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Chandra PK, Braun SE, Maity S, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Kim H, Shaffer JG, Cikic S, Rutkai I, Fan J, Guidry JJ, Worthylake DK, Li C, Abdel-Mageed AB, Busija DW. Circulating Plasma Exosomal Proteins of Either SHIV-Infected Rhesus Macaque or HIV-Infected Patient Indicates a Link to Neuropathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:794. [PMID: 36992502 PMCID: PMC10058833 DOI: 10.3390/v15030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), 50-60% of HIV-infected patients suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies are uncovering the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, in the central nervous system (CNS) due to HIV infection. We investigated links among circulating plasma exosomal (crExo) proteins and neuropathogenesis in simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RM) and HIV-infected and cART treated patients (Patient-Exo). Isolated EVs from SHIV-infected (SHIV-Exo) and uninfected (CTL-Exo) RM were predominantly exosomes (particle size < 150 nm). Proteomic analysis quantified 5654 proteins, of which 236 proteins (~4%) were significantly, differentially expressed (DE) between SHIV-/CTL-Exo. Interestingly, different CNS cell specific markers were abundantly expressed in crExo. Proteins involved in latent viral reactivation, neuroinflammation, neuropathology-associated interactive as well as signaling molecules were expressed at significantly higher levels in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. However, proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, autophagy, endocytosis, exocytosis, and cytoskeleton organization were significantly less expressed in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. Interestingly, proteins involved in oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, and autophagy were significantly downregulated in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed with HIV+/cART+ Patient-Exo. We showed that Patient-Exo significantly increased blood-brain barrier permeability, possibly due to loss of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 protein and actin cytoskeleton structure. Our novel findings suggest that circulating exosomal proteins expressed CNS cell markers-possibly associated with viral reactivation and neuropathogenesis-that may elucidate the etiology of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha K. Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Stephen E. Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Sudipa Maity
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sinisa Cikic
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jessie J. Guidry
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David K. Worthylake
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David W. Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Walker EM, Merino KM, Slisarenko N, Grasperge BF, Mehra S, Roy CJ, Kaushal D, Rout N. Impact of SIV infection on mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cell responses in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) inoculated macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1085786. [PMID: 36726992 PMCID: PMC9885173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although BCG vaccine protects infants from tuberculosis (TB), it has limited efficacy in adults against pulmonary TB. Further, HIV coinfection significantly increases the risk of developing active TB. In the lack of defined correlates of protection in TB disease, it is essential to explore immune responses beyond conventional CD4 T cells to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of TB immunity. Methods Here, we evaluated unconventional lipid-reactive T cell responses in cynomolgus macaques following aerosol BCG inoculation and examined the impact of subsequent SIV infection on these responses. Immune responses to cellular lipids of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis were examined ex vivo in peripheral blood and bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL). Results Prior to BCG inoculation, innate-like IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial lipids were observed in T cells. Aerosol BCG exposure induced an early increase in frequencies of BAL γδT cells, a dominant subset of lipid-reactive T cells, along with enhanced IL-7R and CXCR3 expression. Further, BCG exposure stimulated greater IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial lipids in peripheral blood and BAL, suggesting the induction of systemic and local Th1-type response in lipid-reactive T cells. Subsequent SIV infection resulted in a significant loss of IL-7R expression on blood and BAL γδT cells. Additionally, IFN-γ responses of mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cells in BAL fluid were significantly lower in SIV-infected macaques, while perforin production was maintained through chronic SIV infection. Conclusions Overall, these data suggest that despite SIV-induced decline in IL-7R expression and IFN-γ production by mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cells, their cytolytic potential is maintained. A deeper understanding of anti-mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cell functions may inform novel approaches to enhance TB control in individuals with or without HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M. Walker
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kristen M. Merino
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Brooke F. Grasperge
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Tanes C, Walker EM, Slisarenko N, Gerrets GL, Grasperge BF, Qin X, Jazwinski SM, Bushman FD, Bittinger K, Rout N. Gut Microbiome Changes Associated with Epithelial Barrier Damage and Systemic Inflammation during Antiretroviral Therapy of Chronic SIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1567. [PMID: 34452432 PMCID: PMC8402875 DOI: 10.3390/v13081567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis is a common feature associated with the chronic inflammation of HIV infection. Toward understanding the interplay of chronic treated HIV infection, dysbiosis, and systemic inflammation, we investigated longitudinal fecal microbiome changes and plasma inflammatory markers in the nonhuman primate model. Following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques, significant changes were observed in several members of the phylum Firmicutes along with an increase in Bacteroidetes. Viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART) resulted in an early but partial recovery of compositional changes and butyrate producing genes in the gut microbiome. Over the course of chronic SIV infection and long-term ART, however, the specific loss of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Treponema succinifaciens significantly correlated with an increase in plasma inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, G-CSF, I-TAC, and MIG. Further, the loss of T. succinifaciens correlated with an increase in circulating biomarkers of gut epithelial barrier damage (IFABP) and microbial translocation (LBP and sCD14). As F. prausnitzii and T. succinifaciens are major short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria, their sustained loss during chronic SV-ART may contribute to gut inflammation and metabolic alterations despite effective long-term control of viremia. A better understanding of the correlations between the anti-inflammatory bacterial community and healthy gut barrier functions in the setting of long-term ART may have a major impact on the clinical management of inflammatory comorbidities in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.T.); (K.B.)
| | - Edith M. Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (E.M.W.); (N.S.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (E.M.W.); (N.S.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Giovanni L. Gerrets
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (E.M.W.); (N.S.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Brooke F. Grasperge
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.T.); (K.B.)
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (E.M.W.); (N.S.); (G.L.G.)
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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Comparison of predictors for terminal disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus/simian-HIV-infected rhesus macaques. AIDS 2021; 35:1021-1029. [PMID: 33710021 PMCID: PMC8102323 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CD4+ T-cell decline and increasing virus levels are considered hallmarks of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis but we previously demonstrated in rhesus macaques that tissue macrophage destruction by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection associated with increased monocyte turnover also appear to impact pathogenesis. It remains unclear, however, which factors best predict onset of terminal disease progression and survival time. The objective of this study, therefore, was to directly compare these co-variates of infection for predicting survival times in retrospective studies of SIV/simian-HIV (SHIV)-infected adult rhesus macaques. METHODS Rhesus macaques were infected with various strains of SIV/SHIV and evaluated longitudinally for monocyte turnover, CD4+ T-cell loss, plasma viral load, and SIV/SHIV strain. Correlation analyses and machine learning algorithm modeling were applied to compare relative contributions of each of the co-variates to survival time. RESULTS All animals with AIDS-related clinical signs requiring euthanasia exhibited increased monocyte turnover regardless of CD4+ T-cell level, viral strain, or plasma viral load. Regression analyses and machine learning algorithms indicated a stronger correlation and contribution between increased monocyte turnover and reduced survival time than between CD4+ T-cell decline, plasma viral load, or virus strain and reduced survival time. Decision tree modeling categorized monocyte turnover of 13.2% as the initial significant threshold that best predicted decreased survival time. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that monocytes/macrophages significantly affect HIV/SIV pathogenesis outcomes. Monocyte turnover analyses are not currently feasible in humans, so there is a need to identify surrogate biomarkers reflecting tissue macrophage damage that predict HIV infection disease progression.
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Walker EM, Slisarenko N, Gerrets GL, Grasperge BF, Mattison JA, Kissinger PJ, Welsh DA, Veazey RS, Jazwinski SM, Rout N. Dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 Effector Functions in Blood and Gut Mucosal Gamma Delta T Cells Correlates With Increase in Circulating Leaky Gut and Inflammatory Markers During cART-Treated Chronic SIV Infection in Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647398. [PMID: 33717202 PMCID: PMC7946846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated inflammation has been implicated in the premature aging and increased risk of age-associated comorbidities in cART-treated individuals. However, the immune mechanisms underlying the chronic inflammatory state of cART-suppressed HIV infection remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of γδT cells, a group of innate IL-17 producing T lymphocytes, in the development of systemic inflammation and leaky gut phenotype during cART-suppressed SIV infection of macaques. Plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, intestinal epithelial barrier disruption (IEBD) and microbial translocation (MT) biomarkers, and Th1/Th17-type cytokine functions were longitudinally assessed in blood and gut mucosa of SIV-infected, cART-suppressed macaques. Among the various gut mucosal IL-17/IL-22-producing T lymphocyte subsets including Th17, γδT, CD161+ CD8+ T, and MAIT cells, a specific decline in the Vδ2 subset of γδT cells and impaired IL-17/IL-22 production in γδT cells significantly correlated with the subsequent increase in plasma IEBD/MT markers (IFABP, LPS-binding protein, and sCD14) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IP10, etc.) despite continued viral suppression during long-term cART. Further, the plasma inflammatory cytokine signature during long-term cART was distinct from acute SIV infection and resembled the inflammatory cytokine profile of uninfected aging (inflammaging) macaques. Overall, our data suggest that during cART-suppressed chronic SIV infection, dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 cytokine effector functions and decline of Vδ2 γδT cell subsets may contribute to gut epithelial barrier disruption and development of a distinct plasma inflammatory signature characteristic of inflammaging. Our results advance the current understanding of the impact of chronic HIV/SIV infection on γδT cell functions and demonstrate that in the setting of long-term cART, the loss of epithelial barrier-protective functions of Vδ2 T cells and ensuing IEBD/MT occurs before the hallmark expansion of Vδ1 subsets and skewed Vδ2/Vδ1 ratio. Thus, our work suggests that novel therapeutic approaches toward restoring IL-17/IL-22 cytokine functions of intestinal Vδ2 T cells may be beneficial in preserving gut epithelial barrier function and reducing chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M. Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Giovanni L. Gerrets
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Brooke F. Grasperge
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Poolesville, MD, United States
| | - Patricia J. Kissinger
- School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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6
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Mancuso P, Chen C, Kaminski R, Gordon J, Liao S, Robinson JA, Smith MD, Liu H, Sariyer IK, Sariyer R, Peterson TA, Donadoni M, Williams JB, Siddiqui S, Bunnell BA, Ling B, MacLean AG, Burdo TH, Khalili K. CRISPR based editing of SIV proviral DNA in ART treated non-human primates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6065. [PMID: 33247091 PMCID: PMC7695718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of HIV DNA from infected individuals remains a challenge in medicine. Here, we demonstrate that intravenous inoculation of SIV-infected macaques, a well-accepted non-human primate model of HIV infection, with adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing construct designed for eliminating proviral SIV DNA, leads to broad distribution of editing molecules and precise cleavage and removal of fragments of the integrated proviral DNA from the genome of infected blood cells and tissues known to be viral reservoirs including lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and brain among others. Accordingly, AAV9-CRISPR treatment results in a reduction in the percent of proviral DNA in blood and tissues. These proof-of-concept observations offer a promising step toward the elimination of HIV reservoirs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Mancuso
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Shuren Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jake A Robinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mandy D Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rahsan Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Tiffany A Peterson
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jaclyn B Williams
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Summer Siddiqui
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Binhua Ling
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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7
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Siddiqui S, Bao D, Doyle-Meyers L, Dufour J, Wu Y, Liu YZ, Ling B. Alterations of the gut bacterial microbiota in rhesus macaques with SIV infection and on short- or long-term antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19056. [PMID: 33149234 PMCID: PMC7642356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis and microbial translocation are associated with chronic systemic immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection. However, the extent of restoration of gut microbiota in HIV-1 patients with short or long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unclear. To understand the impact of ART on the gut microbiota, we used the rhesus macaque model of SIV infection to characterize and compare the gut microbial community upon SIV infection and during ART. We observed altered taxonomic compositions of gut microbiota communities upon SIV infection and at different time points of ART. SIV-infected animals showed decreased diversity of gut microbiome composition, while the ART group appeared to recover towards the diversity level of the healthy control. Animals undergoing ART for various lengths of time were observed to have differential gut bacterial abundance across different time points. In addition, increased blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels during SIV infection were reduced to near normal upon ART, indicating that microbial translocation and immune activation can be improved during therapy. In conclusion, while short ART may be related to transient increase of certain pathogenic bacterial microbiome, ART may promote microbiome diversity compromised by SIV infection, improve the gut microbiota towards the healthy compositions and alleviate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Siddiqui
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Duran Bao
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | | - Jason Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Yuntao Wu
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Yao-Zhong Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. .,Tulane Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
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8
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Bauer AM, Ziani W, Lindemuth E, Kuri-Cervantes L, Li H, Lee FH, Watkins M, Ding W, Xu H, Veazey R, Bar KJ. Novel Transmitted/Founder Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency and Cure Research. J Virol 2020; 94:e01659-19. [PMID: 31969435 PMCID: PMC7108852 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01659-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-macaque model of latency is critical to investigate eradicative and suppressive strategies that target HIV-1 Env. To this end, we previously reported a novel strategy for constructing SHIVs that bear primary or transmitted/founder (TF) Envs with modifications at Env residue 375 that enable efficient replication in Indian rhesus macaques (RM). Such TF SHIVs, however, have not been examined for their suitability for HIV-1 latency and cure research. Here, we evaluate two promising TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which encode TF subtype D and C HIV-1 Envs, respectively, for their viral kinetics and persistence during suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and treatment interruption in RM. Our results suggest that the viral kinetics of these SHIVs in RM during acute, early, and chronic infection, and upon cART initiation, maintenance and discontinuation, mirror those of HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate consistent early peak and set point viremia, rapid declines in viremia to undetectable plasma titers following cART initiation, infection of long-lived cellular subsets and establishment of viral latency, and viral rebound with return to pretreatment set point viremia following treatment interruption. The viral dynamics and reservoir biology of SHIV.D.191859, and to a lesser extent SHIV.C.CH848, during chronic infection, cART administration, and upon treatment interruption suggest that these TF SHIVs are promising reagents for a SHIV model of HIV-1 latency and cure.IMPORTANCE Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been successfully used for over 2 decades to study virus-host interactions, transmission, and pathogenesis in rhesus macaques. The majority of Env trimers of most previously studied SHIVs, however, do not recapitulate key properties of transmitted/founder (TF) or primary HIV-1 isolates, such as CCR5 tropism, tier 2 neutralization resistance, and native trimer conformation. Here, we test two recently generated TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which were designed to address these issues as components of a nonhuman primate model of HIV-1 latency. We conclude that the TF SHIV-macaque model reflects several hallmarks of HIV and SIV infection and latency. Results suggest that this model has broad applications for evaluating eradicative and suppressive strategies against the HIV reservoir, including Env-specific interventions, therapeutic vaccines, and engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya M Bauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Widade Ziani
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meagan Watkins
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wenge Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Yao L, Li F, Qu M, Guo Y, Jiang Y, Wang L, Zhai Y. Development and Evaluation of a Novel Armored RNA Technology Using Bacteriophage Qβ. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:383-392. [PMID: 31435846 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses are a global threat to food safety. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most commonly used method to detect viral RNA in food. Armored RNA (AR) prepared using the MS2 phage system is a successful positive control for detecting foodborne viruses and is an important quality control process when using real-time RT-PCR. In this study, we report a novel technology for preparing AR using bacteriophage Qβ and compare its stability with AR prepared using the MS2 phage system for packaging norovirus detection target RNA. AR could be successfully and efficiently produced using the developed bacteriophage Qβ system. Two types of AR-AR-QNoV prepared using the Qβ system and AR-MNoV prepared using the MS2 system-were stored at different temperatures for different durations. After incubating at - 20 °C for 360 days, the copy numbers of AR-QNoV and AR-MNoV decreased by 8.9% and 35.9%, respectively. After incubating at 4 °C for 60 days, the copy numbers of AR-QNoV and AR-MNoV decreased by 12.0% and 38.9%, respectively. After incubating at 45 °C, the copy numbers of AR-QNoV decreased by 71.8% after 5 days, whereas those of AR-MNoV decreased by 92.9% after only 4 days. After 5 days, AR-MNoV could not be detected using real-time RT-PCR. There was a significant difference in copy numbers decrease rate between AR-QNoV and AR-MNoV at three different temperatures (P < 0.05 ). Therefore, AR prepared using the new bacteriophage Qβ system is more stable than the traditional AR, making the developed strategy a good candidate for AR preparation and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lianzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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10
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Delery E, Bohannon DG, Irons DL, Allers C, Sugimoto C, Cai Y, Merino KM, Amedee AM, Veazey RS, MacLean A, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. Lack of susceptibility in neonatally infected rhesus macaques to simian immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:578-588. [PMID: 31119711 PMCID: PMC6751025 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite combination antiretroviral therapies making HIV a chronic rather than terminal condition for many people, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is increasing. This is especially problematic for children living with HIV. Children diagnosed HAND rarely display the hallmark pathology of HIV encephalitis in adults, namely infected macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in the brain. This finding has also been documented in rhesus macaques infected perinatally with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, the extent and mechanisms of lack of susceptibility to encephalitis in perinatally HIV-infected children remain unclear. In the current study, we compared brains of macaques infected with pathogenic strains of SIV at different ages to determine neuropathology, correlates of neuroinflammation, and potential underlying mechanisms. Encephalitis was not found in the macaques infected within 24 h of birth despite similar high plasma viral load and high monocyte turnover. Macaques developed encephalitis only when they were infected after 4 months of age. Lower numbers of CCR5-positive cells in the brain, combined with a less leaky blood-brain barrier, may be responsible for the decreased virus infection in the brain and consequently the absence of encephalitis in newborn macaques infected with SIV.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/virology
- Brain Stem/immunology
- Brain Stem/pathology
- Brain Stem/virology
- Capillary Permeability/immunology
- Disease Resistance
- Encephalitis, Viral/genetics
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Frontal Lobe/immunology
- Frontal Lobe/pathology
- Frontal Lobe/virology
- Gene Expression
- Macaca mulatta/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Macrophages/virology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Monocytes/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Delery
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Diana G Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Derek L Irons
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | - Chie Sugimoto
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Angela M Amedee
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Andrew MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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11
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Siddiqui S, Perez S, Gao Y, Doyle-Meyers L, Foley BT, Li Q, Ling B. Persistent Viral Reservoirs in Lymphoid Tissues in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques of Chinese-Origin on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020105. [PMID: 30691203 PMCID: PMC6410399 DOI: 10.3390/v11020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding HIV latent reservoirs in tissues is essential for the development of new strategies targeting these sites for eradication. Here, we assessed the size of latent reservoirs and the source of residual viruses in multiple lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected and fully suppressed rhesus macaques of Chinese-origin (cRMs). Eight cRMs were infected with SIVmac251 and treated with tenofovir and emtricitabine daily for 24 weeks initiated 4 weeks post-infection. Four of the eight animals reached sustained full viral suppression with undetectable viremia. The levels of cell-associated SIV DNA varied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and multiple lymphoid tissues, but with higher levels in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MesLNs). The levels of cell-associated SIV RNA also varied in different tissues. The higher frequency of viral RNA detection in the MesLNs was also observed by in situ hybridization. Consistently, the infection unit per million cells (IUPM) in the MesLNs was higher than in PBMCs and other tested lymphoid tissues by quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Furthermore, env gp120 from tissue SIV RNA was amplified by single genome amplification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diverse variants from tissues parallel to the viral inoculum in all viral suppressed animals. These results demonstrate that the latency and viral reservoirs in the lymphoid tissues still exist in aviremic macaques under full suppressive therapy. Moreover, the size of viral latent reservoirs differs in various lymphoid tissues with a relatively larger size in the MesLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Siddiqui
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
| | - Stefanie Perez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Lara Doyle-Meyers
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Brian T Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Binhua Ling
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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12
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Xu H, Ziani W, Shao J, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Wang X. Impaired Development and Expansion of Germinal Center Follicular Th Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1994-2003. [PMID: 30104244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) CD4+ follicular Th (Tfh) cells are critical for cognate B cell help in humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections. Although Tfh cells are expanded or depleted in HIV/SIV-infected adults, the effects of pediatric HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined changes in lymphoid follicle formation in lymph nodes focusing on GC Tfh cells, B cell development, and differentiation in SIV-infected neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) compared with age-matched cohorts. Our data showed that follicles and GCs of normal infants rapidly formed in the first few weeks of age, in parallel with increasing GC Tfh cells in various lymphoid tissues. In contrast, GC development and GC Tfh cells were markedly impaired in SIV-infected infants. There was a very low frequency of GC Tfh cells throughout SIV infection in neonates and subsequent infants, accompanied by high viremia, reduction of B cell proliferation/resting memory B cells, and displayed proinflammatory unresponsiveness. These findings indicate neonatal HIV/SIV infection compromises the development of GC Tfh cells, likely contributing to ineffective Ab responses, high viremia, and eventually rapid disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
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13
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Maintenance of AP-2-Dependent Functional Activities of Nef Restricts Pathways of Immune Escape from CD8 T Lymphocyte Responses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01822-17. [PMID: 29237831 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01822-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nef-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8TL) are linked to extraordinary control of primate lentiviral replication, but the mechanisms underlying their efficacy remain largely unknown. The immunodominant, Mamu-B*017:01+-restricted Nef195-203MW9 epitope in SIVmac239 partially overlaps a sorting motif important for interactions with host AP-2 proteins and, hence, downmodulation of several host proteins, including Tetherin (CD317/BST-2), CD28, CD4, SERINC3, and SERINC5. We reasoned that CD8TL-driven evolution in this epitope might compromise Nef's ability to modulate these important molecules. Here, we used deep sequencing of SIV from nine B*017:01+ macaques throughout infection with SIVmac239 to characterize the patterns of viral escape in this epitope and then assayed the impacts of these variants on Nef-mediated modulation of multiple host molecules. Acute variation in multiple Nef195-203MW9 residues significantly compromised Nef's ability to downregulate surface Tetherin, CD4, and CD28 and reduced its ability to prevent SERINC5-mediated reduction in viral infectivity but did not impact downregulation of CD3 or major histocompatibility complex class I, suggesting the selective disruption of immunomodulatory pathways involving Nef AP-2 interactions. Together, our data illuminate a pattern of viral escape dictated by a selective balance to maintain AP-2-mediated downregulation while evading epitope-specific CD8TL responses. These data could shed light on mechanisms of both CD8TL-driven viral control generally and on Mamu-B*017:01-mediated viral control specifically.IMPORTANCE A rare subset of humans infected with HIV-1 and macaques infected with SIV can control the virus without aid of antiviral medications. A common feature of these individuals is the ability to mount unusually effective CD8 T lymphocyte responses against the virus. One of the most formidable aspects of HIV is its ability to evolve to evade immune responses, particularly CD8 T lymphocytes. We show that macaques that target a specific peptide in the SIV Nef protein are capable of better control of the virus and that, as the virus evolves to escape this response, it does so at a cost to specific functions performed by the Nef protein. Our results help show how the virus can be controlled by an immune response, which could help in designing effective vaccines.
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14
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McNamara RP, Costantini LM, Myers TA, Schouest B, Maness NJ, Griffith JD, Damania BA, MacLean AG, Dittmer DP. Nef Secretion into Extracellular Vesicles or Exosomes Is Conserved across Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses. mBio 2018; 9:e02344-17. [PMID: 29437924 PMCID: PMC5801467 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02344-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of infections and cancer. The negative regulatory factor (Nef) encoded by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) plays a critical role in the progression to AIDS and impairs endosomal trafficking. Whether HIV-1 Nef can be loaded into EVs has been the subject of controversy, and nothing is known about the connection between SIV Nef and EVs. We find that both SIV and HIV-1 Nef proteins are present in affinity-purified EVs derived from cultured cells, as well as in EVs from SIV-infected macaques. Nef-positive EVs were functional, i.e., capable of membrane fusion and depositing their content into recipient cells. The EVs were able to transfer Nef into recipient cells. This suggests that Nef readily enters the exosome biogenesis pathway, whereas HIV virions are assembled at the plasma membrane. It suggests a novel mechanism by which lentiviruses can influence uninfected and uninfectable, i.e., CD4-negative, cells.IMPORTANCE Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer biologically active materials from one cell to another, either within the adjacent microenvironment or further removed. EVs also package viral RNAs, microRNAs, and proteins, which contributes to the pathophysiology of infection. In this report, we show that both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) incorporate the virus-encoded Nef protein into EVs, including EVs circulating in the blood of SIV-infected macaques and that this presents a novel mechanism of Nef transfer to naive and even otherwise non-infectable cells. Nef is dispensable for viral replication but essential for AIDS progression in vivo Demonstrating that Nef incorporation into EVs is conserved across species implicates EVs as novel mediators of the pathophysiology of HIV. It could help explain the biological effects that HIV has on CD4-negative cells and EVs could become biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsey M Costantini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - T Alix Myers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Blossom A Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Perez S, Johnson AM, Xiang SH, Li J, Foley BT, Doyle-Meyers L, Panganiban A, Kaur A, Veazey RS, Wu Y, Ling B. Persistence of SIV in the brain of SIV-infected Chinese rhesus macaques with or without antiretroviral therapy. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:62-74. [PMID: 29181724 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs in the central nervous system (CNS) is an obstacle to cure strategies. However, little is known about residual viral distribution, viral replication levels, and genetic diversity in different brain regions of HIV-infected individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Because myeloid cells particularly microglia are likely major reservoirs in the brain, and more microglia exist in white matter than gray matter in a human brain, we hypothesized the major viral reservoirs in the brain are the white matter reflected by higher levels of viral DNA. To address the issue, we used the Chinese rhesus macaque (ChRM) model of SIV infection, and treated 11 SIVmac251-infected animals including long-term nonprogressors with cART for up to 24 weeks. SIV reservoirs were assessed by SIV DNA levels in 16 specific regions of the brain and 4 regions of spinal cord. We found relatively high frequencies of SIV in basal ganglia and brain stem compared to other regions. cART-receiving animals had significantly lower SIV DNA levels in the gray matter than white matter. Moreover, a shortened envelope gp120 with 21 nucleotide deletions and guanine-to-adenine hypermutations were observed. These results demonstrate that SIV enters the CNS in SIV-infected ChRM with a major reservoir in the white matter after cART; the SIV/ChRM/cART is an appropriate model for studying HIV CNS reservoirs and testing new eradication strategies. Further, examining multiple regions of the CNS may be needed when assessing whether an agent is successful in reducing the size of SIV reservoirs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Perez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Johnson
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Statistics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Brian T Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lara Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Antonito Panganiban
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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16
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Hong X, Schouest B, Xu H. Effects of exosome on the activation of CD4+ T cells in rhesus macaques: a potential application for HIV latency reactivation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15611. [PMID: 29142313 PMCID: PMC5688118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by a wide variety of cell types, carry donor origin-proteins, cytokines, and nucleic acids, transport these cargos to adjacent or distant specific recipient cells, and thereby regulate gene expression and activation of target cells. In this study, we isolated and identified exosomes in rhesus macaques, and investigated their effects on cell tropism and activation, especially their potential to reactivate HIV latency. The results indicated that plasma-derived exosomes preferentially fuse to TCR-activated T cells and autologous parent cells. Importantly, the uptake of exosomes, derived from IL-2 stimulated CD4+ T cells, effectively promoted reactivation of resting CD4+ T-cell, as indicated by an increased viral transcription rate in these cells. These findings provide premise for the potential application of exosome in the reactivation of HIV latency, in combination its use as functional delivery vehicles with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
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17
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Sugimoto C, Merino KM, Hasegawa A, Wang X, Alvarez XA, Wakao H, Mori K, Kim WK, Veazey RS, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Critical Role for Monocytes/Macrophages in Rapid Progression to AIDS in Pediatric Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2017; 91:e00379-17. [PMID: 28566378 PMCID: PMC5553179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00379-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant humans and rhesus macaques infected with the human or simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV or SIV), respectively, express higher viral loads and progress more rapidly to AIDS than infected adults. Activated memory CD4+ T cells in intestinal tissues are major primary target cells for SIV/HIV infection, and massive depletion of these cells is considered a major cause of immunodeficiency. Monocytes and macrophages are important cells of innate immunity and also are targets of HIV/SIV infection. We reported previously that a high peripheral blood monocyte turnover rate was predictive for the onset of disease progression to AIDS in SIV-infected adult macaques. The purpose of this study was to determine if earlier or higher infection of monocytes/macrophages contributes to the more rapid progression to AIDS in infants. We observed that uninfected infant rhesus macaques exhibited higher physiologic baseline monocyte turnover than adults. Early after SIV infection, the monocyte turnover further increased, and it remained high during progression to AIDS. A high percentage of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick end label (TUNEL)-positive macrophages in the lymph nodes (LNs) and intestine corresponded with an increasing number of macrophages derived from circulating monocytes (bromodeoxyuridine positive [BrdU+] CD163+), suggesting that the increased blood monocyte turnover was required to rapidly replenish destroyed tissue macrophages. Immunofluorescence analysis further demonstrated that macrophages were a significant portion of the virus-producing cells found in LNs, intestinal tissues, and lungs. The higher baseline monocyte turnover in infant macaques and subsequent macrophage damage by SIV infection may help explain the basis of more rapid disease progression to AIDS in infants.IMPORTANCE HIV infection progresses much more rapidly in pediatric cases than in adults; however, the mechanism for this difference is unclear. Using the rhesus macaque model, this work was performed to address why infants infected with SIV progress more quickly to AIDS than do adults. Earlier we reported that in adult rhesus macaques, increasing monocyte turnover reflected tissue macrophage damage by SIV and was predictive of terminal disease progression to AIDS. Here we report that uninfected infant rhesus macaques exhibited a higher physiological baseline monocyte turnover rate than adults. Furthermore, once infected with SIV, infants displayed further increased monocyte turnover that may have facilitated the accelerated progression to AIDS. These results support a role for monocytes and macrophages in the pathogenesis of SIV/HIV and begin to explain why infants are more prone to rapid disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kristen M Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier A Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hiroshi Wakao
- Department of Hygiene and Cellular Preventive Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Mori
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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18
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Xu H, Andersson AM, Ragonnaud E, Boilesen D, Tolver A, Jensen BAH, Blanchard JL, Nicosia A, Folgori A, Colloca S, Cortese R, Thomsen AR, Christensen JP, Veazey RS, Holst PJ. Mucosal Vaccination with Heterologous Viral Vectored Vaccine Targeting Subdominant SIV Accessory Antigens Strongly Inhibits Early Viral Replication. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:204-215. [PMID: 28302457 PMCID: PMC5405164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional HIV T cell vaccine strategies have not been successful in containing acute peak viremia, nor in providing long-term control. We immunized rhesus macaques intramuscularly and rectally using a heterologous adenovirus vectored SIV vaccine regimen encoding normally weakly immunogenic tat, vif, rev and vpr antigens fused to the MHC class II associated invariant chain. Immunizations induced broad T cell responses in all vaccinees. Following up to 10 repeated low-dose intrarectal challenges, vaccinees suppressed early viral replication (P = 0.01) and prevented the peak viremia in 5/6 animals. Despite consistently undetectable viremia in 2 out of 6 vaccinees, all animals showed evidence of infection induced immune responses indicating that infection had taken place. Vaccinees, with and without detectable viremia better preserved their rectal CD4 + T cell population and had reduced immune hyperactivation as measured by naïve T cell depletion, Ki-67 and PD-1 expression on T cells. These results indicate that vaccination towards SIV accessory antigens vaccine can provide a level of acute control of SIV replication with a suggestion of beneficial immunological consequences in infected animals of unknown long-term significance. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that a vaccine encoding subdominant antigens not normally associated with virus control can exert a significant impact on acute peak viremia. Mucosal heterologousvirus-vectored vaccine used with MHC class II associated invariant chain linked SIV accessory antigens Mucosal vaccination targeting subdominant antigens delay SIV mac251 replication in rhesus macaques. Longterm reduction of immune hyperactivation following SIV infection of vaccinated macaques.
Mucosal immunization is used with heterologous viral vectors and a genetic adjuvant to raise responses against poorly immunogenic SIV antigens. Following repeated low-dose challenge we observed delayed establishment of chronic phase viremia and reduced immune hyperactivation 6 months after established infection. Vaccination was found to strongly reduce viremia at early, but not late time points, after detected infection and in 2 out of 6 animals infection could only observed as virus induced T cell responses. Subdominant antigen vaccines may thus be used to delay SIV mac251 infection and can enable control of chronic viremia in a minority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Emeline Ragonnaud
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Ditte Boilesen
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Anders Tolver
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | | | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera, viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy; CEINGE, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
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19
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Chemokine-adjuvanted electroporated DNA vaccine induces substantial protection from simian immunodeficiency virus vaginal challenge. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:13-23. [PMID: 25943275 PMCID: PMC4636490 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been encouraging results for the development of an effective HIV vaccine. However, many questions remain regarding the quality of immune responses and the role of mucosal antibodies. We addressed some of these issues by using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA vaccine adjuvanted with plasmid-expressed mucosal chemokines combined with an intravaginal SIV challenge in rhesus macaque (RhM) model. We previously reported on the ability of CCR9 and CCR10 ligand (L) adjuvants to enhance mucosal and systemic IgA and IgG responses in small animals. In this study, RhMs were intramuscularly immunized five times with either DNA or DNA plus chemokine adjuvant delivered by electroporation followed by challenge with SIVsmE660. Sixty-eight percent of all vaccinated animals (P<0.01) remained either uninfected or had aborted infection compared with only 14% in the vaccine naïve group. The highest protection was observed in the CCR10L chemokines group, where six of nine animals had aborted infection and two remained uninfected, leading to 89% protection (P<0.001). The induction of mucosal SIV-specific antibodies and neutralization titers correlated with trends in protection. These results indicate the need to further investigate the contribution of chemokine adjuvants to modulate immune responses and the role of mucosal antibodies in SIV/HIV protection.
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20
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Persistent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Drives Differentiation, Aberrant Accumulation, and Latent Infection of Germinal Center Follicular T Helper Cells. J Virol 2015; 90:1578-87. [PMID: 26608323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02471-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4(+) follicular T helper (Tfh) cells play a prominent role in humoral immune responses, but the mechanisms of their accumulation and infection in AIDS remain unclear. Here we found that germinal center (GC) Tfh cells, defined here as CXCR5(+) PD-1(HIGH) CD4(+) T cells, do not express the HIV coreceptor CCR5 yet serve as a latent reservoir in GCs. With disease progression, an expansion of GC Tfh cells is accompanied by increases in dysfunctional CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, Tfh precursor (CXCR5(-) CD4(+) T) cells in lymph nodes do express CCR5 and differentiate into GC Tfh cells following interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-21 stimulation, and viral DNA is detectable in fully differentiated GC Tfh cells ex vivo. This suggests that SIV-infected GC Tfh cells may be derived from Tfh precursor cell subsets that become infected in marginal zones and then migrate into GCs as fully mature GC Tfh cells that serve as persistent virus reservoirs. These findings suggest that viral persistence in lymph nodes drives compensatory differentiation, aberrant accumulation, and latent infection of GC Tfh cells, resulting in marked impairment of humoral immune responses. IMPORTANCE Generation of antibodies that can effectively eliminate viruses requires interactions of B cells with highly specialized T cells in GCs of lymphoid tissues called follicular T helper cells. Here we show that in simian immunodeficiency virus infection, these cells are initially infected in a precursor stage that leads to alterations in their homing, accumulation, and function that may be responsible for the inability of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients to generate effective antibody responses.
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21
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Cai Y, Sugimoto C, Arainga M, Midkiff CC, Liu DX, Alvarez X, Lackner AA, Kim WK, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Preferential Destruction of Interstitial Macrophages over Alveolar Macrophages as a Cause of Pulmonary Disease in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:4884-91. [PMID: 26432896 PMCID: PMC4637238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that the AIDS virus differentially impacts two distinct subsets of lung macrophages. The predominant macrophages harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), alveolar macrophages (AMs), are routinely used in studies on human lung macrophages, are long-lived cells, and exhibit low turnover. Interstitial macrophages (IMs) inhabit the lung tissue, are not recovered with BAL, are shorter-lived, and exhibit higher baseline turnover rates distinct from AMs. We examined the effects of SIV infection on AMs in BAL fluid and IMs in lung tissue of rhesus macaques. SIV infection produced massive cell death of IMs that contributed to lung tissue damage. Conversely, SIV infection induced minimal cell death of AMs, and these cells maintained the lower turnover rate throughout the duration of infection. This indicates that SIV produces lung tissue damage through destruction of IMs, whereas the longer-lived AMs may serve as a virus reservoir to facilitate HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Mariluz Arainga
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - David Xianhong Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112;
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22
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C5A Protects Macaques from Vaginal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:693-8. [PMID: 26552985 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01925-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective vaginal microbicide could decrease human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in women. Here, we evaluated the safety and microbicidal efficacy of a short amphipathic peptide, C5A, in a rhesus macaque model. We found that a vaginal application of C5A protects 89% of the macaques from a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-162P3) challenge. We observed no signs of lesions or inflammation in animals vaginally treated with repeated C5A applications. With its noncellular cytotoxic activity and rare mechanism of action, C5A represents an attractive microbicidal candidate.
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