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Dadras O. Predictor of smoking cessation among school-going adolescents in Indonesia: a secondary analysis based on the transtheoretical model of behavioral change. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1374731. [PMID: 38516262 PMCID: PMC10954880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1374731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study elucidates the complex journey of adolescents toward smoking cessation, investigating the association of relevant demographic factors, advertising, promotion, anti-cigarette messages, and individual knowledge and attitudes with being in different smoking cessation stages. Methods Utilizing data from the 2019 Indonesia Global Youth Tobacco Survey, this secondary analysis included adolescents who reported ever smoking. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) guided the categorization of the outcome variable into three smoking cessation stages based on the responses to two questions related to the intention and timing of the smoking cessation. This included contemplation, action, and maintenance stages. Multinomial logistic regression analyzed the associations between each independent variable and being in each stage of smoking cessation. The study comprised 3596 Indonesian adolescents from grades 7-12, of which 2484 responded to two questions related to intention and timing of smoking cessation and were included in regression analysis. Results Findings indicate that males and those aged ≥16 were predominantly in contemplation phase. Early smoking initiation, usage of other tobacco products, and exposure to various forms of smoke increased the likelihood of being in contemplation and action phases. Parental smoking, school smoking exposure, and second-hand smoke were significant contemplation phase predictors. Exposure to tobacco advertising was linked to an increased likelihood of being in contemplation and action phases, whereas anti-cigarette messages showed no significant impact. Awareness of cigarette and second-hand smoke harms reduced the odds of being in the contemplation phase, while enjoying smoking and willingness to accept cigarettes from friends increased the odds of being in contemplation and action phases rather than in maintenance phase. Conclusion Addressing age, gender, cultural influences, environmental factors, and attitudes towards smoking through tailored interventions is vital for aiding smoking cessation in Indonesian adolescents. Strengthened tobacco control in schools and public places is recommended to bolster these efforts. Longitudinal studies are required to explore the evolving patterns of smoking cessation behaviors over time, enhancing our understanding of the factors influencing sustained cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Dadras
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Halvorson-Fried SM, Kong AY, D'Angelo H, Delamater PL, Ribisl KM. Spatial Clustering of Tobacco Retailers Near US Public Schools. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:185-193. [PMID: 37632567 PMCID: PMC10803112 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have found that tobacco retailers cluster near schools. However, all retail outlets may be located near each other and near schools due to existing infrastructure and zoning policies. We assessed whether tobacco retailers cluster near schools in the United States more than expected when accounting for existing retail locations. AIMS AND METHODS We identified 322 056 probable tobacco retailers, 95 110 public schools, and more than 3.8 million businesses comparable to tobacco retailers in land use and business type. We created 500 simulated tobacco retailer datasets by randomly selecting from the larger list of businesses. For each simulated dataset, we calculated the distance from schools to the nearest tobacco retailer (proximity) and the count of tobacco retailers within 800 m of schools (density). Observed proximity and density values were compared to 95% coverage intervals from the 500 simulations. We stratified analyses by urbanicity, percentage of students in the free and reduced-priced lunch program (FRLP), and percentage of Hispanic/Latino, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic white students. RESULTS Tobacco retailers were closer to schools in rural areas, cities, and towns and more dense around schools in rural areas, cities, and suburbs compared to random locations in potential retail space. Schools with more students receiving FRLP had higher density than expected while schools with fewer students receiving FRLP had lower density than expected. Within rural areas, clustering did not vary across sociodemographic groups. Within non-rural areas, there were inequities in clustering by racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic school composition. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco retailers cluster near schools after accounting for existing business patterns. There are inequities in clustering by sociodemographic school composition. IMPLICATIONS This study provides compelling evidence that tobacco retailers cluster near US public schools and that there are racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in clustering, even when accounting for overall retail location patterns. Given that public schools tend to reflect neighborhood demographics, policies to limit tobacco retailers near schools may reduce both school-based and neighborhood-based inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Halvorson-Fried
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Heather D'Angelo
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul L Delamater
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Baker J, Lenz K, Masood M, Rahman MA, Begg S. Tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour: how are exposure and outcome measures classified? A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2038. [PMID: 37853379 PMCID: PMC10585801 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date only a limited number of reviews have focused on how exposure and outcome measures are defined in the existing literature on associations between tobacco retailer density ('density') and smoking behaviour ('smoking'). Therefore this systematic review classified and summarised how both density and smoking variables are operationalised in the existing literature, and provides several methodological recommendations for future density and smoking research. METHODS Two literature searches between March and April 2018 and April 2022 were conducted across 10 databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed and keyword database searches were undertaken. Studies were imported into Covidence. Cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and a quality assessment was undertaken. Studies were categorised according to the density measure used, and smoking was re-categorised using a modified classification tool. RESULTS Large heterogeneity was found in the operationalisation of both measures in the 47 studies included for analysis. Density was most commonly measured directly from geocoded locations using circular buffers at various distances (n = 14). After smoking was reclassified using a smoking classification tool, past-month smoking was the most common smoking type reported (n = 26). CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that density is measured through length-distance and travel time using the street network and weighted (e.g. by the size of an area), or by using Kernel Density Estimates as these methods provide a more accurate measure of geographical to tobacco and e-cigarette retailer density. The consistent application of a smoking measures classification tool, such as the one developed for this systematic review, would enable better comparisons between studies. Future research should measure exposure and outcome measures in a way that makes them comparable with other studies. IMPLICATIONS This systematic review provides a strong case for improving data collection and analysis methodologies in studies assessing tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour to ensure that both exposure and outcome measures are clearly defined and captured. As large heterogeneity was found in the operationalisation of both density and smoking behaviour measures in the studies included for analysis, there is a need for future studies to capture, measure and classify exposure measures accurately, and to define outcome measures in a manner that makes them comparable with other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baker
- Department of Community and Allied Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia.
| | - Katrin Lenz
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre For Rural Health Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohd Masood
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Health, Federation University, Berwick, Australia
- Australian Institute for Primary Care and Ageing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Begg
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre For Rural Health Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Widiantari NK, Kurniasari NMD, Trapika IGMGSC, Astuti PAS. Vape store density and proximity to schools in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058037. [PMID: 37541833 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use among youth in Indonesia is rising, and there is no regulation surrounding sale of e-cigarettes. This study aims to map the distribution and density of vape stores and their proximity to schools and cafes as well as assess selling of e-cigarettes to youth under 18 years in Denpasar, Bali. METHODS Using QGIS V.3.18.1 software, we conducted a geographic mapping of all vape stores followed by a survey of the retailers (n=107). Data were collected in April 2022. Several measures explored included retailers' density based on the size and population of subdistricts, retailers' proximity to school. Retailers were asked about selling to youth under 18 years, then its association with distance to schools and other variables were explored. RESULTS We mapped 122 vape stores across Denpasar city with a density of 1.56 per km2 of the occupied land for housing, 0.16 stores per 1000 total population and 1.06 stores per 1000 youth population. More than a quarter of the schools (28.3%) and the universities (25.6%) had at least one vape store in 250 m radius, while 97.2% of the stores were within 500 m of a café. Of the 107 vape store retailers interviewed, almost half (43.9%) reported selling vapes to youth under 18 years. CONCLUSIONS Retail availability of e-cigarettes will contribute to the increasing use of this product, especially without a minimum legal sales age. The government should urgently prohibit selling to youth, regulate e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship and prohibit e-cigarette use where conventional smoking is prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Komang Widiantari
- Bachelor of Public Health Program, Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, Denpasar, Indonesia
- Udayana Center for NCDs, Tobacco Control and Lung Health (Central), Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Dian Kurniasari
- Udayana Center for NCDs, Tobacco Control and Lung Health (Central), Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Indonesia
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | | | - Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti
- Udayana Center for NCDs, Tobacco Control and Lung Health (Central), Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Indonesia
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, Denpasar, Indonesia
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Travis N, Levy DT, McDaniel PA, Henriksen L. Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review. Tob Control 2022; 31:e175-e188. [PMID: 34301839 PMCID: PMC9126034 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE States and localities are formulating strategies to reduce the widespread retail availability of tobacco products. Evidence of associations between retailer density/proximity and tobacco use outcomes can help inform those strategies. We conducted a scoping review on tobacco retail availability and cigarette/e-cigarette use in adults and youth, and considered variations in spatial units, measures of retailer exposure and outcomes across studies. METHODS A systematic search for studies examining the association between retailer density/proximity and youth and adult cigarette/e-cigarette use was conducted across MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Google Scholar through 27 August 2020 with no restrictions. RESULTS Thirty-five studies were included in our qualitative synthesis. While there were differences in neighbourhood definitions (eg, egocentric vs administrative), there is evidence for a positive association between higher retailer density in egocentric neighbourhoods around homes and current smoking in adults and adolescents. Administrative unit measures in some studies showed associations with adult current smoking, and adolescent lifetime and current smoking. Studies on tobacco outlet proximity to homes obtained mixed results. Density/proximity of tobacco outlets around schools showed no or inverse association with adolescent smoking, but suggests higher susceptibility to smoking. Evidence of an association between e-cigarette retail availability and e-cigarette use is limited due to a small number of studies. CONCLUSION The current literature provides limited empirical evidence of the association between tobacco retailer availability and smoking or e-cigarette use. More research with uniform measures of environmental exposure to tobacco retailers is needed to allow for greater comparability between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargiz Travis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David T Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patricia A McDaniel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Trapl E, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Pike Moore S, Gittleman H. Association between school-based tobacco retailer exposures and young adolescent cigarette, cigar and e-cigarette use. Tob Control 2021; 30:e104-e110. [PMID: 32817573 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between retail tobacco availability and tobacco use have been mixed. This study examined associations between school-based retail environment exposures and current use of cigarettes, cigar products and e-cigarettes among middle school youth in Cleveland, OH. METHODS Retailers selling tobacco products were identified using the 2015 Cleveland Food Retail Database (n=639 stores). Youth survey data were drawn from the 2016 Cleveland Youth Risk Behavior Survey, administered to all 7th/8th graders across the Cleveland Metropolitan School District (n=3778, response rate=83.0%). Past 30-day cigarette, cigar product and e-cigarette use were assessed. Student demographics, number of days walking to/from school each week and number of times youth stopped at a retailer to/from school each week were included. For each school (n=63), tobacco retail density (TRD) and proximity (TRP) to nearest retailer were calculated for each product. Multiple regression analysis assessed associations between retail exposures and youth tobacco use. RESULTS Across all schools, 3.9%, 10.2% and 8.6% of students currently use cigarettes, cigar products and e-cigarettes, respectively, and 15.2% currently use at least one tobacco product. TRD and TRP were not associated with current use; frequency of walking to school and stopping at retailers were strongly associated with current use. CONCLUSIONS Although TRD and TRP were not significantly associated with tobacco product use, youth who reported regularly walking to/from school or who reported stopping at a retail store before/after school were significantly more likely to be a current tobacco product user. This may be due to increased exposure to exterior and point-of-sale marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Trapl
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel
- PATH Branch, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Pike Moore
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Haley Gittleman
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Padhiary S, Samal D, Khandayataray P, Murthy MK. A systematic review report on tobacco products and its health issues in India. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:367-389. [PMID: 33185581 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
India is the second country in tobacco production in the world. Smoking tobacco products included Hookah, Cohutta, Chillum, Chillum, ganja, Beedi, Mava, Cigarettes, and cigar etc. Various types of smokeless tobacco like betel quid, khaini, mishri, snuff, gutkha are used. Fifty percent of them are addicted to smokeless tobacco. Sixty eight smokeless tobacco products were available in 2010; most of them included the risk of cancer warning except for loose tobacco products. Women mostly prefer 8 out of 29 gutkha brands. Out of these 29 gutkha brands, 15 were loose tobacco packets. India is the second-largest tobacco consumer, comprises of 27.5 crore consumers which altogether greater than the population of Western Europe. From among these 27.5 crore consumers, 16.4 crore people are smokeless tobacco in takers, 6.9 crore people are exclusive smokers and 4.2 crore people are both tobacco in takers and exclusive smokers. If we take this data into consideration early mortality of 45 crore people is expected by 2050 worldwide. Female basically are prone to fewer cigarettes per day as compared to males. On the other hand, a cigarette that is consumed by females has lower nicotine content as compared to males. In developing countries, the female population has less prevalence of smoking because the level of employment is low, socio-cultural norms, and health and beauty concerns. According to the estimation by the South East Asia Region (SEAR) in the year 2000 basically from India, we encounter death of about 18% men and about 3% of women due to tobacco. Various policies have been set up to control the use of tobacco. So that threat to public health is reduced. Policies like tobacco control policy, pro-health policy are set up for this purpose. Talking about the effects on a longer-term usage of water pipe can add up to the risk of getting affected by cancers of lungs, mouth, bladders, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, tooth extraction, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samprit Padhiary
- Department of Bitechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Vidya Vihar, IID Center, Khurda, Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Dibyaranjan Samal
- Department of Bitechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Vidya Vihar, IID Center, Khurda, Khordha, Odisha, India
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Valiente R, Escobar F, Urtasun M, Franco M, Shortt NK, Sureda X. Tobacco Retail Environment and Smoking: A Systematic Review of Geographic Exposure Measures and Implications for Future Studies. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1263-1273. [PMID: 33155040 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To review the geographic exposure measures used to characterize the tobacco environment in terms of density of tobacco outlets and proximity to tobacco outlets, and its association with smoking-related outcomes. METHODS We used PubMed and Google Scholar to find articles published until December 2019. The search was restricted to studies that (1) measured the density of and/or proximity to tobacco outlets and (2) included associations with smoking outcomes. The extraction was coordinated by several observers. We gathered data on the place of exposure, methodological approaches, and smoking outcomes. RESULTS Forty articles were eligible out of 3002 screened papers. Different density and proximity measures were described. 47.4% density calculations were based on simple counts (number of outlets within an area). Kernel density estimations and other measures weighted by the size of the area (outlets per square kilometer), population, and road length were identified. 81.3% of the articles which assessed proximity to tobacco outlets used length distances estimated through the street network. Higher density values were mostly associated with higher smoking prevalence (76.2%), greater tobacco use and smoking initiation (64.3%), and lower cessation outcomes (84.6%). Proximity measures were not associated with any smoking outcome except with cessation (62.5%). CONCLUSION Associations between the density of tobacco outlets and smoking outcomes were found regardless of the exposure measure applied. Further research is warranted to better understand how proximity to tobacco outlets may influence the smoking outcomes. This systematic review discusses methodological gaps in the literature and provides insights for future studies exploring the tobacco environment. IMPLICATIONS Our findings pose some methodological lessons to improve the exposure measures on the tobacco outlet environment. Solving these methodological gaps is crucial to understand the influence of the tobacco environment on the smoking outcomes. Activity spaces should be considered in further analyses because individuals are exposed to tobacco beyond their residence or school neighborhood. Further studies in this research area demand density estimations weighted by the size of the area, population, or road length, or measured using Kernel density estimations. Proximity calculations should be measured through the street network and should consider travel times apart from the length distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Valiente
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Escobar
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Urtasun
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Cooperativa APLICA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Franco
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Niamh K Shortt
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBER en Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Cuomo RE, Yang JS, Purushothaman VL, Nali M, Li J, Mackey TK. A geospatial analysis of age disparities in resolute localities of tobacco and vaping-specific storefronts in California. Tob Prev Cessat 2021; 7:32. [PMID: 34017926 PMCID: PMC8114581 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/133933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concomitant with the popularization of vaping, vape shops have dramatically proliferated over the past years. This study assesses whether vape storefronts in California are significantly associated with density of different age groups, and whether this differs between tobacco storefronts or non-specific tobacco retailers. METHODS Addresses for licensed tobacco retailers were obtained from the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration. Business names and addresses were used to obtain store categories cross-referenced from Yelp. Using a cross-sectional ecological design, stores categorized as ‘Vape Shop’ or ‘Tobacco Shop’ were geolocated and compared with age-related variables from the American Community Survey. Regression was conducted in R to determine relationships between age group concentration, in ventiles, and proportion of tracts with tobacco-specific or vape-specific stores. Geospatial visualization was conducted using ArcGIS. RESULTS We found 848 vape shops, 820 tobacco shops, 419 categorized as both, and 20320 retailers with neither category. Overall, 1800 tobacco and/or vape shops were categorized in 1557 of California’s 23194 census tracts. A positive linear association was found between ventiles of two age categories, 20–24 and 25–34 years, and proportion of tracts with vape-specific or tobacco-specific shops separately. CONCLUSIONS Positive associations were found for ages 20–34 years but not for other ages, suggesting vape shops are strategically located in areas populated by young adults. Location-based targeting increases access, thereby increasing proportion of tobacco users, and could be a critical factor in e-cigarette uptake and use. Further study to identify additional age-related demographic characteristics among clientele of tobacco storefronts is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael E Cuomo
- Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, United States.,Department of Healthcare Research and Policy, University of California, San Diego - Extension, San Diego, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Joshua S Yang
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fullerton, United States
| | - Vidya L Purushothaman
- Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Matthew Nali
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jiawei Li
- Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, United States
| | - Tim K Mackey
- Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, United States.,Department of Healthcare Research and Policy, University of California, San Diego - Extension, San Diego, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
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10
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Nuyts PAW, Davies LEM, Kunst AE, Kuipers MAG. The Association Between Tobacco Outlet Density and Smoking Among Young People: A Systematic Methodological Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:239-248. [PMID: 31433835 PMCID: PMC7822097 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim Evidence on the association between tobacco outlet density and proximity and smoking behavior among youth is inconsistent, which may be due to methodological problems in some studies. We assessed the association of outlet density or proximity with smoking behavior among young people while taking into account the methodological quality of studies. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for studies on the relationship between outlet density or proximity and smoking behavior among 12- to 25-year-olds, published between 1997 and 2017. Methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated independently by two reviewers. Results Twenty studies were included in the review. The quality assessment identified five primary sources of potential bias: overadjustment for mediators (problems identified in 14 studies), underadjustment for confounders (six studies), poor statistical model fit (four studies), selection bias (three studies), and misclassification of exposure measurements (eight studies). Four studies were of high methodological quality. In studies with relatively high quality, 10 associations were reported, of which seven were nonsignificant, two positive, and one negative. Similarly, the complete body of evidence demonstrated mostly nonsignificant associations, but a larger proportion of positive associations than negative. Conclusion Although there is some support for a positive direction, current literature does not provide consistent evidence for a positive association between outlet density and smoking among youth. This is not necessarily due to bias in specific studies, but more to fundamental challenges in study design and exposure measurements. These issues need to be addressed in future studies using more rigorous methods. Implications Our findings suggest that, although there is some evidence for a positive association, current scientific literature does not provide consistent support to claim an effect of tobacco outlet density or proximity on youth smoking. This underlines the need for more research with improved methodology. There is a need for quasiexperimental studies, in which the outlet density changes substantially, studies measuring the actual exposure of youth to tobacco outlets, and qualitative research on the mechanisms underlying any association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien A W Nuyts
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa E M Davies
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirte A G Kuipers
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Marsh L, Vaneckova P, Robertson L, Johnson TO, Doscher C, Raskind IG, Schleicher NC, Henriksen L. Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies. Health Place 2021; 67:102275. [PMID: 33526204 PMCID: PMC8171582 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the retail availability of tobacco has been proposed as a component of tobacco endgame, yet it is not known whether retail availability has a direct impact on smoking behaviours. A narrative review and a meta-analysis have been undertaken to examine the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets, but were limited in scope, exposure and outcome variables. The aim of this current study was to undertake a systematic review of the international literature on the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes, schools and communities and their association with smoking behaviours among youth. METHODS We reviewed and critically appraised the evidence documenting the association between density or proximity of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours among school-age youth (18 and under), between 1 January 1990 and 21 October 2019. We reviewed original quantitative research that examined the associations of tobacco retail outlet density and proximity with individual smoking status or population-level smoking prevalence; initiation of smoking; frequency of tobacco use; sales to minors; purchasing by minors; susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers; perceived prevalence of smoking, and quitting behaviours. FINDINGS Thirty-five peer-reviewed papers met the inclusion criteria. This review provided evidence of a relationship between density of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours, particularly for the density near youths' home. A study using activity spaces also found a significant positive association between exposure to tobacco retail outlets and daily tobacco use. The review did not provide evidence of an association between the proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes or schools and smoking behaviours among youth. CONCLUSIONS The existing evidence supports a positive association between tobacco retail outlet density and smoking behaviours among youth, particularly for the density near youths' home. This review provides evidence for the development and implementation of policies to reduce the density of tobacco retail outlets to reduce smoking prevalence among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Marsh
- Cancer Society Social & Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Pavla Vaneckova
- Cancer Council New South Wales, 153 Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW, 2011, Australia
| | - Lindsay Robertson
- Cancer Society Social & Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Tobacco Control Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Trent O Johnson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Mail Code 5537, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-1334, USA
| | - Crile Doscher
- Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Ilana G Raskind
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Mail Code 5537, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-1334, USA
| | - Nina C Schleicher
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Mail Code 5537, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-1334, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Mail Code 5537, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-1334, USA
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Tobacco Retailers Near Schools and the Violations of Tobacco Retailing Laws in Thailand. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2020; 25:537-542. [PMID: 30148748 PMCID: PMC7329131 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the location of tobacco retailers may influence tobacco access among youths.
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Abdel Magid HS, Halpern-Felsher B, Ling PM, Bradshaw PT, Mujahid MS, Henriksen L. Tobacco Retail Density and Initiation of Alternative Tobacco Product Use Among Teens. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:423-430. [PMID: 31784411 PMCID: PMC7089810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rise of noncigarette, alternative tobacco product (ATP) use among adolescents may be due in part to an increase in retail availability of ATPs. We examined whether proximity and density of tobacco retailers near students' homes are associated with a higher likelihood of initiating ATP use over time. METHODS Using data from 728 adolescents (aged 13-19 years at baseline) residing in 191 different neighborhoods and attending 10 different California high schools, longitudinal multilevel and cross-classified random effect models evaluated individual-level, neighborhood-level, and school-level risk factors for ATP initiation after 1 year. Covariates were obtained from the American Community Survey and the California Department of Education. RESULTS The sample was predominantly female (63.5%) and was racially and ethnically diverse. Approximately one third of participants (32.5%) reported ever ATP use at baseline, with 106 (14.5%) initiating ATP use within 1 year. The mean number of tobacco retailers per square mile within a tract was 5.66 (standard deviation = 6.3), and the average distance from each participant's residence to the nearest tobacco retailer was .61 miles (standard deviation = .4). Living in neighborhoods with greater tobacco retailer density at baseline was associated with higher odds of ATP initiation (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-2.12), controlling for individual and school factors. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco retailers clustered in students' home neighborhood may be an environmental influence on adolescents' ATP use. Policy efforts to reduce adolescent ATP use should aim to reduce the density of tobacco retailers and limit the proximity of tobacco retailers near adolescents' homes and schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda S Abdel Magid
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Bonnie Halpern-Felsher
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Mahasin S Mujahid
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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School Social Capital and Tobacco Experimentation Among Adolescents: Evidence From a Cross-Classified Multilevel, Longitudinal Analysis. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:431-438. [PMID: 32001140 PMCID: PMC7089836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE School social capital incorporates the intangible prosocial resources from social networks, including expectations and social norms, found in a school environment. School social capital may influence health behaviors such as smoking. This study examined the association of school social capital with smoking behaviors from childhood into adolescence. METHODS We used a cohort sampled from three U.S. cities for the Healthy Passages Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The primary outcome was cigarette smoking at grade 10 (Wave 3). The primary predictor of interest was school social capital at grade 5 (Wave 1). We included potential covariates at the individual, school, and neighborhood levels at Wave 1. To account for simultaneous clustering in schools and neighborhoods, cross-classified multilevel models were used. RESULTS After exclusions and imputations for missing variables, our final sample contained 3,968 students as constituents of 118 schools and 479 neighborhoods. With adjustment for the covariates, school social capital for grade 5 was negatively associated with cigarette smoking in grade 10. We estimated that a 1 standard deviation increase in the school average social capital for grade 5 is associated with an odds ratio of .86 (95% credible interval: .75-.98) for school-level smoking in grade 10. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that school social capital in late elementary years is associated with reduced smoking behaviors among adolescents in the U.S. Influencing school social capital through enrichment of positive social norms and parent/teacher expectations may be a useful strategy to reduce adolescent smoking, with long-term implications for adult health.
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Dewi DMSK, Sebayang SK, Lailiyah S. Density of cigarette retailers near schools and sales to minors in Banyuwangi, Indonesia: A GIS mapping. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:06. [PMID: 31997988 PMCID: PMC6987962 DOI: 10.18332/tid/115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are weak regulations and controls on tobacco sales to adolescents in Indonesia, and these may have contributed to the increase in smoking prevalence among adolescents in the country. Our study aims to calculate the density of cigarette retailers near schools and ascertain the factors associated with sales to minors. METHODS We conducted geographical mapping by recording the GPS position of cigarette retailers in 15 locations in Banyuwangi District, Indonesia, to assess the density and proximity of cigarette retailers to schools. We interviewed randomly selected retailers, from the geographical mapping, for information on sales to minors, the cheapest price cigarettes are sold and the most popular cigarette brand purchased by adolescents, as well as owners/keepers knowledge of the regulation regarding sales to minors. RESULTS We identified 770 retailers of consumer goods in the study location; 28.1% (216) sold cigarettes, with mean density of 1.1 cigarette retailers per 100 m. Of the cigarette retailers, 6.9% were located <25 m from schools and all schools had at least one retailer within a 250 m radius. Owners/keepers of 107 cigarette retailers agreed to be interviewed for information on sales to minors. Brands from Gudang Garam were the most popular among adolescents and the brand from Bentoel, part of British American Tobacco, was the cheapest. The median of the cheapest price sold was US$0.7 per pack. Only 43.6% of retailers ever refused to sell cigarettes to adolescents. Within a school complex, retailers’ refusal to sell cigarettes to adolescents was higher than in other locations. CONCLUSIONS Schools in Banyuwangi are surrounded by cigarette retailers. Half of the retailers sell cigarettes at a price affordable by adolescents, attracting adolescents to initiate smoking. There needs to be strict regulation to control cigarette sales to minors, through zoning and licensing in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desak M S K Dewi
- Research Group for Health and Well-being of Women and Children, Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi Campus, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Susy K Sebayang
- Research Group for Health and Well-being of Women and Children, Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi Campus, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Syifa'ul Lailiyah
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi Campus, East Java, Indonesia
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Marsh L, Doscher C, Cameron C, Robertson L, Petrović‐van der Deen FS. How would the tobacco retail landscape change if tobacco was only sold through liquor stores, petrol stations or pharmacies? Aust N Z J Public Health 2020; 44:34-39. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Marsh
- Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social MedicineUniversity of Otago New Zealand
| | - Crile Doscher
- Faculty of Environment, Society and DesignLincoln University New Zealand
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Gohari MR, Cook RJ, Dubin JA, Leatherdale ST. Identifying patterns of alcohol use among secondary school students in Canada: A multilevel latent class analysis. Addict Behav 2020; 100:106120. [PMID: 31622948 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Harm from alcohol use depend not only on the volume of consumption but also on drinking patterns. This study identifies patterns of alcohol consumption in youth and investigates how these patterns vary across schools and whether individual- and school-level factors are associated with engagement in patterns of alcohol consumption. METHODS The sample consists of 45,298 grade 9 to 12 students attending 89 secondary schools across Ontario and Alberta (Canada), who participated in the COMPASS study during the school year 2013-14. The frequency of drinking, the frequency of binge drinking, and age of alcohol-use initiation were used to characterize alcohol use patterns. RESULTS The multilevel latent class analysis identified 4 student-level latent groups and 2 school-level latent groups. Student-level groups of youth were characterized as non-drinkers (44.2%), light drinkers (41.8%), regular drinkers (11.1%), and heavy drinkers (2.9%). Two groups of schools were characterized as either low-use (44.9%) or high-use (55.1%) schools, with significantly different probability of membership in each student-level group. Male students (OR 1.30) and upper grades (OR 1.93) were significantly associated with membership in higher use groups of individuals. The median household income and the number of off-premise alcohol outlets had no significant association with patterns of alcohol consumption within schools. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of students reported a level of drinking, suggesting that, in addition to delaying the onset of alcohol use, interventions need to encourage drinker students to quit drinking or lower their consumption. Schools may need to select and/or alter external interventions according to the dominant patterns of alcohol use among their students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood R Gohari
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Richard J Cook
- Department of Statictics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Joel A Dubin
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science And School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada.
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Kingsley M, Setodji CM, Pane JD, Shadel WG, Song G, Robertson J, Kephart L, Henley P, Ursprung WWS. Short-Term Impact of a Flavored Tobacco Restriction: Changes in Youth Tobacco Use in a Massachusetts Community. Am J Prev Med 2019; 57:741-748. [PMID: 31668668 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To counter the high prevalence of flavored tobacco use among youth, many U.S. localities have passed policies that restrict youth access to these products. This study aims to evaluate the short-term impact of a flavored tobacco restriction policy on youth access to, and use of, flavored tobacco products in a Massachusetts community. METHODS A community with the policy (Lowell) was matched to a community without the policy (Malden) with similar demographics, retailer characteristics, and point-of-sale tobacco policies. Product inventories were assessed in tobacco retailers in the 2 communities, and surveys were administered to high school-aged youth in those communities. Inventories and surveys were conducted around the time the policy took effect in October 2016 (baseline) and approximately 6 months later (follow-up); all data were analyzed in 2017. Chi-squared tests and difference-in-difference models were used to estimate the impact of the policy on flavored tobacco availability and youth perceptions and behaviors related to flavored tobacco use. RESULTS Flavored tobacco availability decreased significantly in Lowell from baseline to follow-up periods by 70 percentage points (p<0.001), whereas no significant changes in flavored tobacco availability were seen in Malden. In addition, current use of both flavored and non-flavored tobacco decreased in Lowell, but increased in Malden from baseline to follow-up; these changes were significantly different between communities (flavored tobacco: -5.7%, p=0.03; non-flavored tobacco: -6.2%, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Policies that restrict the sale of flavored tobacco have the potential to curb youth tobacco use in as few as 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Kingsley
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | | | | | - Glory Song
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lindsay Kephart
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia Henley
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kuijpers TG, Kunst AE, Willemsen MC. Policies that limit youth access and exposure to tobacco: a scientific neglect of the first stages of the policy process. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:825. [PMID: 31242893 PMCID: PMC6595563 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policymakers can adopt and implement various supply-side policies to limit youth access and exposure to tobacco, such as increasing the minimum age of sale, limiting the number or type of tobacco outlets, or banning the display of tobacco products. Many studies have assessed the impact of these policies, while less is known about the preceding policy process. The aim of our review was to assess the available evidence on the preceding process of agenda setting, policy formulation, and policy legitimation. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed and the Social Sciences Citation Index databases. After selection, 200 international peer-reviewed articles were identified and analyzed. Through a process of close reading, evidence based on scientific enquiry and anecdotal evidence on agenda setting, policy formulation and policy legitimation was abstracted from each article. RESULTS Scientific evidence on the policy process is scarce for these policies, as most of the evidence found was anecdotal. Only one study provided evidence based on a scientific analysis of data on the agenda setting and legitimation phases of policy processes that led to the adoption of display bans in two Australian jurisdictions. CONCLUSION The processes influencing the adoption of youth access and exposure policies have been grossly understudied. A better understanding of the policy process is essential to understand country variations in tobacco control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Kuijpers
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, 6229, HA, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C Willemsen
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, 6229, HA, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gonzalez M, Sanders-Jackson A, Henriksen L. Social Capital and Tobacco Retail Outlet Density: An Empirical Test of the Relationship. Am J Health Promot 2019; 33:1020-1027. [PMID: 31195802 DOI: 10.1177/0890117119853716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship between tobacco outlet density and social capital. PARTICIPANTS Parents of at least one teen (N = 2734) in a representative sample of US households with teens (ages 13-16). DESIGN Population-based, cross-sectional survey of a web panel of adolescent-parent pairs matched with spatial data for address to characterize household neighborhoods. SETTING US households identified by latitude and longitude with a 50-ft random shift. MEASURES Perceived social capital (trust and informal social control as reported by parents), tobacco outlet density (retailers per land area in 1/2-mile buffer around each household), neighborhood demographics (derived from American Community Survey), and parent demographics. ANALYSIS Multivariable regression examined the relationship between tobacco outlet density and social capital controlling for household buffer and individual-level covariates, including correlates of social capital. RESULTS Tobacco outlet density was inversely correlated with perceived trust in neighbors (B = -1.12, P = .0004), but not social control (B = 0.11, P = .731). CONCLUSION This study is the first we are aware of to find that social capital is related to tobacco outlet density. The results imply that individuals with low social capital may benefit from policies regulating tobacco outlet density and may benefit from policies that address neighborhood inequality by increasing social capital and reducing poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Gonzalez
- 1 Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.,2 Nicotine and Cannabis Policy Center, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Henriksen
- 4 Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Residential environments and smoking behaviour patterns among young adults: A prospective study using data from the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking cohort. Prev Med 2019; 123:48-54. [PMID: 30844498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Young adults have the highest prevalence of smoking among all age groups. Studies have shown associations between presence/density of tobacco retail and presence of smoker accommodation and smoking prevalence. However, little is known about their potential to influence different smoking patterns including initiation, maintenance, or cessation. This is important because smoking behaviour patterns in young adults may be subject to ongoing changes. Moreover, smoking pattern determinants may be different to those of smoking prevalence, and feature-pattern associations may be scale-dependent, requiring the consideration of different analytical spatial units. We examined associations between prospectively-measured smoking behaviour patterns and presence/density of tobacco retail, and presence of smoker accommodation facilities across 2 nested spatial units in Montreal, Canada. Data were from 18 to 25 year-old Montreal residents who had participated in the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking cohort both at baseline in 2011-2012 and follow-up in 2014 and resided in the same area at follow-up. 2-year smoking behaviour patterns were assessed for 2 cohorts based on participants' smoking status at baseline. Associations were examined using multilevel logistic models. Young adults who were smokers at baseline residing in areas with higher local-level presence of tobacco retail were less likely to quit smoking (i.e.: to be non-smokers for fewer than 2 years). Higher presence of smoker accommodation was not associated with smoking patterns at any scale. Findings provide evidence of scale-specific associations between residential environment features and smoking behaviour patterns in young adults, which may point to specific exposure-outcome processes underlying these associations.
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Smoking and Tobacco Retail Density Among Neighborhoods in Delaware. Dela J Public Health 2019; 5:40-48. [PMID: 34467014 PMCID: PMC8352428 DOI: 10.32481/djph.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Petteway RJ, Sheikhattari P, Wagner F. Toward an Intergenerational Model for Tobacco-Focused CBPR: Integrating Youth Perspectives via Photovoice. Health Promot Pract 2019; 20:67-77. [PMID: 29514503 PMCID: PMC6119506 DOI: 10.1177/1524839918759526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing prominence of community-based participatory research (CBPR) presents as an opportunity to improve tobacco-related intervention efforts. CBPR collaborations for tobacco/health, however, typically engage only adults, thus affording only a partial understanding of community context as related to tobacco. This is problematic given evidence around age of tobacco use initiation and the influence of local tobacco environments on youth. The CEASE and Resist youth photovoice project was developed as part of the Communities Engaged and Advocating for a Smoke-free Environment (CEASE) CBPR collaboration in Southwest Baltimore. With the broader CEASE initiative focused on adult smoking cessation, CEASE and Resist had three aims: (1) elucidate how youth from a high-tobacco-burden community perceive/interact with their local tobacco environment, (2) train youth as active change agents for tobacco-related community health, and (3) improve intergenerational understandings of tobacco use/impacts within the community. Fourteen youth were recruited from three schools and trained in participatory research and photography ethics/guiding principles. Youth met at regular intervals to discuss and narrate their photos. This article provides an overview of what their work revealed/achieved and discusses how including participatory youth research within traditionally adult-focused work can facilitate intergenerational CBPR for sustainable local action on tobacco and community health.
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Finan LJ, Lipperman-Kreda S, Abadi M, Grube JW, Kaner E, Balassone A, Gaidus A. Tobacco outlet density and adolescents' cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis. Tob Control 2019; 28:27-33. [PMID: 29519934 PMCID: PMC6129215 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted meta-analyses of studies that investigated the associations between tobacco outlet density around homes and schools and adolescents' past-month cigarette smoking. DATA SOURCES Systematic literature searches of eight databases were carried out in February 2017. Searches were not limited by date, language, country or peer-reviewed status. STUDY SELECTION After screening for quality, studies that examined the relationship between tobacco outlet density and adolescents' past-month smoking were selected for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION Two investigators screened study abstracts and full texts and independently extracted data. Consensus was reached at each stage. DATA SYNTHESIS Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on 11 studies that provided 13 effect sizes. Results showed that there was a significant association between tobacco outlet density around homes and adolescents' past-month smoking behaviour, with an overall effect size of OR=1.08 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.13; P<0.001; I2=0%). For density around schools, the association was not statistically significant (OR=1.01, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.03; P=0.53; I2=39%). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that exposure to tobacco outlets near home environments may be important for understanding adolescents' past-month smoking. Restricting access to tobacco outlets and controlling the number of outlets in residential areas may be an effective preventive strategy to help reduce adolescents' smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Finan
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Melissa Abadi
- Louisville Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1300 South 4th Street, Suite 300, Louisville, KY 40208
| | - Joel W. Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Emily Kaner
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Anna Balassone
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Andrew Gaidus
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
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Watson KA, Gammon DG, Loomis BR, Juster HR, Anker E. Trends in Cigarette Advertising, Price-Reducing Promotions, and Policy Compliance in New York State Licensed Tobacco Retailers, 2004 to 2015. Am J Health Promot 2018; 32:1679-1687. [PMID: 29566536 DOI: 10.1177/0890117118764852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the presence of licensed tobacco retailers (LTRs), cigarette advertisements, price-reducing promotions, and compliance with tobacco control policies in New York State from 2004 to 2015 and to discuss implications and lessons learned from 11 years of experience conducting LTR surveys. DESIGN Annual surveys of tobacco advertising from cross-sectional, stratified random samples of LTRs in New York State from 2004 to 2015 were conducted by professional data collectors. Data for 2013 were unavailable as the survey was not fielded in that year. SETTING New York State. PARTICIPANTS Licensed tobacco retailers, which are stores licensed to sell tobacco in the state of New York. Between 3.6% (n = 800) and 19.7% (n = 3945) of all LTRs were sampled annually. MEASURES The presence and number of cigarette advertisements and the presence of price-reducing promotions, required age-of-sale signage, and self-service tobacco displays were documented. ANALYSIS We tested for significant differences between 2014 and 2015 and significant trends overall and by outlet type. We used logistic regression for binary outcomes and Poisson regression for count variables. RESULTS The number of LTRs in New York State decreased 22.9% from 2004 (n = 25 740) to 2015 (n = 19 855). The prevalence and number of cigarette advertisements and the prevalence of cigarette price-reducing promotions decreased significantly over time. Compliance with posting required age-of-sale signs increased significantly from 2004 to 2015 and from 2014 to 2015. Compliance with the ban on self-service tobacco displays was consistently near 100%. CONCLUSION The tobacco retail environment in New York State improved substantially from 2004 to 2015. The implications of these findings for youth and adult smoking and the associated social costs are unknown; however, decreases in pro-tobacco marketing, decreases in the number of LTRs, and improvements in compliance are likely to have positive impacts on youth and adult smoking outcomes, such as reduced initiation and increased cessation, given previous research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Watson
- 1 Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Doris G Gammon
- 1 Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brett R Loomis
- 1 Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harlan R Juster
- 2 Department of Health, Bureau of Tobacco Control, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Anker
- 2 Department of Health, Bureau of Tobacco Control, Albany, NY, USA
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Gwon SH, Yan G, Huang G, Kulbok PA. The influence of tobacco retailers on adolescent smoking: prevention and policy implications. Int Nurs Rev 2017; 65:234-243. [PMID: 29105761 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking rates are higher among adolescents in South Korea than among those in other Asian countries. Researchers have reported associations between the presence of licensed tobacco retailers and adolescent smoking rates. However, few researchers have examined the factors that influence adolescent smoking including those that are intrapersonal, interpersonal or related to the tobacco retailers' environment. AIM The purpose of this study was to describe factors related to the students, the licensed tobacco retailers and the schools and how those factors are associated with adolescent smoking outcomes such as tobacco marketing receptivity, lifetime smoking and current smoking. METHODS The survey data were gathered from 740 South Korean adolescents, and geographic data for 3488 licensed tobacco retailers were also used. Geographic Information Systems and multilevel modeling were used to describe the variables and determine the factors associated with smoking outcomes in the sample. RESULTS The factors that influenced receptivity to tobacco marketing included the presence of peers who smoke and the frequencies of licensed tobacco retailers passed on the way to school. The factors that influenced lifetime smoking included gender, perceived economic status, weekly income, the presence of siblings or peers who smoke and frequencies of licensed tobacco retailers passed on the way to school. The factors that influenced current smoking included gender, weekly income, and the presence of siblings or peers who smoke. CONCLUSIONS These factors will guide adolescent tobacco prevention programs and policies. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE AND HEALTH POLICY The study's implications for nursing practice and health policy are that school nurses and public health nurses need to be encouraged to use retailer-related factors in adolescent smoking-prevention programs. There is also a need for zoning and licensing regulations to restrict licensed tobacco retailers in areas that adolescents frequent, including schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Gwon
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee College of Nursing, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - G Yan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - G Huang
- University of Virginia School of Architecture, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - P A Kulbok
- University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Leeman J, Myers A, Grant JC, Wangen M, Queen TL. Implementation strategies to promote community-engaged efforts to counter tobacco marketing at the point of sale. Transl Behav Med 2017; 7:405-414. [PMID: 28405905 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-017-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The US tobacco industry spends $8.2 billion annually on marketing at the point of sale (POS), a practice known to increase tobacco use. Evidence-based policy interventions (EBPIs) are available to reduce exposure to POS marketing, and nationwide, states are funding community-based tobacco control partnerships to promote local enactment of these EBPIs. Little is known, however, about what implementation strategies best support community partnerships' success enacting EBPI. Guided by Kingdon's theory of policy change, Counter Tools provides tools, training, and other implementation strategies to support community partnerships' performance of five core policy change processes: document local problem, formulate policy solutions, engage partners, raise awareness of problems and solutions, and persuade decision makers to enact new policy. We assessed Counter Tools' impact at 1 year on (1) partnership coordinators' self-efficacy, (2) partnerships' performance of core policy change processes, (3) community progress toward EBPI enactment, and (4) salient contextual factors. Counter Tools provided implementation strategies to 30 partnerships. Data on self-efficacy were collected using a pre-post survey. Structured interviews assessed performance of core policy change processes. Data also were collected on progress toward EBPI enactment and contextual factors. Analysis included descriptive and bivariate statistics and content analysis. Following 1-year exposure to implementation strategies, coordinators' self-efficacy increased significantly. Partnerships completed the greatest proportion of activities within the "engage partners" and "document local problem" core processes. Communities made only limited progress toward policy enactment. Findings can inform delivery of implementation strategies and tests of their effects on community-level efforts to enact EBPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leeman
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7460, USA.
| | | | | | - Mary Wangen
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tara L Queen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Giovenco DP, Casseus M, Duncan DT, Coups EJ, Lewis MJ, Delnevo CD. Association Between Electronic Cigarette Marketing Near Schools and E-cigarette Use Among Youth. J Adolesc Health 2016; 59:627-634. [PMID: 27720358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are now the most popular tobacco product among youth. Little is known about the relationship between exposure to e-cigarette marketing at the point-of-sale and youth e-cigarette use. METHODS Research staff collected data on e-cigarette availability and promotion in tobacco retailers within a half-mile of 41 schools participating in the 2014 New Jersey Youth Tobacco Survey. These data were linked with participant responses from the New Jersey Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 3,909) and log-Poisson regression models estimated adjusted prevalence ratios for ever and past-month e-cigarette use. RESULTS Nearly a quarter of high school students in New Jersey have tried e-cigarettes (24.1%) and 12.1% were past-month users. Prevalence was highest among males, non-Hispanic whites, and students who have used other tobacco products. After controlling for covariates and the clustered nature of the data, e-cigarette retailer density around schools was positively associated with ever and past-month use of e-cigarettes (p < .05). E-cigarette advertising volume significantly increased the probability of being a past-month e-cigarette user (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.03, p = .031). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the point-of-sale environment around schools may contribute to e-cigarette use among youth. Policy efforts to restrict tobacco promotion at the point-of-sale may play a role in reducing the use of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Giovenco
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
| | - Myriam Casseus
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elliot J Coups
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - M Jane Lewis
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Xu X, Chen C, Abdullah AS, Liu L, Sharma M, Li Y, Zhao Y. Smoking related attitudes, motives, and behaviors of male secondary school students in an urban setting of China. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:2021. [PMID: 27994998 PMCID: PMC5125283 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Most smokers have their first experience of cigarette use when they are teenagers (i.e. at schools). Aiming tobacco control initiatives at secondary school students offers preventive measures to eliminate or reduce tobacco use initiation by students. This study assessed smoking-related attitudes, motives and behavior as well as other factors associated with smoking among male secondary school students in an urban setting in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in urban areas of Chongqing using a structured questionnaire administered to 1297 male secondary school students. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the factors that affect smoking. Results Of the participants (n = 1297), 27.7% were secondary and 72.3% were middle school students. Overall, 30.5% of the participants were smokers. The majority of the students procured their first cigarette from friends. The motivations of middle school students to smoke their first cigarette were curiosity (70.5%) and imitation (13.1%). The motivations of high school students for smoking their first cigarette were to satisfy their curiosity (51.8%), relief of stress and social pressures (17.1%), and imitation of smoker friends (15.9%). Respondents from poor family financial conditions were more likely to smoke than those from rich family financial conditions [odds ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.00, 2.52]. Respondents whose fathers were smokers were more likely to smoke than those whose fathers were non-smokers (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.25, 2.17). Respondents who had one or two smoker friends (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.93, 4.60) and three or more smoker friends (OR 5.92, 95% CI 4.35, 8.05) were more likely to smoke than those who did not have any. Respondents who were neutral (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20, 0.91) and disagreed about the item “friends smoking” (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.08, 0.39) were less likely to smoke than those who agreed with the item. Conclusions This study indicates that male students who have negative attitudes toward smoking, who do not have a father or friends who smoke, and are from affluent backgrounds exhibit low tendency to start smoking at a young age. This study provides some implications for tobacco control policies among male secondary school students in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Xu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410001 Hunan Province China
| | - Abu S Abdullah
- Global Health Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, 215347 Jiangsu Province China.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,Department of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Lingli Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Behavioral and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213 USA
| | - Yaping Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
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Gwon SH, DeGuzman PB, Kulbok PA, Jeong S. Density and Proximity of Licensed Tobacco Retailers and Adolescent Smoking. J Sch Nurs 2016; 33:18-29. [PMID: 27864341 DOI: 10.1177/1059840516679710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent smoking prevention is an important issue in health care. This literature review describes the theoretical concept of ecological model for adolescent smoking and tobacco retailers and summarizes previous studies on the association between the density and proximity of tobacco retailers and adolescent smoking. We reviewed nine studies on tobacco retailer density and proximity in relation to adolescent smoking, published in peer-reviewed journals between 2004 and 2014. The tobacco retailer density and proximity were correlated with adolescent lifetime smoking, past 12-month smoking, past 30-day smoking, and susceptibility to smoking. School nurses or other school health professionals may need to include the density and proximity of tobacco retailer factors around schools in school-based tobacco-use prevention programs. Health policy makers may need to consider zoning or licensing restrictions of tobacco retailers around schools for adolescent smoking prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyun Gwon
- 1 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee College of Nursing, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Pamela B DeGuzman
- 2 University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Pamela A Kulbok
- 2 University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suyong Jeong
- 3 College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bostean G, Crespi CM, Vorapharuek P, McCarthy WJ. E-cigarette use among students and e-cigarette specialty retailer presence near schools. Health Place 2016; 42:129-136. [PMID: 27770669 PMCID: PMC5126978 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between presence of e-cigarette specialty retailers near schools and e-cigarette use among middle and high school students in Orange County (OC), CA. METHODS The OC subsample of the 2013-2014 California Healthy Kids Survey (N=67,701) was combined with geocoded e-cigarette retailers to determine whether a retailer was present within one-quarter mile of each public school in OC. Multilevel logistic regression models evaluated individual-level and school-level e-cigarette use correlates among middle and high school students. RESULTS Among middle school students, the presence of an e-cigarette retailer within one-quarter mile of their school predicted lifetime e-cigarette use (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.02, 2.83), controlling for confounders but no effect for current use. No significant effect was found for high school students. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette specialty retailers clustered around schools may be an environmental influence on student e-cigarette experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Bostean
- Department of Sociology, Environmental Science & Policy Program, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, (714) 516-5910; fax: (714) 997-6823
| | - Catherine M. Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, 51-254 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772
| | - Patsornkarn Vorapharuek
- Environmental Management, University of San Francisco, Harney Science Center, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117-1080
| | - William J. McCarthy
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Center for Cancer Prevention & Control Research, A2-125 CHS, 650 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles 90095-6900; (310) 794-7587; fax: 310-206-3566
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Schleicher NC, Johnson TO, Fortmann SP, Henriksen L. Tobacco outlet density near home and school: Associations with smoking and norms among US teens. Prev Med 2016; 91:287-293. [PMID: 27569829 PMCID: PMC5065244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether living or going to school in neighborhoods with higher tobacco outlet density is associated with higher odds of cigarette smoking among teens, and with perceptions of greater smoking prevalence and peer approval. Using an Internet panel that is representative of US households, we matched data from teen-parent pairs (n=2771, surveyed June 2011-December 2012) with environmental data about home and school neighborhoods. Density was measured as the number of tobacco outlets per square mile for a ½-mile roadway service area around each participant's home and school. Logistic regressions tested relationships between tobacco outlet density near home and schools with ever smoking. Linear regressions tested relationships between density, perceived prevalence and peer approval. Models were adjusted for teen, parent/household and neighborhood characteristics. In total, 41.0% of US teens (ages 13-16) lived within ½ mile of a tobacco outlet, and 44.4% attended school within 1000ft of a tobacco outlet. Higher tobacco outlet density near home was associated with higher odds of ever smoking, although the relationship was small, OR=1.01, 95% CI (1.00, 1.02). Higher tobacco outlet density near home was also associated with perceptions that more adults smoked, coef.=0.09, 95% CI (0.01, 0.17). Higher tobacco outlet density near schools was not associated with any outcomes. Living in neighborhoods with higher tobacco outlet density may contribute to teen smoking by increasing access to tobacco products and by cultivating perceptions that smoking is more prevalent. Policy interventions to restrict tobacco outlet density should not be limited to school environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Schleicher
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Trent O Johnson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Stephen P Fortmann
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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Robertson L, Gendall P, Hoek J, Cameron C, Marsh L, McGee R. Smokers’ Perceptions of the Relative Effectiveness of Five Tobacco Retail Reduction Policies. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 19:245-252. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Census tract correlates of vape shop locations in New Jersey. Health Place 2016; 40:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Mennis J, Mason M. Tobacco outlet density and attitudes towards smoking among urban adolescent smokers. Subst Abus 2016; 37:521-525. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2016.1181135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mason MJ, Mennis J, Zaharakis NM, Way T. The Dynamic Role of Urban Neighborhood Effects in a Text-Messaging Adolescent Smoking Intervention. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1039-45. [PMID: 26547062 PMCID: PMC6596452 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neighborhood features such as the density of tobacco outlets relative to one's home and evaluations of safety of one's activity space (routine locations), are known to influence health behaviors. Understanding the time-varying nature of these aspects of the urban ecology provides unique insights into the dynamic interactions of individuals and their environments. METHODS The present study tested the time-varying effects of tobacco outlets and perceived safety within a randomized controlled trial of an adolescent text-messaging smoking intervention. We used ecological momentary assessment data (EMA) from an automated text-messaging smoking cessation randomized trial with 197 primarily African American urban adolescents. We employed a time-varying effect model to estimate the effects of density of tobacco outlets within one-half mile of participants' home locations (time-invariant covariate) and evaluations of safety of their activity space (time-varying covariate) on momentary smoking over 6 months by treatment condition. The time-varying effect model approach models behavioral change and associations of coefficients expressed dynamically and graphically represented as smooth functions of time. RESULTS Differences in trajectories of smoking between treatment conditions were apparent over the course of the study. During months 2 and 6, the association between tobacco outlet density and smoking was significantly stronger in the control condition, suggesting treatment dampens this association during these time periods. The intervention also significantly reduced the association of perceived safety and smoking among the treatment condition during months 3 through 6. CONCLUSIONS Results support testing the time-varying effects of urban ecological features and perceptions of safety among adolescents in text-based smoking cessation interventions. IMPLICATIONS This study makes a unique contribution towards understanding the time-varying effects of urban neighborhoods on adolescent tobacco use within the context of a text-delivered intervention. Helping to adjust the long-held conceptualization of intervention effects as a static outcome, to that of a dynamic, time-varying process, is an important contribution of this study. The ability to specify when behavioral change occurs within the context of a randomized control trial provides understanding into the time-varying treatment effects of text-based smoking intervention. For example, researchers can modify the intervention to have strategically timed booster sessions that align with when the odds of smoking begin to increase in order to provide more precise treatment. The current study results show that increasing support to participants during months 2 and 4 may help suppress smoking over the course of a 6-month intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;
| | - Jeremy Mennis
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nikola M Zaharakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Thomas Way
- Department of Computing Science, Villanova University, Villanova, PA
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Mead EL, Rimal RN, Cohen JE, Turner MM, Lumby EC, Feighery EC, Shah V. A Two-Wave Observational Study of Compliance With Youth Access and Tobacco Advertising Provisions of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act in India. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1363-70. [PMID: 26610937 PMCID: PMC5942621 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Indian Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act prohibits youths' access to tobacco products at points-of-sale and near educational institutions, requires signage stating these restrictions in these venues, and bans outdoor advertisements. This observational study examined compliance with these provisions, changes in compliance over 1 year, and factors associated with compliance. METHODS Data were collected in 2012 and 2013 from points-of-sale (n = 555 in 2012, n = 718 in 2013), educational institutions (n = 277 in 2012, n = 276 in 2013), and neighborhoods (n = 104 in 2012, n = 125 in 2013) in 25 urban and rural towns in five states. Compliance across years was compared using chi-square tests. Multilevel regression equations assessed factors associated with compliance at Wave 2 and change in compliance from Wave 1 to Wave 2. RESULTS Most points-of-sale had no/low compliance, with little change over time (58% to 63%, P = .108). The proportion of educational institutions observing just 1-2 provisions increased (39% to 52%, P = .002). Most neighborhoods complied with the advertisement ban at both waves (91% to 96%, P = .172). In the multilevel analysis, point-of-sale compliance increased in small cities; compliance decreased at points-of-sale and increased at institutions in mid-sized cities. Changes in point-of-sale compliance were due to compliance with access restrictions and signage requirements; changes in educational institution compliance were due to compliance with the sales ban. CONCLUSIONS Compliance with provisions regarding the sale and display of tobacco products is moderate, while compliance with the advertisement ban remains high in these five Indian states. Greater enforcement will further reduce youths' exposure to tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS The study adds to the literature on compliance and changes in compliance with policy to prohibit youth access to tobacco products in India, a country that has large geographic disparities in youth smoking prevalence. The findings highlight several important areas on which efforts can focus to improve compliance among points-of-sale, educations institutions, and neighborhoods to limit youths' exposure and access to tobacco products. Rural areas and large cities in particular need more concerted efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Mead
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD;
| | - Rajiv N Rimal
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Monique M Turner
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
| | - Elena C Lumby
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
| | - Ellen C Feighery
- International Research, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, Washington, DC
| | - Vandana Shah
- International Research, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, Washington, DC
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Shang C, Huang J, Cheng KW, Li Q, Chaloupka FJ. Global Evidence on the Association between POS Advertising Bans and Youth Smoking Participation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030306. [PMID: 27005651 PMCID: PMC4808969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Point-of-sale (POS) tobacco advertising has been linked to youth smoking susceptibility and experimental smoking. However, there is limited evidence of the association between POS advertising bans and youth smoking participation. This study aims to examine how such bans are associated with current smoking, daily smoking, and regular smoking (≥1 cigarettes per day) participation among youth. Methods: one to two waves (primarily one wave) of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey were conducted in 130 countries between 2007 and 2011. These surveys were linked to the WHO “MPOWER” data using country and year identifiers to analyze the association between POS advertising bans (a dichotomous measure of the existence of such bans) and smoking participation in the past month. Weighted logistic regressions were employed to analyze this association while controlling for age, gender, parents’ smoking status, 6 MPOWER policy scores, and GDP per capita. Results and Conclusions: We find that in countries with POS advertising bans, current smoking (OR = 0.73, p ≤ 0.1), daily smoking (OR = 0.70, p ≤ 0.1), and regular smoking (OR = 0.75, p ≤ 0.05) participation in the past month is significantly lower, suggesting that POS promotion bans can potentially reduce youth smoking. This study provides evidence to support the implementation of POS promotion regulations by the US FDA and implementation of the WHO FCTC guidelines regarding restrictions on tobacco POS promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shang
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Jidong Huang
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Kai-Wen Cheng
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Qing Li
- American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Friend KB, Mair C. Tobacco outlet density, retailer cigarette sales without ID checks and enforcement of underage tobacco laws: associations with youths' cigarette smoking and beliefs. Addiction 2016; 111:525-32. [PMID: 26430730 PMCID: PMC4749431 DOI: 10.1111/add.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the relationships of tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and local enforcement of underage tobacco laws with youth's life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability of tobacco and perceived enforcement of underage tobacco laws and changes over time. DESIGN The study involved: (a) three annual telephone surveys, (b) two annual purchase surveys in 2000 tobacco outlets and (c) interviews with key informants from local law enforcement agencies. Analyses were multi-level models (city, individual, time). SETTING A sample of 50 mid-sized non-contiguous cities in California, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1478 youths (aged 13-16 at wave 1, 52.2% male); 1061 participated in all waves. MEASUREMENTS Measures at the individual level included life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability and perceived enforcement. City-level measures included tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and compliance checks. FINDINGS Outlet density was associated positively with life-time smoking [OR = 1.12, P < 0.01]. An interaction between outlet density and wave (OR = 0.96, P < 0.05) suggested that higher density was associated more closely with life-time smoking at the earlier waves when respondents were younger. Greater density was associated positively with perceived availability (β = 0.02, P < 0.05) and negatively with perceived enforcement (β = -0.02, P < 0.01). Sales rate without checking IDs was related to greater perceived availability (β = 0.01, P < 0.01) and less perceived enforcement (β = -0.01, P < 0.01). Enforcement of underage tobacco laws was related positively to perceived enforcement (β = 0.06, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher tobacco outlet density may contribute to life-time smoking among youths. Density, sales without ID checks and enforcement levels may influence beliefs about access to cigarettes and enforcement of underage tobacco sales laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Joel W. Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Karen B. Friend
- Decision Sciences Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation 1005 Main Street, Suite 8120, Pawtucket, RI 02860
| | - Christina Mair
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612,University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Leatherdale ST. Commentary on Lipperman-Kreda et al. (2016): Robust methods with a weak outcome measure still lead to consistent conclusions--even so, it may be time for recommendations to move from traditional tobacco control strategies to a relevant endgame strategy. Addiction 2016; 111:533-4. [PMID: 27280260 DOI: 10.1111/add.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Robertson L, Cameron C, McGee R, Marsh L, Hoek J. Point-of-sale tobacco promotion and youth smoking: a meta-analysis. Tob Control 2016; 25:e83-e89. [PMID: 26728139 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous systematic reviews have found consistent evidence of a positive association between exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco promotion and increased smoking and smoking susceptibility among children and adolescents. No meta-analysis has been conducted on these studies to date. METHODS Systematic literature searches were carried out to identify all quantitative observational studies that examined the relationship between POS tobacco promotion and individual-level smoking and smoking-related cognitions among children and adolescents, published between January 1990 and June 2014. Random-effects meta-analyses were used. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to extent of tobacco POS advertising environment in the study environment. Sensitivity analyses were performed according to study size and quality. RESULTS 13 studies met the inclusion criteria; 11 reported data for behavioural outcomes, 6 for cognitive outcomes (each of these assessed smoking susceptibility). The studies were cross-sectional, with the exception of 2 cohort studies. For the behavioural outcomes, the pooled OR was 1.61 (95% CI 1.33 to 1.96) and for smoking susceptibility the pooled OR was 1.32 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.61). CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents more frequently exposed to POS tobacco promotion have around 1.6 times higher odds of having tried smoking and around 1.3 times higher odds of being susceptible to future smoking, compared with those less frequently exposed. Together with the available evaluations of POS display bans, the results strongly indicate that legislation banning tobacco POS promotion will effectively reduce smoking among young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Robertson
- Cancer Society of New Zealand Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Claire Cameron
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Rob McGee
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Louise Marsh
- Cancer Society of New Zealand Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Janet Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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Shortt NK, Tisch C, Pearce J, Richardson EA, Mitchell R. The density of tobacco retailers in home and school environments and relationship with adolescent smoking behaviours in Scotland. Tob Control 2016; 25:75-82. [PMID: 25370699 PMCID: PMC4717363 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neighbourhood retailing of tobacco products has been implicated in affecting smoking prevalence rates. Long-term smoking usually begins in adolescence and tobacco control strategies have often focused on regulating 'child spaces', such as areas in proximity to schools. This cross-sectional study examines the association between adolescent smoking behaviour and tobacco retail outlet density around home and school environments in Scotland. METHODS Data detailing the geographic location of every outlet registered to sell tobacco products in Scotland were acquired from the Scottish Tobacco Retailers Register and used to create a retail outlet density measure for every postcode. This measure was joined to individual responses of the Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (n=20 446). Using logistic regression models, we explored the association between the density of retailers, around both home and school address, and smoking behaviours. RESULTS Those living in the areas of highest density of retailers around the home environment had 53% higher odds of reporting having ever smoked (95% CI 1.27 to 1.85, p<0.001) and 47% higher odds of reporting current smoking (95% CI 1.13 to 1.91 p<0.01). Conversely, those attending schools in areas of highest retail density had lower odds of having ever smoked (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.86 p<0.01) and lower odds of current smoking (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.95, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The density of tobacco retail outlets in residential neighbourhoods is associated with increased odds of both ever smoked and current smoking among adolescents in Scotland. Policymakers may be advised to focus on reducing the overall density of tobacco outlets, rather than concentrating on 'child spaces'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Shortt
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Tisch
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Pearce
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E A Richardson
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Mitchell
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Shang C, Huang J, Li Q, Chaloupka FJ. The Association between Point-of-Sale Advertising Bans and Youth Experimental Smoking: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). AIMS Public Health 2015; 2:832-844. [PMID: 27294172 PMCID: PMC4902283 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.4.832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES while existing research has demonstrated a positive association between exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco advertising and youth smoking, there is limited evidence on the relationship between POS advertising restrictions and experimental smoking among youth. This study aims to fill this research gap by analyzing the association between POS advertising bans and youths' experimental smoking. METHODS Global Youth Tobacco Surveys from 130 countries during 2007-2011 were linked to the WHO "MPOWER" tobacco control policy measures to analyze the association between POS advertising bans (a dichotomous measure of the existence of such bans) and experimental smoking using weighted logistic regressions. All analyses were clustered at the country level and controlled for age, parents' smoking status, GDP per capita, and country-level tobacco control scores in monitoring tobacco use, protecting people from smoke, offering help to quit, warning about the dangers of tobacco, enforcing promotion/advertising bans, and raising taxes on tobacco. RESULTS The results suggest that a POS advertising ban is significantly associated with reduced experimental smoking among youth (OR = 0.63, p < 0.01), and that this association is seen for both genders (boys OR = 0.74, p < 0.1; girls OR = 0.52, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS POS advertising bans are significantly associated with reduced experimental smoking among youth. Adopting POS advertising bans has the potential to reduce tobacco use among their youth in countries currently without such bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shang
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Jidong Huang
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Frank J. Chaloupka
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
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Marsh L, Ajmal A, McGee R, Robertson L, Cameron C, Doscher C. Tobacco retail outlet density and risk of youth smoking in New Zealand. Tob Control 2015; 25:e71-e74. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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McDaniel PA, Patzke H, Malone RE. Twitter users' reaction to a chain pharmacy's decision to end tobacco sales. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:36. [PMID: 26539069 PMCID: PMC4632371 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing the number of tobacco outlets may help reduce smoking uptake and use; public support for such action is essential. We explored how Twitter users responded to the announcement by US pharmacy chain CVS that it was voluntarily ending tobacco sales. Methods We used Twitter’s application programming interface to retrieve tweets and retweets posted over an 8-day period in February 2014 that contained two trending CVS-related hashtags (#cvs and #cvsquits). We manually coded 6,257 tweets as positive, negative, or neutral. Results The majority of tweets were positive (56.0 %) or neutral (39.4 %). Conclusions There was little disapproval of CVS’s decision to end tobacco sales among Twitter users, possibly due to the voluntary nature of the decision. The level of support suggests that CVS’s image and bottom line will not suffer as a result. Further voluntary actions to end tobacco sales – which may lay the groundwork for legislation -- should be incentivized and supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A McDaniel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Ste. 455, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
| | - Hannah Patzke
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Ste. 455, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
| | - Ruth E Malone
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Ste. 455, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
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Jason LA. Ethical and diversity challenges in ecologically sensitive systems-oriented interventions. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2015; 70:764-75. [PMID: 26618968 PMCID: PMC4863698 DOI: 10.1037/a0039642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses ethical and diversity challenges involved in implementing ecologically sensitive, systems-oriented research. These issues are considered with reference to a series of community-based interventions dealing with stigma and chronic illness, recovery from substance-use disorders, and prevention of tobacco use. Each of these ecological interventions incorporates a systems approach, which allows an understanding of how individuals affect and are influenced by their social environments. In addition, issues of diversity with respect to underrepresented and marginalized groups are considered, including overcoming obstacles to gaining access to resources and promoting increased opportunities and empowerment. Throughout, the central importance of developing relationships with key gatekeepers and stakeholders, as well as timely and effective communications with various coalition members, is highlighted. By bringing into the research and policy process diverse citizen/participant suggestions and input regarding the need for, or design and implementation of ecologically and systems-based interventions, researchers can build collaborative relationships that fuel trust and partnerships, leading to more ethically responsible research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Hahn EJ, Begley K, Gokun Y, Johnson AO, Mundy ME, Rayens MK. Electronic Cigarette Retail Outlets and Proximity to Schools. Am J Health Promot 2015; 29:380-3. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.130627-arb-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To compare the retail distribution and density per population of electronic and conventional cigarettes in smoke-free communities with and without e-cigarette restrictions. Design. A cross-sectional study with field observations of retail tobacco stores. Setting. Two Central Kentucky counties with 100% smoke-free workplace regulations; counties selected on the basis of whether e-cigarette use was restricted. Subjects. Fifty-seven tobacco retailers in two counties, including conventional retailers and stand-alone e-cigarette stores. Measures. Type and location of store and products sold; addresses of stores and schools geocoded with ArcGIS. Analysis. Bivariate comparisons between counties, rates and confidence intervals for frequency of tobacco retailers and e-cigarette stores per population. Results. Fifty-three percent of tobacco retailers sold e-cigarettes. E-cigarette availability did not differ by whether smoke-free regulation covered e-cigarettes. Rates of tobacco retailers and e-cigarette distributors per 10,000 were 8.29 and 4.40, respectively, in the two-county area. Of the 40 schools, 88% had a tobacco retailer and 68% had an e-cigarette distributor within 1 mile. Conclusion. In this exploratory study, e-cigarette use restriction was not related to store availability. For a relatively new product, e-cigarettes were readily available in retail outlets and close to schools.
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The impact of regional economic reliance on the tobacco industry on current smoking in China. Health Place 2015; 33:159-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cantrell J, Pearson JL, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Xiao H, Kirchner TR, Vallone D. Tobacco Retail Outlet Density and Young Adult Tobacco Initiation. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:130-7. [PMID: 25666816 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence indicates that the density of tobacco retail outlets around the home residence may influence tobacco use among youth and adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of neighborhood tobacco retail outlet density on young adult initiation of different tobacco product types. METHODS Cross-sectional data from a 2013 nationally representative sample of young adults aged 18-34 was examined in relation to a 2012 geocoded listing of all outlets likely to sell tobacco in the United States. Separate multivariable logistic regression analyses examined associations between neighborhood outlet density and past 6 months first use of cigarettes, non-cigarette combustible products, and noncombustible products among adults aged 18-24 and 25-34. RESULTS Outlet density was significantly associated with recent initiation of cigarettes and other combustibles, but this impact varied for younger and older groups. Increased density was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of initiating cigarette use among adults aged 25-34 (OR = 3.75, 95% CI = 1.18, 11.90), and of initiating non-cigarette combustible use among 18-24 year olds (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.03, 9.74). There was no impact of outlet density on recent noncombustible product initiation among either group. CONCLUSION This study is the first to examine the impact of tobacco outlet density on young adult initiation of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Findings demonstrate that residential neighborhood outlet density is associated with recent initiation of combustible products and this effect varies by product type and age. The tobacco outlet environment may be a critical factor in promoting young adult tobacco use initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cantrell
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD;
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Legacy, Washington, DC
| | - Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Legacy, Washington, DC; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas R Kirchner
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Legacy, Washington, DC
| | - Donna Vallone
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Cantrell J, Ganz O, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Harrell P, Kreslake JM, Xiao H, Pearson JL, Vallone D, Kirchner TR. Cigarette price variation around high schools: evidence from Washington DC. Health Place 2015; 31:193-8. [PMID: 25560754 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines lowest cigarette prices in all tobacco retail outlets in Washington D.C. (n=750) in relation to the type and number of high schools nearby, controlling for confounders. The lowest overall and Newport menthol prices were significantly lower at outlets near public non-charter and charter schools compared with outlets near private schools. Given higher smoking prevalence and more price-sensitive youth subgroups in U.S. public schools, exposure to low prices may contribute to tobacco-related health disparities in minority and low-income populations. Tobacco taxes combined with policies to minimize the increasing use of price as a marketing tool are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cantrell
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul Harrell
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Tampa, FL (current affiliation); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (affiliation at the time the article was written)
| | - Jennifer M Kreslake
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donna Vallone
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas R Kirchner
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
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