give us the possibility to incorporate sensors to determine cell culture features such as trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Here, we developed a BBB-on-a-chip (BBB-oC) platform with a TEER measurement system in close distance to the barrier used for the first time for the evaluation of the permeability performance of targeted gold nanorods for theranostics of Alzheimer's disease. GNR-PEG-Ang2/D1 is a therapeutic nanosystem previously developed by us consisting of gold nanorods (GNR) functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), angiopep-2 peptide (Ang2) to overcome the BBB and the D1 peptide as beta amyloid fibrillation inhibitor, finally obtaining GNR-PEG-Ang2/D1 which showed to be useful for disaggregation of the amyloid in in vitro and in vivo models. In this work, we evaluated its cytotoxicity, permeability, and some indications of its impact on the brain endothelium by employing an animal-free device based on neurovascular human cells. RESULTS In this work, we fabricated a BBB-oC with human astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells and a TEER measuring system (TEER-BBB-oC) integrated at a micrometric distance of the endothelial barrier. The characterization displayed a neurovascular network and the expression of tight junctions in the endothelium. We produced GNR-PEG-Ang2/D1 and determined its non-cytotoxic range (0.05-0.4 nM) for plated cells included in the BBB-oC and confirmed its harmless effect at the highest concentration (0.4 nM) in the microfluidic device. The permeability assays revealed that GNR-PEG-Ang2/D1 cross the BBB and this entry is facilitated by Ang2 peptide. Parallel to the permeability analysis of GNR-PEG-Ang2/D1, an interesting behavior of the TJs expression was observed after its administration probably related to the ligands on the nanoparticle surface. CONCLUSIONS BBB-oC with a novel TEER integrated setup which allow a correct read-out and cell imaging monitoring was proven as a functional and throughput platform to evaluate the brain permeability performance of nanotherapeutics in a physiological environment with human cells, putting forward a viable alternative to animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujey Palma-Florez
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián López-Canosa
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Moralez-Zavala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, 8380494, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Castaño
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, 8380494, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mònica Mir
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Santibáñez A, Herrera-Ruiz M, González-Cortazar M, Nicasio-Torres P, Sharma A, Jiménez-Ferrer E. Dose-Effect Determination of a Neuroprotector Fraction Standardized in Coumarins of Tagetes lucida and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:967. [PMID: 36986828 PMCID: PMC10051064 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been associated with chronic inflammation states in the brain. For this reason, attention has been directed to drugs indicated as anti-inflammatory as possible therapies for the treatment of said conditions. Tagetes lucida has been widely used as a folk remedy in illnesses associated with the central nervous system and inflammatory ailments. Among the compounds that stand out in the plant against these conditions are coumarins, such as 7-O-prenyl scopoletin, scoparone, dimethylfraxetin, herniarin, and 7-O-prenylumbelliferone. Therefore, the relationship between the therapeutic effect and the concentration was evaluated through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, including vascular permeability evaluation by blue Evans and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines quantification, under a neuroinflammation model induced by lipopolysaccharide by the oral administration of three different doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) of a bioactive fraction of T. lucida. In the present study, it was found that all doses showed a neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effect, although the doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg were able to exert their effect for a longer time and to a greater extent. The protective effects of the fraction may be mainly associated with the DR, HR, and SC coumarins due to their structural profile and plasmatic and brain tissue bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anislada Santibáñez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1 Col Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Plant Innovation Lab, Av. Epigmenio González No. 500, San Pablo 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1 Col Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1 Col Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pilar Nicasio-Torres
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1 Col Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Plant Innovation Lab, Av. Epigmenio González No. 500, San Pablo 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1 Col Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico
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28
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Hagey DW, El Andaloussi S. The promise and challenges of extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:227-241. [PMID: 36803813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as essential means of intercommunication for all cell types, and their role in CNS physiology is increasingly appreciated. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that EVs play important roles in neural cell maintenance, plasticity, and growth. However, EVs have also been demonstrated to spread amyloids and inflammation characteristic of neurodegenerative disease. Such dual roles suggest that EVs may be prime candidates for neurodegenerative disease biomarker analysis. This is supported by several intrinsic properties of EVs: Populations can be enriched by capturing surface proteins from their cell of origin, their diverse cargo represent the complex intracellular states of the cells they derive from, and they can pass the blood-brain barrier. Despite this promise, there are important questions outstanding in this young field that will need to be answered before it can fulfill its potential. Namely, overcoming the technical challenges of isolating rare EV populations, the difficulties inherent in detecting neurodegeneration, and the ethical considerations of diagnosing asymptomatic individuals. Although daunting, succeeding to answer these questions has the potential to provide unprecedented insight and improved treatment of neurodegenerative disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Hagey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Aging decreases docosahexaenoic acid transport across the blood-brain barrier in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281946. [PMID: 36795730 PMCID: PMC9934487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrients are actively taken up by the brain via various transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A lack of specific nutrients in the aged brain, including decreased levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is associated with memory and cognitive dysfunction. To compensate for decreased brain DHA, orally supplied DHA must be transported from the circulating blood to the brain across the BBB through transport carriers, including major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (MFSD2A) and fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) that transport esterified and non-esterified DHA, respectively. Although it is known that the integrity of the BBB is altered during aging, the impact of aging on DHA transport across the BBB has not been fully elucidated. We used 2-, 8-, 12-, and 24-month-old male C57BL/6 mice to evaluate brain uptake of [14C]DHA, as the non-esterified form, using an in situ transcardiac brain perfusion technique. Primary culture of rat brain endothelial cells (RBECs) was used to evaluate the effect of siRNA-mediated MFSD2A knockdown on cellular uptake of [14C]DHA. We observed that the 12- and 24-month-old mice exhibited significant reductions in brain uptake of [14C]DHA and decreased MFSD2A protein expression in the brain microvasculature compared with that of the 2-month-old mice; nevertheless, FABP5 protein expression was up-regulated with age. Brain uptake of [14C]DHA was inhibited by excess unlabeled DHA in 2-month-old mice. Transfection of MFSD2A siRNA into RBECs decreased the MFSD2A protein expression levels by 30% and reduced cellular uptake of [14C]DHA by 20%. These results suggest that MFSD2A is involved in non-esterified DHA transport at the BBB. Therefore, the decreased DHA transport across the BBB that occurs with aging could be due to age-related down-regulation of MFSD2A rather than FABP5.
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30
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The protective effect of low-dose minocycline on brain microvascular ultrastructure in a rodent model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:91-114. [PMID: 36153470 PMCID: PMC9899762 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The multifaceted nature of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) pathogenesis is poorly understood. To date, no pharmacological agent has been found to be efficacious for the prevention of brain injury when used for acute SAH intervention. This study was undertaken to evaluate the beneficial effects of low-dose neuroprotective agent minocycline on brain microvascular ultrastructures that have not been studied in detail. We studied SAH brain injury using an in vivo prechiasmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage rodent model. We analyzed the qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural morphology of capillaries and surrounding neuropil in the rodent brains with SAH and/or minocycline administration. Here, we report that low-dose minocycline (1 mg/kg) displayed protective effects on capillaries and surrounding cells from significant SAH-induced changes. Ultrastructural morphology analysis revealed also that minocycline stopped endothelial cells from abnormal production of vacuoles and vesicles that compromise blood-brain barrier (BBB) transcellular transport. The reported ultrastructural abnormalities as well as neuroprotective effects of minocycline during SAH were not directly mediated by inhibition of MMP-2, MMP-9, or EMMPRIN. However, SAH brain tissue treated with minocycline was protected from development of other morphological features associated with oxidative stress and the presence of immune cells in the perivascular space. These data advance the knowledge on the effect of SAH on brain tissue ultrastructure in an SAH rodent model and the neuroprotective effect of minocycline when administered in low doses.
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31
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Luo T, Kang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Li J. Small extracellular vesicles in breast cancer brain metastasis and the prospect of clinical application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1162089. [PMID: 37091342 PMCID: PMC10113431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1162089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale extracellular particles that have received widespread scientific attention for carrying a variety of biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins and participating in the process of intercellular information exchange, making them become a research hotspot due to their potential diagnostic value. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women, approximately 90% of patient deaths are due to metastasis complications. Brain metastasis is an important cause of mortality in breast cancer patients, about 10-15% of breast cancer patients will develop brain metastasis. Therefore, early prevention of brain metastasis and the development of new treatments are crucial. Small EVs have been discovered to be involved in the entire process of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM), playing an important role in driving organ-specific metastasis, forming pre-metastatic niches, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and promoting metastatic tumor cell proliferation. We summarize the mechanisms of small EVs in the aforementioned pathological processes at the cellular and molecular levels, and anticipate their potential applications in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis, with the hope of providing new ideas for the precise treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Xie L, Zhang S, Huang L, Peng Z, Lu H, He Q, Chen R, Hu L, Wang B, Sun B, Yang Q, Xie Q. Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood reveals that monocytes with high cathepsin S expression aggravate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:330-344. [PMID: 36371010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. After cerebral ischemia, peripheral immune cells infiltrate the brain and elicit an inflammatory response. However, it is not clear when and how these peripheral immune cells affect the central inflammatory response, and whether interventions that target these processes can alleviate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS Single-cell transcriptomic sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on peripheral blood of mice at different times after I/R to analyze the key molecule of cell subsets. Then, the expression pattern of this molecule was determined through various biological experiments, including quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, ELISA, and in situ hybridization. Next, the function of this molecule was assessed using knockout mice and the corresponding inhibitor. RESULTS Single-cell transcriptomic sequencing revealed that peripheral monocyte subpopulations increased significantly after I/R. Cathepsin S (Ctss)was identified as a key molecule regulating monocyte activation by pseudotime trajectory analysis and gene function analysis. Next, Cathepsin S was confirmed to be expressed in monocytes with the highest expression level 3 days after I/R. Infarct size (p < 0.05), neurological function scores (p < 0.05), and apoptosis and vascular leakage rates were significantly reduced after Ctss knockout. In addition, CTSS destroyed the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family proteins to cause their degradation. CONCLUSIONS Cathepsin S inhibition attenuated cerebral I/R injury; therefore, cathepsin S can be used as a novel target for drug intervention after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexing Xie
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhouzhou Peng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, CIBI, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, CIBI, China
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, CIBI, China
| | - Linlin Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, CIBI, China
| | - Bingqiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, CIBI, China
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Qingwu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Qi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China.
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Zhao B, Yin Q, Fei Y, Zhu J, Qiu Y, Fang W, Li Y. Research progress of mechanisms for tight junction damage on blood-brain barrier inflammation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1579-1590. [PMID: 32608276 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1784952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to disease pathologies by disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junctions (TJ) are a key component of the BBB. Following hypoxic-ischaemic or mechanical injury to the brain, inflammatory mediators are released such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Simultaneously, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are released which can degrade TJ proteins. Subsequently, the function and morphology of the BBB are disrupted, which allows immune cells an opportunity to enter into the brain parenchyma. This review summarises the information on the role of TJ protein families in the BBB and provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms whereby inflammation breaks down the BBB by increasing degradation of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Shaw BC, Williams JL. Targetability of the neurovascular unit in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:39-49. [PMID: 35909222 PMCID: PMC9489669 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable barrier separating the periphery from the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB restricts the flow of most material into and out of the CNS, including many drugs that could be used as potent therapies. BBB permeability is modulated by several cells that are collectively called the neurovascular unit (NVU). The NVU consists of specialized CNS endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons. CNS ECs maintain a complex "seal" via tight junctions, forming the BBB; breakdown of these tight junctions leads to BBB disruption. Pericytes control the vascular flow within capillaries and help maintain the basal lamina. Astrocytes control much of the flow of material that has moved beyond the CNS EC layer and can form a secondary barrier under inflammatory conditions. Microglia survey the border of the NVU for noxious material. Neuronal activity also plays a role in the maintenance of the BBB. Since astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons are all able to modulate the permeability of the BBB, understating the complex contributions of each member of the NVU will potentially uncover novel and effective methods for delivery of neurotherapies to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C. Smith
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA,School of Biomedical SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
| | - Benjamin C. Shaw
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
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35
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Chmiel TA, Gardel ML. Confluence and tight junction dependence of volume regulation in epithelial tissue. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar98. [PMID: 35731553 PMCID: PMC9582799 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell volume regulation is a key component to tissue stability and dynamics. In particular, how cells respond to osmotic stresses is of significant physiological interest in kidney epithelial tissue. For individual mammalian cells, it is well established that Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) channels mediate cell volume homeostasis in response to hyperosmotic stress. However, whether mature epithelium responds similarly is not well known. Here we show that while small colonies of madin darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells behave similarly to single cells and exhibit volume homeostasis that is dependent on the NKCC channel function, mature epithelial tissue does not. Instead, the cell volume decreases by 33% when confluent monolayers or acini formed from MDCK cells are subjected to hyperosmotic stress. We show that the tight junction protein zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1), and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) are essential for osmotic regulation of cell volume in mature epithelium. Because these both are known to be essential for tight junction assembly, this strongly suggests a role for tight junctions in changing volume response in mature epithelium. Thus, tight junctions act either directly or indirectly in osmotic pressure response of epithelial tissue to suppress volume homeostasis common to isolated epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Chmiel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, Department of Physics, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Margaret L. Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, Department of Physics, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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de Almeida SM, Kulik A, Malaquias MAS, Nagashima S, de Paula CBV, Muro MD, de Noronha L. The Impact of Paracoccidioides spp Infection on Central Nervous System Cell Junctional Complexes. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:567-577. [PMID: 35922705 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides spp. is the most prevalent fungal infection among immunocompetent patients in Latin America. The estimated frequency of central nervous system (CNS) involvement among the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/PCM-positive population is 2.5%. We aimed to address the impact of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM) and HIV/NPCM co-infection on the tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins of the CNS. Four CNS formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens were studied: NPCM, NPCM/HIV co-infection, HIV-positive without opportunistic CNS infection, and normal brain autopsy (negative control). Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the endothelial cells and astrocytes expressions of TJ markers: claudins (CLDN)-1, -3, -5 and occludin; AJ markers: β-catenin and E-cadherin; and pericyte marker: alpha-smooth muscle actin. FFPE CNS tissue specimens were analyzed using the immunoperoxidase assay. CLDN-5 expression in the capillaries of the HIV/NPCM coinfected tissues (mixed clinical form of PCM) was lower than that in the capillaries of the HIV or NPCM monoinfected (chronic clinical form of PCM) tissues. A marked decrease in CLDN-5 expression and a compensatory increase in CLDN-1 expression in the NPCM/HIV co-infection tissue samples was observed. The authors suggest that Paracoccidioides spp. crosses the blood-brain barrier through paracellular pathway, owing to the alteration in the CLDN expression, or inside the macrophages (Trojan horse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida
- Medical Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. .,Neuroinfection Outclinic, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua Padre Camargo 280, Curitiba, Paraná, 80060-240, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Kulik
- Medical Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Seigo Nagashima
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Escola de Medicina- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Escola de Medicina- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marisol Dominguez Muro
- Micology Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Medical Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Escola de Medicina- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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37
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Mehdi-alamdarlou S, Ahmadi F, Azadi A, Shahbazi MA, Heidari R, Ashrafi H. A cell-mimicking platelet-based drug delivery system as a potential carrier of dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Sakai Y, Taguchi M, Morikawa Y, Suenami K, Yanase E, Takayama T, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Lowering of brain endothelial cell barrier function by exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110052. [PMID: 35872046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of pyrrolidinophenones (PPs) is known to cause damage to vascular and central nervous systems, but little is known about its effect on brain endothelial barrier function. In this study, we found that exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone (I-α-PNP), one of the most potently cytotoxic PPs, at sublethal concentrations decreases trans-endothelial electrical resistance and increases paracellular permeability across a monolayer of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Treatment with I-α-PNP also elevated the production of superoxide anion. Furthermore, the treatment reduced the expression and plasma membrane localization of a tight junction protein claudin-5 (CLDN5), which was almost restored by pretreatment with an antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine. These results indicate that I-α-PNP treatment may down-regulate the plasma membrane-localized CLDN5 by elevating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The treatment with I-α-PNP increased the nuclear translocation of Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor, and pretreating with a FoxO1 inhibitor ameliorated the decrease in CLDN5 mRNA. In addition, I-α-PNP treatment up-regulated the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9, and the addition of an MMP inhibitor reversed the degradation of CLDN5 by I-α-PNP. Moreover, I-α-PNP treatment facilitated the activation of 26S proteasome-based proteolytic activity and pretreatment with an inhibitor of 26S proteasome, but not autophagy, suppressed the CLDN5 degradation by I-α-PNP. Accordingly, it is suggested that the down-regulation of CLDN5 by exposure to I-α-PNP is ascribable to suppression of the gene transcription due to FoxO1 nuclear translocation through ROS production and to acceleration both of the MMPs (MMP2 and MMP9)- and 26S proteasome-based proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakai
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan.
| | - Maki Taguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Suenami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Emiko Yanase
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 502-8585, Japan
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Jagadapillai R, Qiu X, Ojha K, Li Z, El-Baz A, Zou S, Gozal E, Barnes GN. Potential Cross Talk between Autism Risk Genes and Neurovascular Molecules: A Pilot Study on Impact of Blood Brain Barrier Integrity. Cells 2022; 11:2211. [PMID: 35883654 PMCID: PMC9315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common pediatric neurobiological disorder with up to 80% of genetic etiologies. Systems biology approaches may make it possible to test novel therapeutic strategies targeting molecular pathways to alleviate ASD symptoms. A clinical database of autism subjects was queried for individuals with a copy number variation (CNV) on microarray, Vineland, and Parent Concern Questionnaire scores. Pathway analyses of genes from pathogenic CNVs yielded 659 genes whose protein-protein interactions and mRNA expression mapped 121 genes with maximal antenatal expression in 12 brain regions. A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-derived neural circuits map revealed significant differences in anxiety, motor, and activities of daily living skills scores between altered CNV genes and normal microarrays subjects, involving Positive Valence (reward), Cognition (IQ), and Social Processes. Vascular signaling was identified as a biological process that may influence these neural circuits. Neuroinflammation, microglial activation, iNOS and 3-nitrotyrosine increase in the brain of Semaphorin 3F- Neuropilin 2 (Sema 3F-NRP2) KO, an ASD mouse model, agree with previous reports in the brain of ASD individuals. Signs of platelet deposition, activation, release of serotonin, and albumin leakage in ASD-relevant brain regions suggest possible blood brain barrier (BBB) deficits. Disruption of neurovascular signaling and BBB with neuroinflammation may mediate causative pathophysiology in some ASD subgroups. Although preliminary, these data demonstrate the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies based on clinically derived data, genomics, cognitive neuroscience, and basic neuroscience methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
| | - Xiaolu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Child Health, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Kshama Ojha
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Ayman El-Baz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
| | - Shipu Zou
- Department of Child Health, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N. Barnes
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Alinaghipour A, Salami M, Nabavizadeh F. Nanocurcumin substantially alleviates noise stress-induced anxiety-like behavior: the roles of tight junctions and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2022; 432:113975. [PMID: 35750244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Environmental noise stress affects non-auditory brain regions such as the hippocampus; an area of the brain implicated in cognition and emotion. Recent experimental data indicate that dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and overexpression of NMDA receptors may cause anxiety. In this experiment, we evaluated the effect of nanocurcumin on anxiety-like behavior and the expression of tight junctions and NMDA receptor subunits in the hippocampus of rats exposed to traffic noise. Forty rats were assigned to control (CON), stress (ST), nanocurcumin (NC), and nanocurcumin+stress (NC+ST) groups. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated through an elevated zero maze apparatus. The gene expression of tight junctions and NMDA receptor subunits was examined by real-time PCR in the hippocampus. Statistical analysis showed that noise exposure developed anxiety-like behavior and elevated the corticosterone level in the ST group compared to the CON group. The nanocurcumin administration decreased the stress and anxiety in the NC+ST group compared to the ST animals. While the noise stress reduced the gene expression of tight junctions occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1, the nanocurcumin administration increased them in the NC+ST animals. Furthermore, the noise stress elevated the gene expression of the NMDA receptor subunits GRIN1 and GRIN2B. The NC+ST animals showed a modification of these subunits compared to the ST animals. Our findings showed that noise exposure promotes stress and anxiety and impairs the NMDA receptor structure and BBB integrity. The nanocurcumin treatment displayed partly restored the destructive effects of noise exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Alinaghipour
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. Iran
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. Iran.
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Song D, Ji YB, Huang XW, Ma YZ, Fang C, Qiu LH, Tan XX, Chen YM, Wang SN, Chang J, Guo F. Lithium attenuates blood-brain barrier damage and brain edema following intracerebral hemorrhage via an endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent mechanism in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:862-872. [PMID: 35343071 PMCID: PMC9062576 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vasogenic cerebral edema resulting from blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage aggravates the devastating consequences of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Although augmentation of endothelial Wnt/β‐catenin signaling substantially alleviates BBB breakdown in animals, no agents based on this mechanism are clinically available. Lithium is a medication used to treat bipolar mood disorders and can upregulate Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Methods We evaluated the protective effect of lithium on the BBB in a mouse model of collagenase IV‐induced ICH. Furthermore, we assessed the effect and dependency of lithium on Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in mice with endothelial deletion of the Wnt7 coactivator Gpr124. Results Lithium treatment (3 mmol/kg) significantly decreased the hematoma volume (11.15 ± 3.89 mm3 vs. 19.97 ± 3.20 mm3 in vehicle controls, p = 0.0016) and improved the neurological outcomes of mice following ICH. Importantly, lithium significantly increased the BBB integrity, as evidenced by reductions in the levels of brain edema (p = 0.0312), Evans blue leakage (p = 0.0261), and blood IgG extravasation (p = 0.0009) into brain tissue around the hematoma. Mechanistically, lithium upregulated the activity of endothelial Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in mice and increased the levels of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin‐5 and ZO‐1). Furthermore, the protective effect of lithium on cerebral damage and BBB integrity was abolished in endothelial Gpr124 knockout mice, suggesting that its protective effect on BBB function was mainly dependent on Gpr124‐mediated endothelial Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Conclusion Our findings indicate that lithium may serve as a therapeutic candidate for treating BBB breakdown and brain edema following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengpan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya-Bin Ji
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yin-Zhong Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin-Hui Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi-Xi Tan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, China
| | - Yi-Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ouro A, Correa-Paz C, Maqueda E, Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Romaus-Sanjurjo D, Posado-Fernández A, Candamo-Lourido M, Alonso-Alonso ML, Hervella P, Iglesias-Rey R, Castillo J, Campos F, Sobrino T. Involvement of Ceramide Metabolism in Cerebral Ischemia. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:864618. [PMID: 35531465 PMCID: PMC9067562 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.864618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain and subsequent neuronal death, represents one of the main causes of disability in worldwide. Although reperfusion therapies have shown efficacy in a limited number of patients with acute ischemic stroke, neuroprotective drugs and recovery strategies have been widely assessed, but none of them have been successful in clinical practice. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic approaches is still necessary. Sphingolipids consist of a family of lipidic molecules with both structural and cell signaling functions. Regulation of sphingolipid metabolism is crucial for cell fate and homeostasis in the body. Different works have emphasized the implication of its metabolism in different pathologies, such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, or atherosclerosis. Other studies have shown its implication in the risk of suffering a stroke and its progression. This review will highlight the implications of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ouro
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Maqueda
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antía Custodia
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adrián Posado-Fernández
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Candamo-Lourido
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Luz Alonso-Alonso
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Hervella
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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43
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Ibiwoye MO, Snyder EA, Lyons J, Vasauskas AA, Hernandez MJ, Summerlin AR, Foster JD. The Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Cadmium on the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Barrier Antigen in the Developing Rat Forebrain and Cerebellum: A Computerized Quantitative Immunofluorescent Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e23848. [PMID: 35402117 PMCID: PMC8986507 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory studies have shown that environmental exposure to cadmium produces damage to several organs, including bones, lungs, and kidneys. The involvement of cadmium in central nervous system (CNS) disorders has also been widely reported, but the precise pathophysiological mechanism is not yet fully understood. Children who were exposed to cadmium during pregnancy are known to suffer from developmental delays, learning difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other cognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Results from numerous studies suggest that dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) structures is an important step in the neurotoxicity of cadmium. A rat-specific BBB marker protein, the endothelial barrier antigen (EBA), has been previously isolated and classified by Sternberger and others. The mouse IgG1 clone, anti-endothelial barrier antigen (anti-EBA), detects a protein triplet (23.5kDa, 25 kDa, and 30kDa) localized to the luminal surface of central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS) vascular endothelial cells with selective permeability barrier functions. This marker has been widely used for characterizing BBB alterations under demyelinating, inflammatory, and other CNS pathologies. Many studies have been published using the rat model system for studying the neurotoxic effect of acute and chronic exposure to cadmium. We applied the indirect immunofluorescent techniques using the anti-EBA antibody in conjunction with the Olympus cellSens computerized image analysis to detect and quantify the surface areas of BBB-competent microvessel profiles in paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded brains of term-delivered young rats after intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of cadmium chloride. We detected a statistically significant reduction in EBA-positive microvessel surface areas in the forebrain (t = 5.86, df = 1789, p-value < 0.001) and cerebellum (t=73.40, df=1337, p < 0.001) of cadmium-treated rats compared to the normal controls. Thus, this study supports the hypothesis that the EBA is a sensitive and measurable indicator for quantitative assessment of the impact of cadmium exposure in the developing rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Ibiwoye
- Anatomy and Molecular Medicine, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - Emily A Snyder
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - James Lyons
- Department Clinical Sciences, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - Audrey A Vasauskas
- Institutional Effectiveness, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - Mark J Hernandez
- Anatomy and Molecular Medicine, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | | | - James D Foster
- Anatomy and Molecular Medicine, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
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Sun P, Hamblin MH, Yin KJ. Non-coding RNAs in the regulation of blood–brain barrier functions in central nervous system disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:27. [PMID: 35346266 PMCID: PMC8959280 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an essential component of the neurovascular unit that controls the exchanges of various biological substances between the blood and the brain. BBB damage is a common feature of different central nervous systems (CNS) disorders and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are important regulatory RNA molecules that are involved in almost all cellular processes in normal development and various diseases, including CNS diseases. Cumulative evidences have demonstrated ncRNA regulation of BBB functions in different CNS diseases. In this review, we have summarized the miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs that can be served as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for BBB injuries, and demonstrated the involvement and underlying mechanisms of ncRNAs in modulating BBB structure and function in various CNS diseases, including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), brain tumors, brain infections, diabetes, sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), and others. We have also discussed the pharmaceutical drugs that can regulate BBB functions via ncRNAs-related signaling cascades in CNS disorders, along with the challenges, perspective, and therapeutic potential of ncRNA regulation of BBB functions in CNS diseases.
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Pu Y, Zhao L, Xi Y, Xia Y, Qian Y. The protective effects of Mirtazapine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain vascular hyperpermeability. Bioengineered 2022; 13:3680-3693. [PMID: 35081868 PMCID: PMC8973832 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is mainly characterized by severe inflammation triggered by infection, and sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is defined as brain damage caused by sepsis. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) triggered by injured brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and damaged tight junction (TJ) structure is closely associated with the pathogenesis of SAE. The present research proposed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of Mirtazapine, a central presynaptic α2 receptor antagonist, on LPS-induced BBB disruption. The mice were administered with normal saline and 10 mg/kg Mirtazapine for 8 consecutive days, and from day 6, the experiment group of mice received LPS for 2 days to induce SAE. We found that the increased BBB permeability, elevated concentrations of inflammatory factors in brain tissues, and downregulated zonula occludens -1 (ZO-1) were observed in LPS-stimulated mice, all of which were reversed by 10 mg/kg Mirtazapine. In the in vitro assay, bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells were treated with 1 μM LPS in the absence or presence of Mirtazapine (25, 50 μM). We found that LPS-treated cells had significantly declined transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased monolayer permeability, elevated production of inflammatory factors, and downregulated ZO-1. However, 25 and 50 μM Mirtazapine ameliorated all these LPS- induced aberrations. Mirtazapine also mitigated the decreased level of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in LPS-challenged endothelial cells. The protective effect of Mirtazapine on endothelial permeability against LPS was significantly abolished by the knockdown of Nrf2. Collectively, we concluded that Mirtazapine exerted protective effects on LPS-induced endothelial cells hyperpermeability by upregulating Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Pu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Intergrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Intergrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Xi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Intergrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichun Xia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Intergrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Qian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Intergrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Rado M, Flepisi B, Fisher D. The Effect of Normoxic and Hypoxic U-87 Glioblastoma Paracrine Secretion on the Modulation of Brain Endothelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:276. [PMID: 35053392 PMCID: PMC8773645 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive brain tumour, characterized by its ability to secrete factors promoting its virulence. Brain endothelial cells (BECs) in the GBM environment are physiologically modulated. The present study investigated the modulatory effects of normoxically and hypoxically induced glioblastoma U-87 cell secretions on BECs. METHODS Conditioned media (CM) were derived by cultivating U-87 cells under hypoxic incubation (5% O2) and normoxic incubation (21% O2). Treated bEnd.3 cells were evaluated for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), ATP production, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and endothelial tight-junction (ETJ) gene expression over 96 h. RESULTS The coculture of bEnd.3 cells with U-87 cells, or exposure to either hypoxic or normoxic U-87CM, was associated with low cellular viability. The ΔΨm in bEnd.3 cells was hyperpolarized after hypoxic U-87CM treatment (p < 0.0001). However, normoxic U-87CM did not affect the state of ΔΨm. BEC ATP levels were reduced after being cocultured with U-87 cells, or with hypoxic and normoxic CM (p < 0.05). Suppressed mitochondrial activity in bEnd.3 cells was associated with increased transendothelial permeability, while bEnd.3 cells significantly increased the gene expression levels of ETJs (p < 0.05) when treated with U-87CM. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic and normoxic glioblastoma paracrine factors differentially suppressed mitochondrial activity in BECs, increasing the BECs' barrier permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Rado
- Medical Bioscience Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Brian Flepisi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 9 Bophelo Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - David Fisher
- Medical Bioscience Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
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Conde JN, Sanchez-Vicente S, Saladino N, Gorbunova EE, Schutt WR, Mladinich MC, Himmler GE, Benach J, Kim HK, Mackow ER. Powassan Viruses Spread Cell to Cell during Direct Isolation from Ixodes Ticks and Persistently Infect Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Pericytes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0168221. [PMID: 34643436 PMCID: PMC8754205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01682-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Powassan viruses (POWVs) are neurovirulent tick-borne flaviviruses emerging in the northeastern United States, with a 2% prevalence in Long Island (LI) deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). POWVs are transmitted within as little as 15 min of a tick bite and enter the central nervous system (CNS) to cause encephalitis (10% of cases are fatal) and long-term neuronal damage. POWV-LI9 and POWV-LI41 present in LI Ixodes ticks were isolated by directly inoculating VeroE6 cells with tick homogenates and detecting POWV-infected cells by immunoperoxidase staining. Inoculated POWV-LI9 and LI41 were exclusively present in infected cell foci, indicative of cell to cell spread, despite growth in liquid culture without an overlay. Cloning and sequencing establish POWV-LI9 as a phylogenetically distinct lineage II POWV strain circulating in LI deer ticks. Primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and pericytes form a neurovascular complex that restricts entry into the CNS. We found that POWV-LI9 and -LI41 and lineage I POWV-LB productively infect hBMECs and pericytes and that POWVs were basolaterally transmitted from hBMECs to lower-chamber pericytes without permeabilizing polarized hBMECs. Synchronous POWV-LI9 infection of hBMECs and pericytes induced proinflammatory chemokines, interferon-β (IFN-β) and proteins of the IFN-stimulated gene family (ISGs), with delayed IFN-β secretion by infected pericytes. IFN inhibited POWV infection, but despite IFN secretion, a subset of POWV-infected hBMECs and pericytes remained persistently infected. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for POWVs (LI9/LI41 and LB) to infect hBMECs, spread basolaterally to pericytes, and enter the CNS. hBMEC and pericyte responses to POWV infection suggest a role for immunopathology in POWV neurovirulence and potential therapeutic targets for preventing POWV spread to neuronal compartments. IMPORTANCE We isolated POWVs from LI deer ticks (I. scapularis) directly in VeroE6 cells, and sequencing revealed POWV-LI9 as a distinct lineage II POWV strain. Remarkably, inoculation of VeroE6 cells with POWV-containing tick homogenates resulted in infected cell foci in liquid culture, consistent with cell-to-cell spread. POWV-LI9 and -LI41 and lineage I POWV-LB strains infected hBMECs and pericytes that comprise neurovascular complexes. POWVs were nonlytically transmitted basolaterally from infected hBMECs to lower-chamber pericytes, suggesting a mechanism for POWV transmission across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). POWV-LI9 elicited inflammatory responses from infected hBMEC and pericytes that may contribute to immune cell recruitment and neuropathogenesis. This study reveals a potential mechanism for POWVs to enter the CNS by infecting hBMECs and spreading basolaterally to abluminal pericytes. Our findings reveal that POWV-LI9 persists in cells that form a neurovascular complex spanning the BBB and suggest potential therapeutic targets for preventing POWV spread to neuronal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas N. Conde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Santiago Sanchez-Vicente
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Saladino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Elena E. Gorbunova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - William R. Schutt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Megan C. Mladinich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Grace E. Himmler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Benach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Erich R. Mackow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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48
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Differential Effects of Normoxic versus Hypoxic Derived Breast Cancer Paracrine Factors on Brain Endothelial Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121238. [PMID: 34943153 PMCID: PMC8698446 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The potential of breast cancer to spread to the brain increases the clinical complications of the disease; breast cancer is considered to have the second-highest capacity to spread to the brain after lung cancer. The brain is protected by highly specialized endothelial cells, forming a barrier against the entry of circulating molecules and cells. The ability of breast cancer cells to penetrate the protective endothelial barrier is still not completely understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of breast cancer cells on the brain’s endothelial cells. We showed that breast cancer cells induce changes in endothelial cells by releasing factors that target the mitochondria, affecting the endothelial cells and their attachment to each other and, therefore, their function as a protective barrier of the brain. Understanding the mechanism that breast cancer cells utilize to affect endothelial cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions contributes to the development of treatments to prevent the metastasis of cancer cells to the brain. Abstract Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a central nervous system protective barrier formed primarily of endothelial cells that regulate the entry of substances and cells from entering the brain. However, the BBB integrity is disrupted in disease, including cancer, allowing toxic substances, molecules, and circulating cells to enter the brain. This study aimed to determine the mitochondrial changes in brain endothelial cells co-cultured with cancer cells. Method: Brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) were co-cultivated with various concentrations of breast cancer (MCF7) conditioned media (CM) generated under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic conditions (5% O2). The mitochondrial activities (including; dehydrogenases activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and ATP generation) were measured using Polarstar Omega B.M.G-Plate reader. Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was evaluated using the EVOM system, followed by quantifying gene expression of the endothelial tight junction (ETJs) using qPCR. Results: bEnd.3 cells had reduced cell viability after 72 h and 96 h exposure to MCF7CM under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The ΔΨm in bEnd.3 cells were hyperpolarized after exposure to the hypoxic MCF7CM (p < 0.0001). However, the normoxic MCF7CM did not significantly affect the state of ΔΨm in bEnd.3 cells. ATP levels in bEnd.3 co-cultured with hypoxic and normoxic MCF7CM was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The changes in brain endothelial mitochondrial activity were associated with a decrease in TEER of bEnd.3 monolayer co-cultured with MCF7CM under hypoxia (p = 0.001) and normoxia (p < 0.05). The bEnd.3 cells exposed to MCF7CM significantly increased the gene expression level of ETJs (p < 0.05). Conclusions: MCF7CM modulate mitochondrial activity in brain endothelial cells, affecting the brain endothelial barrier function.
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You L, Jiang H. Cabergoline possesses a beneficial effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bioengineered 2021; 12:8358-8369. [PMID: 34592907 PMCID: PMC8806944 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a disease induced by severe systemic inflammation and contributes to multiple acute organic dysfunctions. It is reported that disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is involved in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), which can be alleviated by repairing the damaged tight junction structure. Cabergoline is a specific dopamine D2 receptor agonist developed to treat Parkinson’s disease and hyperprolactinemia and is reported to exert promising anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to explore the beneficial effect of Cabergoline for the treatment of sepsis. In the animal experiments, mice were separated into 4 groups: sham, LPS (5 mg/kg), Cabergoline (0.1 mg/kg/day), and Cabergoline+LPS. We found that the increased neurological deficits, disrupted BBB integrity, elevated production of inflammatory factors, and declined expression level of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, all of which were significantly reversed by the administration of Cabergoline. In the in vitro model, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were challenged with 1 µg/mL LPS in the presence or absence of Cabergoline (10, 20 μM) for 24 hours. The elevated cell permeability Papp value of fluorescein disodium across the HBMECs monolayer and declined trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) in the LPS-treated HBMECs were significantly alleviated by Cabergoline, accompanied by the upregulation of ZO-1. In addition, wnt1 and β-catenin were found downregulated, which was reversed by Cabergoline. Importantly, the protective benefits of Cabergoline were all abolished by the overexpression of Dickkopf 3 (DKK3). Taken together, our data reveal that Cabergoline possessed a protective effect on BBB integrity against LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina You
- Department of Gerontology, Traditional Chinese medicine hospital of Jiulongpo District in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400080, China
| | - Haidong Jiang
- Chongqing Infectious Disease Medical Center, Chongqing, 400080, China
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50
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Li W, Yuan W, Zhang D, Cai S, Luo J, Zeng K. LCZ696 Possesses a Protective Effect Against Homocysteine (Hcy)-Induced Impairment of Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Integrity by Increasing Occludin, Mediated by the Inhibition of Egr-1. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1981-1990. [PMID: 34542838 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-essential amino acid produced from methionine. It has been reported that high concentrations of Hcy are related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and induce the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by triggering oxidative stress and inflammation. LCZ696 is a novel antihypertensive agent that has been recently reported to possess promising anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether it has a protective effect on the BBB disruption is still unknown. For the first time, in this study, we aim to investigate whether LCZ696 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on Hcy-induced injury in brain endothelial cells and explore its neuroprotective properties. In in vivo experiments, we found that treatment with LCZ696 ameliorated oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, LCZ696 downregulated the excessive release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at mRNA and protein levels. Importantly, it reversed the disruption of the BBB induced by Hcy stimulation. In the in vitro human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMVEC) experiments, compared to the control, the permeability of the endothelial monolayer was significantly enlarged, the expression level of occludin declined, and Egr-1 upregulated by the introduction of Hcy, and these were all reversed by the treatment with LCZ696. Lastly, we found that the protective effects of LCZ696 against Hcy-induced reduction of occludin and hyper-permeability of the endothelial monolayer were greatly abolished by the overexpression of Egr-1. Taken together, we found that LCZ696 protected against Hcy-induced impairment of BBB integrity by increasing the expression of occludin, all mediated by the inhibition of Egr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjin Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuchun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kanghua Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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