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Ngai D, Sukka SR, Tabas I. Crosstalk between efferocytic myeloid cells and T-cells and its relevance to atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1403150. [PMID: 38873597 PMCID: PMC11169609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1403150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between myeloid cells and T-lymphocytes is critical to the regulation of host defense and inflammation resolution. Dysregulation of this interaction can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Important among these diseases is atherosclerosis, which refers to focal lesions in the arterial intima driven by elevated apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and characterized by the formation of a plaque composed of inflammatory immune cells, a collection of dead cells and lipids called the necrotic core, and a fibrous cap. As the disease progresses, the necrotic core expands, and the fibrous cap becomes thin, which increases the risk of plaque rupture or erosion. Plaque rupture leads to a rapid thrombotic response that can give rise to heart attack, stroke, or sudden death. With marked lowering of circulating LDL, however, plaques become more stable and cardiac risk is lowered-a process known as atherosclerosis regression. A critical aspect of both atherosclerosis progression and regression is the crosstalk between innate (myeloid cells) and adaptive (T-lymphocytes) immune cells. Myeloid cells are specialized at clearing apoptotic cells by a process called efferocytosis, which is necessary for inflammation resolution. In advanced disease, efferocytosis is impaired, leading to secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells, inflammation, and, most importantly, defective tissue resolution. In regression, efferocytosis is reawakened aiding in inflammation resolution and plaque stabilization. Here, we will explore how efferocytosing myeloid cells could affect T-cell function and vice versa through antigen presentation, secreted factors, and cell-cell contacts and how this cellular crosstalk may contribute to the progression or regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ngai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santosh R. Sukka
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Dehhaghi M, Heydari M, Panahi HKS, Lewin SR, Heng B, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. The roles of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 neuropathogenesis. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y. [PMID: 38802702 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the highly contagious respiratory disease Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that may lead to various neurological and psychological disorders that can be acute, lasting days to weeks or months and possibly longer. The latter is known as long-COVID or more recently post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC). During acute COVID-19 infection, a strong inflammatory response, known as the cytokine storm, occurs in some patients. The levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-β (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are particularly increased. These cytokines are known to activate the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), catalysing the first step of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) leading to the production of several neurotoxic and immunosuppressive metabolites. There is already data showing elevation in KP metabolites both acutely and in PASC, especially regarding cognitive impairment. Thus, it is likely that KP involvement is significant in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis especially neurologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mostafa Heydari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Stroope C, Nettersheim FS, Coon B, Finney AC, Schwartz MA, Ley K, Rom O, Yurdagul A. Dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Metab 2024; 6:617-638. [PMID: 38532071 PMCID: PMC11055680 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence over the past decades has revealed an intricate relationship between dysregulation of cellular metabolism and the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, an integrated understanding of dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its potential value as a therapeutic target is missing. In this Review, we (1) summarize recent advances concerning the role of metabolic dysregulation during atherosclerosis progression in lesional cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages and T cells; (2) explore the complexity of metabolic cross-talk between these lesional cells; (3) highlight emerging technologies that promise to illuminate unknown aspects of metabolism in atherosclerosis; and (4) suggest strategies for targeting these underexplored metabolic alterations to mitigate atherosclerosis progression and stabilize rupture-prone atheromas with a potential new generation of cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Stroope
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Felix Sebastian Nettersheim
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brian Coon
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, OMRF, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexandra C Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Immunology Center of Georgia (IMMCG), Augusta University Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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4
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Shi Y, Luo S, Zhai J, Chen Y. A novel causative role of imbalanced kynurenine pathway in ulcerative colitis: Upregulation of KMO and KYNU promotes intestinal inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166929. [PMID: 37918679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the principal metabolic route for the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). Recent advances have highlighted a pivotal role for several KP metabolites in inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the alterations of KP enzymes and their functional impact in UC remain poorly defined. Here, we focused on kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (KYNU), which serve as critical branching enzymes in the KP. We observed that dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice exhibited disturbed TRP metabolism along with KMO and KYNU upregulated. In patients with active UC, both the expression of KMO and KYNU were positively correlated with inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. Pharmacological blockade of KMO or genetic silencing of KYNU suppressed IL-1β-triggered proinflammatory cytokines expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, blockage of KMO by selective inhibitor Ro 61-8048 alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis in mice, accompanied by an expanded NAD+ pool and redox balance restoration. The protective role of Ro 61-8048 may be partly due to its effect on KP regulation, particularly in enhancing kynurenic acid production. In summary, our study provides new evidence for the proinflammatory property of KMO and KYNU in intestinal inflammation, hinting at a promising therapeutic approach in UC through targeting these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangjian Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyang Zhai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Liu JJ, Ching J, Wee HN, Liu S, Gurung RL, Lee J, M Y, Zheng H, Lee LS, Ang K, Shao YM, Kovalik JP, Subramaniam T, Sum CF, Sharma K, Kestenbaum BR, Lim SC. Plasma Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites and Risk for Progression to End-Stage Kidney Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:2223-2231. [PMID: 37796480 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to study the associations between plasma metabolites in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and the risk of progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma tryptophan, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid concentrations were measured in discovery (n = 1,915) and replication (n = 346) cohorts. External validation was performed in Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) participants with diabetes (n = 1,312). The primary outcome was a composite of incident ESKD (progression to estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <15 mL/min/1.73 m2, sustained dialysis, or renal death). The secondary outcome was annual eGFR decline. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, tryptophan was inversely associated with risk for ESKD, and kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (KTR) was positively associated with risk for ESKD after adjustment for clinical risk factors, including baseline eGFR and albuminuria (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] 0.62 [95% CI 0.51, 0.75] and 1.48 [1.20, 1.84] per 1 SD). High levels of kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid were associated with low risks of ESKD (0.74 [0.60, 0.91] and 0.74 [0.60, 0.91]). Consistently, high levels of tryptophan, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid were independently associated with a slower eGFR decline, while a high KTR was predictive of a faster eGFR decline. Similar outcomes were obtained in the replication cohort. Furthermore, the inverse association between kynurenic acid and risk of ESKD was externally validated in CRIC participants with diabetes (adjusted HR 0.78 [0.65, 0.93]). CONCLUSIONS Accelerated catabolism of tryptophan in the kynurenine pathway may be involved in progressive loss of kidney function. However, shunting the kynurenine pathway toward the kynurenic acid branch may potentially slow renal progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Sylvia Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Janus Lee
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yiamunaa M
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Huili Zheng
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Keven Ang
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yi Ming Shao
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Chee Fang Sum
- Diabetes Center, Admiralty Medical Center, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Precision Medicine, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX
| | - Bryan R Kestenbaum
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Su Chi Lim
- Diabetes Center, Admiralty Medical Center, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Heath, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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6
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Teunis CJ, Stroes ESG, Boekholdt SM, Wareham NJ, Murphy AJ, Nieuwdorp M, Hazen SL, Hanssen NMJ. Tryptophan metabolites and incident cardiovascular disease: The EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Atherosclerosis 2023; 387:117344. [PMID: 37945449 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of death globally due to various risk factors. One novel potential contributor to CVD might be the metabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp), which through many pathways can produce immunomodulatory metabolites such as kynurenine, indole-3-propionate and serotonin. We aim to identify the metabolites with the strongest association with cardiovascular disease, utilizing a substantial and diverse cohort of individuals. In our pursuit of this aim, our primary focus is to validate and reinforce the findings from previous cross-sectional studies. METHODS We used the community-based EPIC-Norfolk cohort (46.3 % men, age 59.8 ± 9.0) with a median follow-up of 22.1 (17.6-23.3) years to study associations between the relative levels of Trp metabolites measured with untargeted metabolomics and incident development of CVD. Serum from n = 11,972 apparently healthy subjects was analysed, of which 6982 individuals had developed CVD at the end of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used to study associations, adjusted for sex, age, conventional cardiovascular risk factors and CRP. All metabolites were Ln-normalised prior to analysis. RESULTS Higher levels of Trp were inversely associated with mortality (HR 0.73; CI 0.64-0.83) and fatal CVD (HR 0.76; CI 0.59-0.99). Higher levels of kynurenine (HR 1.33; CI 1.19-1.49) and the [Kynurenine]/[Tryptophan]-ratio (HR 1.24; CI 1.14-1.35) were associated with a higher incident development of CVD. Serotonin was not associated with overall CVD, but we did find associations for myocardial infarction and stroke. Adjustment for CRP did not yield any discernible differences in effect size. CONCLUSIONS Tryptophan levels were inversely correlated with CVD, while several of its major metabolites (especially kynurenine and serotonin) were positively correlated. These findings indicate that mechanistic studies are required to understand the role of Trp metabolism in CVD with the goal to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Teunis
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Nordin M J Hanssen
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Russo MA, Garaci E, Frustaci A, Fini M, Costantini C, Oikonomou V, Nunzi E, Puccetti P, Romani L. Host-microbe tryptophan partitioning in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2023; 198:106994. [PMID: 37972721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The functional interdependencies between the molecular components of a biological process demand for a network medicine platform that integrates systems biology and network science, to explore the interactions among biological components in health and disease. Access to large-scale omics datasets (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, phenomics, etc.) has significantly advanced our opportunity along this direction. Studies utilizing these techniques have begun to provide us with a deeper understanding of how the interaction between the intestinal microbes and their host affects the cardiovascular system in health and disease. Within the framework of a multiomics network approach, we highlight here how tryptophan metabolism may orchestrate the host-microbes interaction in cardiovascular diseases and the implications for precision medicine and therapeutics, including nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Antonio Russo
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Frustaci
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fini
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vasileios Oikonomou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Yang J, Cai R, Xun J, Zhang R, Liu L, Shen Y, Qi T, Wang Z, Song W, Tang Y, Sun J, Xu S, Zhao B, Lu H, Chen J. Elevated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity is associated with endothelial dysfunction in people living with HIV and ROS production in human aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:312-319. [PMID: 37880104 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH) is still under debate, despite recognized links. This study aimed to investigate the impact of elevated IDO activity on endothelial dysfunction in PLWH. A total of 38 PLWH, who had not previously received anti-retroviral therapy (ART), were enrolled in the study. These participants were monitored for 36 months following the initiation of ART. Measurements including plasma levels of IDO activity, markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory factors, and lipids. In vitro, human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to interferon-γ, an IDO inhibitor, a kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (KMO) inhibitor, as well as different concentrations of kynurenine. Pre-ART, PLWH demonstrated notably elevated plasma concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(sVCAM-1), and IDO activity in comparison to healthy controls. Post-ART, both IDO activity and sICAM-1 levels experienced a significant decrease, with IDO activity reaching levels comparable to those observed in healthy controls. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between IDO activity and sICAM-1 (p = 0.0002), as well as sVCAM-1 (p < 0.0001) before ART. In vitro, the augmentation of kynurenine concentration in the medium and the induction of IDO expression in HAEC resulted in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with minimal impact on endothelial dysfunction. From these findings, it can be concluded that long-term ART has the potential to restore the heightened IDO activity observed in PLWH. The overexpression of IDO primarily influences the expression of ROS in HAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Yang
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rentian Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renfang Zhang
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangkai Qi
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyan Wang
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuibao Xu
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bihe Zhao
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Nursing Research Institution, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Vu T, Smith JA. The pathophysiology and management of depression in cardiac surgery patients. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1195028. [PMID: 37928924 PMCID: PMC10623009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1195028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is common in the cardiac surgery population. This contemporary narrative review aims to explore the main pathophysiological disturbances underpinning depression specifically within the cardiac surgery population. The common non-pharmacological and pharmacological management strategies used to manage depression within the cardiac surgery patient population are also explored. Methods A total of 1291 articles were identified through Ovid Medline and Embase. The findings from 39 studies were included for qualitative analysis in this narrative review. Results Depression is associated with several pathophysiological and behavioral factors which increase the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease which may ultimately require surgical intervention. The main pathophysiological factors contributing to depression are well characterized and include autonomic nervous system dysregulation, excessive inflammation and disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. There are also several behavioral factors in depressed patients associated with the development of coronary heart disease including poor diet, insufficient exercise, poor compliance with medications and reduced adherence to cardiac rehabilitation. The common preventative and management modalities used for depression following cardiac surgery include preoperative and peri-operative education, cardiac rehabilitation, cognitive behavioral therapy, religion/prayer/spirituality, biobehavioral feedback, anti-depressant medications, and statins. Conclusion This contemporary review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to depression following cardiac surgery and the current management modalities. Further studies on the preventative and management strategies for postoperative depression in the cardiac surgery patient population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Vu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian A. Smith
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Li K, Li K, He Y, Liang S, Shui X, Lei W. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: A bridge linking immuno-inflammation and metabolism in atherosclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115744. [PMID: 37579858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and atherosclerosis is a major contributor to this etiology. The ligand-activated transcription factor, known as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), plays an essential role in the interactions between genes and the environment. In a number of human diseases, including atherosclerosis, the AhR signaling pathway has recently been shown to be aberrantly expressed and activated. It's reported that AhR can regulate the immuno-inflammatory response and metabolism pathways in atherosclerosis, potentially serving as a bridge that links these processes. In this review, we highlight the involvement of AhR in atherosclerosis. From the literature, we conclude that AhR is a potential target for controlling atherosclerosis through precise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongwei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Department of Precision Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiyue Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Department of Precision Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Department of Precision Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Shui
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Department of Precision Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Kuuskmäe C, Philips MA, Kilk K, Haring L, Kangro R, Seppo I, Zilmer M, Vasar E. Kynurenine pathway dynamics in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders across the disease trajectory. Psychiatry Res 2023; 328:115423. [PMID: 37639988 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate how schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and applied long-term (5.1 years) antipsychotic (AP) treatment affect the serum levels of tryptophan (Trp) metabolites. A total of 112 adults (54 first-episode psychosis [FEP] patients and 58 control subjects [CSs]) participated in the study. The investigated changes in the metabolite levels appeared against a background of persistent increase in BMI and waist circumference among the patients. Regarding the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, the strongest changes were seen in AP-naïve FEP patients. Trp, KYN, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and anthranilic acid (ANT) levels were significantly reduced in blood samples from patients in the early stage of the disease. Furthermore, 3-OH-kynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels were somewhat lower in these patients. Most of these changes in the KYN pathway became weaker with AP treatment. The levels of serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA tended to be higher at 5.1 years in patients showing the relation of elevated serotonin turnover to increased BMI and waist circumference. The similar trend was evident for the ratio between xanthurenic acid (XA) and KYNA with strong link to the elevated BMI. Altogether, the present study supports the role of Trp-metabolites in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in SSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kuuskmäe
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia
| | - Raul Kangro
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Seppo
- School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
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12
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Pellicano C, Vaiarello V, Colalillo A, Gigante A, Iannazzo F, Rosato E. Role of kinurenic acid in the systemic sclerosis renal involvement. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1713-1719. [PMID: 36436115 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) subclinical renal vasculopathy is characterized by progressive increase of intrarenal stiffness and reduction of parenchymal thickness due to post ischemic fibrosis secondary to the renal Raynaud phenomenon. Aims of this study were to evaluate kinurenic acid (KYNA) serum level in SSc patients and healthy controls (HC) and to assess the role of KYNA in SSc subclinical nephropathy. Serum level of KYNA was evaluated in 52 SSc patients and 20 HC, matched for sex and age. Renal function was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and renal doppler ultrasound was performed to evaluate kidneys' morphology and indices of intrarenal stiffness. The parameters registered were renal longitudinal length, atrophy index (AI), renal sinus, parenchymal thickness, renal resistive index (RRI), pulsatile index (PI) and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D). SSc patients had lower median value of KYNA than HC [54.43 ng/ml (IQR 44.44-63.64) vs 61.94 ng/ml (IQR 55.23-88.75), p < 0.001]. SSc patients with AI ≥ 0.70 had lower KYNA than SSc patients with AI < 0.70 [47.85 ng/ml (IQR 41.16-59.91) vs 55.5 ng/ml (IQR 49.99-67.33), p < 0.05] and a slightly significant negative linear correlation was found between KYNA and AI (r = - 0.249, p < 0.05). SSc patient with RRI ≥ 0.70 had higher KYNA than SSc patients with RRI < 0.70 [58.25 ng/ml (IQR 50.49-69.68) vs 50.07 ng/ml (IQR 42.70-56.31), p < 0.05] and a significant positive correlation was found between KYNA and RRI (r = 0.318, p < 0.05). KYNA may be used as a marker to evaluate the renal involvement in SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pellicano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaiarello
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Amalia Colalillo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gigante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannazzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Rosato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Volpi C, Van den Eynde BJ, Orabona C. Editorial: Heme proteins: key players in the regulation of immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1263384. [PMID: 37638027 PMCID: PMC10450145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1263384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Benoît J Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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14
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Pellicano C, Colalillo A, Rosato E. Serum kynurenic acid is lower in systemic sclerosis patients with microvascular damage of hands. Microvasc Res 2023; 148:104537. [PMID: 37030527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction occurs early in systemic sclerosis (SSc), leading to tissue hypoxia, vasoconstriction and fibrosis. It has been demonstrated that endothelial cells (ECs) are able to produce kynurenic acid (KYNA) in response to vascular inflammation, due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidants activity. In SSc patients, blood perfusion of hands, assessed by laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA), correlated negatively with the extent of the nailfold microvascular damage, scored according to nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) classification. Aim of this study was to evaluate the difference of serum KYNA in SSc patients with different stages of microvascular damage. METHODS Serum KYNA was assessed in 40 SSc patients at the enrolment. NVC was performed to evaluate capillaroscopic patterns (early, active and late). LASCA was performed to evaluate mean peripheral blood perfusion (PBP) of both hands and to evaluate the proximal-distal gradient (PDG). RESULTS Median PDG was significantly lower in SSc patients with late NVC pattern compared to SSc patients with early and active NVC pattern [3.79 pU (IQR -8.55-18.16) vs 23.55 pU (IQR 14.92-43.80), p < 0.01]. Serum KYNA was significantly lower in SSc patients with late NVC pattern compared to SSc patient with early and active NVC pattern [45.19 ng/mL (IQR 42.70-54.74) vs 52.65 ng/mL (IQR 49.99-60.29), p < 0.05]. Moreover, SSc patients without PDG had significantly lower serum KYNA than in SSc patients with PDG [48.03 ng/mL (IQR 43.87-53.68) vs 59.27 ng/mL (IQR 49.15-71.00), p < 0.05]. CONCLUSION KYNA is lower in SSc patients with late NCV pattern and without PDG. KYNA may be associated with early endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pellicano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Amalia Colalillo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Rosato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Mannarino MR, Bianconi V, Scalisi G, Franceschini L, Manni G, Cucci A, Bagaglia F, Mencarelli G, Giglioni F, Ricciuti D, Figorilli F, Pieroni B, Cosentini E, Padiglioni E, Colangelo C, Fuchs D, Puccetti P, Follenzi A, Pirro M, Gargaro M, Fallarino F. A tryptophan metabolite prevents depletion of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in systemic low-grade inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:964660. [PMID: 37081894 PMCID: PMC10110845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.964660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChronic systemic inflammation reduces the bioavailability of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a key enzyme of immune tolerance catalyzing the initial step of tryptophan degradation along the so-called l-kynurenine (l-kyn) pathway, that is induced by inflammatory stimuli and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. A specific relationship between IDO1 activity and circulating EPC numbers has not yet been investigated.MethodsIn this study, circulating EPCs were examined in mice treated with low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, the association between IDO1 activity and circulating EPCs was studied in a cohort of 277 patients with variable systemic low-grade inflammation.ResultsRepeated low doses of LPS caused a decrease in circulating EPCs and l-kyn supplementation, mimicking IDO1 activation, significantly increased EPC numbers under homeostatic conditions preventing EPC decline in low-grade endotoxemia. Accordingly, in patients with variable systemic low-grade inflammation, there was a significant interaction between IDO1 activity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in predicting circulating EPCs, with high hs-CRP associated with significantly lower EPCs at low IDO1 activity but not at high IDO1 activity.InterpretationOverall, these findings demonstrate that systemic low-grade inflammation reduces circulating EPCs. However, high IDO1 activity and l-kyn supplementation limit circulating EPC loss in low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Bianconi, ; Marco Gargaro, ; Francesca Fallarino,
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Franceschini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Cucci
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagaglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Mencarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Giglioni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Doriana Ricciuti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo Figorilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pieroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosentini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Colangelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Bianconi, ; Marco Gargaro, ; Francesca Fallarino,
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Bianconi, ; Marco Gargaro, ; Francesca Fallarino,
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16
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Wang F, Liu M, Ma D, Cai Z, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang W, Zhao L, Zhai C, Xu Y. Dendritic cell-expressed IDO alleviates atherosclerosis by expanding CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 +Tregs through IDO-Kyn-AHR axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109758. [PMID: 36706593 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, in which immune disorders constitute an essential part of vascular pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that dendritic cells (DCs) and their tryptophan metabolisms regulate host immune responses. However, the mechanistic involvement of metabolic products from DCs in dysregulating vascular immunity during the development of atherosclerosis is far from clear. Flow cytometry examination showed immune cells were accumulated and gradually increased in the atherosclerotic lesions during the atherosclerosis progression, in which IDO+DCs were enriched. To study the role of DC-expressed IDO in the development of atherosclerosis, we made a stable IDO-overexpressing DC line (IDOoeDCs) by lentiviral infection for adoptive transfer into pro-atherosclerotic mice. Compared with DCs containing empty vector (VectorCtrlDC)-treated group, treatment of IDOoeDCs led to a significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, with decreased aortic infiltration of Th1 immune cells and reduced vascular inflammation. Importantly, IDOoeDCs increased aortic kynurenine (Kyn) concentration and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) expression, concomitant with CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg expansion in the aortic tissues, which were abrogated by AHR antagonist treatment. These results indicate that DC-expressed IDO reduces atherosclerotic lesions by inducing aortic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg expansion through IDO-Kyn-AHR axis, which may represent a novel possibility for treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Zecheng Cai
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
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17
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Li H, Dai H, Li J. Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells: The link with metabolism. J Adv Res 2023; 45:15-29. [PMID: 35659923 PMCID: PMC10006530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are the most promising stem cells for the treatment of multiple inflammatory and immune diseases due to their easy acquisition and potent immuno-regulatory capacities. These immune functions mainly depend on the MSC secretion of soluble factors. Recent studies have shown that the metabolism of MSCs plays critical roles in immunomodulation, which not only provides energy and building blocks for macromolecule synthesis but is also involved in the signaling pathway regulation. AIM OF REVIEW A thorough understanding of metabolic regulation in MSC immunomodulatory properties can provide new sights to the enhancement of MSC-based therapy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW MSC immune regulation can be affected by cellular metabolism (glucose, adenosine triphosphate, lipid and amino acid metabolism), which further mediates MSC therapy efficiency in inflammatory and immune diseases. The enhancement of glycolysis of MSCs, such as signaling molecule activation, inflammatory cytokines priming, or environmental control can promote MSC immune functions and therapeutic potential. Besides glucose metabolism, inflammatory stimuli also alter the lipid molecular profile of MSCs, but the direct link with immunomodulatory properties remains to be further explored. Arginine metabolism, glutamine-glutamate metabolism and tryptophan-kynurenine via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) metabolism all contribute to the immune regulation of MSCs. In addition to the metabolism dictating the MSC immune functions, MSCs also influence the metabolism of immune cells and thus determine their behaviors. However, more direct evidence of the metabolism in MSC immune abilities as well as the underlying mechanism requires to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Hongwei Dai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China.
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18
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Zhu X, Li Q, George V, Spanoudis C, Gilkes C, Shrestha N, Liu B, Kong L, You L, Echeverri C, Li L, Wang Z, Chaturvedi P, Muniz GJ, Egan JO, Rhode PR, Wong HC. A novel interleukin-2-based fusion molecule, HCW9302, differentially promotes regulatory T cell expansion to treat atherosclerosis in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114802. [PMID: 36761778 PMCID: PMC9907325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by deposition of oxidative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial intima which triggers the innate immune response through myeloid cells such as macrophages. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in controlling the progression or regression of atherosclerosis by resolving macrophage-mediated inflammatory functions. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling is essential for homeostasis of Tregs. Since recombinant IL-2 has an unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile limiting its therapeutic use, we constructed a fusion protein, designated HCW9302, containing two IL-2 domains linked by an extracellular tissue factor domain. We found that HCW9302 exhibited a longer serum half-life with an approximately 1000-fold higher affinity for the IL-2Rα than IL-2. HCW9302 could be administered to mice at a dosing range that expanded and activated Tregs but not CD4+ effector T cells. In an ApoE-/- mouse model, HCW9302 treatment curtailed the progression of atherosclerosis through Treg activation and expansion, M2 macrophage polarization and myeloid-derived suppressor cell induction. HCW9302 treatment also lessened inflammatory responses in the aorta. Thus, HCW9302 is a potential therapeutic agent to expand and activate Tregs for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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19
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Michal M, Schulz A, Wild PS, Koeck T, Münzel T, Schuster AK, Strauch K, Lackner K, Süssmuth SD, Niessen HG, Borta A, Allers KA, Zahn D, Beutel ME. Tryptophan catabolites and depression in the general population: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:27. [PMID: 36631760 PMCID: PMC9835277 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported significantly altered tryptophan catabolite concentrations in major depression. Thus, tryptophan catabolites were considered as potential biomarkers of depression and their modulators as potential targets for psychopharmacotherapy. However, the results were based mainly on studies with small sample sizes limiting their generalizability. Against this background, we investigated the relationship of peripheral tryptophan catabolites with depression in a population-based sample with n = 3,389 participants (with fasting status ≥ 8 h and C-reactive protein < 10 mg/L). N = 248 had clinically significant depression according to a PHQ-9 score of ≥ 10, n = 1,101 subjects had mild depressive symptoms with PHQ-9 scores between 5 and 9, and n = 2,040 had no depression. After multivariable adjustment, clinically significant depression was associated with lower kynurenine and kynurenic acid. Spearman correlation coefficients of the tryptophan catabolites with the severity of depression were very small (rho ≤ 0.080, p ≤ 0.015). None of the tryptophan catabolites could diagnostically separate depressed from not depressed persons. Concerning linear associations, kynurenine and kynurenic acid were associated only with the severity and the cognitive dimension of depression but not its somatic dimension. Tryptophan catabolites were not associated with persistence or recurrence of depression at the 5 year follow-up. The results replicated the association between kynurenine and kynurenic acid with depression. However, the associations were small raising doubts about their clinical utility. Findings underline the complexity of the relationships between depression and tryptophan catabolites. The search for subgroups of depression with a potentially higher impact of depression might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Michal
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schulz
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Wild
- grid.410607.4German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Koeck
- grid.410607.4German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- grid.410607.4Center for Cardiology – Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K. Schuster
- grid.410607.4Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- grid.5802.f0000 0001 1941 7111Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Lackner
- grid.410607.4Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sigurd D. Süssmuth
- Clinical Development, uniQure NV, Allschwil, Switzerland ,grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Univeristy Hospital of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko G. Niessen
- grid.420061.10000 0001 2171 7500Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an Der Riss, Germany
| | - Andreas Borta
- Clinical Development, uniQure NV, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kelly A. Allers
- grid.420061.10000 0001 2171 7500CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an Der Riss, Germany
| | - Daniela Zahn
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Ala M, Eftekhar SP. The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221096643. [PMID: 35784899 PMCID: PMC9248048 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221096643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several cardiovascular diseases are associated with the overactivation of kynurenine pathway and kynurenine and its metabolites have diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it was found that several kynurenine metabolites can differently affect cardiovascular health. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and cis-WOOH decrease blood pressure; kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevent atherosclerosis; kynurenic acid supplementation and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibition improve the outcome of stroke. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overactivity and increased kynurenine levels improve cardiac and vascular transplantation outcomes, whereas exacerbating the outcome of myocardial ischemia, post-ischemic myocardial remodeling, and abdominal aorta aneurysm. IDO inhibition and KMO inhibition are also protective against viral myocarditis. In addition, dysregulation of kynurenine pathway is observed in several conditions such as senescence, depression, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cirrhosis, and cancer closely connected to cardiovascular dysfunction. It is worth defining the exact effect of each metabolite of kynurenine pathway on cardiovascular health. This narrative review is the first review that separately discusses the involvement of kynurenine pathway in different cardiovascular diseases and dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Student Research Committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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21
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Genetic Deficiency of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Aggravates Vascular but Not Liver Disease in a Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Atherosclerosis Comorbidity Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095203. [PMID: 35563591 PMCID: PMC9099704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease that increases cardiovascular disease risk. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1)-mediated tryptophan (Trp) metabolism has been proposed to play an immunomodulatory role in several diseases. The potential of IDO1 to be a link between NASH and cardiovascular disease has never been investigated. Using Apoe−/− and Apoe−/−Ido1−/− mice that were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) to simultaneously induce NASH and atherosclerosis, we found that Ido1 deficiency significantly accelerated atherosclerosis after 7 weeks. Surprisingly, Apoe−/−Ido1−/− mice did not present a more aggressive NASH phenotype, including hepatic lipid deposition, release of liver enzymes, and histopathological parameters. As expected, a lower L-kynurenine/Trp (Kyn/Trp) ratio was found in the plasma and arteries of Apoe−/−Ido1−/− mice compared to controls. However, no difference in the hepatic Kyn/Trp ratio was found between the groups. Hepatic transcript analyses revealed that HFCD induced a temporal increase in tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Tdo2) mRNA, indicating an alternative manner to maintain Trp degradation during NASH development in both Apoe−/− and Apoe−/−Ido1−/mice−. Using HepG2 hepatoma cell and THP1 macrophage cultures, we found that iron, TDO2, and Trp degradation may act as important mediators of cross-communication between hepatocytes and macrophages regulating liver inflammation. In conclusion, we show that Ido1 deficiency aggravates atherosclerosis, but not liver disease, in a newly established NASH and atherosclerosis comorbidity model. Our data indicate that the overexpression of TDO2 is an important mechanism that helps in balancing the kynurenine pathway and inflammation in the liver, but not in the artery wall, which likely determined disease outcome in these two target tissues.
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22
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Chi DH, Kahyo T, Islam A, Hasan MM, Waliullah ASM, Mamun MA, Nakajima M, Ikoma T, Akita K, Maekawa Y, Sato T, Setou M. NAD + Levels Are Augmented in Aortic Tissue of ApoE -/- Mice by Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:395-406. [PMID: 35139656 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis provides a means to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events during chronological aging. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acts as a signaling molecule, and its levels were used to govern several biological pathways, for example, promoting angiogenesis by SIRT1 (sirtuin 1)-mediated inhibition of Notch signaling to rejuvenate capillary density of old-aged mice. NAD+ modulation shows promise in the vascular remodeling of endothelial cells. However, NAD+ distribution in atherosclerotic regions remains uncharacterized. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption, such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, might increase the abundance of cofactors in blood vessels due to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolism. METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were fed a Western diet, and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-treated groups were supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (1%, w/w) or eicosapentaenoic acid (1%, w/w) for 3 weeks. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging was exploited to detect exogenous and endogenous NAD+ imaging. RESULTS NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH, FAD+, FADH, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide of the aortic arches were detected higher in the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-treated mice than the nontreated control. Comparing the distribution in the outer and inner layers of the arterial walls, only NADPH was detected slightly higher in the outer part in eicosapentaenoic acid-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of adding docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid to the Western diet led to a higher NAD+, FAD+, and their metabolites in the aortic arch. Considering the pleiotropic roles of NAD+ in biology, this result serves as a beneficial therapeutic strategy in the animal model counter to pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Huu Chi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T.K., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - A S M Waliullah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Md Al Mamun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakajima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T.K., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takenori Ikoma
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.I., K.A., Y.M.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keitaro Akita
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.I., K.A., Y.M.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Maekawa
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.I., K.A., Y.M.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T.K., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (D.H.C., T.K., A.I., M.M.H., A.S.M.W., M.A.M., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T.K., M.N., T.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center (M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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23
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Metabolism in atherosclerotic plaques: immunoregulatory mechanisms in the arterial wall. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:435-454. [PMID: 35348183 PMCID: PMC8965849 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest to understand the link between metabolism and the immune response in the context of metabolic diseases but also beyond, giving then birth to a new field of research. Termed 'immunometabolism', this interdisciplinary field explores paradigms of both immunology and metabolism to provided unique insights into different disease pathogenic processes, and the identification of new potential therapeutic targets. Similar to other inflammatory conditions, the atherosclerotic inflammatory process in the artery has been associated with a local dysregulated metabolic response. Thus, recent studies show that metabolites are more than just fuels in their metabolic pathways, and they can act as modulators of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this review article, we describe the most common immunometabolic pathways characterised in innate and adaptive immune cells, and discuss how macrophages' and T cells' metabolism may influence phenotypic changes in the plaque. Moreover, we discuss the potential of targeting immunometabolism to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
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24
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Mahalakshmi AM, Paneyala S, Ray B, Essa MM, Dehhaghi M, Heng B, Guillemin GJ, Babu Chidambaram S. Alterations in Tryptophan Metabolism Affect Vascular Functions: Connected to Ageing Population Vulnerability to COVID-19 Infection? Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221083946. [PMID: 35645571 PMCID: PMC9133873 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221083946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arehally M Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Visiting Professor, Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.org
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.org
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.org
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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25
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Salminen A. Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and kynurenine pathway in the regulation of the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101573. [PMID: 35085834 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is activated in chronic inflammatory states, e.g., in the aging process and age-related diseases. IDO1 enzyme catabolizes L-tryptophan (L-Trp) into kynurenine (KYN) thus stimulating the KYN pathway. The depletion of L-Trp inhibits the proliferation of immune cells in inflamed tissues and it also reduces serotonin synthesis predisposing to psychiatric disorders. Interestingly, IDO1 protein contains two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) which trigger suppressive signaling through the binding of PI3K p110 and SHP-1 proteins. This immunosuppressive activity is not dependent on the catalytic activity of IDO1. KYN and its metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA), are potent activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) which can enhance immunosuppression. IDO1-KYN-AhR signaling counteracts excessive pro-inflammatory responses in acute inflammation but in chronic inflammatory states it has many harmful effects. A chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with the aging process, a state called inflammaging. There is substantial evidence that the activation of the IDO1-KYN-AhR pathway robustly increases with the aging process. The activation of IDO1-KYN-AhR signaling does not only suppress the functions of effector immune cells, probably promoting immunosenescence, but it also impairs autophagy, induces cellular senescence, and remodels the extracellular matrix as well as enhancing the development of osteoporosis and vascular diseases. I will review the function of IDO1-KYN-AhR signaling and discuss its activation with aging as an enhancer of the aging process.
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26
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Gáspár R, Halmi D, Demján V, Berkecz R, Pipicz M, Csont T. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Potential Clinical Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 12:768560. [PMID: 35211110 PMCID: PMC8861075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Several risk factors including unhealthy lifestyle, genetic background, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, age, etc. contribute to the development of coronary atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary artery disease. Inflammation plays an important role in coronary artery disease development and progression. Pro-inflammatory signals promote the degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway resulting in the formation of several immunomodulatory metabolites. An unbalanced kynurenic pathway has been implicated in the pathomechanisms of various diseases including CAD. Significant improvements in detection methods in the last decades may allow simultaneous measurement of multiple metabolites of the kynurenine pathway and such a thorough analysis of the kynurenine pathway may be a valuable tool for risk stratification and determination of CAD prognosis. Nevertheless, imbalance in the activities of different branches of the kynurenine pathway may require careful interpretation. In this review, we aim to summarize clinical evidence supporting a possible use of kynurenine pathway metabolites as clinical biomarkers in various manifestations of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Gáspár
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Halmi
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Virág Demján
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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27
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Chen J, Vitetta L, Henson JD, Hall S. Intestinal Dysbiosis, the Tryptophan Pathway and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469211070533. [PMID: 35153490 PMCID: PMC8829707 DOI: 10.1177/11786469211070533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progresses from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH), which may then progress to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. NASH is characterized by both steatosis and inflammation. Control of inflammation in NASH is a key step for the prevention of disease progression to severe sequalae. Intestinal dysbiosis has been recognized to be an important causal factor in the pathogenesis of NASH, involving both the accumulation of lipids and aggravation of inflammation. The effects of gut dysbiosis are mediated by adverse shifts of various intestinal commensal bacterial genera and their associated metabolites such as butyrate, tryptophan, and bile acids. In this review, we focus on the roles of tryptophan and its metabolites in NASH in association with intestinal dysbiosis and discuss possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Research Department, Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Research Department, Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Henson
- Research Department, Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Hall
- Research Department, Medlab Clinical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Wang S, Mu L, Zhang C, Long X, Zhang Y, Li R, Zhao Y, Qiao J. Abnormal Activation of Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:877807. [PMID: 35721725 PMCID: PMC9199373 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.877807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) suffer from dysfunctional metabolism and studies have reported increased levels of tryptophan in patients with PCOS. However, the changes of downstream metabolites in tryptophan catabolism pathways remain unclear. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that included 200 PCOS patients and 200 control women who were recruited from the Reproductive Medicine Center of Peking University Third Hospital from October 2017 to June 2019. The PCOS patients and the control group were further divided into subtypes of normal weight and overweight/obesity. Fasting blood samples from all subjects were collected on days 2~3 of a natural menstrual cycle or when amenorrhea for over 40 days with follicle diameter not exceeding 10 mm. The plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites were quantitatively determined by the liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer, including tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid. RESULTS The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway was dysregulated in women with PCOS, along with significantly elevated levels of tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid. Moreover, levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, and kynurenic acid were positively correlated with luteinizing hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR. tryptophan, and kynurenine and quinolinic acid had an obvious association with C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, logistic regression showed that tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid were all associated significantly with the increased risk of PCOS with the adjustment for potential confounding factors. Additionally, tryptophan, kynurenine, and kynurenic acid had good diagnostic performances for PCOS, and their combination exhibited higher sensitivity and specificity to diagnostic efficiency, with the area under the ROC curve of 0.824 (95% CI 0.777-0.871), which was comparable to the endocrine indicators. CONCLUSION S The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway was abnormally activated in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Liangshan Mu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Long
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Zhao,
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Alme KN, Ulvik A, Askim T, Assmus J, Mollnes TE, Naik M, Næss H, Saltvedt I, Ueland PM, Knapskog AB. Neopterin and kynurenic acid as predictors of stroke recurrence and mortality: a multicentre prospective cohort study on biomarkers of inflammation measured three months after ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:476. [PMID: 34879833 PMCID: PMC8653541 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with both ischemic stroke and sedentary behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive abilities of biomarkers of inflammation and immune modulation associated with sedentary behaviour for ischemic stroke recurrence and mortality in a stroke population. METHODS Patients admitted to hospital for acute stroke were recruited to the prospective multicentre cohort study, the Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke (Nor-COAST) study, from May 2015 until March 2017. Patients with ischemic stroke, blood samples available from the three-month follow-up, and no stroke recurrence before the three-month follow-up were included. Serum was analysed for C-reactive protein (CRP) with high-sensitive technique, and plasma for interleukin-6 (IL-6), neopterin, pyridoxic acid ratio index (PAr-index: 4-pyridoxic acid: [pyrioxal+pyridoxal-5'-phosphate]) and kynurenic acid (KA). Ischemic stroke recurrence and death were identified by the Norwegian Stroke Registry and the Cause of Death Registry until 31 December 2018. RESULTS The study included 354 patients, 57% male, mean age 73 (SD 11) years, mean observation time 2.5 (SD 0.6) years, and median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 0 (IQR 1) at three months. CRP was associated with mortality (HR 1.40, CI 1.01, 1.96, p = 0.046), and neopterin was associated with the combined endpoint (recurrent ischemic stroke or death) (HR 1.52, CI 1.06, 2.20, p = 0.023), adjusted for age, sex, prior cerebrovascular disease, modified Rankin Scale, and creatinine. When adding neopterin and KA to the same model, KA was negatively associated (HR 0.57, CI 0.33, 0.97, p = 0.038), and neopterin was positively associated (HR 1.61, CI 1.02, 2.54, p = 0.040) with mortality. Patients with cardioembolic stroke at baseline had higher levels of inflammation at three months. CONCLUSION Neopterin might be a valuable prognostic biomarker in stroke patients. The use of KA as a measure of anti-inflammatory capacity should be investigated further. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT02650531 ). First posted on 08/01/2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Nordheim Alme
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (K1), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Torunn Askim
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Assmus
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, and K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mala Naik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science (K2), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Halvor Næss
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (K1), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for age-related medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Geriatrics, Clinic of internal medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital. Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
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Tryptophan: From Diet to Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189904. [PMID: 34576067 PMCID: PMC8472285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Inflammation is the underlying common mechanism involved in CVD. It has been recently related to amino acid metabolism, which acts as a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Among different metabolites that have emerged as important regulators of immune and inflammatory responses, tryptophan (Trp) metabolites have been shown to play a pivotal role in CVD. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamental aspects of Trp metabolism and the interplay between the dysregulation of the main actors involved in Trp metabolism such as indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) and CVD, including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. IDO has a prominent and complex role. Its activity, impacting on several biological pathways, complicates our understanding of its function, particularly in CVD, where it is still under debate. The discrepancy of the observed IDO effects could be potentially explained by its specific cell and tissue contribution, encouraging further investigations regarding the role of this enzyme. Thus, improving our understanding of the function of Trp as well as its derived metabolites will help to move one step closer towards tailored therapies aiming to treat CVD.
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Alme KN, Askim T, Assmus J, Mollnes TE, Naik M, Næss H, Saltvedt I, Ueland PM, Ulvik A, Knapskog AB. Investigating novel biomarkers of immune activation and modulation in the context of sedentary behaviour: a multicentre prospective ischemic stroke cohort study. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:318. [PMID: 34399717 PMCID: PMC8365944 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sedentary behaviour is associated with disease, but the molecular mechanisms are not understood. Valid biomarkers with predictive and explanatory properties are required. Therefore, we have investigated traditional and novel biomarkers of inflammation and immune modulation and their association to objectively measured sedentary behaviour in an ischemic stroke population. Methods Patients admitted to hospital with acute ischemic stroke were included in the multicentre Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke (Nor-COAST) study (n = 815). For this sub-study (n = 257), sedentary behaviour was registered 3 months after stroke using position transition data from the body-worn sensor, ActivPal®. Blood samples were analysed for high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10), neopterin, tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (kyn), kynurenic acid (KA), and three B6 vitamers, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal (PL), and pyridoxic acid (PA). The kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (KTR) and the pyridoxic acid ratio index (PAr = PA: PL + PLP) were calculated. Results Of the 815 patients included in the main study, 700 attended the three-month follow-up, and 257 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this study. Sedentary time was significantly associated with levels of hsCRP, IL-6, neopterin, PAr-index, and KA adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, and creatinine. In a fully adjusted model including all the significant biomarkers except hsCRP (because of missing values), sedentary time was independently positively associated with the PAr-index and negatively with KA. We did not find an association between sedentary behaviour, IL-10, and KTR. Conclusions The PAr-index is known to capture several modes of inflammation and has previously shown predictive abilities for future stroke. This novel result indicates that the PAr-index could be a useful biomarker in future studies on sedentary behaviour and disease progression. KA is an important modulator of inflammation, and this finding opens new and exciting pathways to understand the hazards of sedentary behaviour. Trial registration The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02650531). First posted 08/01/2016. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02343-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Nordheim Alme
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (K1), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Torunn Askim
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Assmus
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, and K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mala Naik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science (K2), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Halvor Næss
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (K1), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for age-related medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Geriatrics, Clinic of internal medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
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Baumgartner R, Casagrande FB, Mikkelsen RB, Berg M, Polyzos KA, Forteza MJ, Arora A, Schwartz TW, Hjorth SA, Ketelhuth DFJ. Disruption of GPR35 Signaling in Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Does Not Influence Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070411. [PMID: 34201526 PMCID: PMC8303390 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor-35 (GPR35) has been identified as a receptor for the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KynA) and suggested to modulate macrophage polarization in metabolic tissues. Whether GPR35 can influence vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis has however never been tested. Lethally irradiated LdlrKO mice were randomized to receive GPR35KO or wild type (WT) bone marrow transplants and fed a high cholesterol diet for eight weeks to develop atherosclerosis. GPR35KO and WT chimeric mice presented no difference in the size of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch (2.37 ± 0.58% vs. 1.95 ± 0.46%, respectively) or in the aortic roots (14.77 ± 3.33% vs. 11.57 ± 2.49%, respectively). In line with these data, no changes in the percentage of VCAM-1+, IAb + cells, and CD3+ T cells, as well as alpha smooth muscle cell actin expression, was observed between groups. Interestingly, the GPR35KO group presented a small but significant increase in CD68+ macrophage infiltration in the plaque. However, in vitro culture experiments using bone marrow-derived macrophages from both groups indicated that GPR35 plays no role in modulating the secretion of major inflammatory cytokines. Our study indicates that GPR35 expression does not play a direct role in macrophage activation, vascular inflammation, and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baumgartner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.B.); (F.B.C.); (M.B.); (K.A.P.); (M.J.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Felipe B. Casagrande
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.B.); (F.B.C.); (M.B.); (K.A.P.); (M.J.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Randi B. Mikkelsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (R.B.M.); (T.W.S.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Martin Berg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.B.); (F.B.C.); (M.B.); (K.A.P.); (M.J.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Konstantinos A. Polyzos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.B.); (F.B.C.); (M.B.); (K.A.P.); (M.J.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria J. Forteza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.B.); (F.B.C.); (M.B.); (K.A.P.); (M.J.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Aastha Arora
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.B.); (F.B.C.); (M.B.); (K.A.P.); (M.J.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Thue W. Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (R.B.M.); (T.W.S.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Siv A. Hjorth
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (R.B.M.); (T.W.S.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Daniel F. J. Ketelhuth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.B.); (F.B.C.); (M.B.); (K.A.P.); (M.J.F.); (A.A.)
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws vej 21, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Tillmann S, Awwad HM, MacPherson CW, Happ DF, Treccani G, Geisel J, Tompkins TA, Ueland PM, Wegener G, Obeid R. The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl-deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100078. [PMID: 33686786 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl-deficient diet (MDD) may influence tryptophan/kynurenine pathways and cytokines and whether probiotics can mitigate these effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats are fed a control or MDD diet. Animals on the MDD diet received vehicle, probiotics (L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175), choline, or probiotics + choline for 10 weeks (n = 10 per group). Concentrations of plasma kynurenine metabolites and the methylation and inflammatory markers in plasma and liver are measured. RESULTS MDD animals (vs controls) show upregulation of plasma kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyxanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide (all p < 0.05). In the MDD rats, the probiotics (vs vehicle) cause lower anthranilic acid and a trend towards lower kynurenic acid and picolinic acid. Compared to probiotics alone, probiotics + choline is associated with a reduced enrichment of the bacterial strains in cecum. The interventions have no effect on inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD diet and downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tillmann
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Hussain M Awwad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany
| | - Chad W MacPherson
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise F Happ
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Juergen Geisel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany
| | - Thomas A Tompkins
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Per Magne Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, New Lab Building, 9th floor, Bergen, Hordaland, 5021, Norway
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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