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Liu M, Wang X, Gao D. Polygalae Radix: review of metabolites, pharmacological activities and toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1420853. [PMID: 38873413 PMCID: PMC11169621 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1420853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polygalae Radix: is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. or Polygala sibirica L., which has the effect of improving memory and cognitive function in traditional Chinese medicine. Modern pharmacological studies indicated that Polygalae Radix has rich pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo, including protective effects on the nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system, as well as antioxidant and antiepileptic pharmacological activities. Up to now, more than 160 metabolites from Polygalae Radix were identified, including triterpenoid saponins, xanthones, oligosaccharide esters and et al. The clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine has proved that Polygalae Radix has a certain irritation to the throat, and a large or long-term use will stimulate the digestive tract, and the main toxic metabolite is saponins. Therefore, Polygalae Radix should be pr ocessed or used in combination with other Chinese herbal medicines to reduce the irritation to the throat and reduce gastrointestinal irritation. This article provides a review of the metabolites, pharmacological activity, and toxicology of Polygalae Radix. It also discusses the future research prospects and existing problems of Polygalae Radix, providing reference for further research on Polygalae Radix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dejiang Gao
- Research Center of Emotional Diseases, Shenyang Anning Hospital, Shenyang, China
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2
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Moreira J, Machado M, Dias-Teixeira M, Ferraz R, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. The neuroprotective effect of traditional Chinese medicinal plants-A critical review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3208-3237. [PMID: 37655317 PMCID: PMC10465969 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are increasingly affecting individuals' quality of life, thus increasing their cost to social and health systems. These diseases have overlapping mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, and the available therapies have adverse effects and low efficacy. For neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, the current therapies are not adequate to one-third of the patients, the so-called treatment-resistant patients. So, searching for new treatments is fundamental. Medicinal plants appear as a strong alternative and complement towards new treatment protocols, as they have been used for health purposes for thousands of years. Thus, the main goal of this review is to revisit the neuroprotective potential of some of the most predominant medicinal plants (and one fungus) used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), focusing on their proven mechanisms of action and their chemical compositions, to give clues on how they can be useful against neurodegeneration progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Mariana Machado
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- NICiTeS—Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa 1950-396, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
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3
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Kianmehr M, Behdadfard M, Hedayati-Moghadam M, Khazdair MR. Effects of Herbs and Derived Natural Products on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toxicity: A Literature Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:7675183. [PMID: 37102170 PMCID: PMC10125742 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7675183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Oxidative stress (OS) during inflammation can increase inflammatory responses and damage tissue. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in several organs. Natural products have several biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory properties. The aims of the study are to study the possible therapeutic effects of natural products on LPS inducing toxicity on the nervous system, lung, liver, and immune system. Methods The in vitro and in vivo research articles that were published in the last 5 years were included in the current study. The keywords included "lipopolysaccharide," "toxicity," "natural products," and "plant extract" were searched in different databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar until October 2021. Results The results of most studies indicated that some medicinal herbs and their potent natural products can help to prevent, treat, and manage LPS-induced toxicity. Medicinal herbs and plant-derived natural products showed promising effects on managing and treating oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunomodulation by several mechanisms. Conclusion However, these findings provide information about natural products for the prevention and treatment of LPS-induced toxicity, but the scientific validation of natural products requires more evidence on animal models to replace modern commercial medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Behdadfard
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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4
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Jiang N, Zhang Y, Yao C, Liu Y, Chen Y, Chen F, Wang Y, Choudhary MI, Liu X. Tenuifolin ameliorates the sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits. Phytother Res 2023; 37:464-476. [PMID: 36608695 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tenuifolin (TEN), a natural neuroprotective compound obtained from the Polygala tenuifolia Willd plant, has improved cognitive symptoms. However, the impact of TEN on memory impairments caused by sleep deprivation (SD) is unclear. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms behind the preventative benefits of TEN on cognitive impairment caused by SD. TEN (10 and 20 mg/kg) and Huperzine A (0.1 mg/kg) were given to mice through oral gavage for 28 days during the SD process. The results indicate that TEN administrations improve short- and long-term memory impairments caused by SD in the Y-maze, object identification, and step-through tests. Moreover, TEN stimulated the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10), lowered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-18), and activated microglia, improving antioxidant status in the hippocampus. TEN treatments significantly boosted the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 while considerably decreasing the expression of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 and caspase-1 p20. Additionally, TEN restored the downregulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling cascade and the impaired hippocampal neurogenesis induced by SD. When considered collectively, our data suggest that TEN is a potentially effective neuroprotective agent for cognition dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Yao
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Wang
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Chen Z, Yang Y, Han Y, Wang X. Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Senegenin, an Effective Compound Originated From the Roots of Polygala Tenuifolia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937333. [PMID: 35924058 PMCID: PMC9341472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senegenin is the main bioactive ingredient isolated from the dried roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. In recent years, senegenin has been proved to possess a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, enhancement of cognitive function. Besides, it has a good development prospect for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, depression, osteoporosis, cognitive dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury and other diseases. However, there is no systematic literature that fully demonstrates the pharmacological effects of senegenin. In order to meet the needs of new drug research and precise medication, this review summarized the neuroprotective effects, mechanisms and gastrointestinal toxicity of senegenin based on the literatures published from the past 2 decades. In addition, an in-depth analysis of the existing problems in the current research as well as the future research directions have been conducted in order to provide a basis for the clinical application of this important plant extract.
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Chen P, Zhang J, Wang C, Chai YH, Wu AG, Huang NY, Wang L. The pathogenesis and treatment mechanism of Parkinson's disease from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154044. [PMID: 35338993 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with no treatment currently available to modify its progression. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained attention for its unique theoretical basis and clinical effects. Many studies have reported on the clinical effects and pharmacological mechanisms of Chinese herbs in PD. However, few studies have focused on the treatment mechanisms of anti-PD TCM drugs from the perspective of TCM itself. PURPOSE To elaborate the treatment mechanisms of anti-PD TCM drugs in the perspective of TCM. METHODS We performed a literature survey using traditional books of Chinese medicine and online scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and others up to July 2021. RESULTS TCM theory states that PD is caused by a dysfunction of the zang-fu organs (liver, spleen, kidney, and lung) and subsequent pathogenic factors (wind, fire, phlegm, and blood stasis). Based on the pathogenesis, removing pathogenic factors and restoring visceral function are two primary treatment principles for PD in TCM. The former includes dispelling wind, clearing heat, resolving phlegm, and promoting blood circulation, while the latter involves nourishing the liver and kidney and strengthening the spleen. The anti-PD mechanisms of the active ingredients of TCM compounds and herbs at different levels include anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidative stress, as well as the restoration of mitochondrial function and the regulation of autophagy and neurotransmitters. CONCLUSION Chinese herbs and prescriptions can be used to treat PD by targeting multiple pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Accreditation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Physician, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Hui Chai
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning-Yu Huang
- Accreditation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Physician, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Aomatsu N, Shigemitsu K, Nakagawa H, Morooka T, Ishikawa J, Yamashita T, Tsuruoka A, Fuke A, Motoyama K, Kitagawa D, Ikeda K, Maeda K, Shirano M, Rinka H. Efficacy of Ninjin'yoeito in treating severe coronavirus disease 2019 in patients in an intensive care unit. Neuropeptides 2021; 90:102201. [PMID: 34753072 PMCID: PMC8484001 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global emergency with high mortality. There are few effective treatments, and many severe patients are treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the Japanese Kampo medicine ninjin'yoeito (NYT) is effective in treating ICU patients with COVID-19. Nine patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the ICU were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent respiratory management with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and enteral nutrition. Four patients received NYT (7.5 g daily) from an elemental diet tube. We retrospectively examined the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), length of IMV, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, rate of tracheostomy, and mortality rate. The median age of the enrolled participants was 60.0 years (4 men and 5 women). The median body mass index was 27.6. The most common comorbidity was diabetes (4 patients, 44%), followed by hypertension (3 patients, 33%) and chronic kidney disease (2 patients, 22%). The median length of IMV, ICU stay, and hospital stay were all shorter in the NYT group than in the non-NYT group (IMV; 4.0 days vs 14.3 days, ICU; 5.3 days vs 14.5 days, hospital stay; 19.9 days vs 28.2 days). In the NYT and non-NYT groups, the median PNI at admission was 29.0 and 31.2, respectively. One week after admission, the PNI was 30.7 in the NYT group and 24.4 in non-NYT group. PNI was significantly (p = 0.032) increased in the NYT group (+13.6%) than in the non-NYT group (-22.0%). The Japanese Kampo medicine NYT might be useful for treating patients with severe COVID-19 in ICU. This study was conducted in a small number of cases, and further large clinical trials are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Aomatsu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Shigemitsu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nakagawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaya Morooka
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Ishikawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamashita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayumu Tsuruoka
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fuke
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koka Motoyama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Kitagawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Ikeda
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michinori Shirano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Rinka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Tang SW, Tang WH, Leonard BE. Herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders: Psychopharmacology and neuroscience-based nomenclature. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019. [PMID: 28649903 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1346279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Herbs are frequently and concurrently used with prescribed drugs by patients worldwide. While clinical trials have found some herbs to be as useful as standard psychiatric drugs, most clinicians are unaware of their pharmacological mechanisms.Methods: We searched English language and other language literature with English abstracts listed in PubMed website, supplemented by additional through Google Scholar's free academic paper abstract website for publications on herbs, focussing on their clinical use in mental disorders, their neurobiology and their pharmacology.Results: A major reason for herbs remaining outside of mainstream psychiatry is that the terminology and concepts in herbal medicine are not familiar to psychiatrists in general. Many publications regarding the use of herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders are deficient in details regarding diagnosis, criteria for response and the neurobiology details compared with publications on standard psychotropic drugs. Nomenclature for herbal medicine is usually confusing and is not conducive to an easy understanding of their mode of action in psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: The recent neuroscience-based nomenclature (NbN) for psychotropics methodology would be a logical application to herbal medicine in facilitating a better understanding of the use of herbal medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu W Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wayne H Tang
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Kim HJ. Regulation of Neural Stem Cell Fate by Natural Products. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:15-24. [PMID: 30481958 PMCID: PMC6319553 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) can proliferate and differentiate into multiple cell types that constitute the nervous system. NSCs can be derived from developing fetuses, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. NSCs provide a good platform to screen drugs for neurodegenerative diseases and also have potential applications in regenerative medicine. Natural products have long been used as compounds to develop new drugs. In this review, natural products that control NSC fate and induce their differentiation into neurons or glia are discussed. These phytochemicals enable promising advances to be made in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Stem Cell Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974,
Republic of Korea
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10
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Uto NS, Amitani H, Atobe Y, Sameshima Y, Sakaki M, Rokot N, Ataka K, Amitani M, Inui A. Herbal Medicine Ninjin'yoeito in the Treatment of Sarcopenia and Frailty. Front Nutr 2018; 5:126. [PMID: 30619872 PMCID: PMC6299011 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty and sarcopenia have recently gained considerable attention in terms of preventive care in Japan, which has an ever-increasing aging population. Sarcopenia is defined as atrophy of skeletal muscles caused by the age-related decrease in growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor and sex hormones. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare reports that frailty can lead to impairment of both mental and physical functioning. Chronic diseases such as diabetes and dementia may underlie frailty. It is important to prevent progression of frailty and extend the healthy lifespan. In herbal medicine practice, including Japanese Kampo medicine, "Mibyo," a presymptomatic state, has long been recognized and may be applicable to frailty. Kampo medicines may include several medicinal plants and are thought to have the potential to improve symptoms of frailty, such as loss of appetite and body weight, fatigue, and sarcopenia, as well as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. Ninjin'yoeito (Ren Shen Yang Ying Tang) is the most powerful Kampo medicine and has been widely applied to palliative care of cancer patients. This review includes recent anti-aging studies and describes the effects and mechanisms of Ninjin'yoeito (Ren Shen Yang Ying Tang) when used for frailty or to extend a healthy life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sameshima Uto
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Atobe
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sameshima
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mika Sakaki
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Natasya Rokot
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koji Ataka
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Marie Amitani
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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11
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Huang XB, Chen YJ, Chen WQ, Wang NQ, Wu XL, Liu Y. Neuroprotective effects of tenuigenin on neurobehavior, oxidative stress, and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. Brain Circ 2018; 4:24-32. [PMID: 30276333 PMCID: PMC6057698 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tenuigenin (TEN), a major active component of the Chinese herb Polygala tenuifolia root, has been used to improve memory and cognitive function in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries. PURPOSE: The present study was designed to explore the possible neuroprotective effect of TEN on the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). METHODS: STZ was injected twice intracerebroventrically (3 mg/kg, ICV) on alternate days (day 1 and day 3) in Rats. Daily treatment with TEN (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) starting from the first dose of STZ for 28 days. Memory-related behaviors were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in hippocampus were measured by western blot assay. Superoxide dismutase activities, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adducts contents were also measured in the hippocampus. RESULTS: Treatment with TEN significantly improved STZ-induced cognitive damage, markedly reduced changes in malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adducts, and significantly inhibited STZ-induced reduction in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the hippocampus. In addition, TEN decreased hyperphosphorylation of tau resulting from intracerebroventricular STZ (ICV-STZ) injection, and Nissl staining results showed that TEN has protective effects on hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSION: These results provide experimental evidence demonstrating preventive effect of TEN on cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress, and hyperphosphorylation of tau in ICV-STZ rats. This study indicates that TEN may have beneficial effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, PR China
| | - Wen-Qiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, PR China
| | - Ning-Qun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, PR China
| | - Xi-Ling Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, PR China
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12
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Su RJ, Zhen JL, Wang W, Zhang JL, Zheng Y, Wang XM. Time-course behavioral features are correlated with Parkinson's disease‑associated pathology in a 6-hydroxydopamine hemiparkinsonian rat model. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:3356-3363. [PMID: 29257290 PMCID: PMC5783532 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. For decades, the unilateral 6‑hydroxydopamine (6‑OHDA) rat model has been employed to investigate the pathogenesis and therapy of PD. However, the behavior and associated pathological features of the model long term have not previously been described dynamically. In the present study, the unilateral model was established by 6‑OHDA injection in the striatum. The PD rat model was determined 2 weeks following surgery, according to the apomorphine (APO)‑induced rotations, cylinder, rotarod and open field tests. TH‑positive neurons and fibers in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum, respectively, and glial activation in the SNpc, determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression for astrocytes and CD11b (Mac1) expression for microglia, were detected by immunohistological staining. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the association between PD‑associated behavior and pathology. The behavioral impairment progressively deteriorated during the process of experiment. In addition, the decrease in TH‑positive neurons was associated with an increase in GFAP‑ and Mac1‑positive cells in the SNpc. Linear regression analysis indicated the association between behavioral and pathological changes. The results of the present study indicate that the APO‑induced rotation, cylinder and rotarod tests are all sensitive and reliable strategies to predict the loss of TH+ neurons. These results provide a potential intervention time‑point and a comprehensive evaluation index system for assessment of PD therapeutic strategies using the hemiparkinsonian rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jun Su
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Li Zhen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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Saghazadeh A, Ferrari CC, Rezaei N. Deciphering variability in the role of interleukin-1β in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:635-50. [PMID: 27166719 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of inflammation in neurodegeneration has been well acknowledged, less is known on the issue of each cytokine in specific neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will present evidence elucidating that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has a multi-faceted character in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Increased levels of IL-1β were found in PD patients. Besides, PD symptoms were observed in IL-1β wild-type, but not deficient, animals. These lines of evidence suggest that IL-1β may contribute to the initiation or progression of PD. On the other hand, some studies reported decreased levels of IL-1β in PD patients. Also, genetic studies provided evidence suggesting that IL-1β may protect individuals against PD. Presumably, the broad range of IL-1β role is due to its interaction with both upstream and downstream mediators. Differences in IL-1β levels could be because of glia population (i.e. microglia and astrocytes), mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor κ light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways, and several mediators (including cyclooxygenase, neurotrophic factors, reactive oxygen species, caspases, heme oxygenase-1, and matrix metalloproteinases). Although far from practice at this point, unraveling theoretical therapeutic targets based on the up-down IL-1β neuroweb could facilitate the development of strategies that are likely to be used for pharmaceutical designs of anti-neurodegenerative drugs of the future.
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Fan Z, Liang Z, Yang H, Pan Y, Zheng Y, Wang X. Tenuigenin protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:256. [PMID: 29262843 PMCID: PMC5738892 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence indicates that nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-induced inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Thus, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation may offer a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of PD. Tenuigenin, a major active component of Polygala tenuifolia, has been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory activity, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Methods In the present study, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD was established to explore the effect of tenuigenin on dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. We next activated NLRP3 inflammasome in both BV2 microglia cells and adult mice to investigate the mechanisms for the neuroprotective effect of tenuigenin. Results We demonstrated that treatment with tenuigenin increased striatal dopaminergic levels and improved motor impairment induced by MPTP. Also, tenuigenin significantly ameliorated the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in substantia nigra of MPTP mouse model. We further found that tenuigenin reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, subsequent caspase-1 cleavage, and interleukin-1β secretion in BV2 microglia cells. These data indicate that tenuigenin inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via downregulating ROS. Correspondingly, in vivo data showed that tenuigenin attenuates microglia activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in substantia nigra via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusions Our findings reveal that tenuigenin protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation partly through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia, and suggest the promising clinical use of tenuigenin for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Pan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Xu Y, Jiang Y, Gai W, Yu B. Protective role of tenuigenin on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5051-5056. [PMID: 29201213 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of sepsis, which largely contributes to the associated high mortality rate. Tenuigenin (TNG) is a natural product isolated from Polygala tenuifolia root, which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The present study investigated the effects of TNG on sepsis-associated AKI in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). TNG was demonstrated to alleviate sepsis-induced AKI by reducing pathological changes and significantly decreasing the levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and kidney coefficient. The production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6, was markedly inhibited by TNG. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that the morphological changes of kidney tissues in CLP mice were reversed following TNG treatment. Furthermore, treatment with TNG inhibited the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Finally, TNG inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. The present study suggested that TNG alleviates sepsis-induced AKI by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, which provides a novel approach for treating sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Gai
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
| | - Botao Yu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
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Zanforlin E, Zagotto G, Ribaudo G. The Medicinal Chemistry of Natural and Semisynthetic Compounds against Parkinson's and Huntington's Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2356-2368. [PMID: 28862431 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), neurodegenerations attract the interest of both the clinician and the medicinal chemist. The increasing average age of population, the growing number of patients, and the lack of long-term effective remedies push ahead the quest for novel tools against this class of pathologies. We present a review on the state of the art of the molecules (or combination of molecules) of natural origin that are currently under study against two well-defined pathologies: Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Nowadays, very few tools are available for preventing or counteracting the progression of such diseases. Two major parameters were considered for the preparation of this review: particular attention was reserved to these research works presenting well-defined molecular mechanisms for the studied compounds, and where available, papers reporting in vivo data were preferred. A literature search for peer-reviewed articles using PubMed, Scopus, and Reaxys databases was performed, exploiting different keywords and logical operators: 91 papers were considered (preferentially published after 2015). The review presents a brief overview on the etiology of the studied neurodegenerations and the current treatments, followed by a detailed discussion of the natural and semisynthetic compounds dividing them in different paragraphs considering their several mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Zanforlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
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17
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Jia R, Zhang H, Zhang W, Zhao H, Zha C, Liu Y. Protective effects of tenuigenin on lipopolysaccharide and d -galactosamine-induced acute liver injury. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:83-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Elufioye TO, Berida TI, Habtemariam S. Plants-Derived Neuroprotective Agents: Cutting the Cycle of Cell Death through Multiple Mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:3574012. [PMID: 28904554 PMCID: PMC5585568 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3574012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is the preservation of the structure and function of neurons from insults arising from cellular injuries induced by a variety of agents or neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The various NDs including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases as well as amyotropic lateral sclerosis affect millions of people around the world with the main risk factor being advancing age. Each of these diseases affects specific neurons and/or regions in the brain and involves characteristic pathological and molecular features. Hence, several in vitro and in vivo study models specific to each disease have been employed to study NDs with the aim of understanding their underlying mechanisms and identifying new therapeutic strategies. Of the most prevalent drug development efforts employed in the past few decades, mechanisms implicated in the accumulation of protein-based deposits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and certain neurotransmitter deficits such as acetylcholine and dopamine have been scrutinized in great detail. In this review, we presented classical examples of plant-derived neuroprotective agents by highlighting their structural class and specific mechanisms of action. Many of these natural products that have shown therapeutic efficacies appear to be working through the above-mentioned key multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomayo Ireti Berida
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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Yu B, Qiao J, Shen Y, Li L. Protective effects of tenuigenin on Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia in mice. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:385-389. [PMID: 28711507 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in infants and young children. Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is one of the most important bacteria that leads to pneumonia. Tenuigenin (TGN), a major active component isolated from the root of the Chinese herb Polygala tenuifolia, has been known to have anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of TGN on S.aureus-induced pneumonia in mice. The results showed that TGN significantly attenuated S.aureus-induced lung histopathological changes. TGN also inhibited lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β production. Furthermore, S.aureus-induced NF-κB activation was significantly inhibited by the treatment of TGN. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that TGN protected against S.aureus-induced pneumonia by inhibiting NF-κB activation. TGN might be a potential agent in the treatment of pneumonia induced by S.aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiutao Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongbin Shen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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20
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Lu L, Li X, Xu P, Zheng Y, Wang X. Tenuigenin down-regulates the release of nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cytokines from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia. Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:82-88. [PMID: 28392358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tenuigenin (TEN), an active component of Polygala tenuifolia root extracts, has been shown to provide neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disorders. To date, most of these studies have focused on the effect that TEN has on neurons. Because activated microglia can release neurotoxic factors that cause neuronal damage, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of TEN on activated microglia. The results showed that TEN can significantly decrease the release of nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated rat microglia in a dose-dependent manner. The western blotting results showed that TEN did not inhibit iNOS expression at protein level. However, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique revealed that TEN directly scavenged the NO radical. Additionally, TEN can significantly decrease the secretion and mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α/IL-1β) in activated microglia. At a high dose (10-4M), TEN can significantly inhibit the secretion of another gelatinolytic MMP, MMP-2, but it had no effect on the mRNA level of MMP-2. In conclusion, these results suggest that TEN exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by down-regulating the release of NO, MMP-9 and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Pingxiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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21
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Su R, Sun M, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhen J, Qian Y, Zheng Y, Wang X. A Novel Immunosuppressor, (5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide, Alleviates Movement Disorder and Neuroinflammation in a 6-OHDA Hemiparkinsonian Rat Model. Aging Dis 2017; 8:31-43. [PMID: 28203480 PMCID: PMC5287386 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Promising therapies for PD still need to be explored. Immune dysfunction has been found to be involved in PD pathogenesis. Here, a novel immunosuppressor, (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT8), was used to treat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced hemiparkinson rats. We found that oral administration of LLDT8 significantly alleviated apomorphine-induced rotations at a dose of 125 µg/kg, and improved performance in cylinder and rotarod tests at a lower dose of 31.25 µg/kg, in 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rats. Moreover, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the 6-OHDA rat was attenuated in response to LLDT8 treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were significantly inhibited in LLDT8-treated hemiparkisonian rats, compared with vehicle. Notably, the level of dopamine (DA) in the striatum of PD rats was restored by LLDT8 treatment. Furthermore, we also detected that the disequilibrium of peripheral lymphocytes was reversed by LLDT8 administration. Taken together, the results imply that the immunosuppressor, LLDT8, can rescue dopaminergic neurodegeneration in 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rats, thus providing a potential therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Su
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
| | - Junli Zhen
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
| | - Yanjing Qian
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Physiology,
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing100069, China.
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Lv H, Ren W, Zheng Y, Wang L, Lu G, Yi P, Ci X. Tenuigenin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB and inducing Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in macrophages. Food Funct 2016; 7:355-63. [PMID: 26499342 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00807g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tenuigenin (TNG), isolated from the root of the Chinese herb Polygala tenuifolia, possesses various biological and pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation activities. In this study, we aimed to further investigate whether its anti-inflammatory activity is associated with the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Our results showed that TNG treatment dramatically reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and NO production, decreased iNOS and COX-2 gene expression, inhibited JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 and NF-κB (p65) phosphorylation, and blocked IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. Further studies revealed that TNG dramatically up-regulated heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, which was related to the induction of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and decreased Keap1 protein expression. Additionally, treatment with JNK1/2, ERK1/2 or p38 inhibitors had no effect on the TNG-induced HO-1 protein expression. Furthermore, the LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression levels were inhibited by TNG, which was partially reversed by the HO-1-siRNA and HO-1 inhibitors. Together, these results showed that TNG's anti-inflammatory activity is related to the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression via down-regulation of the MAPK and NF-κB, and up-regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- College of Animal sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
| | - Lidong Wang
- College of Animal sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Gejin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
| | - Xinxin Ci
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China. and Institutes of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130001, PR China.
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He H, Guo WW, Xu RR, Chen XQ, Zhang N, Wu X, Wang XM. Alkaloids from piper longum protect dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated damage induced by intranigral injection of lipopolysaccharide. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:412. [PMID: 27776556 PMCID: PMC5078945 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Alkaloids from Piper longum (PLA), extracted from P. longum, have potent anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PLA could protect dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated damage by inhibiting microglial activation using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dopaminergic neuronal damage rat model. Methods The animal behaviors of rotational behavior, rotarod test and open-field test were investigated. The survival ratio of dopaminergic neurons and microglial activation were examined. The dopamine (DA) and its metabolite were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of PLA on the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were also estimated. Results We showed that the survival ratio of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and DA content in the striatum were reduced after a single intranigral dose of LPS (10 μg) treatment. The survival rate of TH-ir neurons in the SNpc and DA levels in the striatum were significantly improved after treatment with PLA for 6 weeks. The over-activated microglial cells were suppressed by PLA treatment. We also observed that the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were decreased and the excessive production of ROS and NO were abolished after PLA treatment. Therefore, the behavioral dysfunctions induced by LPS were improved after PLA treatment. Conclusion This study suggests that PLA plays a significant role in protecting dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory reaction induced damage.
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Feng L, Yue XF, Chen YX, Liu XM, Wang LS, Cao FR, Wang Q, Liao YH, Pan RL, Chang Q. LC/MS-based metabolomics strategy to assess the amelioration effects of ginseng total saponins on memory deficiency induced by simulated microgravity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:329-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Tenuigenin Prevents IL-1β-induced Inflammation in Human Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes by Suppressing PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2016; 39:807-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sengupta T, Vinayagam J, Singh R, Jaisankar P, Mohanakumar KP. Plant-Derived Natural Products for Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:415-96. [PMID: 27651267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have made their own niche in the treatment of neurological diseases since time immemorial. Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has no cure and the treatment available currently is symptomatic. This chapter thoughtfully and objectively assesses the scientific basis that supports the increasing use of these plant-derived natural products for the treatment of this chronic and progressive disorder. Proper considerations are made on the chemical nature, sources, preclinical tests and their validity, and mechanisms of behavioural or biochemical recovery observed following treatment with various plants derived natural products relevant to PD therapy. The scientific basis underlying the neuroprotective effect of 6 Ayurvedic herbs/formulations, 12 Chinese medicinal herbs/formulations, 33 other plants, and 5 plant-derived molecules have been judiciously examined emphasizing behavioral, cellular, or biochemical aspects of neuroprotection observed in the cellular or animal models of the disease. The molecular mechanisms triggered by these natural products to promote cell survivability and to reduce the risk of cellular degeneration have also been brought to light in this study. The study helped to reveal certain limitations in the scenario: lack of preclinical studies in all cases barring two; heavy dependence on in vitro test systems; singular animal or cellular model to establish any therapeutic potential of drugs. This strongly warrants further studies so as to reproduce and confirm these reported effects. However, the current literature offers scientific credence to traditionally used plant-derived natural products for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengupta
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - J Vinayagam
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - P Jaisankar
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - K P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India. .,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala, India.
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Sun XC, Ren XF, Chen L, Gao XQ, Xie JX, Chen WF. Glucocorticoid receptor is involved in the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against inflammation-induced dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in substantia nigra. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:94-103. [PMID: 26455404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests that chronic neuroinflammation is associated with dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Ginsenoside Rg1, the most active components of ginseng, possesses a variety of biological effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and immune system. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in rat substantia nigra (SN) and its potential mechanisms. Treatment with Rg1 could ameliorate the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in LPS-lesioned rats. GR antagonist RU486 partly abolished the protective effect of Rg1. Rg1 treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced loss of tyrosin hydroxlase (TH) positive neurons in substantial nigra par compacta (SNpc) and decreased content of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in striatum of the lesioned side. Meanwhile, Rg1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced microglial activation and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO). These effects were abolished by co-treatment with RU486. In addition, Rg1 treatment significantly inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the lesioned side of substantial nigra. These effect could be also partly blocked by RU486. Taken together, these data indicate that Rg1 has protective effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced microglia inflammation. GR signaling pathway might be involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of Rg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Chang Sun
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Department of Special Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Taishan, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fan Ren
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, People's Republic of China.
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Yang S, Li X, Cheng L, Wu H, Zhang C, Li K. Tenuigenin inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by down-regulating NF-κB activation and suppresses bone loss in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:615-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tenuigenin ameliorates acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 216:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ramsey CP, Tansey MG. A survey from 2012 of evidence for the role of neuroinflammation in neurotoxin animal models of Parkinson's disease and potential molecular targets. Exp Neurol 2014; 256:126-32. [PMID: 23726958 PMCID: PMC3823748 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that results from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The specific molecular events that cause PD are currently not known; however, progress to better understand PD pathogenesis has been made using various animal models of the disease. In this review, we have highlighted reports from 2012 in which neurochemical/neurotoxins have been used in rodents to specifically address the role of neuroinflammation in the development and/or progression of PD-like pathology and in particular nigral degeneration. A number of studies have been summarized in which plausible pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or therapeutic agents targeting inflammatory pathways were introduced and/or investigated by various groups for neuroprotective effects. From these studies, it is clear that neuroinflammation acts to exacerbate the toxic outcomes that are set in motion within neurons following exposure to neurotoxins. Additionally, it is noted that future work is still needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms mediating the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic phenotypes reported in rodent models of PD-like pathology to maximize the translation potential of these interventions to the clinic to prevent and/or delay PD onset and/or progression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenere P Ramsey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Peng YL, Liu YZ, Wu TY, Shen XL, Zhou JR, Sun DY, Huang AJ, Wang X, Wang YX, Jiang CL. Involvement of inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice depressive-like behaviors. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 20:119-24. [PMID: 24279434 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex of the innate immune system that regulates the cleavage of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 precursors. It can detect a wide range of danger signals and trigger a series of immune-inflammatory reactions. There were plenty of studies indicating that activation of the immune system played pivotal roles in depression. However, the underlying mechanisms of immune-depression interactions remained elusive and there was no report about the involvement of inflammasome activation in depression. METHODS We established an acute depression mouse model with lipopolysaccharide to explore the involvement of inflammasome activation in depression. RESULTS The lipopolysaccharide-treated mice displayed depressive-like behaviors and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β protein and mRNA levels significantly increased. The NLRP3 inflammasome mRNA expression level also significantly elevated in depressed mice brain. Pretreatment with the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK significantly abrogated the depressive-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION These data suggest for the first time that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice depressive-like behaviors. The NLRP3 inflammasome may be a central mediator between immune activation and depression, which raises the possibility that it may be a more specific target for the depression treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Advances in neuroprotective ingredients of medicinal herbs by using cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:957875. [PMID: 24073012 PMCID: PMC3774059 DOI: 10.1155/2013/957875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder, which is neuropathologically identified by age-dependent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Development of symptomatic treatments has been partly successful for PD research, but there remain a number of inadequacies in therapeutic strategies for the disease. The pathogenesis of PD remains intricate, and the present anti-PD treatments appears to be clinically insufficient. Comprehensive research on discovery of novel drug candidates has demonstrated that natural products, such as medicinal herbs, plant extracts, and their secondary metabolites, have great potential as therapeutics with neuroprotective activity in PD. Recent preclinical studies suggest that a number of herbal medicines and their bioactive ingredients can be developed into optimum pharmaceuticals for treating PD. In many countries, traditional herbal medicines are used to prevent or treat neurodegenerative disorders, and some have been developed as nutraceuticals or functional foods. Here we focus on recent advances of the evidence-linked neuroprotective activity of bioactive ingredients of herbal origin in cellular and animal models of PD research.
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Zhou JX, Zhang HB, Huang Y, He Y, Zheng Y, Anderson JP, Gai WP, Liang ZG, Wang Y, Ren XM, Wang Q, Gong XL, Yang J, Wang X, Halliday G, Wang XM. Tenuigenin attenuates α-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity by down-regulating polo-like kinase 3. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:688-94. [PMID: 23710708 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tenuigenin (Ten) is a Chinese herbal extract with antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects on toxin-induced cell models of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its effects on α-synuclein toxicity-based PD models remain unknown. α-synuclein hyperphosphorylation is a key event in PD pathogenesis and potential target of therapeutic interventions. We tested whether Ten alleviates α-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity via reducing kinases that phosphorylate α-synuclein. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells transiently transfected with wild-type or A53T mutant α-synuclein were used to evaluate the effect of Ten on the levels of α-synuclein phosphorylation-related kinases. Cells treated with 10 μM Ten for 24 h were measured for viability (proliferation and apoptosis assays) and cellular proteins harvested and fractioned. The levels of total and phosphorylated α-synuclein and five associated kinases (polo-like kinase [PLK] 1-3, casein kinase [CK] 1-2) were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS Overexpression of either wild-type or A53T mutant α-synuclein decreased cell viability and increased α-synuclein phosphorylation. Ten treatment-protected cells from this α-synuclein-induced toxicity and dramatically reduced α-synuclein phosphorylation and PLK3 (but not other kinase) levels. CONCLUSION In α-synuclein cell model of PD, Ten is effective in attenuating α-synuclein-induced toxicity and α-synuclein phosphorylation probably via targeting PLK3, suggesting it could be an efficient therapeutic drug to treat α-synuclein-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Huang JN, Wang CY, Wang XL, Wu BZ, Gu XY, Liu WX, Gong LW, Xiao P, Li CH. Tenuigenin treatment improves behavioral Y-maze learning by enhancing synaptic plasticity in mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:111-5. [PMID: 23499702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polygala tenuifolia root has been used to improve memory and cognitive function in Traditional Chinese Medicine for more than 2000 years. Since tenuigenin (TEN) is one of the most utilized P. tenuifolia root extracts, it is surprising there is no evidence for the effects of TEN on learning and memory so far. In the present study, we investigated the effects of TEN on learning and memory with Y-maze test in mice. We found that oral administration of 4mg/kg TEN significantly improved learning and memory in Y-maze task. Treatment with 4mg/kg TEN markedly reduced the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hippocampus. In the electrophysiological test of hippocampal brain slice, 2μg/ml TEN perfusion substantially enhanced field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude both in basic synaptic transmission and after high frequency stimulation (HFS) in Schaffer to CA1 pathway (Scha-CA1). These results indicate that TEN enhancing learning and memory may result from inhibiting AChE activity, improving antioxidation and enhancing synaptic plasticity in mice. Therefore, TEN shows promise as a potential nootropic product in improving learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ni Huang
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55W Zhongshan Ave, Guangzhou, China
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Li XZ, Zhang SN, Liu SM, Lu F. Recent advances in herbal medicines treating Parkinson's disease. Fitoterapia 2013; 84:273-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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