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Begh MZA, Khan J, Al Amin M, Sweilam SH, Dharmamoorthy G, Gupta JK, Sangeetha J, Lokeshvar R, Nafady MH, Ahmad I, Alshehri MA, Emran TB. Monoterpenoid synergy: a new frontier in biological applications. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03342-x. [PMID: 39105799 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids, compounds found in various organisms, have diverse applications in various industries. Their effectiveness is influenced by the oil's chemical composition, which in turn is influenced by plant genotype, environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and plant development stage. They are used in various industries due to their distinctive odor and taste, serving as ingredients, additives, insecticides, and repellents. These compounds have synergistic properties, resulting in superior combined effects over discrete ones, potentially beneficial for various health purposes. Many experimental studies have investigated their interactions with other ingredients and their antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This review discusses potential synergistic interactions between monoterpenoids and other compounds, their sources, and biological functions. It also emphasizes the urgent need for more research on their bioavailability and toxicity, underlining the importance and relevance of this comprehensive study in the current scientific landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zamshed Alam Begh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Jishan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - G Dharmamoorthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, MB School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Babu University (Erstwhile Sree Vidyaniketan College of Pharmacy), Tirupati, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - J Sangeetha
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maisammaguda, Dhulapally, 500100, India
| | - R Lokeshvar
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed H Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, 12568, Egypt
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
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2
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Ashrafudoulla M, Yun H, Ashikur Rahman M, Jung SJ, Jie-Won Ha A, Anamul Hasan Chowdhury M, Shaila S, Akter S, Park SH, Ha SD. Prophylactic efficacy of baicalin and carvacrol against Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm on food and food contact surfaces. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114458. [PMID: 38763690 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effectiveness of baicalin and carvacrol against Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium on food contact surfaces and chicken meat. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for baicalin and carvacrol were found to be 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, respectively, which aligns with findings from previous studies. The compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent decrease in microbial populations and biofilm formation. When used together, they displayed a remarkable synergistic effect, greatly augmenting their antibacterial activity. The assessment of food quality demonstrated that these treatments have no negative impact on the sensory characteristics of chicken meat. The impact of the structure on biofilms was observed through the use of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), revealing disrupted biofilm architectures and decreased cell viability. Crucially, RT-PCR analysis revealed a marked downregulation of quorum sensing (luxS), virulence (hilA), and stress response (rpoS) genes, highlighting the multifaceted antimicrobial mechanism of action. This gene-specific suppression suggests a targeted disruption of bacterial communication and virulence pathways, offering insight into the comprehensive antibiofilm strategy. This provides further insight into the molecular mechanisms that contribute to their antibiofilm effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashrafudoulla
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea; National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyojae Yun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Ashikur Rahman
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jung
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela Jie-Won Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea; Grand Hyatt Jeju, 12 Noyeon-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Md Anamul Hasan Chowdhury
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanjida Shaila
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Shirin Akter
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Fermiano TH, Perez de Souza JV, Murase LS, Salvaterra Pasquini JP, de Lima Scodro RB, Zanetti Campanerut-Sá PA, Caleffi-Ferracioli KR, Dias Siqueira VL, Meneguello JE, Vieira Teixeira JJ, Cardoso RF. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol and its derivatives on Mycobacterium spp.: systematic review of preclinical studies. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:679-688. [PMID: 38390753 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The scope of the study was to analyze original preclinical studies on the antimicrobial effects of carvacrol and derivatives on the Mycobacterium genus. Materials & methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS and EMBASE) were searched. Results: The search retrieved 392 records, of which 11 papers were selected. Heterogeneity in the techniques and mycobacterial targets was observed. Carvacrol demonstrated synergistic antimycobacterial activity with rifampicin against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis on membranes and biofilms. In silico approaches showed specific targets in mycobacteria, by inhibition and molecular docking assays, on the enzyme chorismate mutase and the heat shock protein 16.3. Conclusion: Carvacrol has been shown to be a scaffold candidate for future molecules with activity against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago H Fermiano
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - João V Perez de Souza
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Murase
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - João P Salvaterra Pasquini
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Regiane B de Lima Scodro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Paula A Zanetti Campanerut-Sá
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Katiany Rizzieri Caleffi-Ferracioli
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Vera L Dias Siqueira
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Jean E Meneguello
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge J Vieira Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Rosilene Fressatti Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Biosciences & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil
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4
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Zhang Y, Chung WK, Moon SH, Lee JG, Om AS. Comparison of Antibacterial Activities of Korean Pine ( Pinus densiflora) Needle Steam Distillation Extract on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Focusing on Membrane Fluidity and Genes Involved in Membrane Lipids and Stress. Molecules 2023; 29:165. [PMID: 38202748 PMCID: PMC10779765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial activity and mechanism of Pinus densiflora extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The growth inhibition tests of paper diffusion and optical density exhibited that the extracts have potent antibacterial potentials against foodborne pathogens. The measurement of membrane fluidity by fluorescence polarization has indicated that one of the antibacterial mechanisms involves the disruption of membrane integrity resulting in an increase in the membrane fluidity in both of E. coli and S. aureus. The alteration of fatty acid composition was accompanied by the disturbance of membranes thus shifting the proportion of saturated verses unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids from 1.27:1 to 1.35:1 in E. coli and 1.47:1 to 2.31:1 in S. aureus, most likely to compensate for the increased membrane fluidity by means of a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids which is known to render rigidity in membranes. Realtime q-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of fatty acid synthetic genes and bacterial stress genes revealed that there was minimal influence of P. densiflora extracts on fatty acid genes except for fab I and the stress rpos in E. coli, and relatively greater impact on fatty acid genes and the stress sigB in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ae-Son Om
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea; (Y.Z.); (W.-K.C.); (S.-H.M.); (J.-G.L.)
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5
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Phytochemical-Based Nanomaterials against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: An Updated Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061392. [PMID: 36987172 PMCID: PMC10058650 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) is a growing global health threat, leading to the search for alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. Phytochemicals, which are naturally occurring compounds found in plants, have shown potential as antimicrobial agents; however, therapy with these agents has certain limitations. The use of nanotechnology combined with antibacterial phytochemicals could help achieve greater antibacterial capacity against ARB by providing improved mechanical, physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, bioavailability, morphological or release properties. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the current state of research on the use of phytochemical-based nanomaterials for the treatment against ARB, with a special focus on polymeric nanofibers and nanoparticles. The review discusses the various types of phytochemicals that have been incorporated into different nanomaterials, the methods used to synthesize these materials, and the results of studies evaluating their antimicrobial activity. The challenges and limitations of using phytochemical-based nanomaterials, as well as future directions for research in this field, are also considered here. Overall, this review highlights the potential of phytochemical-based nanomaterials as a promising strategy for the treatment against ARB, but also stresses the need for further studies to fully understand their mechanisms of action and optimize their use in clinical settings.
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6
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Shao L, Sun Y, Zou B, Zhao Y, Li X, Dai R. Sublethally injured microorganisms in food processing and preservation: Quantification, formation, detection, resuscitation and adaption. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112536. [PMID: 36869540 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sublethally injured state has been recognized as a survival strategy for microorganisms suffering from stressful environments. Injured cells fail to grow on selective media but can normally grow on nonselective media. Numerous microorganism species can form sublethal injury in various food matrices during processing and preservation with different techniques. Injury rate was commonly used to evaluate sublethal injury, but mathematical models for the quantification and interpretation of sublethally injured microbial cells still require further study. Injured cells can repair themselves and regain viability on selective media under favorable conditions when stress is removed. Conventional culture methods might underestimate microbial counts or present a false negative result due to the presence of injured cells. Although the structural and functional components may be affected, the injured cells pose a great threat to food safety. This work comprehensively reviewed the quantification, formation, detection, resuscitation and adaption of sublethally injured microbial cells. Food processing techniques, microbial species, strains and food matrix all significantly affect the formation of sublethally injured cells. Culture-based methods, molecular biological methods, fluorescent staining and infrared spectroscopy have been developed to detect the injured cells. Cell membrane is often repaired first during resuscitation of injured cells, meanwhile, temperature, pH, media and additives remarkably influence the resuscitation. The adaption of injured cells negatively affects the microbial inactivation during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Shao
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bo Zou
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xingmin Li
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ruitong Dai
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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7
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Sweet R, Kroon PA, Webber MA. Activity of antibacterial phytochemicals and their potential use as natural food preservatives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2076-2087. [PMID: 36121430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The risk to human health from bacterial foodborne infection is presently controlled by the addition of antimicrobial preservatives to food. However, the use of chemical preservatives such as sodium nitrite poses a health risk in themselves with concerns around carcinogenic effects. This makes the development of improved preservatives a priority for the food industry. One promising source of novel antimicrobial compounds can be found in nature; phytochemicals, in particular polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by plants for numerous purposes including antimicrobial defence. There has been significant study of phytochemicals; including quantifying their antimicrobial activity, potential to synergise with current antibiotics and the feasibility of their application as natural food preservatives. However, there remains significant uncertainty about the relative antimicrobial efficacy of different phytochemicals, their mechanisms of action (MOA) and the potential for emergence of bacterial resistance to their effects. This review summarizes recent work relevant to the potential development of phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sweet
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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8
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Tao R, Sedman J, Ismail A. Characterization and in vitro antimicrobial study of soy protein isolate films incorporating carvacrol. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Oz Y, Nabawy A, Fedeli S, Gupta A, Huang R, Sanyal A, Rotello VM. Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) Stabilized Nanoemulsions for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Biofilms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40325-40331. [PMID: 34416106 PMCID: PMC8573728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are an urgent global health threat. Incorporation of natural essential oils into biodegradable oil-in-water cross-linked polymeric nanoemulsions (X-NEs) provides effective eradication of MDR bacterial biofilms. The X-NE platform combines the degradability of functionalized poly(lactic acid) polymers with the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol (from oregano oil). These X-NEs exhibited effective penetration and killing of biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria. Biofilm-fibroblast coculture models demonstrate that X-NEs selectively eliminate bacteria without harming mammalian cells, making them promising candidates for antibiofilm therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Oz
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ahmed Nabawy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Stefano Fedeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Aarohi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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10
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Seguí P, Aguilera-Correa JJ, Domínguez-Jurado E, Sánchez-López CM, Pérez-Tanoira R, Ocaña AV, Castro-Osma JA, Esteban J, Marcilla A, Alonso-Moreno C, Pérez-Martínez FC, Molina-Alarcón M. A novel bis(pyrazolyl)methane compound as a potential agent against Gram-positive bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16306. [PMID: 34381091 PMCID: PMC8357914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to propose alternative therapeutic compounds to fight against bacterial pathogens. Thus, a library of nitrogen-based compounds bis(triazolyl)methane (1T–7T) and bis(pyrazolyl)methane (1P–11P) was synthesised following previously reported methodologies and their antibacterial activity was tested using the collection strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the novel compound 2P was fully characterized by IR, UV–Vis and NMR spectroscopy. To evaluate antibacterial activity, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs), and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) assays were carried out at different concentrations (2–2000 µg/mL). The MTT assay and Resazurin viability assays were performed in both human liver carcinoma HepG2 and human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell lines at 48 h. Of all the synthesised compounds, 2P had an inhibitory effect on Gram-positive strains, especially against S. aureus. The MIC and MBC of 2P were 62.5 and 2000 µg/mL against S. aureus, and 250 and 2000 µg/mL against E. faecalis, respectively. However, these values were > 2000 µg/mL against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In addition, the MBICs and MBECs of 2P against S. aureus were 125 and > 2000 µg/mL, respectively, whereas these values were > 2000 µg/mL against E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, concentrations up to 250 µg/mL of 2P were non-toxic doses for eukaryotic cell cultures. Thus, according to the obtained results, the 2P nitrogen-based compound showed a promising anti-Gram-positive effect (especially against S. aureus) both on planktonic state and biofilm, at non-toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Seguí
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, 02006, Albacete, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02001, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Elena Domínguez-Jurado
- NanoCRIB Unit, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 02008, Albacete, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Christian M Sánchez-López
- Department of Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe-Universitat de València, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Pérez-Tanoira
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedicine and Biotechnology Department, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana V Ocaña
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02001, Albacete, Spain
| | - José A Castro-Osma
- NanoCRIB Unit, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 02008, Albacete, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Department of Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe-Universitat de València, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- NanoCRIB Unit, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 02008, Albacete, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco C Pérez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02001, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Milagros Molina-Alarcón
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02001, Albacete, Spain.,Department of Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
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11
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Huang L, Ahmed S, Gu Y, Huang J, An B, Wu C, Zhou Y, Cheng G. The Effects of Natural Products and Environmental Conditions on Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144277. [PMID: 34299552 PMCID: PMC8303546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the extensive application of antibiotics in medical and farming practices, the continued diversification and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has attracted serious public concern. With the emergence of AMR and the failure to treat bacterial infections, it has led to an increased interest in searching for novel antibacterial substances such as natural antimicrobial substances, including microbial volatile compounds (MVCs), plant-derived compounds, and antimicrobial peptides. However, increasing observations have revealed that AMR is associated not only with the use of antibacterial substances but also with tolerance to heavy metals existing in nature and being used in agriculture practice. Additionally, bacteria respond to environmental stresses, e.g., nutrients, oxidative stress, envelope stress, by employing various adaptive strategies that contribute to the development of AMR and the survival of bacteria. Therefore, we need to elucidate thoroughly the factors and conditions affecting AMR to take comprehensive measures to control the development of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Yufeng Gu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Junhong Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Boyu An
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Cuirong Wu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Yujie Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Liu F, Jin P, Sun Z, Du L, Wang D, Zhao T, Doyle MP. Carvacrol oil inhibits biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production of Enterobacter cloacae. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Natural Plant-Derived Chemical Compounds as Listeria monocytogenes Inhibitors In Vitro and in Food Model Systems. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010012. [PMID: 33375619 PMCID: PMC7823385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen, sporadically present in various food product groups. An illness caused by the pathogen, named listeriosis, has high fatality rates. Even though L. monocytogenes is resistant to many environmental factors, e.g., low temperatures, low pH and high salinity, it is susceptible to various natural plant-derived antimicrobials (NPDA), including thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, carvone S, linalool, citral, (E)-2-hexenal and many others. This review focuses on identifying NPDAs active against L. monocytogenes and their mechanisms of action against the pathogen, as well as on studies that showed antimicrobial action of the compounds against the pathogen in food model systems. Synergistic action of NDPA with other factors, biofilm inhibition and alternative delivery systems (encapsulation and active films) of the compounds tested against L. monocytogenes are also summarized briefly.
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Niza E, Božik M, Bravo I, Clemente-Casares P, Lara-Sanchez A, Juan A, Klouček P, Alonso-Moreno C. PEI-coated PLA nanoparticles to enhance the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. Food Chem 2020; 328:127131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Lastra‐Vargas L, Lopez‐Malo A, Palou E. Modeling
Salmonella
(
S
. Typhimurium ATCC14028, ATCC 13311,
S
. Typhi ATCC 19430, and
S. enterica
) and
Listeria
(
L. monocytogenes
Scott A, ATCC 7644, and CDBB‐B‐1426) cocktails’ survival under the effects of pH, protein, and essential oil concentration. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Lastra‐Vargas
- Chemical and Food Engineering Department Universidad de las Américas Puebla Puebla Mexico
| | - Aurelio Lopez‐Malo
- Chemical and Food Engineering Department Universidad de las Américas Puebla Puebla Mexico
| | - Enrique Palou
- Chemical and Food Engineering Department Universidad de las Américas Puebla Puebla Mexico
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Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil as a Natural Food Preservative: Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties In Vitro and in a Real Food Matrix (Orangina Fruit Juice). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential application of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EGEO) as a natural beverage preservative is described in this research. The chemical composition of EGEO was determined using gas chromatography analyses and revealed that the major constituent is 1,8-cineole (94.03% ± 0.23%). The in vitro antioxidant property of EGEO was assessed using different tests. Percentage inhibitions of EGEO were dose-dependent. In addition, EGEO had a better metal ion chelating effect with an IC50 value of 8.43 ± 0.03 mg/mL, compared to ascorbic acid (140.99 ± 3.13 mg/mL). The in vitro antimicrobial effect of EGEO was assessed against 17 food spoilage microorganisms. The diameter of the inhibitory zone (DIZ) ranged from 15 to 85 mm for Gram-positive bacteria and from 10 to 49 mm for yeast strains. Candida albicans, C.parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the most sensitive fungal species to the EGEO vapor with DIZ varying from 59 to 85 mm. The anti-yeast effectiveness of EGEO alone and in association with heat processing was estimated in a real juice matrix (Orangina fruit juices) in a time-dependent manner. The combination of EGEO-heat treatment (70 °C for 2 min) at different concentrations (0.8 to 4 µL/mL) was effective at reducing S. cerevisiae growth in the fruit juice of Orangina, compared to juice preserved with synthetic preservatives. Current findings suggest EGEO as an effective and potent inhibitor of food spoilage fungi in a real Orangina juice, and might be a potential natural source of preservative for the food industry.
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17
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Álvarez-Martínez FJ, Barrajón-Catalán E, Encinar JA, Rodríguez-Díaz JC, Micol V. Antimicrobial Capacity of Plant Polyphenols against Gram-positive Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2576-2606. [PMID: 30295182 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181008115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disseminate rapidly amongst patients in healthcare facilities and suppose an increasingly important cause of community-associated infections and associated mortality. The development of effective therapeutic options against resistant bacteria is a public health priority. Plant polyphenols are structurally diverse compounds that have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, including infections treatment and possess, not only antimicrobial activity, but also antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities among others. Based on the existing evidence on the polyphenols' antibacterial capacity, polyphenols may be postulated as an alternative or complementary therapy for infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the antimicrobial activity of plant polyphenols against Gram-positive bacteria, especially against S. aureus and its resistant strains. Determine the main bacterial molecular targets of polyphenols and their potential mechanism of action. METHODOLOGY The most relevant reports on plant polyphenols' antibacterial activity and their putative molecular targets were studied. We also performed virtual screening of thousand different polyphenols against proteins involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis to find potential valuable bioactive compounds. The bibliographic information used in this review was obtained from MEDLINE via PubMed. RESULTS Several polyphenols: phenolic acids, flavonoids (especially flavonols), tannins, lignans, stilbenes and combinations of these in botanical mixtures, have exhibited significant antibacterial activity against resistant and non-resistant Gram-positive bacteria at low μg/mL range MIC values. Their mechanism of action is quite diverse, targeting cell wall, lipid membrane, membrane receptors and ion channels, bacteria metabolites and biofilm formation. Synergic effects were also demonstrated for some combinations of polyphenols and antibiotics. CONCLUSION Plant polyphenols mean a promising source of antibacterial agents, either alone or in combination with existing antibiotics, for the development of new antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Álvarez-Martínez
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Díaz
- Microbiology Section, University General Hospital of Alicante, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain.,CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB12/03/30038), Spain
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18
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Chitosan nanoemulsions of cold-pressed orange essential oil to preserve fruit juices. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 331:108786. [PMID: 32659617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sweet orange essential oil is obtained from the peels of Citrus sinensis (CSEO) by cold pressing, and used as a valuable product by the food industry. Nanoencapsulation is known as a valid strategy to improve chemical stability, organoleptic properties, and delivery of EO-based products. In the present study we encapsulated CSEO using chitosan nanoemulsions (cn) as nanocarrier, and evaluated its antimicrobial activity in combination with mild heat, as well as its sensorial acceptability in orange and apple juices. CSEO composition was analyzed by GC-MS, and 19 components were identified, with limonene as the predominant constituent (95.1%). cn-CSEO was prepared under low shear conditions and characterized according to droplet size (<60 nm) and polydispersity index (<0.260 nm). Nanoemulsions were stable for at least 3 months at 4 ± 2 °C. cn-CSEO were compared with suspensions of CSEO (s-CSEO) (0.2 μL of CSEO/mL) in terms of antibacterial activity in combination with mild heat (52 °C) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai. cn-CSEO displayed a greater bactericidal activity than s-CSEO at pH 7.0 and pH 4.0. The validation in fruit juices showed an improved bactericidal effect of cn-CSEO in comparison with s-CSEO when combined with mild heat in apple juice, but not in orange juice. In both juices, the combination of CSEO and mild heat exerted synergistic lethal effects, reducing the treatment time to cause the inactivation of up to 5 Log10 cycles of E. coli O157:H7 Sakai cells. Finally, the sensory characteristics of both juices were acceptable either when using s-CSEO or CSEO nanoemulsified with chitosan. Therefore, as a promising carrier for lipophilic substances, the encapsulation of EOs with chitosan nanoemulsions might represent an advantageous alternative when combined with mild heat to preserve fruit juices.
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19
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Berdejo D, Merino N, Pagán E, García-Gonzalo D, Pagán R. Genetic Variants and Phenotypic Characteristics of Salmonella Typhimurium-Resistant Mutants after Exposure to Carvacrol. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060937. [PMID: 32580471 PMCID: PMC7356045 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has raised questions about the safety of essential oils and their individual constituents as food preservatives and as disinfection agents. Further research is required to understand how and under what conditions stable genotypic resistance might occur in food pathogens. Evolution experiments on Salmonella Typhimurium cyclically exposed to sublethal and lethal doses of carvacrol permitted the isolation of SeSCar and SeLCar strains, respectively. Both evolved strains showed a significant increase in carvacrol resistance, assessed by minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, the study of growth kinetics in the presence of carvacrol, and the evaluation of survival under lethal conditions. Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed a development of SeLCar resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing allowed the identification of single nucleotide variations in transcriptional regulators of oxidative stress-response: yfhP in SeSCar and soxR in SeLCar, which could be responsible for the increased resistance by improving the response to carvacrol and preventing its accumulation inside the cell. This study demonstrates the emergence of S. Typhimurium-resistant mutants against carvacrol, which might pose a risk to food safety and should therefore be considered in the design of food preservation strategies, or of cleaning and disinfection treatments.
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20
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Windiasti G, Feng J, Ma L, Hu Y, Hakeem MJ, Amoako K, Delaquis P, Lu X. Investigating the synergistic antimicrobial effect of carvacrol and zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Berdejo D, Chueca B, Pagán E, Renzoni A, Kelley WL, Pagán R, Garcia-Gonzalo D. Sub-Inhibitory Doses of Individual Constituents of Essential Oils Can Select for Staphylococcus aureus Resistant Mutants. Molecules 2019; 24:E170. [PMID: 30621156 PMCID: PMC6337159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased bacterial resistance to food preservation technologies represents a risk for food safety and shelf-life. The use of natural antimicrobials, such as essential oils (EOs) and their individual constituents (ICs), has been proposed to avoid the generation of antimicrobial resistance. However, prolonged application of ICs might conceivably lead to the emergence of resistant strains. Hence, this study was aimed toward applying sub-inhibitory doses of the ICs carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene oxide to Staphylococcus aureus USA300, in order to evaluate the emergence of resistant strains and to identify the genetic modifications responsible for their increased resistance. Three stable-resistant strains, CAR (from cultures with carvacrol), CIT (from cultures with citral), and OXLIM (from cultures with (+)-limonene oxide) were isolated, showing an increased resistance against the ICs and a higher tolerance to lethal treatments by ICs or heat. Whole-genome sequencing revealed in CAR a large deletion in a region that contained genes encoding transcriptional regulators and metabolic enzymes. CIT showed a single missense mutation in aroC (N187K), which encodes for chorismate synthase; and in OXLIM a missense mutation was detected in rpoB (A862V), which encodes for RNA polymerase subunit beta. This study provides a first detailed insight into the mechanisms of action and S. aureus resistance arising from exposure to carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berdejo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 930 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Chueca
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 930 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Elisa Pagán
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 930 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Adriana Renzoni
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - William L Kelley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 930 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Diego Garcia-Gonzalo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 930 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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22
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Marchese A, Arciola CR, Coppo E, Barbieri R, Barreca D, Chebaibi S, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Daglia M. The natural plant compound carvacrol as an antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent: mechanisms, synergies and bio-inspired anti-infective materials. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:630-656. [PMID: 30067078 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1480756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol) is a natural compound that occurs in the leaves of a number of plants and herbs including wild bergamot, thyme and pepperwort, but which is most abundant in oregano. The aim of this review is to analyse the scientific data from the last five years (2012-2017) on the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of carvacrol, targeting different bacteria and fungi responsible for human infectious diseases. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm mechanisms of carvacrol and its synergies with antibiotics are illustrated. The potential of carvacrol-loaded anti-infective nanomaterials is underlined. Carvacrol shows excellent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, and is a very interesting bioactive compound against fungi and a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and being active against both planktonic and sessile human pathogens. Moreover, carvacrol lends itself to being combined with nanomaterials, thus providing an opportunity for preventing biofilm-associated infections by new bio-inspired, anti-infective materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchese
- a Microbiology Section DISC-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- b Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
- c Research Unit on Implant Infections , Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Bologna , Italy
| | - Erika Coppo
- d Microbiology Section DISC , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- d Microbiology Section DISC , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- e Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Salima Chebaibi
- f Department of Health and Environment, Science Faculty , University Moulay Ismail , Meknes , Morocco
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- g Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Spain
- h Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad Central de Chile , Chile
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- i Applied Biotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- i Applied Biotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- j Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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23
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Beaubrun JJG, Addy N, Keltner Z, Farris S, Ewing L, Gopinath G, Hanes DE. Evaluation of the Impact of Varied Carvacrol Concentrations on Salmonella Recovery in Oregano and How Corn Oil Can Minimize the Effect of Carvacrol during Preenrichment. J Food Prot 2018; 81:977-985. [PMID: 29749766 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, like carvacrol, in oregano interfere with the detection of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. Carvacrol concentration varies based on plant cultivars and growth region. Six oregano cultivars were used to compare the impact of carvacrol concentration on Salmonella and to evaluate the effectiveness of corn oil to help increase Salmonella survival for detection. The results of Agilent 1200 series high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that carvacrol concentration in the six oregano cultivars ranged from 64 to 11,200 ppm. Oregano samples were artificially contaminated with S. enterica and were preenriched in Trypticase soy broth with or without 2% (v/v) corn oil. After 18 to 24 h at 37°C, aliquots were transferred to selective enrichment broths. Salmonella was recovered onto xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar. Six Salmonella serovars were compared, and recovery varied based on carvacrol concentration and serovar. Samples with higher concentrations of carvacrol showed Salmonella recovery only when they were preenriched with corn oil. Based on metagenomic analysis, the microflora associated with the oregano also varied per cultivar. The results show that, as carvacrol levels increased, Salmonella survival decreased. However, the addition of corn oil to the preenrichment broth can minimize the antimicrobial effects of the phenolic compounds, thus allowing for increased detection of Salmonella from oregano cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia Jean-Gilles Beaubrun
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Nicole Addy
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708.,2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and
| | - Zachary Keltner
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Samantha Farris
- 2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and.,3 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Laura Ewing
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Gopal Gopinath
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Darcy E Hanes
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
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Gutiérrez-Del-Río I, Fernández J, Lombó F. Plant nutraceuticals as antimicrobial agents in food preservation: terpenoids, polyphenols and thiols. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:309-315. [PMID: 29777759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic food additives generate a negative perception in consumers. Therefore, food manufacturers search for safer natural alternatives such as those involving phytochemicals and plant essential oils. These bioactive compounds have antimicrobial activities widely proven in in vitro tests. Foodborne diseases cause thousands of deaths and millions of infections every year, mainly due to pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. This review summarises industrially interesting antimicrobial bioactivities as well as their mechanisms of action for three main types of plant nutraceuticals, namely terpenoids (e.g. carnosic acid), polyphenols (e.g. quercetin) and thiols (e.g. allicin), which are important constituents of plant essential oils with a broad range of antimicrobial effects. These phytochemicals are widely distributed in fruits and vegetables and are especially useful in food preservation as microbial growth inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gutiérrez-Del-Río
- Research Group BIONUC, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain; IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), IISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias)
| | - Javier Fernández
- Research Group BIONUC, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain; IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), IISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias)
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain; IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), IISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias).
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Whole-Genome Sequencing and Genetic Analysis Reveal Novel Stress Responses to Individual Constituents of Essential Oils in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02538-17. [PMID: 29374037 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02538-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food preservation by the use of essential oils (EOs) is being extensively studied because of the antimicrobial properties of their individual constituents (ICs). Three resistant mutants (termed CAR, CIT, and LIM) of Escherichia coli MG1655 were selected by subculturing with the ICs carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene oxide, respectively. These derivative strains showed increased MIC values of ICs and concomitantly enhanced resistance to various antibiotics (ampicillin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, novobiocin, norfloxacin, cephalexin, and nalidixic acid) compared to those for the parental strain (wild type [WT]). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of these hyperresistant strains permitted the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and deletions in comparison to the WT. In order to analyze the contribution of these mutations to the increased antimicrobial resistance detected in hyperresistant strains, derivative strains were constructed by allelic reversion. A role of the SoxR D137Y missense mutation in CAR was confirmed by growth in the presence of some ICs and antibiotics and by its tolerance to ICs but not to lethal heat treatments. In CIT, increased resistance relied on contributions by several detected SNPs, resulting in a frameshift in MarR and an in-frame GyrB ΔG157 mutation. Finally, both the insertion resulting in an AcrR frameshift and large chromosomal deletions found in LIM were correlated with the hyperresistant phenotype of this strain. The nature of the obtained mutants suggests intriguing links to cellular defense mechanisms previously implicated in antibiotic resistance.IMPORTANCE The antimicrobial efficacy of ICs has been proven over the years, together with their potential to improve traditional heat treatments by reducing treatment intensity and, consequently, adverse effects on food quality. However, the mechanisms of bacterial inactivation by ICs are still not well understood, in contrast to antibiotics. We performed WGS of three E. coli strains that are hyperresistant to ICs. The information provided detailed insight into the mechanisms of bacterial resistance arising from exposure to carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene oxide. Future experiments will undoubtedly yield additional insights into genes and pathways contributing to the acquisition of endogenous resistance to ICs.
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Gupta PD, Birdi TJ. Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 8:266-275. [PMID: 28869082 PMCID: PMC5747506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics in the previous century lead to reduction in mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases but their inappropriate and irrational use has resulted in emergence of resistant microbial populations. Alteration of target sites, active efflux of drugs and enzymatic degradations are the strategies employed by the pathogenic bacteria to develop intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. This has led to an increased interest in medicinal plants since 25-50% of current pharmaceuticals are plant derived. Crude extracts of medicinal plants could serve as an alternate source of resistance modifying agents owing to the wide variety of secondary metabolites. These metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols etc.) could act as potentials for antimicrobials and resistance modifiers. Plant extracts have the ability to bind to protein domains leading to modification or inhibition protein-protein interactions. This enables the herbals to also present themselves as effective modulators of host related cellular processes viz immune response, mitosis, apoptosis and signal transduction. Thus they may exert their activity not only by killing the microorganism but by affecting key events in the pathogenic process, thereby, the bacteria, fungi and viruses may have a reduced ability to develop resistance to botanicals. The article is meant to stimulate research wherein the cidal activity of the extract is not the only parameter considered but other mechanism of action by which plants can combat drug resistant microbes are investigated. The present article emphasizes on mechanisms involved in countering multi drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja D Gupta
- The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai, 400 018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tannaz J Birdi
- The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai, 400 018, Maharashtra, India.
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Global transcriptional response of Escherichia coli MG1655 cells exposed to the oxygenated monoterpenes citral and carvacrol. Int J Food Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28644990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarrays were used to study the mechanism of bacterial inactivation by carvacrol and citral. After 10-min treatments of Escherichia coli MG1655 cells with 100 and 50ppm of carvacrol and citral, 76 and 156 genes demonstrated significant transcriptional differences (p≤0.05), respectively. Among the up-regulated genes after carvacrol treatment, we found gene coding for multidrug efflux pumps (acrA, mdtM), genes related to phage shock response (pspA, pspB, pspC, pspD, pspF and pspG), biosynthesis of arginine (argC, argG, artJ), and purine nucleotides (purC, purM). In citral-treated cells, transcription of purH and pyrB and pyrI was 2 times higher. Deletion of several differentially expressed genes confirmed the role of ygaV, yjbO, pspC, sdhA, yejG and ygaV in the mechanisms of E. coli inactivation by carvacrol and citral. These results would indicate that citral and carvacrol treatments cause membrane damage and activate metabolism through the production of nucleotides required for DNA and RNA synthesis and metabolic processes. Comparative transcriptomics of the response of E. coli to a heat treatment, which caused a significant change of the transcription of 1422 genes, revealed a much weaker response to both individual constituents of essential oils (ICs).·Thus, inactivation by citral or carvacrol was not multitarget in nature.
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Enhanced antimicrobial activity of essential oil components immobilized on silica particles. Food Chem 2017; 233:228-236. [PMID: 28530570 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of essential oils components (EOCs) is well-known. However, their high volatility and powerful aroma limit their application in the formulation of a wide range of food products. In this context, the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, eugenol, thymol and vanillin grafted onto the surface of three silica supports with different morphologies, textural properties and chemical reactivities (fumed silica, amorphous silica and MCM-41) was evaluated herein. Materials characterization revealed a good immobilization yield and all the devices showed a micro-scale particle size. Sensory evaluation revealed that sensory perception of EOCs decreases after covalent immobilization. Moreover, immobilization greatly enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil components against Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli compared to free components. The incorporation of EOCs immobilized on silica particles into pasteurized milk inoculated with L. innocua demonstrated their effectiveness not only for in vitro conditions, but also in a real food system.
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Stability and interfacial viscoelasticity of oil-water nanoemulsions stabilized by soy lecithin and Tween 20 for the encapsulation of bioactive carvacrol. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Barbieri R, Coppo E, Marchese A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM. Phytochemicals for human disease: An update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity. Microbiol Res 2016; 196:44-68. [PMID: 28164790 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have shown that phytochemicals exert their antibacterial activity through different mechanisms of action, such as damage to the bacterial membrane and suppression of virulence factors, including inhibition of the activity of enzymes and toxins, and bacterial biofilm formation. In this review, we summarise data from the available literature regarding the antibacterial effects of the main phytochemicals belonging to different chemical classes, alkaloids, sulfur-containing phytochemicals, terpenoids, and polyphenols. Some phytochemicals, besides having direct antimicrobial activity, showed an in vitro synergistic effect when tested in combination with conventional antibiotics, modifying antibiotic resistance. Review of the literature showed that phytochemicals represent a possible source of effective, cheap and safe antimicrobial agents, though much work must still be carried out, especially in in vivo conditions to ensure the selection of effective antimicrobial substances with low side and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Coppo
- Sezione di Microbiologia DISC University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Marchese
- Sezione di Microbiologia DISC-IRCCS San Martino-IST University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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31
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Listeria monocytogenes – An examination of food chain factors potentially contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Food Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Jean-Gilles Beaubrun J, Flamer ML, Addy N, Ewing L, Gopinath G, Jarvis K, Grim C, Hanes DE. Evaluation of corn oil as an additive in the pre-enrichment step to increase recovery of Salmonella enterica from oregano. Food Microbiol 2016; 57:195-203. [PMID: 27052719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds associated with essential oils of spices and herbs possess a variety of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that interfere with Salmonella detection from fresh and dried products. Finding a compound to neutralize the effect of these antimicrobial compounds, while allowing Salmonella growth during pre-enrichment, is a crucial step in both traditional pathogen isolation and molecular detection from these foods. This study evaluated the effectiveness of corn oil as a component of the pre-enrichment broth to counteract antimicrobial compounds properties and increase the recovery of Salmonella from spices. Oregano samples artificially contaminated with Salmonella enterica were pre-enriched in modified Buffered Peptone Water (mBPW) supplemented with and without 2% (vol/vol) corn oil respectively. Samples were incubated overnight at 37 °C. The results showed that recovery of Salmonella from oregano samples was increased by ≥50% when pre-enriched with corn oil. Serovars were confirmed using a PCR serotyping method. In addition, shot-gun metagenomics analyses demonstrated bacterial diversity and the effect of corn oil on the relative prevalence of Salmonella in the oregano samples. Modifying pre-enrichment broths with corn oil improved the detection and isolation of Salmonella from oregano, and may provide an alternative method for pathogen detection in dried food matrices such as spices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Laure Flamer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA; UMCP JIFSAN Program, 5201 Paint Branch Pkwy Patapsco Building Suite 2134, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA
| | - Nicole Addy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Laura Ewing
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Gopal Gopinath
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Karen Jarvis
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Chris Grim
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Darcy E Hanes
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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Chueca B, Berdejo D, Gomes-Neto NJ, Pagán R, García-Gonzalo D. Emergence of Hyper-Resistant Escherichia coli MG1655 Derivative Strains after Applying Sub-Inhibitory Doses of Individual Constituents of Essential Oils. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:273. [PMID: 26973641 PMCID: PMC4777736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of food preservation by using essential oils (EOs) and their individual constituents (ICs) is attracting enormous interest worldwide. Until now, researchers considered that treatments with such antimicrobial compounds did not induce bacterial resistance via a phenotypic (i.e., transient) response. Nevertheless, the emergence of genotypic (i.e., stable) resistance after treatment with these compounds had not been previously tested. Our results confirm that growth of Escherichia coli MG1655 in presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of the ICs carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene oxide do not increase resistance to further treatments with either the same IC (direct resistance) or with other preservation treatments (cross-resistance) such as heat or pulsed electric fields (PEF). Bacterial mutation frequency was likewise lower when those IC's were applied; however, after 10 days of re-culturing cells in presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of the ICs, we were able to isolate several derivative strains (i.e., mutants) displaying an increased minimum inhibitory concentration to those ICs. Furthermore, when compared to the wild type (WT) strain, they also displayed direct resistance and cross-resistance. Derivative strains selected with carvacrol and citral also displayed morphological changes involving filamentation along with cell counts at late-stationary growth phase that were lower than the WT strain. In addition, co-cultures of each derivative strain with the WT strain resulted in a predominance of the original strain in absence of ICs, indicating that mutants would not out-compete WT cells under optimal growth conditions. Nevertheless, growth in the presence of ICs facilitated the selection of these resistant mutants. Thus, as a result, subsequent food preservation treatments of these bacterial cultures might be less effective than expected for WT cultures. In conclusion, this study recommends that treatment with ICs at sub-inhibitory concentrations should be generally avoided, since it could favor the emergence of hyper-resistant strains. To ascertain the true value of EOs and their ICs in the field of food preservation, further research thus needs to be conducted on the induction of increased transient and stable bacterial resistance via such antimicrobial compounds, as revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Chueca
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Berdejo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nelson J Gomes-Neto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego García-Gonzalo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
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Unveiling the Mode of Action of Two Antibacterial Tanshinone Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17668-81. [PMID: 26263982 PMCID: PMC4581214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 2-(N-pyrrolidine-alkyl) tanshinones bearing pyrrolidine groups were synthesized and the antibacterial mechanism was explored. These derivatives selectively elicited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, their antibacterial activities were time-, concentration-dependent and persistent. It appeared that Fenton-mediated hydroxyl radicals were involved, and the disruption of cell membranes was observed. This study indicates that 2-(N-pyrrolidine-alkyl) tanshinones might be potential candidates as antibacterial agents.
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Individual Constituents from Essential Oils Inhibit Biofilm Mass Production by Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2015; 20:11357-72. [PMID: 26102069 PMCID: PMC6272397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200611357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus represents a problem in both the medical field and the food industry, because the biofilm structure provides protection to embedded cells and it strongly attaches to surfaces. This circumstance is leading to many research programs seeking new alternatives to control biofilm formation by this pathogen. In this study we show that a potent inhibition of biofilm mass production can be achieved in community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive strains using plant compounds, such as individual constituents (ICs) of essential oils (carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene). The Crystal Violet staining technique was used to evaluate biofilm mass formation during 40 h of incubation. Carvacrol is the most effective IC, abrogating biofilm formation in all strains tested, while CA-MRSA was the most sensitive phenotype to any of the ICs tested. Inhibition of planktonic cells by ICs during initial growth stages could partially explain the inhibition of biofilm formation. Overall, our results show the potential of EOs to prevent biofilm formation, especially in strains that exhibit resistance to other antimicrobials. As these compounds are food additives generally recognized as safe, their anti-biofilm properties may lead to important new applications, such as sanitizers, in the food industry or in clinical settings.
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Friedman M. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria: prevalence in food and inactivation by food-compatible compounds and plant extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3805-3822. [PMID: 25856120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahemolyticus can adversely affect animal and human health, but a better understanding of the factors involved in their pathogenesis is needed. To help meet this need, this overview surveys and interprets much of our current knowledge of antibiotic (multidrug)-resistant bacteria in the food chain and the implications for microbial food safety and animal and human health. Topics covered include the origin and prevalence of resistant bacteria in the food chain (dairy, meat, poultry, seafood, and herbal products, produce, and eggs), their inactivation by different classes of compounds and plant extracts and by the use of chlorine and physicochemical methods (heat, UV light, pulsed electric fields, and high pressure), the synergistic antimicrobial effects of combinations of natural antimicrobials with medicinal antibiotics, and mechanisms of antimicrobial activities and resistant effects. Possible areas for future research are suggested. Plant-derived and other safe natural antimicrobial compounds have the potential to control the prevalence of both susceptible and resistant pathogens in various environments. The collated information and suggested research will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of approaches that could be used to minimize the presence of resistant pathogens in animal feed and human food, thus reducing adverse effects, improving microbial food safety, and helping to prevent or treat animal and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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Carvacrol codrugs: a new approach in the antimicrobial plan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120937. [PMID: 25859852 PMCID: PMC4393269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections led to identify alternative strategies for a novel therapeutic approach. In this study, we synthesized ten carvacrol codrugs – obtained linking the carvacrol hydroxyl group to the carboxyl moiety of sulphur-containing amino acids via an ester bond – to develop novel compounds with improved antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities and reduced toxicity respect to carvacrol alone. Method All carvacrol codrugs were screened against a representative panel of Gram positive (S. aureus and S. epidermidis), Gram negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains and C. albicans, using broth microdilution assays. Findings Results showed that carvacrol codrug 4 possesses the most notable enhancement in the anti-bacterial activity displaying MIC and MBC values equal to 2.5 mg/mL for all bacterial strains, except for P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 (MIC and MBC values equal to 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively). All carvacrol codrugs 1-10 revealed good antifungal activity against C. albicans ATCC 10231. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the novel carvacrol codrugs did not produce human blood hemolysis at their MIC values except for codrugs 8 and 9. In particular, deepened experiments performed on carvacrol codrug 4 showed an interesting antimicrobial effect on the mature biofilm produced by E. coli ATCC 8739, respect to the carvacrol alone. The antimicrobial effects of carvacrol codrug 4 were also analyzed by TEM evidencing morphological modifications in S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. Conclusion The current study presents an insight into the use of codrug strategy for developing carvacrol derivatives with antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials, and reduced cytotoxicity.
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Feyaerts J, Rogiers G, Corthouts J, Michiels CW. Thiol-reactive natural antimicrobials and high pressure treatment synergistically enhance bacterial inactivation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zakarienė G, Rokaitytė A, Ramonaitė S, Novoslavskij A, Mulkytė K, Zaborskienė G, Malakauskas M. The Antimicrobial Effect of Spice-Based Marinades againstCampylobacter jejunion Contaminated Fresh Broiler Wings. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M627-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gintarė Zakarienė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Anita Rokaitytė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Sigita Ramonaitė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Aleksandr Novoslavskij
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Kristina Mulkytė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Zaborskienė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Malakauskas
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
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Santos EH, Kamimura JA, Hill LE, Gomes CL. Characterization of carvacrol beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes as delivery systems for antibacterial and antioxidant applications. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Chueca B, Pagán R, García-Gonzalo D. Oxygenated monoterpenes citral and carvacrol cause oxidative damage in Escherichia coli without the involvement of tricarboxylic acid cycle and Fenton reaction. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Friedman M. Chemistry and multibeneficial bioactivities of carvacrol (4-isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a component of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and spices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7652-7670. [PMID: 25058878 DOI: 10.1021/jf5023862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic plants produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of plants against phytopathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. One of these compounds, called carvacrol, which is found in high concentrations in essential oils such as oregano, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. This integrated overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of the chemistry and analysis of carvacrol and its beneficial bioactivities. These activities include its antioxidative properties in food (e.g., lard, sunflower oil) and in vivo and the inhibition of foodborne and human antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and parasites, and insects in vitro and in human foods (e.g., apple juice, eggs, leafy greens, meat and poultry products, milk, oysters) and food animal feeds and wastes. Also covered are inhibitions of microbial and fungal toxin production and the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of carvacrol as well as metabolic, synergistic, and mechanistic aspects. Areas for future research are also suggested. The collated information and suggested research might contribute to a better understanding of agronomical, biosynthetic, chemical, physiological, and cellular mechanisms of the described health-promoting effects of carvacrol, and facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of carvacrol as a multifunctional food in pure and encapsulated forms, in edible antimicrobial films, and in combination with plant-derived and medical antibiotics to help prevent or treat animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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Cherrat L, Espina L, Bakkali M, García-Gonzalo D, Pagán R, Laglaoui A. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Laurus nobilis L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils from Morocco and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity acting alone or in combined processes for food preservation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1197-1204. [PMID: 24105704 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Laurus nobilis L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils (EOs). This is the first report of the synergistic antimicrobial effect of these EOs in combination with physical food preservation treatments. RESULTS EOs obtained by steam distillation from aerial parts of Laurus nobilis and Myrtus communis were analysed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds were 1,8-cineole and 2-carene (L. nobilis EO); and myrtenyl acetate, 1,8-cineole and α-pinene (M. communis EO). L. nobilis EO showed higher antioxidant activity than M. communis EO in three complementary antioxidant tests. Although antimicrobial activity tests demonstrated the effectiveness of L. nobilis EO and the lack of bactericidal effect of M. communis EO, synergistic lethal effects were observed when combining each EO (0.2 µL mL(-1)) with mild heat (54°C for 10 min) or high hydrostatic pressure (175-400 MPa for 20 min). In contrast, combination of EOs with pulsed electric fields (30 kV cm(-1) for 25 pulses) showed no additional effects. CONCLUSION This study shows the great potential of these EOs in combined treatments with mild heat and high hydrostatic pressure to obtain a higher inactivation of foodborne pathogens, which might help in the design of safe processes applied at low intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Cherrat
- Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Equipe de Recherche en Biotechnologies et Génie des Biomolécules (ERBGB), B.P. 416, Tanger, Morocco
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Silva-Angulo A, Zanini S, Rodrigo D, Rosenthal A, Martinez A. Growth kinetics of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes under exposure to carvacrol and the occurrence of sublethal damage. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Prediction of Injured and Dead Inactivated Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells after Heat and Pulsed Electric Field Treatment with Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis Technique. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-013-1195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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