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Wang Y, Wang C, Yang X, Ni K, Jiang L, Xu L, Liu Q, Xu X, Gu X, Liu Y, Ma Z. Inhibition of Cyclophilin A-Metalloproteinase-9 Pathway Alleviates the Development of Neuropathic Pain by Promoting Repair of the Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier. Anesth Analg 2024; 138:1313-1323. [PMID: 38009963 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) contributes to the occurrence and development of neuropathic pain (NP). Previous studies revealed that the activation of cyclophilin A (CypA)-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) signaling pathway can disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and aggravate neuroinflammatory responses. However, the roles of CypA-MMP9 signaling pathway on BSCB in NP have not been studied. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CypA on the structure and function of the BSCB and pain behaviors in mice with NP. METHODS We first created the mouse chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, and they were then intraperitoneally injected with the CypA inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) or vehicle. Pain behaviors, the structure and function of the BSCB, the involvement of the CypA-MMP9 signaling pathway, microglia activation, and expression levels of proinflammatory factors in mice were examined. RESULTS CCI mice presented mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, impaired permeability of the BSCB, downregulated tight junction proteins, activated CypA-MMP9 signaling pathway, microglia activation, and upregulated proinflammatory factors, which were significantly alleviated by inhibition of CypA. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the CypA-MMP9 signaling pathway is responsible for CCI-induced NP in mice by impairing the structure and function of the BSCB, and activating microglia and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuli Yang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Ni
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Hu Z, Wu T, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Yao H, Ji M, Shen G, Dong C, Shi C, Huang Z, Jiang N, Han N, Tian X. Asiaticoside Attenuates Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Disruption by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pericytes After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:678-692. [PMID: 37653222 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) plays a vital role in the recovery of spinal cord function after spinal cord injury (SCI). Pericytes, pluripotent members of the neurovascular unit (NVU), receive signals from neighboring cells and are critical for maintaining CNS function. Therapeutic targets for the BSCB include endothelial cells (ECs) and glial cells, but few drugs target pericytes. This study was designed to explore whether asiaticoside has a positively effect on pericytes and the integrity of the BSCB. In this study, we found that asiaticoside could inhibit the loss of junction proteins just 1 day after SCI in vivo, but our in vitro study showed no significant differences in the expression of endothelial junction proteins between the control and asiaticoside treatment groups. We also found that asiaticoside could inhibit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and pericyte apoptosis, which might be associated with the inhibition of junction protein reduction in ECs. Thus, we investigated the interactions between pericytes and ECs. Our results showed that asiaticoside could decrease the release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in pericytes and therefore upregulate the expression of junction proteins in ECs. Furthermore, the protective effect of asiaticoside on pericytes is related to the inhibition of ER stress via the MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that asiaticoside treatment inhibits BSCB disruption and enhances functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315302, China
| | - Qiyue Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hanbing Yao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Mengchu Ji
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ge Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Chenling Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Chengge Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhixian Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Nizhou Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Nan Han
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
| | - Xiliang Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
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Wang R, Bai J. Pharmacological interventions targeting the microcirculation following traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:35-42. [PMID: 37488841 PMCID: PMC10479866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating disorder characterized by sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction that severely compromises an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living. These adverse outcomes are closely related to the complex mechanism of spinal cord injury, the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons, and the inhibitory environment formed by traumatic injury. Disruption to the microcirculation is an important pathophysiological mechanism of spinal cord injury. A number of therapeutic agents have been shown to improve the injury environment, mitigate secondary damage, and/or promote regeneration and repair. Among them, the spinal cord microcirculation has become an important target for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Drug interventions targeting the microcirculation can improve the microenvironment and promote recovery following spinal cord injury. These drugs target the structure and function of the spinal cord microcirculation and are essential for maintaining the normal function of spinal neurons, axons, and glial cells. This review discusses the pathophysiological role of spinal cord microcirculation in spinal cord injury, including its structure and histopathological changes. Further, it summarizes the progress of drug therapies targeting the spinal cord microcirculation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Bai
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Salama AM, Elmahy RA, Ibrahim HA, Amer AIM, Eltantawy AF, Elgendy DI. Effects of metformin on parasitological, pathological changes in the brain and liver and immunological aspects during visceral toxocariasis in mice. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3213-3231. [PMID: 37874393 PMCID: PMC10667394 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
There are currently insufficient anthelmintic medications available for the treatment of toxocariasis. For instance, Albendazole (ABZ) is the preferred medication, but its effectiveness against tissue-dwelling parasites is limited. In addition, Metformin (MTF) is a widely used oral antidiabetic medication that is considered to be safe for treatment. This study aimed to investigate any potential effects of MTF, alone or in combination with ABZ, on mice infections caused by Toxocara canis (T. canis). The efficacy of the treatment was assessed in the acute and chronic phases of the infection by larval recovery and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical studies. The results showed that combined therapy significantly reduced larval counts in the liver, brain, and muscles and ameliorated hepatic and brain pathology. It reduced oxidative stress and TGF-β mRNA expression and increased FGF21 levels in the liver. It decreased TNF-α levels and MMP-9 expression in the brain. In addition, it increased serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ and decreased serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10. In the acute and chronic phases of the infection, the combined treatment was more effective than ABZ alone. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential role of MTF as an adjuvant in the treatment of experimental T. canis infection when administered with ABZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Salama
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Elmahy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Hoda A Ibrahim
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dina I Elgendy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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5
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Zhu G, Song X, Sun Y, Xu Y, Xiao L, Wang Z, Sun Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Geng Z, Qi Q, Wang Y, Wang L, Li J, Zuo L, Hu J. Esculentoside A ameliorates BSCB destruction in SCI rat by attenuating the TLR4 pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114536. [PMID: 37690527 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Overexpressed MMP-9 in vascular endothelial cells is involved in blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) dysfunction in spinal cord injury (SCI). Esculentoside A (EsA) has anti-inflammatory and cell protective effects. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on neuromotor function in SCI rats, as well as the potential mechanisms. METHODS The therapeutic effect of EsA in SCI rats was investigated using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, a grid walk test and histological analyses. To assess the protective role of EsA in the BSCB and in oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced hBMECs, the BSCB function, tight junctions (TJ) protein (ZO-1 and claudin-5) expression, structure of the BSCB and Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression were observed via Evans blue (EB) detection, immunofluorescence analyses and western blotting. Molecular docking simulations and additional experiments were performed to explore the potential mechanisms by which EsA maintains the function of the BSCB in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS EsA treatment improved BBB scores, reduced cavity formation and the loss of neuronal cells, demonstrating an improvement in motor function in SCI rats. In vivo experiments showed that EsA decreased the infiltration of blood cells and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and protected the structure of TJs in the rat spinal cord and in OGD/R-induced hBMECs. EsA inhibited the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling, which may be related to the protective effect of EsA against MMP-9-induced BSCB damage. CONCLUSIONS EsA downregulated MMP-9 expression in vascular endothelial cells, protected BSCB function in SCI rats and attenuated TLR4 signalling and thus provide new options for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Linyu Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | | | - Yijie Sun
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
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Sámano C, Mazzone GL. The role of astrocytes response triggered by hyperglycaemia during spinal cord injury. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37798949 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2264538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms triggered by reactive astrocytes (RA) in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), with a particular focus on cases involving hyperglycaemia.Methods: The compilation of articles related to astrocyte responses in neuropathological conditions, with a specific emphasis on those related to SCI and hyperglycaemia, was conducted by searching through databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed.Results and Conclusions: This article explores the dual role of astrocytes in both neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions within the central nervous system (CNS). In the aftermath of SCI and hyperglycaemia, astrocytes undergo a transformation into RA, adopting a distinct phenotype. While there are currently no approved therapies for SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to alleviate the detrimental effects of RAs following SCI and hyperglycemia. These strategies show promising potential in the treatment of SCI and its likely comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Ciudad de México, México
| | - G L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sherawat K, Mehan S. Tanshinone-IIA mediated neuroprotection by modulating neuronal pathways. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1647-1667. [PMID: 37010572 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The progression of neurological diseases is mainly attributed to oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and trauma, making them a primary public concern. Since no drugs can stop these neurological disorders from happening, active phytochemical intervention has been suggested as a possible treatment. Among the several phytochemicals being studied for their potential health advantages, tanshinone-IIA (Tan-IIA ) stands out due to its wide range of therapeutic effects. Tan-IIA, derived from the Salvia miltiorrhiza plant, is a phenanthrenequinone. The pharmacological characteristics of Tan-IIAagainst various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses have led researchers to believe that the compound possesses neuroprotective potential. Tan-IIA has therapeutic potential in treating neurological diseases due to its capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and its broad range of activities. In treating neurological disorders, Tan-IIA has been shown to have neuroprotective effects such as anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, BBB protectant, and antioxidant properties. This article concisely summarises the latest scientific findings about the cellular and molecular aspects of Tan-IIA neuroprotection in relation to various neurological diseases. The results of preclinical studies on Tan-IIA provide insight into its potential application in future therapeutic development. This molecule rapidly establishes as a prominent bioactive compound for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Sherawat
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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Zhao JY, Sheng XL, Li CJ, Qin T, He RD, Dai GY, Cao Y, Lu HB, Duan CY, Hu JZ. Metformin promotes angiogenesis and functional recovery in aged mice after spinal cord injury by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1553-1562. [PMID: 36571362 PMCID: PMC10075126 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with metformin can lead to the recovery of pleiotropic biological activities after spinal cord injury. However, its effect on spinal cord injury in aged mice remains unclear. Considering the essential role of angiogenesis during the regeneration process, we hypothesized that metformin activates the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway in endothelial cells, thereby promoting microvascular regeneration in aged mice after spinal cord injury. In this study, we established young and aged mouse models of contusive spinal cord injury using a modified Allen method. We found that aging hindered the recovery of neurological function and the formation of blood vessels in the spinal cord. Treatment with metformin promoted spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation in vitro. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of metformin in an in vivo model promoted endothelial cell proliferation and increased the density of new blood vessels in the spinal cord, thereby improving neurological function. The role of metformin was reversed by compound C, an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor, both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway likely regulates metformin-mediated angiogenesis after spinal cord injury. These findings suggest that metformin promotes vascular regeneration in the injured spinal cord by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway, thereby improving the neurological function of aged mice after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Cheng-Jun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Run-Dong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guo-Yu Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong-Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health; Department of Sports Medicine, Research Centre of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chun-Yue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Wen H, Tan J, Tian M, Wang Y, Gao Y, Gong Y. TGF-β1 ameliorates BBB injury and improves long-term outcomes in mice after ICH. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:136-144. [PMID: 36931108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates with no effective treatment. TGF-β/ALK-5 signaling is reported to participated in the regulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in the inflammation pain model, the effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and the potential mechanisms on BBB after ICH have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we have demonstrated that peripheral administration of TGF-β1 reduces brain edema and ameliorated BBB injury after ICH. Consistent with previous results, TGF-β1 is shown to promote activation of anti-inflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response after ICH. Furthermore, TGF-β1 administration improves long-term outcomes after ICH. Our data suggest that TGF-β1 may be a promising therapeutic agent for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Metformin Directly Binds to MMP-9 to Improve Plaque Stability. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10020054. [PMID: 36826550 PMCID: PMC9962015 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the principal mechanism that accounts for myocardial infarction and stroke. High matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and activity have been proven to lead to plaque instability. Metformin, a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, is beneficial to plaque vulnerability. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-atherogenic effect remains unclear. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance experiments showed that metformin directly interacts with MMP-9, and incubated MMP-9 overexpressing HEK293A cells with metformin (1 μmol·L-1) significantly attenuates MMP-9's activity using zymography and MMP activity assays. Moreover, metformin treatment drives MMP-9 degradation. Next, we constructed a carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque model and administered consecutive 14-day metformin (200 mg·kg-1·d-1) treatment by intragastric gavage. Immunofluorescence staining of the right carotid common artery and serum MMP activity assay results showed that metformin treatment decreased local plaque MMP-9 protein level and circulating MMP-9 activity, respectively. Histochemical staining revealed that after metformin treatment, the collagen content in plaque was significantly preserved, and the plaque vulnerability index decreased. These findings suggested that metformin improved atherosclerotic plaque stability by directly binding to MMP-9 and driving its degradation.
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11
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Zhao B, Yin Q, Fei Y, Zhu J, Qiu Y, Fang W, Li Y. Research progress of mechanisms for tight junction damage on blood-brain barrier inflammation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1579-1590. [PMID: 32608276 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1784952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to disease pathologies by disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junctions (TJ) are a key component of the BBB. Following hypoxic-ischaemic or mechanical injury to the brain, inflammatory mediators are released such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Simultaneously, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are released which can degrade TJ proteins. Subsequently, the function and morphology of the BBB are disrupted, which allows immune cells an opportunity to enter into the brain parenchyma. This review summarises the information on the role of TJ protein families in the BBB and provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms whereby inflammation breaks down the BBB by increasing degradation of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wang Z, Wu Z, Xie Z, Zhou W, Li M. Metformin Attenuates Ferroptosis and Promotes Functional Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2022; 167:e929-e939. [PMID: 36058489 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is involved in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), and its inhibition may improve functional recovery after traumatic SCI. This study investigated whether metformin (Met) can have a neuroprotective effect in SCI repair by inhibiting ferroptosis. METHODS We assessed functional change to determine the long-term effects after intraperitoneal injection of Met in SCI rats with the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. Malondialdehyde level and relative expression of key proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signalling molecules were determined in SCI rats and PC12 cells exposed to FeCl3 solution. RESULTS Met treatment decreased the contents of malondialdehyde, regulated the levels of inflammatory factors, activated the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signalling pathway, and improved long-term outcomes by ameliorating SCI-induced locomotor deficits. In vitro studies further confirmed the beneficial and antiferroptotic actions of Met partly through activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signalling. CONCLUSION Met can have a neuroprotective effect on SCI repair partly through antiferroptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhou LY, Chen XQ, Yu BB, Pan MX, Fang L, Li J, Cui XJ, Yao M, Lu X. The effect of metformin on ameliorating neurological function deficits and tissue damage in rats following spinal cord injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:946879. [PMID: 36117612 PMCID: PMC9479497 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.946879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with few treatment options. Metformin, a classical antidiabetic and antioxidant, has extended its application to experimental SCI treatment. Here, we performed a systematic review to evaluate the neurobiological roles of metformin for treating SCI in rats, and to assess the potential for clinical translation. PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang data, SinoMed, and Vip Journal Integration Platform databases were searched from their inception dates to October 2021. Two reviewers independently selected controlled studies evaluating the neurobiological roles of metformin in rats following SCI, extracted data, and assessed the quality of methodology and evidence. Pairwise meta-analyses, subgroup analyses and network analysis were performed to assess the roles of metformin in neurological function and tissue damage in SCI rats. Twelve articles were included in this systematic review. Most of them were of moderate-to-high methodological quality, while the quality of evidence from those studies was not high. Generally, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were increased in rats treated with metformin compared with controls, and the weighted mean differences (WMDs) between metformin and control groups exhibited a gradual upward trend from the 3rd (nine studies, n = 164, WMD = 0.42, 95% CI = −0.01 to 0.85, P = 0.06) to the 28th day after treatment (nine studies, n = 136, WMD = 3.48, 95% CI = 2.04 to 4.92, P < 0.00001). Metformin intervention was associated with improved inclined plane scores, tissue preservation ratio and number of anterior horn motor neurons. Subgroup analyses indicated an association between neuroprotection and metformin dose. Network meta-analysis showed that 50 mg/kg metformin exhibited greater protection than 10 and 100 mg/kg metformin. The action mechanisms behind metformin were associated with activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling, regulating mitochondrial function and relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress. Collectively, this review indicates that metformin has a protective effect on SCI with satisfactory safety and we demonstrate a rational mechanism of action; therefore, metformin is a promising candidate for future clinical trials. However, given the limitations of animal experimental methodological and evidence quality, the findings of this pre-clinical review should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Yun Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Qing Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Wu YQ, Xiong J, He ZL, Yuan Y, Wang BN, Xu JY, Wu M, Zhang SS, Cai SF, Zhao JX, Xu K, Zhang HY, Xiao J. Metformin promotes microglial cells to facilitate myelin debris clearance and accelerate nerve repairment after spinal cord injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1360-1371. [PMID: 34480113 PMCID: PMC9160053 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one kind of severe trauma for central nervous system. Myelin debris clearance and axon regeneration are essential for nerve regeneration after SCI. Metformin, a glucose-lowering drug, has been demonstrated to promote the locomotor functional recovery after SCI. In this study, we investigated the role and molecular mechanism of metformin on myelin preservation in a rat SCI model. SCI was induced in rats by compression at T9 level using a vascular clip. We showed that administration of metformin (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 28 days significantly improved locomotor function in SCI rats. Metformin also ameliorated SCI-induced neuronal apoptosis and promoted axon regeneration in the spinal cord. Using co-immunofluorescence of IBa-1 and MBP, and luxol fasting blue (LFB) staining, we demonstrated that metformin promoted the transformation of M1 to M2 phenotype polarization of microglial cells, then greatly facilitated myelin debris clearance and protected the myelin in SCI rats. Furthermore, metformin ameliorated SCI-induced blockade of autophagic flux in the spinal cord, and enhanced the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome by inhibiting the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, metformin significantly attenuated inflammatory responses in the spinal cord. In LPS-treated BV2 cells, pretreatment with metformin (2 mM) significantly enhanced autophagy level, suppressed inflammation and cell apoptosis. The protective effects were blocked in the presence of an autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 5 mM), suggesting that the effect of metformin on autophagy in microglial cells is essential for the myelin preservation during nerve recovery. This study reveals a novel therapeutic effect of metformin in SCI recovery by regulating the activation of microglial cells and enhancing its autophagy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zi-Li He
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Zhejiang Province Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Bei-Ni Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jing-Yu Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Man Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Su-Su Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shu-Fang Cai
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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15
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Wang H, Xia Y, Li B, Li Y, Fu C. Reverse Adverse Immune Microenvironments by Biomaterials Enhance the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:812340. [PMID: 35646849 PMCID: PMC9136098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.812340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe and traumatic disorder that ultimately results in the loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous function. After SCI, local immune inflammatory response persists and does not weaken or disappear. The interference of local adverse immune factors after SCI brings great challenges to the repair of SCI. Among them, microglia, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, astrocytes, and the release of various cytokines, as well as the destruction of the extracellular matrix are mainly involved in the imbalance of the immune microenvironment. Studies have shown that immune remodeling after SCI significantly affects the survival and differentiation of stem cells after transplantation and the prognosis of SCI. Recently, immunological reconstruction strategies based on biomaterials have been widely explored and achieved good results. In this review, we discuss the important factors leading to immune dysfunction after SCI, such as immune cells, cytokines, and the destruction of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, the immunomodulatory strategies based on biomaterials are summarized, and the clinical application prospects of these immune reconstructs are evaluated.
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16
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Younis A, Hardowar L, Barker S, Hulse RP. The consequence of endothelial remodelling on the blood spinal cord barrier and nociception. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:184-192. [PMID: 35434652 PMCID: PMC9010889 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociception is a fundamental acute protective mechanism that prevents harm to an organism. Understanding the integral processes that control nociceptive processing are fundamental to our appreciation of which cellular and molecular features underlie this process. There is an extensive understanding of how sensory neurons interpret differing sensory modalities and intensities. However, it is widely appreciated that the sensory neurons do not act alone. These work in harmony with inflammatory and vascular systems to modulate pain perception. The spinal cord has an extensive interaction with the capillary network in the form of a blood spinal cord barrier to ensure homeostatic control of the spinal cord neuron milieu. However, there is an extensive appreciation that disturbances in the blood spinal cord barrier contribute to the onset of chronic pain. Enhanced vascular permeability and impaired blood perfusion have both been highlighted as contributors to chronic pain manifestation. Here, we discuss the evidence that demonstrates alterations in the blood spinal cord barrier influences nociceptive processing and perception of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Younis
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Lydia Hardowar
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sarah Barker
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Richard Philip Hulse
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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17
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Han Q, Zheng T, Zhang L, Wu N, Liang J, Wu H, Li G. Metformin loaded injectable silk fibroin microsphere for the treatment of spinal cord injury. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:747-768. [PMID: 34865608 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.2014113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The repair of spinal cord injury is a great challenge in clinical. Improving the microenvironment of the injured site is the key strategy for accelerating axon regeneration and synaptic formation. Herein, a kind of silk fibroin microspheres functionalized by metformin through dopamine was developed using water-in-oil emulsification-diffusion method and surface modification technique, and the effect on cortical neuron was evaluated. The results showed that the microspheres showed a uniform size distribution with the diameter of around 60 μm and a concave structure. Moreover, the microspheres possessed good injectability and stability. In addition, the metformin could be successfully immobilized in the silk fibroin microspheres. The cell culture results displayed that the growth and morphology of cortical neurons on the microspheres with metformin concentration of 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL were obviously better than that on other samples. Notably, the spread area of single cortical cell on silk fibroin microspheres was increased with the ascending metformin concentration. Therefore, the results indicated that the metformin loaded silk fibroin microsphere could obviously improve the growth and spreading behavior of cortical neuron. The study may provide an important experimental basis for the development of drug loaded injectable biomaterials scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injury and have great potential for spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Linhui Zhang
- School of Medical, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Ningling Wu
- School of Medical, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- School of Medical, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Guicai Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
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18
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Metformin in Alzheimer’s disease: An overview of potential mechanisms, preclinical and clinical findings. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Effect of Metformin on Locomotor Function Recovery in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model: A Meta-analysis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1948003. [PMID: 34938380 PMCID: PMC8687849 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1948003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Disorder of locomotor function is universal in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and has a severe impairment on their quality of life. Metformin, the first-line antidiabetic drug, has been used to improve locomotor function in SCI rats through antioxidative mechanisms recently. Methods A search strategy was conducted from databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Scopus database until April 2021. The methodological quality of the animal experimental studies was assessed according to the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation's Risk of Bias tool. The weighted mean difference was calculated with the random-effects model. Results Seven eligible studies on SCI and metformin were reviewed. The meta-analysis indicated that SCI rats receiving metformin therapy showed a significant locomotor function recovery. Limitations and no obvious publication bias were presented in the studies. Conclusion Metformin can promote the recovery of the locomotor function of SCI rats. However, the use of this meta-analysis was influenced due to the not high quality of studies. Consequently, more high-quality studies are necessary for preclinical studies of SCI in the future.
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20
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Li Z, Wang Q, Hu H, Zheng W, Gao C. Research advances of biomaterials-based microenvironment-regulation therapies for repair and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34384071 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac1d3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in restricted behaviour recovery and even life-changing paralysis, accompanied with numerous complications. Pathologically, the initial injuries trigger a series of secondary injuries, leading to an expansion of lesion site, a mass of neuron loss, and eventual failure of endogenous axon regeneration. As the advances rapidly spring up in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering biomaterials, regulation of these secondary injuries becomes possible, shedding a light on normal functional restoration. The successful tissue regeneration lies in proper regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment, including the inflammatory immune cells and inflammatory factors that lead to oxidative stress, inhibitory glial scar and neuroexcitatory toxicity. Specifically, the approaches based on microenvironment-regulating biomaterials have shown great promise in the repair and regeneration of SCI. In this review, the pathological inflammatory microenvironments of SCI are discussed, followed by the introduction of microenvironment-regulating biomaterials in terms of their impressive therapeutic effect in attenuation of secondary inflammation and promotion of axon regrowth. With the emphasis on regulating secondary events, the biomaterials for SCI treatment will become promising for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Dr Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Bilchak JN, Caron G, Côté MP. Exercise-Induced Plasticity in Signaling Pathways Involved in Motor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094858. [PMID: 34064332 PMCID: PMC8124911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to numerous chronic and debilitating functional deficits that greatly affect quality of life. While many pharmacological interventions have been explored, the current unsurpassed therapy for most SCI sequalae is exercise. Exercise has an expansive influence on peripheral health and function, and by activating the relevant neural pathways, exercise also ameliorates numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). While the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are still being delineated, major strides have been made in the past decade to understand the molecular underpinnings of this essential treatment. Exercise rapidly and prominently affects dendritic sprouting, synaptic connections, neurotransmitter production and regulation, and ionic homeostasis, with recent literature implicating an exercise-induced increase in neurotrophins as the cornerstone that binds many of these effects together. The field encompasses vast complexity, and as the data accumulate, disentangling these molecular pathways and how they interact will facilitate the optimization of intervention strategies and improve quality of life for individuals affected by SCI. This review describes the known molecular effects of exercise and how they alter the CNS to pacify the injury environment, increase neuronal survival and regeneration, restore normal neural excitability, create new functional circuits, and ultimately improve motor function following SCI.
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22
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Jin LY, Li J, Wang KF, Xia WW, Zhu ZQ, Wang CR, Li XF, Liu HY. Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1203-1224. [PMID: 33292072 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma, prevents the toxins, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the spinal cord and maintains a tightly controlled chemical balance in the spinal environment, which is necessary for proper neural function. A BSCB disruption, however, plays an important role in primary and secondary injury processes related to spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, the structure of the BSCB is broken down, which leads directly to leakage of blood components. At the same time, the permeability of the BSCB is also increased. Repairing the disruption of the BSCB could alleviate the SCI pathology. We review the morphology and pathology of the BSCB and progression of therapeutic methods targeting BSCB in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Jin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Feng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Xia
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Qi Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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23
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Cheng X, Yu Z, Xu J, Quan D, Long H. Pathophysiological Changes and the Role of Notch-1 Activation After Decompression in a Compressive Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:579431. [PMID: 33584186 PMCID: PMC7876297 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.579431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical decompression is the primary treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients with compressive spinal cord injury (CSCI). However, the prognosis of patients with CSCI varies, and the pathophysiological changes following decompression remain poor. This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological changes and the role of Notch-1 activation after decompression in a rat CSCI model. Surgical decompression was conducted at 1 week post-injury (wpi). DAPT was intraperitoneally injected to down-regulate Notch-1 expression. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores and an inclined plane test were used to evaluate the motor function recovery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess pathophysiological changes, while hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand factor (vWF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-2, Notch-1, and Hes-1 expression in the spinal cord were examined by immunohistochemical analysis or quantitative PCR. The results show that early decompression can partially promote motor function recovery. Improvements in structural and cellular damage and hypoxic levels were also observed in the decompressed spinal cord. Moreover, decompression resulted in increased VEGF and vWF expression, but decreased MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression at 3 wpi. Expression levels of Notch-1 and its downstream gene Hes-1 were increased after decompression, and the inhibition of Notch-1 significantly reduced the decompression-induced motor function recovery. This exploratory study revealed preliminary pathophysiological changes in the compressed and decompressed rat spinal cord. Furthermore, we confirmed that early surgical decompression partially promotes motor function recovery may via activation of the Notch-1 signaling pathway after CSCI. These results could provide new insights for the development of drug therapy to enhance recovery following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengran Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daping Quan
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houqing Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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El-Mahdy NA, El-Sayad MES, El-Kadem AH, Abu-Risha SES. Metformin alleviates inflammation in oxazolone induced ulcerative colitis in rats: plausible role of sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1 phosphate signaling pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:192-202. [PMID: 33504231 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1878214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is associated with high sphingosine kinase 1(SPHK1) expression in the colon, however its role in pathogenesis of UC is not clearly understood so, the aim of the present study was to clarify the role of SPHK1 and investigate whether the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin in UC is mediated by Sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway. MATERIAL AND METHODS Colitis was induced in adult male wistar rats by intra rectal administration of oxazolone in the fifth and seventh days from initial presensitization. Oxazolone treated rats were divided into untreated oxazolone group, metformin and mesalazine treated groups both in a dose of 100 mg/kg/day orally for 21 days. Along with these groups normal control and saline groups were used .Colitis was assessed by colon length, disease activity index (DAI) and histological examination of colontissue. Plasma samples were used to measure S1P.SPHK1 activity, signal transducer and activator of transcription -3(STAT-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and tissue expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule -1(ICAM-1) and caspase-3 genes were measured in tissue. RESULTS Metformin successfully attenuated oxazolone colitis by increasing colon length, decreasing DAI and improved colon histologic picture. Metformin also induced a significant decrease in Plasma SIP, SPHK1 activity, inflammatory, oxidative stress markers, ICAM-1 and Caspase-3 genes expression compared to oxazolone group. CONCLUSION It is revealed that metformin alleviated inflammation and underlying mechanism may result from inhibition of SPHK1/S1P signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageh Ahmed El-Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Magda El-Sayed El-Sayad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Aya Hassan El-Kadem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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25
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Huang Y, Chen S, Luo Y, Han Z. Crosstalk between Inflammation and the BBB in Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1227-1236. [PMID: 32562523 PMCID: PMC7770647 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200620230321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is located at the interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulatory system, is instrumental in establishing and maintaining the microenvironmental homeostasis of the CNS. BBB disruption following stroke promotes inflammation by enabling leukocytes, T cells and other immune cells to migrate via both the paracellular and transcellular routes across the BBB and to infiltrate the CNS parenchyma. Leukocytes promote the removal of necrotic tissues and neuronal recovery, but they also aggravate BBB injury and exacerbate stroke outcomes, especially after late reperfusion. Moreover, the swelling of astrocyte endfeet is thought to contribute to the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon observed after cerebral ischemia, that is, blood flow cannot return to capillaries after recanalization of large blood vessels. Pericyte recruitment and subsequent coverage of endothelial cells (ECs) alleviate BBB disruption, which causes the transmigration of inflammatory cells across the BBB to be a dynamic process. Furthermore, interneurons and perivascular microglia also make contacts with ECs, astrocytes and pericytes to establish the neurovascular unit. BBB-derived factors after cerebral ischemia triggered microglial activation. During the later stage of injury, microglia remain associated with brain ECs and contribute to repair mechanisms, including postinjury angiogenesis, by acquiring a protective phenotype, which possibly occurs through the release of microglia-derived soluble factors. Taken together, we reviewed dynamic and bidirectional crosstalk between inflammation and the BBB during stroke and revealed targeted interventions based on the crosstalk between inflammation and the BBB, which will provide novel insights for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyou Huang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengpan Chen
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziping Han
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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26
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Ying X, Xie Q, Li S, Yu X, Zhou K, Yue J, Chen X, Tu W, Yang G, Jiang S. Water treadmill training attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in rats by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 expression following spinal cord injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:70. [PMID: 33292360 PMCID: PMC7722327 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is mainly determined by junction complexes between adjacent endothelial cells (ECs), including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which can be severely damaged after spinal cord injury (SCI). Exercise training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI. The destruction of the BSCB mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) leads to inflammation, neurotoxin production, and neuronal apoptosis. The failure of new blood vessels to effectively regenerate is also an important cause of delayed recovery after SCI. For the first time, we introduced water treadmill training (TT) to help SCI rats successfully exercise and measured the effects of TT in promoting recovery after SCI and the possible mechanisms involved. Methods Sprague-Dawley (200–250 g) rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: sham operated, SCI, and SCI + TT. Animals were sacrificed at 7 or 14 days post-surgery. The degree of neurological deficit, tissue morphology and BSCB permeability were assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor function scale and appropriate staining protocols, and apoptosis, protein expression and vascular EC ultrastructure were assessed by TUNEL staining, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Our experiments showed that TT reduced permeability of the BSCB and decreased structural tissue damage. TT significantly improved functional recovery when compared with that in the SCI group; TJ and AJ proteins expression increased significantly after TT, and training reduced apoptosis induced by SCI. TT could promote angiogenesis, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly inhibited by TT. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that TT promotes functional recovery for the following reasons: TT (1) protects residual BSCB structure from further damage, (2) promotes vascular regeneration, and (3) inhibits MMP-2/9 expression to mitigate BSCB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Ying
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Shengcun Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (Cross-Strait), Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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27
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Kim HN, Langley MR, Simon WL, Yoon H, Kleppe L, Lanza IR, LeBrasseur NK, Matveyenko A, Scarisbrick IA. A Western diet impairs CNS energy homeostasis and recovery after spinal cord injury: Link to astrocyte metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104934. [PMID: 32376475 PMCID: PMC7982964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet high in fat and sucrose (HFHS), the so-called Western diet promotes metabolic syndrome, a significant co-morbidity for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we demonstrate that the spinal cord of mice consuming HFHS expresses reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor and shows impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle function, reductions in PLP and increases in astrogliosis, all prior to SCI. After SCI, Western diet impaired sensorimotor and bladder recovery, increased microgliosis, exacerbated oligodendrocyte loss and reduced axon sprouting. Direct and indirect neural injury mechanisms are suggested since HFHS culture conditions drove parallel injury responses directly and indirectly after culture with conditioned media from HFHS-treated astrocytes. In each case, injury mechanisms included reductions in IGF-1R, SIRT1 and PGC-1α and were prevented by metformin. Results highlight the potential for a Western diet to evoke signs of neural insulin resistance and injury and metformin as a strategy to improve mechanisms of neural neuroprotection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Monica R Langley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Neurosciuence Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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28
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Zheng G, Zheng F, Luo Z, Ma H, Zheng D, Xiang G, Xu C, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Tian N, Wu Y, Zhang T, Ni W, Wang S, Xu H, Zhang X. CO-Releasing Molecule (CORM)-3 Ameliorates Spinal Cord-Blood Barrier Disruption Following Injury to the Spinal Cord. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32581781 PMCID: PMC7287126 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a clinical tough neurological problem without efficient cure currently. Blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) interruption is not only a crucial pathological feature for SCI process but is a possible target for future SCI treatments; however, few treatments have been developed to intervene BSCB. In the present study, we intravenously injected CO-releasing molecule3 (CORM-3), a classical exogenous CO donor, to the rats experiencing SCI and assessed its protection on BSCB integrity in rats. Our results demonstrated that the exogenous increasing of CO by CORM-3 blocked the tight junction (TJ) protein degeneration and neutrophils infiltration, subsequently suppressed the BSCB damage and improved the motor recovery after SCI. And we certified that the CO-induced down-regulation of MMP-9 expression and activity in neutrophil might be associated with the NF-κB signaling. Taken together, our study indicates that CO-releasing molecule (CORM)-3 ameliorates BSCB after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghong Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zucheng Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangheng Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Protein Degradome of Spinal Cord Injury: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2702-2726. [PMID: 32328876 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Degradomics is a proteomics sub-discipline whose goal is to identify and characterize protease-substrate repertoires. With the aim of deciphering and characterizing key signature breakdown products, degradomics emerged to define encryptic biomarker neoproteins specific to certain disease processes. Remarkable improvements in structural and analytical experimental methodologies as evident in research investigating cellular behavior in neuroscience and cancer have allowed the identification of specific degradomes, increasing our knowledge about proteases and their regulators and substrates along with their implications in health and disease. A physiologic balance between protein synthesis and degradation is sought with the activation of proteolytic enzymes such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Proteolysis is essential for development, growth, and regeneration; however, inappropriate and uncontrolled activation of the proteolytic system renders the diseased tissue susceptible to further neurotoxic processes. In this article, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires as well as emerging therapeutic interventions in spinal cord injury at the degradomic level. Several protease substrates and their breakdown products, essential for the neuronal structural integrity and functional capacity, have been characterized in neurotrauma including cytoskeletal proteins, neuronal extracellular matrix glycoproteins, cell junction proteins, and ion channels. Therefore, targeting exaggerated protease activity provides a potentially effective therapeutic approach in the management of protease-mediated neurotoxicity in reducing the extent of damage secondary to spinal cord injury.
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30
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Wachal Z, Bombicz M, Priksz D, Hegedűs C, Kovács D, Szabó AM, Kiss R, Németh J, Juhász B, Szilvássy Z, Varga B. Retinoprotection by BGP-15, a Hydroximic Acid Derivative, in a Type II Diabetic Rat Model Compared to Glibenclamide, Metformin, and Pioglitazone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062124. [PMID: 32204537 PMCID: PMC7139510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood glucose and the consequential ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury damage vessels of the retina, deteriorating its function, which can be clearly visualized by electroretinography (ERG). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible retinoprotective effects of systemic BGP-15, an emerging drug candidate, in an insulin resistant animal model, the Goto-Kakizaki rat, and compare these results with well-known anti-diabetics such as glibenclamide, metformin, and pioglitazone, which even led to some novel conclusions about these well-known agents. Experiments were carried out on diseased animal model (Goto-Kakizaki rats). The used methods include weight measurement, glucose-related measurements—like fasting blood sugar analysis, oral glucose tolerance test, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp (HEGC), and calculations of different indices from HEGC results—electroretinography and Western Blot. Beside its apparent insulin sensitization, BGP-15 was also able to counteract the retina-damaging effect of Type II diabetes comparable to the aforementioned anti-diabetics. The mechanism of retinoprotective action may include sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) enzymes, as BGP-15 was able to elevate SIRT1 and decrease MMP9 expression in the eye. Based on our results, this emerging hydroximic acid derivative might be a future target of pharmacological developments as a potential drug against the harmful consequences of diabetes, such as diabetic retinopathy.
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31
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sadkowska A, Huttunen KM, Podsiedlik M, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Sikora J. An investigation into the pleiotropic activity of metformin. A glimpse of haemostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 872:172984. [PMID: 32017937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most characteristic features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, however, patients with T2DM are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis. Diabetes, frequently related to metabolic and vascular impairments, is also associated with thrombosis, increased blood coagulation and an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Metformin is the most often used oral glucose-lowering agent; its beneficial properties include lowering insulin resistance, weight reduction and cardioprotection. Available data suggest that the advantageous properties of metformin stem from its favourable effects on endothelium, and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper reviews the favourable impact of metformin on endothelial function, with particular emphasis on the release of endogenous molecules modulating the state of the vascular endothelium and coagulation. It also summarizes the present knowledge on the influence of metformin on platelet activity and plasma haemostasis, including clot formation, stabilization and fibrinolysis. Its findings confirm that metformin should constitute first line therapy of T2DM subjects; however, more comprehensive methodical studies are required to discover the full potential of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Sadkowska
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maria Podsiedlik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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32
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Metformin Promotes Axon Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Stabilizing Microtubule. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9741369. [PMID: 31998447 PMCID: PMC6969994 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9741369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease that may lead to lifelong disability. Thus, seeking for valid drugs that are beneficial to promoting axonal regrowth and elongation after SCI has gained wide attention. Metformin, a glucose-lowering agent, has been demonstrated to play roles in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, the potential protective effect of metformin on nerve regeneration after SCI is still unclear. In this study, we found that the administration of metformin improved functional recovery after SCI through reducing neuronal cell apoptosis and repairing neurites by stabilizing microtubules via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway with LY294002 partly reversed the therapeutic effects of metformin on SCI in vitro and vivo. Furthermore, metformin treatment weakened the excessive activation of oxidative stress and improved the mitochondrial function by activating the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription and binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). Moreover, treatment with Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 partially abolished its antioxidant effect. We also found that the Nrf2 transcription was partially reduced by LY294002 in vitro. Taken together, these results revealed that the role of metformin in nerve regeneration after SCI was probably related to stabilization of microtubules and inhibition of the excessive activation of Akt-mediated Nrf2/ARE pathway-regulated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, our present study suggests that metformin administration may provide a potential therapy for SCI.
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Zeng H, Liu N, Yang YY, Xing HY, Liu XX, Li F, La GY, Huang MJ, Zhou MW. Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of α-synuclein reduces neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:283. [PMID: 31888724 PMCID: PMC6936070 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) is closely related to secondary injury, which is dominated by neuroinflammation. There is evidence that α-synuclein aggregates after SCI and that inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation can improve the survival of neurons after SCI, but the mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of α-synuclein on neuroinflammation after SCI and to determine the underlying mechanisms. METHOD A T3 spinal cord contusion model was established in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. An SNCA-shRNA-carrying lentivirus (LV-SNCA-shRNA) was injected into the injury site to block the expression of α-synuclein (forming the SCI+KD group), and the SCI and sham groups were injected with an empty vector. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) behavioural scores and footprint analysis were used to detect motor function. Inflammatory infiltration and myelin loss were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-qPCR were used to analyse protein expression and transcription levels in the tissues. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the morphology and function of glial cells and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the central canal of the spinal cord. Finally, peripheral serum cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group exhibited reduced inflammatory infiltration, preserved myelin, and functional recovery. Specifically, the early arrest of α-synuclein inhibited the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-2 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-4. The neuroinflammatory response was regulated by reduced proliferation of Iba1+ microglia/macrophages and promotion of the shift of M1-polarized Iba1+/iNOS+ microglia/macrophages to M2-polarized Iba1+/Arg1+ microglia/macrophages after injury. In addition, compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group also exhibited a smaller microglia/astrocyte (Iba1/GFAP) immunostaining area in the central canal, lower MMP-9 expression, and improved cerebrospinal barrier function. CONCLUSION Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of α-synuclein reduces neuroinflammation, improves blood-cerebrospinal barrier function, promotes functional recovery, reduces microglial activation, and promotes the polarization of M1 microglia/macrophages to an M2 phenotype to confer a neuroprotective immune microenvironment in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hua-Yi Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xie Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Gao-Yan La
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng-Jie Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mou-Wang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Sadkowska A, Sikora J. Pleiotropic Activity of Metformin and Its Sulfonamide Derivatives on Vascular and Platelet Haemostasis. Molecules 2019; 25:E125. [PMID: 31905674 PMCID: PMC6982810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) predisposes patients to endothelial cell injury and dysfunction, improvement of vascular function should be an important target for therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metformin, its sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives on selected parameters of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function, and platelet activity. Metformin was not found to significantly affect the viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or aortal smooth muscle cells (AoSMC); however, it decreased cell migration by approximately 21.8% in wound healing assays after 24 h stimulation (wound closure 32.5 µm versus 41.5 µm for control). Metformin reduced platelet aggregation manifested by 19.0% decrease in maximum of aggregation (Amax), and 20% reduction in initial platelet aggregation velocity (v0). Furthermore, metformin decreased spontaneous platelet adhesion by 27.7% and ADP-induced adhesion to fibrinogen by 29.6% in comparison to control. Metformin sulfenamide with an n-butyl alkyl chain (compound 1) appeared to exert the most unfavourable effects on AoSMC cell viability (IC50 = 0.902 ± 0.015 μmol/mL), while 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (compound 3) and 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (compound 4) derivatives of metformin did not affect AoSMC and HUVEC viability at concentrations up to 2.0 μmol/mL. These compounds were also found to significantly reduce migration of smooth muscle cells by approximately 81.0%. Furthermore, sulfonamides 3 and 4 decreased the initial velocity of platelet aggregation by 11.8% and 20.6%, respectively, and ADP-induced platelet adhesion to fibrinogen by 76.3% and 65.6%. Metformin and its p- and o-nitro-benzenesulfonamide derivatives 3, 4 appear to exert beneficial effects on some parameters of vascular and platelet haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Adrianna Sadkowska
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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Li Y, Yang T, Yao Q, Li S, Fang E, Li Y, Liu C, Li W. Metformin prevents colonic barrier dysfunction by inhibiting mast cell activation in maternal separation-induced IBS-like rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13556. [PMID: 30740845 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a key etiologic factor of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Metformin improves intestinal barrier function, although the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully explained. This study evaluates the protective effect of metformin on colonic barrier integrity and explores the underlying cellular mechanisms. METHODS IBS-like rats were induced by maternal separation. Metformin was administered daily by gavage at 08:30, and rat pups were then separated from their mother. Visceral hyperalgesia and depression-like behaviors were evaluated by colorectal distension, sucrose preference tests, and forced swimming tests. Intestinal integrity was analyzed using sugar probes and transmission electron microscopy. Inflammatory factors and the levels of corticotropin-releasing factor were assessed by PCR and ELISA. The number of mast cells was evaluated by toluidine blue staining. Protein expression and localization were determined using Western blot and immunochemistry. KEY RESULTS Metformin pretreatment (a) reduced visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distension, immobility time and enhanced sucrose consumption; (b) decreased urine lactulose/mannitol ratio and sucralose output; (c) inhibited the dilation of tight junction and prevented claudin-4 translocation; (d) inhibited mast cell activation and downregulated the expression of IL-6, IL-18, tryptase, PAR-2, and ERK activation; (e) inhibited claudin-4 phosphorylation at serine sites and interactions between clau-4 and ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Metformin may block mast cell activation to reduce PAR-2 expression and subsequently inhibit ERK activation and clau-4 phosphorylation at serine sites to normalize the interaction of clau-4 and ZO-1 and clau-4 distribution. Metformin may be clinically beneficial for patients with IBS or IBS-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Songsong Li
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - En Fang
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - Yankun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Broncel M, Sikora J. Sulfenamide and Sulfonamide Derivatives of Metformin - A New Option to Improve Endothelial Function and Plasma Haemostasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6573. [PMID: 31024058 PMCID: PMC6484023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multi-factorial disease which can cause multiple organ dysfunction, including that of the vascular endothelium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of metformin, and its sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives (compounds 1–8) on the selected markers of endothelial function and blood coagulation. The integrity of endothelial cells(ECs) was examined using the real-time cell electric impedance system. Tissue Factor(TF) production, the release of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA) from ECs were determined using immunoenzymatic assays, while the process of platelet thrombus formation using the Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System. Sulfenamide with n-butyl alkyl chain(3) does not interfere with ECs integrity, and viability (nCI(24h) = 1.03 ± 0.03 vs. 1.06 ± 0.11 for control), but possesses anticoagulation properties manifested by prolonged platelet-dependent thrombus formation (Occlusion Time 370.3 ± 77.0 s vs. 286.7 ± 65.5 s for control) in semi-physiological conditions. Both p- and o-nitro-benzenesulfonamides (compounds7,8) exhibit anti-coagulant properties demonstrated by decreased vWF release and prolonged parameters of platelet thrombus formation and total blood thrombogenicity. In conclusion, chemical modification of metformin scaffold into sulfenamides or sulfonamides might be regarded as a good starting point for the design and synthesis of novel biguanide-based compounds with anticoagulant properties and valuable features regarding endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
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Cai XJ, Zhao JJ, Lu Y, Zhang JP, Ren BY, Cao TT, Xi GJ, Li ZW. The microenvironment following oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation-induced BSCB damage in vitro. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:171-180. [PMID: 30086352 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the microenvironment following blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) damage and to evaluate the role of BSCB disruption in secondary damage of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS A model of BSCB damage was established by co-culture of primary microvascular endothelial cells and glial cells obtained from rat spinal cord tissue followed by oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R). Permeability was evaluated by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the leakage test of Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran). The expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. Proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1β), leukocyte chemotactic factors (MIP-1α, MIP-1β) and leukocyte adhesion factors (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) were detected in the culture medium under different conditions by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The model of BSCB damage induced by OGD/R was successfully constructed. The maximum BSCB permeability occurred 6-12 hours but not within the first 3 h after OGD/R-induced damage. Likewise, the most significant period of TJ protein loss was also detected 6-12 hours after induction. During the hyper-acute period (3 h) following OGD/R-induced damage of BSCB, leukocyte chemotactic factors and leukocyte adhesion factors were significantly increased in the BSCB model. Pro-inflammation factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2), leukocyte chemotactic factors (MIP-1α, MIP-1β) and leukocyte adhesion factors (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) were also sharply produced during the acute period (3-6 hours) and maintained plateau levels 6-12 hours following OGD/R-induced damage, which overlapped with the period of BSCB permeability maximum. A negative linear correlation was observed between the abundance of proinflammatory factors and the expression of TJ proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and a positive linear correlation was found with transendothelial FITC-dextran. CONCLUSIONS Secondary damage continues after primary BSCB damage induced by OGD/R, exhibiting close ties with inflammation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Bing-Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Guang-Jun Xi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Zai-Wang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China.
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Wu K, Tian R, Huang J, Yang Y, Dai J, Jiang R, Zhang L. Metformin alleviated endotoxemia-induced acute lung injury via restoring AMPK-dependent suppression of mTOR. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 291:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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