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Song F, Kovac V, Mohammadi B, Littau JL, Scharfenberg F, Matamoros Angles A, Vanni I, Shafiq M, Orge L, Galliciotti G, Djakkani S, Linsenmeier L, Černilec M, Hartman K, Jung S, Tatzelt J, Neumann JE, Damme M, Tschirner SK, Lichtenthaler SF, Ricklefs FL, Sauvigny T, Schmitz M, Zerr I, Puig B, Tolosa E, Ferrer I, Magnus T, Rupnik MS, Sepulveda-Falla D, Matschke J, Šmid LM, Bresjanac M, Andreoletti O, Krasemann S, Foliaki ST, Nonno R, Becker-Pauly C, Monzo C, Crozet C, Haigh CL, Glatzel M, Curin Serbec V, Altmeppen HC. Cleavage site-directed antibodies reveal the prion protein in humans is shed by ADAM10 at Y226 and associates with misfolded protein deposits in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 148:2. [PMID: 38980441 PMCID: PMC11233397 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic cell surface release ('shedding') of the prion protein (PrP), a broadly expressed GPI-anchored glycoprotein, by the metalloprotease ADAM10 impacts on neurodegenerative and other diseases in animal and in vitro models. Recent studies employing the latter also suggest shed PrP (sPrP) to be a ligand in intercellular communication and critically involved in PrP-associated physiological tasks. Although expectedly an evolutionary conserved event, and while soluble forms of PrP are present in human tissues and body fluids, for the human body neither proteolytic PrP shedding and its cleavage site nor involvement of ADAM10 or the biological relevance of this process have been demonstrated thus far. In this study, cleavage site prediction and generation (plus detailed characterization) of sPrP-specific antibodies enabled us to identify PrP cleaved at tyrosin 226 as the physiological and apparently strictly ADAM10-dependent shed form in humans. Using cell lines, neural stem cells and brain organoids, we show that shedding of human PrP can be stimulated by PrP-binding ligands without targeting the protease, which may open novel therapeutic perspectives. Site-specific antibodies directed against human sPrP also detect the shed form in brains of cattle, sheep and deer, hence in all most relevant species naturally affected by fatal and transmissible prion diseases. In human and animal prion diseases, but also in patients with Alzheimer`s disease, sPrP relocalizes from a physiological diffuse tissue pattern to intimately associate with extracellular aggregated deposits of misfolded proteins characteristic for the respective pathological condition. Findings and research tools presented here will accelerate novel insight into the roles of PrP shedding (as a process) and sPrP (as a released factor) in neurodegeneration and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valerija Kovac
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica L Littau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreu Matamoros Angles
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Vanni
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonor Orge
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Giovanna Galliciotti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salma Djakkani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Černilec
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katrina Hartman
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia E Neumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarah K Tschirner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Franz L Ricklefs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Sauvigny
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marjan S Rupnik
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lojze M Šmid
- LNPR, Institute of Pathophysiology and Prion Laboratory, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mara Bresjanac
- LNPR, Institute of Pathophysiology and Prion Laboratory, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simote T Foliaki
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cecile Monzo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Crozet
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vladka Curin Serbec
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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Johansson L, Reyes JF, Ali T, Schätzl H, Gilch S, Hallbeck M. Lack of cellular prion protein causes Amyloid β accumulation, increased extracellular vesicle abundance, and changes to exosome biogenesis proteins. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05059-0. [PMID: 38970706 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression is closely linked to the propagation of pathological Amyloid β (Aβ), a process increasingly understood to involve extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely exosomes. The specifics of Aβ packaging into exosomes remain elusive, although evidence suggests an ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport)-independent origin to be responsible in spreading of AD pathogenesis. Intriguingly, PrPC, known to influence exosome abundance and bind oligomeric Aβ (oAβ), can be released in exosomes via both ESCRT-dependent and ESCRT-independent pathways, raising questions about its role in oAβ trafficking. Thus, we quantified Aβ levels within EVs, cell medium, and intracellularly, alongside exosome biogenesis-related proteins, following deletion or overexpression of PrPC. The same parameters were also evaluated in the presence of specific exosome inhibitors, namely Manumycin A and GW4869. Our results revealed that deletion of PrPC increases intracellular Aβ accumulation and amplifies EV abundance, alongside significant changes in cellular levels of exosome biogenesis-related proteins Vps25, Chmp2a, and Rab31. In contrast, cellular expression of PrPC did not alter exosomal Aβ levels. This highlights PrPC's influence on exosome biogenesis, albeit not in direct Aβ packaging. Additionally, our data confirm the ESCRT-independent exosome release of Aβ and we show a direct reduction in Chmp2a levels upon oAβ challenge. Furthermore, inhibition of opposite exosome biogenesis pathway resulted in opposite cellular PrPC levels. In conclusion, our findings highlight the intricate relationship between PrPC, exosome biogenesis, and Aβ release. Specifically, they underscore PrPC's critical role in modulating exosome-associated proteins, EV abundance, and cellular Aβ levels, thereby reinforcing its involvement in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Johansson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences and Department of Clinical Pathology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Juan F Reyes
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences and Department of Clinical Pathology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tahir Ali
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hermann Schätzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Hallbeck
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences and Department of Clinical Pathology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Sun M, Chen Z. Unveiling the Complex Role of Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3921-3948. [PMID: 38911990 PMCID: PMC11193473 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s466821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative illness, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. AD is characterized by senile plaques made up of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein linked with microtubules, and neuronal loss. Currently, therapeutic treatments and nanotechnological developments are effective in treating the symptoms of AD, but a cure for the illness has not yet been found. Recently, the increased study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has led to a growing awareness of their significant involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that transport various components including messenger RNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNA, and other bioactive compounds from one cell to another, facilitating information transmission and material movement. There is growing evidence indicating that exosomes have complex functions in AD. Exosomes may have a dual role in Alzheimer's disease by contributing to neuronal death and also helping to alleviate the pathological progression of the disease. Therefore, the primary aim of this review is to outline the updated understandings on exosomes biogenesis and many functions of exosomes in the generation, conveyance, distribution, and elimination of hazardous proteins related to Alzheimer's disease. This review is intended to provide novel insights for understanding the development, specific treatment, and early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Tam S, Wear D, Morrone CD, Yu WH. The complexity of extracellular vesicles: Bridging the gap between cellular communication and neuropathology. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38650384 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve a prominent role in maintaining homeostasis and contributing to pathology in health and disease. This review establishes a crucial link between physiological processes leading to EV biogenesis and their impacts on disease. EVs are involved in the clearance and transport of proteins and nucleic acids, responding to changes in cellular processes associated with neurodegeneration, including autophagic disruption, organellar dysfunction, aging, and other cell stresses. In neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.), EVs contribute to the spread of pathological proteins like amyloid β, tau, ɑ-synuclein, prions, and TDP-43, exacerbating neurodegeneration and accelerating disease progression. Despite evidence for both neuropathological and neuroprotective effects of EVs, the mechanistic switch between their physiological and pathological functions remains elusive, warranting further research into their involvement in neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, owing to their innate ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and their ubiquitous nature, EVs emerge as promising candidates for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The review uniquely positions itself at the intersection of EV cell biology, neurophysiology, and neuropathology, offering insights into the diverse biological roles of EVs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tam
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy Wear
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D Morrone
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Georgieva I, Tchekalarova J, Iliev D, Tzoneva R. Endothelial Senescence and Its Impact on Angiogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11344. [PMID: 37511104 PMCID: PMC10379128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are constantly exposed to environmental stress factors that, above a certain threshold, trigger cellular senescence and apoptosis. The altered vascular function affects new vessel formation and endothelial fitness, contributing to the progression of age-related diseases. This narrative review highlights the complex interplay between senescence, oxidative stress, extracellular vesicles, and the extracellular matrix and emphasizes the crucial role of angiogenesis in aging and Alzheimer's disease. The interaction between the vascular and nervous systems is essential for the development of a healthy brain, especially since neurons are exceptionally dependent on nutrients carried by the blood. Therefore, anomalies in the delicate balance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors and the consequences of disrupted angiogenesis, such as misalignment, vascular leakage and disturbed blood flow, are responsible for neurodegeneration. The implications of altered non-productive angiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease due to dysregulated Delta-Notch and VEGF signaling are further explored. Additionally, potential therapeutic strategies such as exercise and caloric restriction to modulate angiogenesis and vascular aging and to mitigate the associated debilitating symptoms are discussed. Moreover, both the roles of extracellular vesicles in stress-induced senescence and as an early detection marker for Alzheimer's disease are considered. The intricate relationship between endothelial senescence and angiogenesis provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying angiogenesis-related disorders and opens avenues for future research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Georgieva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. George Bonchev, Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. George Bonchev, Str. Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Iliev
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. George Bonchev, Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Tzoneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. George Bonchev, Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Pan R, Chen D, Hou L, Hu R, Jiao Z. Small extracellular vesicles: a novel drug delivery system for neurodegenerative disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1184435. [PMID: 37404690 PMCID: PMC10315580 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1184435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a slow onset and are usually detected late during disease. NDs are often difficult to cure due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which makes it difficult to find effective treatments and drugs, causing great stress and financial burden to families and society. Currently, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are the most promising drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeted delivery of molecules to specific sites in the brain as a therapeutic vehicle due to their low toxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability, high delivery efficiency, high biocompatibility and trans-BBB functionality. Here, we review the therapeutic application of sEVs in several NDs, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, discuss the current barriers associated with sEVs and brain-targeted DDS, and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lanlan Hou
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhigang Jiao
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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7
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Liang T, Wu Z, Li J, Wu S, Shi W, Wang L. The emerging double-edged sword role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1209115. [PMID: 37396664 PMCID: PMC10314126 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1209115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive dysfunction. The primary pathological hallmarks of AD are senile plaques formed by deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles resulting from hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau, and loss of neurons. At present, although the exact pathogenesis of AD is still unclear and there is a lack of effective treatment for AD in clinical practice, researchers have never stopped exploring the pathogenic mechanism of AD. In recent years, with the rise of the research of extracellular vesicles (EVs), people gradually realize that EVs also play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Exosomes, as a member of the small EVs, are regarded as carriers for information exchange and material transport between cells. Many cells of the central nervous system can release exosomes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes derived from damaged nerve cells can not only participate in Aβ production and oligomerization, but also disseminate the toxic proteins of Aβ and tau to neighboring neurons, thereby acting as "seeds" to amplify the toxic effects of misfolded proteins. Furthermore, exosomes may also be involved in the degradation and clearance process of Aβ. There is increasing evidence to suggest that exosomes play multiple roles in AD. Just like a double-edged sword, exosomes can participate in AD pathology in a direct or indirect way, causing neuronal loss, and can also participate in alleviating the pathological progression of AD. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current reported research findings on this double-edged role of exosomes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zubo Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suyuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuhe Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Lim WQ, Michelle Luk KH, Lee KY, Nurul N, Loh SJ, Yeow ZX, Wong QX, Daniel Looi QH, Chong PP, How CW, Hamzah S, Foo JB. Small Extracellular Vesicles' miRNAs: Biomarkers and Therapeutics for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041216. [PMID: 37111701 PMCID: PMC10143523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are critical in the healthcare system as patients suffer from progressive diseases despite currently available drug management. Indeed, the growing ageing population will burden the country's healthcare system and the caretakers. Thus, there is a need for new management that could stop or reverse the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cells possess a remarkable regenerative potential that has long been investigated to resolve these issues. Some breakthroughs have been achieved thus far to replace the damaged brain cells; however, the procedure's invasiveness has prompted scientists to investigate using stem-cell small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as a non-invasive cell-free therapy to address the limitations of cell therapy. With the advancement of technology to understand the molecular changes of neurodegenerative diseases, efforts have been made to enrich stem cells' sEVs with miRNAs to increase the therapeutic efficacy of the sEVs. In this article, the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases is highlighted. The role of miRNAs from sEVs as biomarkers and treatments is also discussed. Lastly, the applications and delivery of stem cells and their miRNA-enriched sEVs for treating neurodegenerative diseases are emphasised and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qing Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kie Hoon Michelle Luk
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kah Yee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nasuha Nurul
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sin Jade Loh
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Xiong Yeow
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Qi Xuan Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Qi Hao Daniel Looi
- My CytoHealth Sdn. Bhd., Lab 6, DMC Level 2, Hive 5, Taman Teknologi MRANTI, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Pan Pan Chong
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Hamzah
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Dual action of exosomes derived from in vitro Aβ toxicity model: The role of age for pathological response. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 106:104874. [PMID: 36470179 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes released from different cell types of the central nervous system play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to create an animal model by injecting exosomes that carry AD markers into the brain to shed light on the mechanism behind Alzheimer's pathology. Exosomes obtained from mouse Neuro2A, to which Aβ toxicity model applied, were used as a mediator to build an AD phenotype. For this purpose, exosomes were administered into hippocampal CA3 region of mice with different ages. Firstly, the possible role of exosomes on brain volume was analyzed. Then, neurons and astrocytes were evaluated for survival. In addition, the progenitor cells' differentiation capacity was investigated via BrdU staining. AKT signaling pathway components were examined to detect the molecular mechanisms behind the exosomal function. We found different responses in different age groups. Expression of APP upregulated only in young animals upon delivery of Aβ-exosomes. Interestingly, young animals represented increased numbers of neurons in the hippocampus, and neurogenesis was found to be restricted after Aβ-Ex injections. However, in relation to exosome administration, the glial intensity increased in aged animals. Lastly, phosphorylation of survival kinase AKT was downregulated due to the presence of Aβ in both young and old animals. The findings reveal that the exosomes from an in vitro Aβ toxicity model may induce different responses in an age-dependent manner. This study is the first to report the relationship between exosomal function and aging by evaluating the key molecules.
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Zhao Y, Gu Y, Zhang Q, Liu H, Liu Y. The Potential Roles of Exosomes Carrying APP and Tau Cleavage Products in Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051883. [PMID: 36902671 PMCID: PMC10003549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia throughout the world. It is characterized by major amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), respectively. Exosomes, which are secreted by cells, are single-membrane lipid bilayer vesicles found in bodily fluids and they have a diameter of 30-150 nm. Recently, they have been considered as critical carriers and biomarkers in AD, as they facilitate communication between cells and tissues by delivering proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This review demonstrates that exosomes are natural nanocontainers that carry APP as well as Tau cleavage products secreted by neuronal cells and that their formation is associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Moreover, these exosomes can transfer AD pathological molecules and participate in the pathophysiological process of AD; therefore, they have potential diagnostic and therapeutic value for AD and might also provide novel insights for screening and prevention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yujin Gu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Qili Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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11
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Tohumeken S, Deme P, Yoo SW, Gupta S, Rais R, Slusher BS, Haughey NJ. Neuronal deletion of nSMase2 reduces the production of Aβ and directly protects neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105987. [PMID: 36603748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to regulate the deposition of Aβ. Multiple publications have shown that APP, amyloid processing enzymes and Aβ peptides are associated with EVs. However, very little Aβ is associated with EVs compared with the total amount Aβ present in human plasma, CSF, or supernatants from cultured neurons. The involvement of EVs has largely been inferred by pharmacological inhibition or whole body deletion of the sphingomyelin hydrolase neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) that is a key regulator for the biogenesis of at-least one population of EVs. Here we used a Cre-Lox system to selectively delete nSMase2 from pyramidal neurons in APP/PS1 mice (APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1) and found a ∼ 70% reduction in Aβ deposition at 6 months of age and ∼ 35% reduction at 12 months of age in both cortex and hippocampus. Brain ceramides were increased in APP/PS1 compared with Wt mice, but were similar to Wt in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice suggesting that elevated brain ceramides in this model involves neuronally expressed nSMase2. Reduced levels of PSD95 and deficits of long-term potentiation in APP/PS1 mice were normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice. In contrast, elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα in APP/PS1 mice were not normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice compared with APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the size of liquid ordered membrane microdomains was increased in APP/PS1 mice, as were the amounts of APP and BACE1 localized to these microdomains. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 activity with PDDC reduced the size of the liquid ordered membrane microdomains, reduced the localization of APP with BACE1 and reduced the production of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. Although inhibition of nSMase2 reduced the release and increased the size of EVs, very little Aβ was associated with EVs in all conditions tested. We also found that nSMase2 directly protected neurons from the toxic effects of oligomerized Aβ and preserved neural network connectivity despite considerable Aβ deposition. These data demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in the production of Aβ by stabilizing the interaction of APP with BACE1 in liquid ordered membrane microdomains, and directly protects neurons from the toxic effects of Aβ. The effects of inhibiting nSMase2 on EV biogenesis may be independent from effects on Aβ production and neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehmus Tohumeken
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Pragney Deme
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Seung Wan Yoo
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Sujasha Gupta
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Rana Rais
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Oncology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Neuroscience, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Norman J Haughey
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America.
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12
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Whitehead M, Yusoff S, Ahmad S, Schmidt L, Mayr M, Madine J, Middleton D, Shanahan CM. Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence accelerates medin aggregation via small extracellular vesicle secretion and extracellular matrix reorganization. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13746. [PMID: 36433666 PMCID: PMC9924949 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular amyloidosis, caused when peptide monomers aggregate into insoluble amyloid, is a prevalent age-associated pathology. Aortic medial amyloid (AMA) is the most common human amyloid and is composed of medin, a 50-amino acid peptide. Emerging evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of pathological amyloid accumulation in the extracellular matrix (ECM). To determine the mechanisms of AMA formation with age, we explored the impact of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence, EV secretion, and ECM remodeling on medin accumulation. Medin was detected in EVs secreted from primary VSMCs. Small, round medin aggregates colocalized with EV markers in decellularized ECM in vitro and medin was shown on the surface of EVs deposited in the ECM. Decreasing EV secretion with an inhibitor attenuated aggregation and deposition of medin in the ECM. Medin accumulation in the aortic wall of human subjects was strongly correlated with age and VSMC senescence increased EV secretion, increased EV medin loading and triggered deposition of fibril-like medin. Proteomic analysis showed VSMC senescence induced changes in EV cargo and ECM composition, which led to enhanced EV-ECM binding and accelerated medin aggregation. Abundance of the proteoglycan, HSPG2, was increased in the senescent ECM and colocalized with EVs and medin. Isolated EVs selectively bound to HSPG2 in the ECM and its knock-down decreased formation of fibril-like medin structures. These data identify VSMC-derived EVs and HSPG2 in the ECM as key mediators of medin accumulation, contributing to age-associated AMA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Whitehead
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Syabira Yusoff
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sadia Ahmad
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lukas Schmidt
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jillian Madine
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLondonUK
| | | | - Catherine M. Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
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13
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Celauro L, Zattoni M, Legname G. Prion receptors, prion internalization, intra- and inter-cellular transport. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:15-41. [PMID: 36813357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Celauro
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Zattoni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
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Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Synaptic Dysfunction and Vesicle-Neuron Interaction. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010063. [PMID: 36611856 PMCID: PMC9818402 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered by many to be a synaptic failure. Synaptic function is in fact deeply affected in the very early disease phases and recognized as the main cause of AD-related cognitive impairment. While the reciprocal involvement of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau peptides in these processes is under intense investigation, the crucial role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by different brain cells as vehicles for these molecules and as mediators of early synaptic alterations is gaining more and more ground in the field. In this review, we will summarize the current literature on the contribution of EVs derived from distinct brain cells to neuronal alterations and build a working model for EV-mediated propagation of synaptic dysfunction in early AD. A deeper understanding of EV-neuron interaction will provide useful targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at hampering AD progression.
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15
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Huntingtin and Other Neurodegeneration-Associated Proteins in the Development of Intracellular Pathologies: Potential Target Search for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415533. [PMID: 36555175 PMCID: PMC9779313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are currently incurable. Numerous experimental data accumulated over the past fifty years have brought us closer to understanding the molecular and cell mechanisms responsible for their development. However, these data are not enough for a complete understanding of the genesis of these diseases, nor to suggest treatment methods. It turns out that many cellular pathologies developing during neurodegeneration coincide from disease to disease. These observations give hope to finding a common intracellular target(s) and to offering a universal method of treatment. In this review, we attempt to analyze data on similar cellular disorders among neurodegenerative diseases in general, and polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases in particular, focusing on the interaction of various proteins involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases with various cellular organelles. The main purposes of this review are: (1) to outline the spectrum of common intracellular pathologies and to answer the question of whether it is possible to find potential universal target(s) for therapeutic intervention; (2) to identify specific intracellular pathologies and to speculate about a possible general approach for their treatment.
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16
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Luo F, Guo W, Liu W. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells calcification via the miR-15a/15b/16/NFATc3/OCN axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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de Almeida Fuzeta M, Gonçalves PP, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Cabral JMS, Bernardes N, da Silva CL. From Promise to Reality: Bioengineering Strategies to Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:675. [PMID: 36354586 PMCID: PMC9687169 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the focus of great attention over the last decade, considering their promising application as next-generation therapeutics. EVs have emerged as relevant mediators of intercellular communication, being associated with multiple physiological processes, but also in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given their natural ability to shuttle messages between cells, EVs have been explored both as inherent therapeutics in regenerative medicine and as drug delivery vehicles targeting multiple diseases. However, bioengineering strategies are required to harness the full potential of EVs for therapeutic use. For that purpose, a good understanding of EV biology, from their biogenesis to the way they are able to shuttle messages and establish interactions with recipient cells, is needed. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art on EV biology, complemented by representative examples of EVs roles in several pathophysiological processes, as well as the intrinsic therapeutic properties of EVs and paradigmatic strategies to produce and develop engineered EVs as next-generation drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Almeida Fuzeta
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro P. Gonçalves
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L. da Silva
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Dar GH, Badierah R, Nathan EG, Bhat MA, Dar AH, Redwan EM. Extracellular vesicles: A new paradigm in understanding, diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:967231. [PMID: 36408114 PMCID: PMC9669424 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.967231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are becoming one of the leading causes of disability and death across the globe due to lack of timely preventions and treatments. Concurrently, intensive research efforts are being carried out to understand the etiology of these age-dependent disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-biological nanoparticles released by cells-are gaining tremendous attention in understanding their role in pathogenesis and progression of NDs. EVs have been found to transmit pathogenic proteins of NDs between neurons. Moreover, the ability of EVs to exquisitely surmount natural biological barriers, including blood-brain barrier and in vivo safety has generated interest in exploring them as potential biomarkers and function as natural delivery vehicles of drugs to the central nervous system. However, limited knowledge of EV biogenesis, their heterogeneity and lack of adequate isolation and analysis tools have hampered their therapeutic potential. In this review, we cover the recent advances in understanding the role of EVs in neurodegeneration and address their role as biomarkers and delivery vehicles to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hassan Dar
- Department of Biochemistry, S.P. College, Cluster University Srinagar, Srinagar, India
- Hassan Khoyihami Memorial Degree College, Bandipora, India
| | - Raied Badierah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erica G. Nathan
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge Cancer Center, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abid Hamid Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
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Busch L, Eggert S, Endres K, Bufe B. The Hidden Role of Non-Canonical Amyloid β Isoforms in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:3421. [PMID: 36359817 PMCID: PMC9654995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have placed the pro-inflammatory activity of amyloid β (Aβ) on microglia cells as the focus of research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Researchers are confronted with an astonishing spectrum of over 100 different Aβ variants with variable length and chemical modifications. With the exception of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40, the biological significance of most peptides for AD is as yet insufficiently understood. We therefore aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of these neglected Aβ variants to microglia activation. First, the impact of Aβ receptors, signaling cascades, scavenger mechanisms, and genetic variations on the physiological responses towards various Aβ species is described. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of different types of amyloid precursor protein processing for the generation of these Aβ variants in microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, and highlight how alterations in secondary structures and oligomerization affect Aβ neurotoxicity. In sum, the data indicate that gene polymorphisms in Aβ-driven signaling pathways in combination with the production and activity of different Aβ variants might be crucial factors for the initiation and progression of different forms of AD. A deeper assessment of their interplay with glial cells may pave the way towards novel therapeutic strategies for individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Busch
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Bufe
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
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20
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Yuyama K, Sun H, Igarashi Y, Monde K, Hirase T, Nakayama M, Makino Y. Immuno-digital invasive cleavage assay for analyzing Alzheimer's amyloid ß-bound extracellular vesicles. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:140. [PMID: 36184615 PMCID: PMC9528138 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protracted preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides the opportunity for early intervention to prevent the disease; however, the lack of minimally invasive and easily detectable biomarkers and their measurement technologies remain unresolved. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane vesicles released from a variety of cells and play important roles in cell-cell communication. Neuron-derived and ganglioside-enriched EVs capture amyloid-ß protein, a major AD agent, and transport it into glial cells for degradation; this suggests that EVs influence Aß accumulation in the brain. EV heterogeneity, however, requires the use of a highly sensitive technique for measuring specific EVs in biofluid. In this study, immuno-digital invasive cleavage assay (idICA) was developed for quantitating target-intact EVs. METHODS EVs were captured onto ganglioside GM1-specific cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-conjugated magnetic beads and detected with a DNA oligonucleotide-labeled Aß antibody. Fluorescence signals for individual EVs were then counted using an invasive cleavage assay (ICA). This idICA examines the Aß-bound and GM1-containing EVs isolated from the culture supernatant of human APP-overexpressing N2a (APP-N2a) cells and APP transgenic mice sera. RESULTS The idICA quantitatively detected Aß-bound and GM1-containing EVs isolated from culture supernatants of APP-N2a cells and sera of AD model mice. The idICA levels of Aß-associated EVs in blood gradually increased from 3- to 12-month-old mice, corresponding to the progression of Aß accumulations in the brain of AD model mice. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that peripheral EVs harboring Aß and GM1 reflect Aß burden in mice. The idICA is a valuable tool for easy quantitative detection of EVs as an accessible biomarker for preclinical AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yuyama
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Hui Sun
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takumi Hirase
- Technical Research Institute, TOPPAN INC., 4-2-3 Takanodaiminami, Sugito-machi, Saitama, 345-8508, Japan
| | - Masato Nakayama
- Technical Research Institute, TOPPAN INC., 4-2-3 Takanodaiminami, Sugito-machi, Saitama, 345-8508, Japan
| | - Yoichi Makino
- Technical Research Institute, TOPPAN INC., 4-2-3 Takanodaiminami, Sugito-machi, Saitama, 345-8508, Japan
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21
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Grimaldi I, Leser FS, Janeiro JM, da Rosa BG, Campanelli AC, Romão L, Lima FRS. The multiple functions of PrP C in physiological, cancer, and neurodegenerative contexts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1405-1425. [PMID: 36056255 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a highly conserved glycoprotein, present both anchored in the cell membrane and soluble in the extracellular medium. It has a diversity of ligands and is variably expressed in numerous tissues and cell subtypes, most notably in the central nervous system (CNS). Its importance has been brought to light over the years both under physiological conditions, such as embryogenesis and immune system homeostasis, and in pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. During development, PrPC plays an important role in CNS, participating in axonal growth and guidance and differentiation of glial cells, but also in other organs such as the heart, lung, and digestive system. In diseases, PrPC has been related to several types of tumors, modulating cancer stem cells, enhancing malignant properties, and inducing drug resistance. Also, in non-neoplastic diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, PrPC seems to alter the dynamics of neurotoxic aggregate formation and, consequently, the progression of the disease. In this review, we explore in detail the multiple functions of this protein, which proved to be relevant for understanding the dynamics of organism homeostasis, as well as a promising target in the treatment of both neoplastic and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Grimaldi
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saceanu Leser
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Marcos Janeiro
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Gomes da Rosa
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Campanelli
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Romão
- Cell Morphogenesis Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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22
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Li X, Su L, Zhang X, Chen Q, Wang Y, Shen Z, Zhong T, Wang L, Xiao Y, Feng X, Yu X. Recent Advances on the Function and Purification of Milk Exosomes: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:871346. [PMID: 35757254 PMCID: PMC9219579 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.871346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles, which can be used as drug carriers, tumor treatment, intestinal development and immune regulator. That is why it has great potential in pharmacy, functional foods, nutritional supplements, especially those for infants, postoperative patients, chemotherapy patients and the elderly. In addition, abnormal exosome level is also related to diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, tumor, diabetes, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, as well as infectious diseases. Despite its high biological significance, pharmaceutical and nutritional value, the low abundancy of exosomes in milk is one of the bottlenecks restricting its in-depth research and real-life application. At present, there is no unified standard for the extraction of breast milk exosomes. Therefore, choosing the proper extraction method is very critical for its subsequent research and development. Based on this, this paper reviewed the purification techniques, the function and the possible applications of milk exosomes based on 47 latest references. Humble advices on future directions, prospects on new ideas and methods which are useful for the study of exosomes are proposed at the end of the paper as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Su
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinling Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Shen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Shafiq M, Da Vela S, Amin L, Younas N, Harris DA, Zerr I, Altmeppen HC, Svergun D, Glatzel M. The prion protein and its ligands: Insights into structure-function relationships. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119240. [PMID: 35192891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein is a multifunctional protein that exists in at least two different folding states. It is subject to diverse proteolytic processing steps that lead to prion protein fragments some of which are membrane-bound whereas others are soluble. A multitude of ligands bind to the prion protein and besides proteinaceous binding partners, interaction with metal ions and nucleic acids occurs. Although of great importance, information on structural and functional consequences of prion protein binding to its partners is limited. Here, we will reflect on the structure-function relationship of the prion protein and its binding partners considering the different folding states and prion protein fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Da Vela
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg c/o German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ladan Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - David A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg c/o German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Yakovlev AA. Neuroprotective Effects of Astrocyte Extracellular Vesicles in Stroke. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Han X, Wang C, Song L, Wang X, Tang S, Hou T, Liu C, Liang X, Qiu C, Wang Y, Du Y. KIBRA regulates amyloid β metabolism by controlling extracellular vesicles secretion. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103980. [PMID: 35367771 PMCID: PMC8983338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has revealed that KIBRA controls secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by inhibiting the proteasomal degradation of Rab27a and EVs play an important role in amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism and transmission during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we further test the hypothesis that KIBRA regulates Aβ metabolism via the endosomal-lysosomal system. Methods We generated KIBRA knockout mice on a 5XFAD background and KIBRA knockdown cells in murine HT22 cells with stably overexpressing APP. Various forms of Aβ and quantification of EVs were analyzed by biochemical methods and nanoparticle tracking analysis, respectively. Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) were visualized by electron microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy. In a population-based cohort (n = 1419), KIBRA genotypes and plasma Aβ levels were analyzed using multiple-PCR amplification and Simoa, respectively. Findings Multiple forms of Aβ were dramatically attenuated in KIBRA knockout mouse brain, including monomers, oligomers, and extracellular deposition, but KIBRA knockout had no effect on intraneuronal APP C-terminal fragment β (APP-CTFβ)/Aβ levels. KIBRA depletion also decreased APP-CTFβ/Aβ-associated EVs secretion and subsequently enhanced MVBs number. Furthermore, we found that excessive accumulation of MVBs harboring APP-CTFβ/Aβ promoted the MVBs-lysosome fusion for degradation and inhibition of lysosomal function rescued secretion of APP-CTFβ/Aβ-associated EVs. More importantly, whole exon sequencing of KIBRA in a large population-based cohort identified the association of KIBRA rs28421695 polymorphism with plasma Aβ levels. Interpretation These results demonstrate that KIBRA regulates Aβ metabolism via controlling the secretion of APP-CTFβ/Aβ-associated EVs. Funding National Key R&D Program of China, and National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center and Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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26
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Pergande MR, Kang C, George D, Sutter PA, Crocker SJ, Cologna SM, Givogri MI. Lipidomic analysis identifies age-disease-related changes and potential new biomarkers in brain-derived extracellular vesicles from metachromatic leukodystrophy mice. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:32. [PMID: 35351138 PMCID: PMC8962106 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings show that extracellular vesicle constituents can exert short- and long-range biological effects on neighboring cells in the brain, opening an exciting avenue for investigation in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Although it is well documented that extracellular vesicles contain many lipids and are enriched in sphingomyelin, cholesterol, phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylinositols, no reports have addressed the lipidomic profile of brain derived EVs in the context of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disease with established metabolic alterations in sulfatides. METHODS In this study, we isolated and characterized the lipid content of brain-derived EVs using the arylsulfatase A knockout mouse as a model of the human condition. RESULTS Our results suggest that biogenesis of brain-derived EVs is a tightly regulated process in terms of size and protein concentration during postnatal life. Our lipidomic analysis demonstrated that sulfatides and their precursors (ceramides) as well as other lipids including fatty acids are altered in an age-dependent manner in EVs isolated from the brain of the knockout mouse. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the possible involvement of EVs in the pathology of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, our study underlines that measuring lipid signatures in EVs may be useful as biomarkers of disease, with potential application to other genetic lipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Christina Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood St. M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Diann George
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood St. M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pearl A Sutter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.,Laboratory for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood St. M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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27
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Yamaguchi H, Kawahara H, Kodera N, Kumaki A, Tada Y, Tang Z, Sakai K, Ono K, Yamada M, Hanayama R. Extracellular Vesicles Contribute to the Metabolism of Transthyretin Amyloid in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:839917. [PMID: 35402512 PMCID: PMC8983912 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.839917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary (variant) transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv amyloidosis), which is caused by variants in the transthyretin (TTR) gene, leads to TTR amyloid deposits in multiple organs and various symptoms such as limb ataxia, muscle weakness, and cardiac failure. Interaction between amyloid proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are secreted by various cells, is known to promote the clearance of the proteins, but it is unclear whether EVs are involved in the formation and deposition of TTR amyloid in ATTRv amyloidosis. To clarify the relationship between ATTRv amyloidosis and EVs, serum-derived EVs were analyzed. In this study, we showed that cell-derived EVs are involved in the formation of TTR amyloid deposits on the membrane of small EVs, as well as the deposition of TTR amyloid in cells. Human serum-derived small EVs also altered the degree of aggregation and deposition of TTR. Furthermore, the amount of TTR aggregates in serum-derived small EVs in patients with ATTRv amyloidosis was lower than that in healthy controls. These results indicate that EVs contribute to the metabolism of TTR amyloid, and suggest that TTR in serum-derived small EVs is a potential target for future ATTRv amyloidosis diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Kawahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hironori Kawahara, ; Rikinari Hanayama,
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayanori Kumaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasutake Tada
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Zixin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Kudanzaka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hironori Kawahara, ; Rikinari Hanayama,
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28
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Gene-Edited Cell Models to Study Chronic Wasting Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030609. [PMID: 35337016 PMCID: PMC8950194 DOI: 10.3390/v14030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders affecting both humans and animals. They are caused by the misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), PrPSc, and currently no options exist to prevent or cure prion diseases. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer, elk and other cervids is considered the most contagious prion disease, with extensive shedding of infectivity into the environment. Cell culture models provide a versatile platform for convenient quantification of prions, for studying the molecular and cellular biology of prions, and for performing high-throughput screening of potential therapeutic compounds. Unfortunately, only a very limited number of cell lines are available that facilitate robust and persistent propagation of CWD prions. Gene-editing using programmable nucleases (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 (CC9)) has proven to be a valuable tool for high precision site-specific gene modification, including gene deletion, insertion, and replacement. CC9-based gene editing was used recently for replacing the PrP gene in mouse and cell culture models, as efficient prion propagation usually requires matching sequence homology between infecting prions and prion protein in the recipient host. As expected, such gene-editing proved to be useful for developing CWD models. Several transgenic mouse models were available that propagate CWD prions effectively, however, mostly fail to reproduce CWD pathogenesis as found in the cervid host, including CWD prion shedding. This is different for the few currently available knock-in mouse models that seem to do so. In this review, we discuss the available in vitro and in vivo models of CWD, and the impact of gene-editing strategies.
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29
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Nicholson S, Baccarelli A, Prada D. Role of brain extracellular vesicles in air pollution-related cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112316. [PMID: 34728237 PMCID: PMC8671239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A relationship between environmental exposure to air pollution and cognitive impairment and neurological disorders has been described. Previous literature has focused on the direct effects of the air pollution components on neuronal and glial cells, as well as on involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation on microglia and astrocyte reactivity. However, other mechanisms involved in the air pollution effects on central nervous system (CNS) toxicity can be playing critical roles. Increasingly, extracellular vesicle's (EVs) mediated intercellular communication is being recognized as impacting the development of cognitive impairment and neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and others. Here we describe the available evidence about toxic air pollutants and its components on brain, an involvement of brain cells specific and EVs types (based in the origin or in the size of EVs) in the initiation, exacerbation, and propagation of the neurotoxic effects (inflammation, neurodegeneration, and accumulation of neurotoxic proteins) induced by air pollution in the CNS. Additionally, we discuss the identification and isolation of neural-derived EVs from human plasma, the most common markers for neural-derived EVs, and their potential for use as diagnostic or therapeutic molecules for air pollution-related cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia Nicholson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Diddier Prada
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA; Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
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30
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Mohammadi B, Song F, Matamoros-Angles A, Shafiq M, Damme M, Puig B, Glatzel M, Altmeppen HC. Anchorless risk or released benefit? An updated view on the ADAM10-mediated shedding of the prion protein. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:215-234. [PMID: 35084572 PMCID: PMC10113312 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is a broadly expressed glycoprotein linked with a multitude of (suggested) biological and pathological implications. Some of these roles seem to be due to constitutively generated proteolytic fragments of the protein. Among them is a soluble PrP form, which is released from the surface of neurons and other cell types by action of the metalloprotease ADAM10 in a process termed 'shedding'. The latter aspect is the focus of this review, which aims to provide a comprehensive overview on (i) the relevance of proteolytic processing in regulating cellular PrP functions, (ii) currently described involvement of shed PrP in neurodegenerative diseases (including prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease), (iii) shed PrP's expected roles in intercellular communication in many more (patho)physiological conditions (such as stroke, cancer or immune responses), (iv) and the need for improved research tools in respective (future) studies. Deeper mechanistic insight into roles played by PrP shedding and its resulting fragment may pave the way for improved diagnostics and future therapeutic approaches in diseases of the brain and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Working Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology (INI Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Kovač V, Čurin Šerbec V. Prion Protein: The Molecule of Many Forms and Faces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031232. [PMID: 35163156 PMCID: PMC8835406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein most abundantly found in the outer membrane of neurons. Due to structural characteristics (a flexible tail and structured core), PrPC interacts with a wide range of partners. Although PrPC has been proposed to be involved in many physiological functions, only peripheral nerve myelination homeostasis has been confirmed as a bona fide function thus far. PrPC misfolding causes prion diseases and PrPC has been shown to mediate β-rich oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease as well as neuroprotection in ischemia. Upon proteolytic cleavage, PrPC is transformed into released and attached forms of PrP that can, depending on the contained structural characteristics of PrPC, display protective or toxic properties. In this review, we will outline prion protein and prion protein fragment properties as well as overview their involvement with interacting partners and signal pathways in myelination, neuroprotection and neurodegenerative diseases.
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32
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Wasilewski D, Villalba-Moreno ND, Stange I, Glatzel M, Sepulveda-Falla D, Krasemann S. Reactive Astrocytes Contribute to Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Neurotoxicity and Synaptotoxicity in a Neuron-Astrocyte Co-culture Assay. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:739411. [PMID: 35126055 PMCID: PMC8813976 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.739411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include deposition and accumulation of amyloid- β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangle formation, and neuronal loss. Pathogenesis of presymptomatic disease stages remains elusive, although studies suggest that the early structural and functional alterations likely occur at neuronal dendritic spines. Presymptomatic alterations may also affect different CNS cell types. However, specific contributions of these cell types as cause or consequence of pathology are difficult to study in vivo. There is a shortage of relatively simple, well-defined, and validated in vitro models that allow a straightforward interpretation of results and recapitulate aspects of pathophysiology. For instance, dissecting the AD-related processes (e.g., neurotoxicity vs. synaptotoxicity) may be difficult with the common cell-based systems such as neuronal cell lines or primary neurons. To investigate and characterize the impact of reactive astrocytes on neuronal morphology in the context of AD-related cues, we modified an in vitro co-culture assay of primary mouse neurons and primary mouse astrocytes based on the so-called Banker “sandwich” co-culture assay. Here, we provide a simple and modular assay with fully differentiated primary mouse neurons to study the paracrine interactions between the neurons and the astrocytes in the co-culture setting. Readouts were obtained from both cell types in our assay. Astrocyte feeder cells were pre-exposed to neuroinflammatory conditions by means of Aβ42, Aβ40, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Non-cell autonomous toxic effects of reactive astrocytes on neurons were assessed using the Sholl analysis to evaluate the dendritic complexity, whereas synaptic puncta served as a readout of synaptotoxicity. Here, we show that astrocytes actively contribute to the phenotype of the primary neurons in an AD-specific context, emphasizing the role of different cell types in AD pathology. The cytokine expression pattern was significantly altered in the treated astrocytes. Of note, the impact of reactive astrocytes on neurons was highly dependent on the defined cell ratios. Our co-culture system is modular, of low cost, and allows us to probe aspects of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation between the two major CNS cell types, neurons, and astrocytes, under well-defined experimental conditions. Our easy-to-follow protocol, including work-flow figures, may also provide a methodological outline to study the interactions of astrocytes and neurons in the context of other diseases in the future.
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Wang Y, Amdanee N, Zhang X. Exosomes in schizophrenia: Pathophysiological mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Eur Psychiatry 2022; 65:e61. [PMID: 36082534 PMCID: PMC9532215 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While schizophrenia (SCZ) is a devastating psychiatric disorder that detrimentally affects a significant portion of the worldwide population, its diagnosis is traditionally based on a relatively subjective assessment of current symptoms and medical history, devoid of an objective diagnostic modality. Antipsychotic medications are commonly used in the treatment of SCZ; however, some patients have low remission rates or forsake treatment due to the associated multiple side effects, resulting in recurrent episodes of the disease and poor prognosis. These situations imply that the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of SCZ need to be improved to increase the odds of a better outcome. Mounting studies have found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play essential roles in the central nervous system. They are implicated in several mechanisms closely associated with SCZ such as cellular communication and synaptic plasticity. They can additionally exhibit neuroprotective and therapeutic effects. Since they possess distinct constituents, are readily available, easily detectable, and dependent on the internal environment, they can potentially serve as reliable biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Moreover, their biological configuration along with their ability to increase the bioavailability of their constituents and modulate intricate intracellular reactions in target cells, propel EVs as new targets for treatment. This review paper summarizes relevant research pertaining to the roles of EVs in SCZ, with the aim of improving insights into SCZ pathogenesis and evaluating EVs as potential biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of SCZ.
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Mantuano E, Azmoon P, Banki MA, Sigurdson CJ, Campana WM, Gonias SL. A Soluble PrP C Derivative and Membrane-Anchored PrP C in Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Innate Immunity by Engaging the NMDA-R/LRP1 Receptor Complex. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:85-96. [PMID: 34810220 PMCID: PMC8702456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC) demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity; however, the responsible mechanisms are incompletely defined. PrPC exists as a GPI-anchored membrane protein in diverse cells; however, PrPC may be released from cells by ADAM proteases or when packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we show that a soluble derivative of PrPC (S-PrP) counteracts inflammatory responses triggered by pattern recognition receptors in macrophages, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, NOD1, and NOD2. S-PrP also significantly attenuates the toxicity of LPS in mice. The response of macrophages to S-PrP is mediated by a receptor assembly that includes the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). PrPC was identified in EVs isolated from human plasma. These EVs replicated the activity of S-PrP, inhibiting cytokine expression and IκBα phosphorylation in LPS-treated macrophages. The effects of plasma EVs on LPS-treated macrophages were blocked by PrPC-specific Ab, by antagonists of LRP1 and the NMDA-R, by deleting Lrp1 in macrophages, and by inhibiting Src family kinases. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C dissociated the LPS-regulatory activity from EVs, rendering the EVs inactive as LPS inhibitors. The LPS-regulatory activity that was lost from phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-treated EVs was recovered in solution. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GPI-anchored PrPC is the essential EV component required for the observed immune regulatory activity of human plasma EVs. S-PrP and EV-associated PrPC regulate innate immunity by engaging the NMDA-R/LRP1 receptor system in macrophages. The scope of pattern recognition receptors antagonized by S-PrP suggests that released forms of PrPC may have broad anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael A Banki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Wendy M Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;
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Kaur S, Verma H, Dhiman M, Tell G, Gigli GL, Janes F, Mantha AK. Brain Exosomes: Friend or Foe in Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6610-6624. [PMID: 34595669 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. It is known to be a multifactorial disease and several causes are associated with its occurrence as well as progression. However, the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is widely considered its major pathogenic hallmark. Additionally, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and aging (cellular senescence) are considered as additional hits affecting the disease pathology. Several studies are now suggesting important role of inflammation in AD, which shifts our thought towards the brain's resident immune cells, microglia, and astrocytes; how they interact with neurons; and how these interactions are affected by intra and extracellular stressful factors. These interactions can be modulated by different mechanisms and pathways, in which exosomes could play an important role. Exosomes are multivesicular bodies secreted by nearly all types of cells. The exosomes secreted by glial cells or neurons affect the interactions and thus the physiology of these cells by transmitting miRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can serve as a friend or foe to the neuron function, depending upon the carried signals. Exosomes, from the healthy microenvironment, may assist neuron function and health, whereas, from the stressed microenvironment, they carry oxidative and inflammatory signals to the neurons and thus prove detrimental to the neuronal function. Furthermore, exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and from the blood plasma they can enter the brain cells and activate microglia and astrocytes. Exosomes can transport Aβ or Tau, cytokines, miRNAs between the cells, and alter the physiology of recipient cells. They can also assist in Aβ clearance and regulation of synaptic activity. The exosomes derived from different cells play different roles, and this field is still in its infancy stage. This review advocates exosomes' role as a friend or foe in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in the case of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences , Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda151 401, Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences , Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Clinical Neurology, Udine University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Anil K Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda151 401, Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Mattingly J, Li Y, Bihl JC, Wang J. The promise of exosome applications in treating central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1437-1445. [PMID: 34636491 PMCID: PMC8611778 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXs), a type of extracellular vesicles, are secreted from virtually all types of cells. EXs serve as cell-to-cell communicators by conveying proteins and nucleic acids with regulatory functions. Increasing evidence shows that EXs are implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Moreover, EXs have recently been highlighted as a new promising therapeutic strategy for in vivo delivery of nucleotides and drugs. Studies have revealed that infusion of EXs elicits beneficial effects on the CNS injury animal models. As compared to cell-based therapy, EXs-based therapy for CNS diseases has unique advantages, opening a new path for neurological medicine. In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge of EXs, the roles and applications of EXs as a viable pathological biomarker, and EX-based therapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Mattingly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBoonshoft School of MedicineWright State UniversityDaytonOhioUSA
| | - Ji C. Bihl
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
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Linsenmeier L, Mohammadi B, Shafiq M, Frontzek K, Bär J, Shrivastava AN, Damme M, Song F, Schwarz A, Da Vela S, Massignan T, Jung S, Correia A, Schmitz M, Puig B, Hornemann S, Zerr I, Tatzelt J, Biasini E, Saftig P, Schweizer M, Svergun D, Amin L, Mazzola F, Varani L, Thapa S, Gilch S, Schätzl H, Harris DA, Triller A, Mikhaylova M, Aguzzi A, Altmeppen HC, Glatzel M. Ligands binding to the prion protein induce its proteolytic release with therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative proteinopathies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj1826. [PMID: 34818048 PMCID: PMC8612689 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrPC) is a central player in neurodegenerative diseases, such as prion diseases or Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to disease-promoting cell surface PrPC, extracellular fragments act neuroprotective by blocking neurotoxic disease-associated protein conformers. Fittingly, PrPC release by the metalloprotease ADAM10 represents a protective mechanism. We used biochemical, cell biological, morphological, and structural methods to investigate mechanisms stimulating this proteolytic shedding. Shed PrP negatively correlates with prion conversion and is markedly redistributed in murine brain in the presence of prion deposits or amyloid plaques, indicating a sequestrating activity. PrP-directed ligands cause structural changes in PrPC and increased shedding in cells and organotypic brain slice cultures. As an exception, some PrP-directed antibodies targeting repetitive epitopes do not cause shedding but surface clustering, endocytosis, and degradation of PrPC. Both mechanisms may contribute to beneficial actions described for PrP-directed ligands and pave the way for new therapeutic strategies against currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Bär
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amulya N. Shrivastava
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Da Vela
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania Massignan
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Angela Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Dmitri Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ladan Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federica Mazzola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simrika Thapa
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hermann Schätzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hermann C. Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Extracellular Vesicles Taken up by Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910553. [PMID: 34638890 PMCID: PMC8508591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of lipid bilayer membranes and contain various molecules, such as mRNA and microRNA (miRNA), that regulate the functions of the recipient cell. Recent studies have reported the importance of EV-mediated intercellular communication in the brain. The brain contains several types of cells, including neurons and glial cells. Among them, astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the mammalian brain and play a wide range of roles, from structural maintenance of the brain to regulation of neurotransmission. Furthermore, since astrocytes can take up EVs, it is possible that EVs originating from inside and outside the brain affect astrocyte function, which in turn affects brain function. However, it has not been fully clarified whether the specific targeting mechanism of EVs to astrocytes as recipient cells exists. In recent years, EVs have attracted attention as a cell-targeted therapeutic approach in various organs, and elucidation of the targeting mechanism of EVs to astrocytes may pave the way for new therapies for brain diseases. In this review, we focus on EVs in the brain that affect astrocyte function and discuss the targeting mechanism of EVs to astrocytes.
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Madhu P, Mukhopadhyay S. Distinct types of amyloid-β oligomers displaying diverse neurotoxicity mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1594-1608. [PMID: 34494298 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers of amyloid-β (Aβ) are recognized as key pernicious species in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that cause synaptic dysfunction and memory impairments. Numerous studies have identified various types of Aβ oligomers having heterogeneous peptide length, size distribution, structure, appearance, and toxicity. Here, we review the characteristics of soluble Aβ oligomers based on their morphology, size, and structural reactivity toward the conformation-specific antibodies and then describe their formation, localization, and cellular effects in AD brains, in vivo and in vitro. We also summarize the mechanistic pathways by which these soluble Aβ oligomers cause proteasomal impairment, calcium dyshomeostasis, inhibition of long-term potentiation, apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, and cognitive decline. These cellular events include three distinct molecular mechanisms: (i) high-affinity binding with the receptors for Aβ oligomers such as N-methyl- d-aspartate receptors, cellular prion protein, nerve growth factor, insulin receptors, and frizzled receptors; (ii) the interaction of Aβ oligomers with the lipid membranes; (iii) intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ by α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, apolipoprotein E, and receptor for advanced glycation end products. These studies indicate that there is a pressing need to carefully examine the role of size, appearance, and the conformation of oligomers in identifying the specific mechanism of neurotoxicity that may uncover potential targets for designing AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Madhu
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India
| | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India
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40
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Dexter E, Kong Q. Neuroprotective effect and potential of cellular prion protein and its cleavage products for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders part II: strategies for therapeutics development. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:983-991. [PMID: 34470554 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1965882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The cellular prion protein (PrPC), some of its derivatives (especially PrP N-terminal N1 peptide and shed PrP), and PrPC-containing exosomes have strong neuroprotective activities, which have been reviewed in the companion article (Part I) and are briefly summarized here.Areas covered: We propose that elevating the extracellular levels of a protective PrP form using gene therapy and other approaches is a very promising novel avenue for prophylactic and therapeutic treatments against prion disease, Alzheimer's disease, and several other neurodegenerative diseases. We will dissect the pros and cons of various potential PrP-based treatment options and propose a few strategies that are more likely to succeed. The cited references were obtained from extensive PubMed searches of recent literature, including peer-reviewed original articles and review articles.Expert opinion: Concurrent knockdown of celllular PrP expression and elevation of the extracellular levels of a neuroprotective PrP N-terminal peptide via optimized gene therapy vectors is a highly promising broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against several neurodegenerative diseases, including prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dexter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Dexter E, Kong Q. Neuroprotective effect and potential of cellular prion protein and its cleavage products for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders part I. a literature review. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:969-982. [PMID: 34470561 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1965881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is well known for its pathogenic roles in prion diseases, several other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), and multiple types of cancer, but the beneficial aspects of PrPC and its cleavage products received much less attention. AREAS COVERED Here the authors will systematically review the literatures on the negative as well as protective aspects of PrPC and its derivatives (especially PrP N-terminal N1 peptide and shed PrP). The authors will dissect the current findings on N1 and shed PrP, including evidence for their neuroprotective effects, the categories of PrPC cleavage, and numerous cleavage enzymes involved. The authors will also discuss the protective effects and therapeutic potentials of PrPC-rich exosomes. The cited articles were obtained from extensive PubMed searches of recent literature, including peer-reviewed original articles and review articles. EXPERT OPINION PrP and its N-terminal fragments have strong neuroprotective activities that should be explored for therapeutics and prophylactics development against prion disease, Alzheimer's disease and a few other neurodegenerative diseases. The strategies to develop PrP-based therapeutics and prophylactics for these neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in a companion article (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dexter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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Pinson MR, Chung DD, Adams AM, Scopice C, Payne EA, Sivakumar M, Miranda RC. Extracellular Vesicles in Premature Aging and Diseases in Adulthood Due to Developmental Exposures. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1516-1535. [PMID: 34527425 PMCID: PMC8407878 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is a paradigm that links prenatal and early life exposures that occur during crucial periods of development to health outcome and risk of disease later in life. Maternal exposures to stress, some psychoactive drugs and alcohol, and environmental chemicals, among others, may result in functional changes in developing fetal tissues, creating a predisposition for disease in the individual as they age. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be mediators of both the immediate effects of exposure during development and early childhood as well as the long-term consequences of exposure that lead to increased risk and disease severity later in life. Given the prevalence of diseases with developmental origins, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, osteoporosis, metabolic dysfunction, and cancer, it is important to identify persistent mediators of disease risk. In this review, we take this approach, viewing diseases typically associated with aging in light of early life exposures and discuss the potential role of EVs as mediators of lasting consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa R Pinson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Dae D Chung
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Amy M Adams
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Chiara Scopice
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Payne
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Monisha Sivakumar
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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43
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Beatriz M, Vilaça R, Lopes C. Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635104. [PMID: 34055771 PMCID: PMC8155522 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-enclosed particles released by cells that participate in intercellular communication through the transfer of biologic material. EVs include exosomes that are small vesicles that were initially associated with the disposal of cellular garbage; however, recent findings point toward a function as natural carriers of a wide variety of genetic material and proteins. Indeed, exosomes are vesicle mediators of intercellular communication and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The role of exosomes in health and age-associated diseases is far from being understood, but recent evidence implicates exosomes as causative players in the spread of neurodegenerative diseases. Cells from the central nervous system (CNS) use exosomes as a strategy not only to eliminate membranes, toxic proteins, and RNA species but also to mediate short and long cell-to-cell communication as carriers of important messengers and signals. The accumulation of protein aggregates is a common pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. Protein aggregates can be removed and delivered to degradation by the endo-lysosomal pathway or can be incorporated in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that are further released to the extracellular space as exosomes. Because exosome transport damaged cellular material, this eventually contributes to the spread of pathological misfolded proteins within the brain, thus promoting the neurodegeneration process. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in CNS homeostasis, their possible contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, the usefulness of exosome cargo as biomarkers of disease, and the potential benefits of plasma circulating CNS-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Beatriz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Vilaça
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Prion Protein of Extracellular Vesicle Regulates the Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092144. [PMID: 33946823 PMCID: PMC8124505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cellular prion protein (PrPC) are overexpressed in cancers and related to cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PrPC-expressing exosomes regulating the colorectal cancer cells (CRC) behavior and tumor progression. We confirmed the increased sphere formation, expression of cancer initiating genes, motility, and tumor growth by hypoxic exosomes. Also, PrPC-expressing exosomes induced the microenvironment of metastasis via increase of endothelial permeability and angiogenic cytokine secretion. The treatment of anti-PrPC and 5-fluorouracil decreased the tumor progression. Targeting PrPC is an effective therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death due to its aggressive metastasis in later stages. Although there is a growing interest in the tumorigenic role of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the process of metastasis, the precise mechanism behind the cellular communication involving prion proteins remains poorly understood. This study found that hypoxic tumor microenvironment increased the PrPC-expressing exosomes from CRC, and these exosomes regulate the CRC cell behavior and tumor progression depending on the expression of PrPC. Hypoxic exosomes from CRC cells promoted sphere formation, the expression of tumor-inducing genes, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Furthermore, these exosomes increased endothelial permeability, migration, invasion, and angiogenic cytokine secretion. These effects were associated with PrPC expression. Application of anti-PrPC antibody with 5-fluorouracil significantly suppressed the CRC progression in a murine xenograft model. Taken together, these findings indicate that PrP-expressing exosomes secreted by hypoxic CRC cells are a key factor in the tumorigenic CRC-to-CRC and CRC-to-endothelial cell communication. Significance: These findings suggest that inhibiting PrPC in hypoxic exosomes during chemotherapy may be an effective therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer.
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Amyloid-β: A double agent in Alzheimer's disease? Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111575. [PMID: 33845371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is one of the cardinal pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Although the neurotoxic effects of Aβ has been extensively studied, recent studies have revealed that it may also have protective effects. Here, we review novel findings that have shifted our understanding of the role of Aβ in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. An in-depth and comprehensive understanding of Aβ will provide us with a broader perspective on the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Xiao L, Hareendran S, Loh YP. Function of exosomes in neurological disorders and brain tumors. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 2:55-79. [PMID: 34368812 PMCID: PMC8341051 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2021.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles released from different cell types including those in the nervous system, and are enriched in a variety of bioactive molecules such as RNAs, proteins and lipids. Numerous studies have indicated that exosomes play a critical role in many physiological and pathological activities by facilitating intercellular communication and modulating cells' responses to external environments. Particularly in the central nervous system, exosomes have been implicated to play a role in many neurological disorders such as abnormal neuronal development, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, mental disorders, stroke, brain injury and brain cancer. Since exosomes recapitulate the characteristics of the parental cells and have the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, their cargo can serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and clinical assessment of disease treatment. In this review, we describe the latest findings and current knowledge of the roles exosomes play in various neurological disorders and brain cancer, as well as their application as promising biomarkers. The potential use of exosomes to deliver therapeutic molecules to treat diseases of the central nervous system is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sangeetha Hareendran
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Takahashi RH, Yokotsuka M, Tobiume M, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Nagao T, Gouras GK. Accumulation of cellular prion protein within β-amyloid oligomer plaques in aged human brains. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12941. [PMID: 33624334 PMCID: PMC8412093 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, and β‐amyloid (Aβ) is a central factor in the initiation and progression of the disease. Different forms of Aβ have been identified as monomers, oligomers, and amyloid fibrils. Many proteins have been implicated as putative receptors of respective forms of Aβ. Distinct forms of Aβ oligomers are considered to be neurotoxic species that trigger the pathophysiology of AD. It was reported that cellular prion protein (PrPC) is one of the most selective and high‐affinity binding partners of Aβ oligomers. The interaction of Aβ oligomers with PrPC is important to synaptic dysfunction and loss. The binding of Aβ oligomers to PrPC has mostly been studied with synthetic peptides, cell culture, and murine models of AD by biochemical and biological methods. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between Aβ oligomers and PrPC remain unclear, especially in the human brain. We immunohistochemically investigated the relationship between Aβ oligomers and PrPC in human brain tissue with and without amyloid pathology. We histologically demonstrate that PrPC accumulates with aging in human brain tissue even prior to AD mainly within diffuse‐type amyloid plaques, which are composed of more soluble Aβ oligomers without stacked β‐sheet fibril structures. Our results suggest that PrPC accumulating plaques are associated with more soluble Aβ oligomers, and appear even prior to AD. The investigation of PrPC accumulating plaques may provide new insights into AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisuke H Takahashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yokotsuka
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Shafiq M, Zafar S, Younas N, Noor A, Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Schmitz M, Matschke J, Ferrer I, Glatzel M, Zerr I. Prion protein oligomers cause neuronal cytoskeletal damage in rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 33618749 PMCID: PMC7898440 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-density oligomers of the prion protein (HDPs) have previously been identified in brain tissues of patients with rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (rpAD). The current investigation aims at identifying interacting partners of HDPs in the rpAD brains to unravel the pathological involvement of HDPs in the rapid progression. Methods HDPs from the frontal cortex tissues of rpAD brains were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Proteins interacting with HDPs were identified by co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry. Further verifications were carried out using proteomic tools, immunoblotting, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results We identified rpAD-specific HDP-interactors, including the growth arrest specific 2-like 2 protein (G2L2). Intriguingly, rpAD-specific disturbances were found in the localization of G2L2 and its associated proteins i.e., the end binding protein 1, α-tubulin, and β-actin. Discussion The results show the involvement of HDPs in the destabilization of the neuronal actin/tubulin infrastructure. We consider this disturbance to be a contributing factor for the rapid progression in rpAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Shafiq
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Clemens Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologica, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa LLarga sn, 08907, Hospitalet de LLobregat, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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Zhao S, Sheng S, Wang Y, Ding L, Xu X, Xia X, Zheng JC. Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles: A double-edged sword in central nervous system disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:148-159. [PMID: 33626395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that astrocytes released a great quantity of extracellular vesicles (AEVs) to communicate with other brain cells. Under pathological conditions, AEVs are widely associated with the pathogenesis of neurobiological diseases by horizontally transferring pathogenic factors to neighboring cells or peripheral immune cells. Their beneficial role is also evident by the fact that they are involved in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration through alleviating apoptosis, maintaining neuronal function, and repairing neural injuries. The strong association of AEVswith neurological disorders makes AEVs a promising target for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The identification of disease-specific cargos in AEVs isolated from the patients' biofluids suggests AEVs as an attractive platform for biomarker development. Furthermore, the inhibition of inflammatory/toxic AEV release and the preservation of neuroprotective AEV release have been considered as potential therapeutic strategies in CNS disorder treatment and prevention, respectively. Here, we summarize the biological roles of AEVs as pathological contributors, protective/regenerative factors, and potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for neurological disorders, with a focus on recent progresses and emerging concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shiyang Sheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
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50
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Flynn S, Leete J, Shahim P, Pattinson C, Guedes VA, Lai C, Devoto C, Qu BX, Greer K, Moore B, van der Merwe A, Ekanayake V, Gill J, Chan L. Extracellular vesicle concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light measured 1 year after traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3896. [PMID: 33594224 PMCID: PMC7887207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to long-term symptoms in a sub-set of patients who sustain an injury, but this risk is not universal, leading us and others to question the nature of individual variability in recovery trajectories. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising, novel avenue to identify blood-based biomarkers for TBI. Here, our aim was to determine if glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light (NfL) measured 1-year postinjury in EVs could distinguish patients from controls, and whether these biomarkers relate to TBI severity or recovery outcomes. EV GFAP and EV NfL were measured using an ultrasensitive assay in 72 TBI patients and 20 controls. EV GFAP concentrations were elevated in moderate and severe TBI compared to controls (p's < 0.001) and could distinguish controls from moderate (AUC = 0.86) or severe TBI (AUC = 0.88). Increased EV GFAP and EV NfL levels were associated with lower 1-year Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) score (p's < 0.05). These findings suggest that blood-derived EV concentrations of GFAP and NfL drawn even 1 year after injury are higher in TBI patients compared to controls, and are related to injury severity and poor recovery outcomes, suggesting that TBIs alter the activity of these biomarkers, likely contributing to individual variability in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Flynn
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Leete
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pashtun Shahim
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Cassandra Pattinson
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vivian A Guedes
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina Devoto
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bao-Xi Qu
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kisha Greer
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian Moore
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andre van der Merwe
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vindhya Ekanayake
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Gill
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leighton Chan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
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