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Baltira C, Aronica E, Elmquist WF, Langer O, Löscher W, Sarkaria JN, Wesseling P, de Gooijer MC, van Tellingen O. The impact of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the diseased brain: Context matters. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101609. [PMID: 38897176 PMCID: PMC11228798 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters facilitate the movement of diverse molecules across cellular membranes, including those within the CNS. While most extensively studied in microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), other CNS cell types also express these transporters. Importantly, disruptions in the CNS microenvironment during disease can alter transporter expression and function. Through this comprehensive review, we explore the modulation of ABC transporters in various brain pathologies and the context-dependent consequences of these changes. For instance, downregulation of ABCB1 may exacerbate amyloid beta plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease and facilitate neurotoxic compound entry in Parkinson's disease. Upregulation may worsen neuroinflammation by aiding chemokine-mediated CD8 T cell influx into multiple sclerosis lesions. Overall, ABC transporters at the BBB hinder drug entry, presenting challenges for effective pharmacotherapy. Understanding the context-dependent changes in ABC transporter expression and function is crucial for elucidating the etiology and developing treatments for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysiida Baltira
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Translational Neuropharmacology Lab, NIFE, Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Childhood Cancer Pathology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark C de Gooijer
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Liang C, Huang C, Nong Z, Li S, Lin M, Qin Z. Correlation between ABCB1 and OLIG2 polymorphisms and the severity and prognosis of patients with cerebral infarction. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20230841. [PMID: 38221931 PMCID: PMC10787307 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) and OLIG2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and neurological injury severity and outcome in cerebral infarction (CI). The neurological injury severity of 298 CI patients was evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The prognosis of CI patients at 30 days after admission was evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale. And 322 healthy people were selected as the control group. The SNPs of the ABCB1 gene (rs1045642) and OLIG2 gene (rs1059004 and rs9653711) were detected by TaqMan probe PCR, and the distribution of SNPs genotype was analyzed. SNP rs9653711 was correlated with CI. Recessive models of rs1045642 and rs9653711 were correlated with CI. The genotypes of rs1045642 and rs9653711 and genetic models were associated with CI severity. rs1045642 had no correlation with CI prognosis, while rs9653711 had less correlation. The genotype distribution and recessive model were associated with CI prognosis. SNP rs1059004 was not associated with CI severity and prognosis. Alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and high levels of homocysteine (HCY) were independent risk factors for CI, while hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and HCY were associated with poor prognosis of CI. ABCB1 rs1045642 and OLOG2 rs9653711 are associated with CI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChaoYing Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 535099, China
| | - CuiYan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 535099, China
| | - ZhenRu Nong
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 535099, China
| | - SongLiang Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 535099, China
| | - MinShi Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 535099, China
| | - ZuYe Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 535099, China
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Chen Y, Fei X, Liu G, Li X, Huang L, Yang LZ, Li Y, Xu B, Fang W. P-Glycoprotein Exacerbates Brain Injury Following Experimental Cerebral Ischemia by Promoting Proinflammatory Microglia Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:6916819. [PMID: 38144707 PMCID: PMC10748718 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6916819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are activated following cerebral ischemic insult. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter on microvascular endothelial cells and upregulated after cerebral ischemia. This study evaluated the effects and possible mechanisms of P-gp on microglial polarization/activation in mice after ischemic stroke. P-gp-specific siRNA and adeno-associated virus (p-AAV) were used to silence and overexpress P-gp, respectively. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were performed in mice and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3) in vitro, respectively. OGD/R-injured bEnd.3 cells were cocultured with mouse microglial cells (BV2) in Transwell. Influences on acute ischemic stroke outcome, the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines and chemokines receptors, microglial polarization, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation, and GR-mediated mRNA decay (GMD) activation were evaluated via reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, or immunofluorescence. Silencing P-gp markedly alleviated experimental ischemia injury as indicated by reduced cerebral infarct size, improved neurological deficits, and reduced the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 expression. Silencing P-gp also mitigated proinflammatory microglial polarization and the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and its receptor CCR2 expression, whereas promoted anti-inflammatory microglia polarization. Additionally, P-gp silencing promoted GR nuclear translocation and the expression of GMD relative proteins in endothelial cells. Conversely, overexpressing P-gp via p-AAV transfection offset all these effects. Furthermore, silencing endothelial GR counteracted all effects mediated by silencing or overexpressing P-gp. Elevated P-gp expression aggravated inflammatory response and brain damage after ischemic stroke by augmenting proinflammatory microglial polarization in association with increased endothelial CCL2 release due to GMD inhibition by P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lele Zixin Yang
- Penn State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Ma R, Lu D, Wang J, Xie Q, Guo J. Comparison of pharmacological activity and safety of different stereochemical configurations of borneol: L-borneol, D-borneol, and synthetic borneol. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114668. [PMID: 37321057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chiral drugs generally exhibit differences in activity because they bind differently to their target receptor. The Chinese medicine borneol ('Bing Pian' in Chinese) is a bicyclic monoterpenoid with a wide range of biological activities. Three kinds of Chinese medicines comprising borneol are used clinically, namely, L-Borneolum ('Ai Pian' in Chinese), Borneolum ('Tian Ran Bing Pian' in Chinese), and synthetic borneol ('He Cheng Bing Pian' in Chinese). The three kinds of borneol have different stereochemical configurations, but their clinical uses are nearly identical, and their prices vary widely. However, there is no clear rational basis for the selection of these kinds of borneol in clinical applications. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to clarify differences in the biological activity, safety, and structure-activity relationship of the three kinds of borneol. METHODS 'borneol', 'Bing Pian', 'Ai Pian', 'Tian Ran Bing Pian', and 'He Cheng Bing Pian' were selected as keywords to search for and extract relevant literature in the CNKI, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases up to November 2022. RESULTS L-borneol has better potential in cerebrovascular diseases. The three kinds of borneol have stronger penetration-promoting effects on hydrophilic drugs. L-borneol and isoborneol promote intestinal mucosal absorption of drugs via bidirectional regulation of P-glycoprotein. D-borneol exhibits better antitumour sensitizing effects than L-borneol. L-borneol exhibits better inhibition of bacterial adhesion because of its C2 chiral centre. Synthetic borneol is less safe. CONCLUSION L-borneol has excellent potential in many aspects, has various sources, and can effectively replace expensive D-borneol in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qian Xie
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
| | - Jialiang Guo
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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5
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Zeng R, Zeng Y, Wang Q, Li X, Liu J, Li B, Zhang G, Hu S. Sleeve gastrectomy decreased hepatic lipid accumulation by inducing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 653:115-125. [PMID: 36868075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the roles of autophagy in the attenuation of hepatic lipid accumulation after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Thirty-two rats were divided into normal control, obesity group, sham group, and SG group. Then serum glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) and lipid accumulation were determined, followed by measuring the activity of autophagy based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis. Our data showed significant decrease in the lipid accumulation after SG compared with sham group. GLP-1 and autophagy showed significant increase in rats underwent SG compared with the sham group (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the roles of GLP-1 in autophagy. We knock-downed the expression of Beclin-1 in HepG2, and then analyzed the expression of autophagy-related protein (i.e. LC3BII and LC3BI) and lipid droplet accumulation. In HepG2 cells, GLP-1 analog reduced lipid accumulation by activating autophagy through modulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. All these concluded that SG decreased hepatic lipid accumulation by inducing autophagy through modulating AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yijia Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xinzhang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jize Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Bingjun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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6
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Cen J, Zhang R, Zhao T, Zhang X, Zhang C, Cui J, Zhao K, Duan S, Guo Y. A Water-Soluble Quercetin Conjugate with Triple Targeting Exerts Neuron-Protective Effect on Cerebral Ischemia by Mitophagy Activation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200817. [PMID: 36071574 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The existing treatments for ischemic stroke cannot meet the clinical needs so far. Quercetin (QT) is an effective apoptosis inhibitor and antioxidant flavonoid, but its water solubility is poor and has no targeting. In this study, QT is modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) to form a water-soluble conjugate HA-QT, which can specifically bind to CD44 receptors and response to hyaluronidase. Next, a novel delivery system SS31-HA-QT is prepared by further modification with SS31, a polypeptide capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and indiscriminately targeting mitochondria. Meanwhile, IR780, a near-infrared dye, is conjugated onto HA-QT and SS31-HA-QT to form diagnosis tools to trace HA-QT and SS31-HA-QT. In vitro and in vivo results shows that SS31 can four-fold increase the drug penetration into BBB without any toxicity. The highly expressed CD44 and hyaluronidase in ischemic area ensured the targeted delivery of QT to the ischemic region. Importantly, the mitochondrial targeting of damaged neurons is also achieved by SS31. Further studies confirmed that SS31-HA-QT exerted neuron-protection by activating mitophagy, and its mechanism involved Akt/mTOR related TFEB and HIF-1α activation. Hence, SS31-HA-QT shall be a promising neuroprotective drug due to its high water-solubility, superior triple-targeted neuroprotective ability, low toxicity, and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cen
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Runfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Tingkui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Keqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.,Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Efficacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Engineering Research Center for Gynecological Oncology Nanomedicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
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7
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Regulation of Microglia-Activation-Mediated Neuroinflammation to Ameliorate Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the STAT5-NF-κB Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091153. [PMID: 36138889 PMCID: PMC9496994 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory reaction after ischemia-reperfusion contributes significantly to a worsened prognosis, and microglia activation is the main resource of inflammation in the nervous system. Targeting STAT5 has been shown to be a highly effective anti-inflammatory therapy; however, the mechanism by which the STAT5 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation following brain injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion remains unclear. Dauricine is an effective agent in anti-inflammation and neuroprotection, but the mechanism by which dauricine acts in ischemia-reperfusion remained unknown. This study is the first to find that the anti-inflammation mechanism of dauricine mainly occurs through the STAT5-NF-κB pathway and that it might act as a STAT5 inhibitor. Dauricine suppresses the inflammation caused by cytokines Eotaxin, KC, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12β, and IL-17α, as well as inhibiting microglia activation. The STAT5b mutant at Tyr-699 reverses the protective effect of dauricine on the oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion injury of neurons and reactivates the P-NF-κB expression in microglia. These results suggest that dauricine might be able to suppress the neuroinflammation and protect the neurons from the injury of post-ischemia-reperfusion injury via mediating the microglia activation through the STAT5-NF-κB pathway. As a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation, STAT5 needs to be given further attention regarding its role in ischemic stroke.
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8
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Pu Z, Bao X, Xia S, Shao P, Xu Y. Serpine1 Regulates Peripheral Neutrophil Recruitment and Acts as Potential Target in Ischemic Stroke. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2649-2663. [PMID: 35494316 PMCID: PMC9049872 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s361072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peripheral neutrophil infiltration can exacerbate ischemia–reperfusion injury. We focused on the relationship between various peripheral immune cells and cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of dauricine on neuronal injury induced by ischemia–reperfusion and peripheral immune cells after ischemic stroke in mouse model, and we explored the undefined mechanisms of regulating peripheral immune cells through RNA sequencing and various biochemical verification in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that dauricine improved the neurological deficits of I/R injury, reduced the infarct volume, and improved the neurological scores. Furthermore, dauricine reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the brain after MCAO-R and increased peripheral neutrophils but unchanged the permeability of the endotheliocyte Transwell system in an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. RNA sequencing showed that chemotaxis factors, such as CXCL3, CXCL11, CCL20, CCL22, IL12a, IL23a, and serpine1, might play a crucial role. Overexpression of serpine1 reversed LPS-induced migration of neutrophils. Dauricine can directly bind with serpine1 in ligand–receptor docking performed with the Autodock and analyzed with PyMOL. Conclusion We identified chemotaxis factor serpine1 played a crucial role in peripheral neutrophil infiltration, which may contribute to reduce the neuronal injury induced by ischemia–reperfusion. These findings reveal that serpine1 may act as a potential treatment target in the acute stage of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Pu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yun Xu, Email
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Blood-Brain Barrier Transporters: Opportunities for Therapeutic Development in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031898. [PMID: 35163820 PMCID: PMC8836701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Over the past decades, several efforts have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to promote post-stroke neurological recovery. Preclinical stroke studies have reported successes in identifying novel neuroprotective agents; however, none of these compounds have advanced beyond a phase III clinical trial. One reason for these failures is the lack of consideration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport mechanisms that can enable these drugs to achieve efficacious concentrations in ischemic brain tissue. Despite the knowledge that drugs with neuroprotective properties (i.e., statins, memantine, metformin) are substrates for endogenous BBB transporters, preclinical stroke research has not extensively studied the role of transporters in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. Here, we review current knowledge on specific BBB uptake transporters (i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents); organic cation transporters (OCTs in humans; Octs in rodents) that can be targeted for improved neuroprotective drug delivery. Additionally, we provide state-of-the-art perspectives on how transporter pharmacology can be integrated into preclinical stroke research. Specifically, we discuss the utility of in vivo stroke models to transporter studies and considerations (i.e., species selection, co-morbid conditions) that will optimize the translational success of stroke pharmacotherapeutic experiments.
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10
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Li W, Cao F, Takase H, Arai K, Lo EH, Lok J. Blood-Brain Barrier Mechanisms in Stroke and Trauma. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:267-293. [PMID: 33580391 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment is tightly regulated. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is composed of cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes, plays an important role in maintaining the brain homeostasis by regulating the transport of both beneficial and detrimental substances between circulating blood and brain parenchyma. After brain injury and disease, BBB tightness becomes dysregulated, thus leading to inflammation and secondary brain damage. In this chapter, we overview the fundamental mechanisms of BBB damage and repair after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding these mechanisms may lead to therapeutic opportunities for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Cao
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Huang L, Chen Y, Liu R, Li B, Fei X, Li X, Liu G, Li Y, Xu B, Fang W. P-Glycoprotein Aggravates Blood Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Experimental Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Endothelial Autophagy. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1546-1561. [PMID: 36186136 PMCID: PMC9466967 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is expressed on brain microvessel endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and elevated after cerebral ischemia. In this study, we explored the influence and potential mechanisms of P-gp on BBB function in experimental ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was created in mice. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was performed in brain microvascular vessel-derived endothelial cells (bEnd.3) to mimic ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro. P-gp-specific siRNA and pharmacological inhibitor cyclosporine A were used to inhibit P-gp, whereas pcDNA3.1 was utilized to overexpress P-gp. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, acute ischemic stroke outcome, BBB integrity and permeability, autophagic proteins and relative signaling pathways were evaluated. P-gp levels were markedly elevated in mouse brain and endothelial cells following MCAO/R and OGD/R, respectively. P-gp siRNA silencing or pharmacologically inhibiting (cyclosporine A) reduced infarct volume and brain edema, attenuated brain pathology, and improved neurological behavior in association with attenuated accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages, reduced expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1). P-gp silence also counteracted BBB leakage, restored the expressions of tight junction proteins (Claudin-5, Occludin and ZO-1), activated autophagic proteins (upregulated LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin 1, and downregulated P62), and diminished Akt/mTOR signal activity in mice following MCAO/R. In the endothelial cell OGD/R assay, P-gp silence downregulated the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, inhibited leukocytes adhesion and migration, increased tight junction protein levels, and activated autophagy, all were reversible by forceful P-gp expression. Additionally, treatment with an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine) abolished protections against ischemic stroke and tight junction proteins reduction followed by P-gp silence. In conclusion, increased P-gp expression after ischemic injury resulted in BBB dysfunction and hyperpermeability by suppressing Akt/mTOR-induced endothelial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Xuan Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yunman Li () and Dr. Weirong Fang (), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yunman Li () and Dr. Weirong Fang (), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Zhang F, Zhao K, Tang T, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Feng S, Feng P, Guo M, Li X, Cen J. Bisindole compound 4ae ameliorated cognitive impairment in rats with vascular dementia by anti-inflammation effect via microglia cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174357. [PMID: 34284012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered as an important mechanism of vascular dementia (VaD). Our primary study showed that the bisindole analogue (2-(2-(bis(5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenoxy)aniline, compound 4ae) had great anti-inflammation in zebrafish. Rat model of permanent occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2-vessel occlusion, 2VO) was utilized to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of 4ae. Our results showed that 4ae treatment effectively reduced Iba-1 positive microglia cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. Compared with the model group, neuroinflammation characterized by Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, oxidative stress characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were both improved significantly after treatment with 4ae. Moreover, 4ae treatment significantly reversed ischemia-induced ACE enhancement, while notably increased the level of ACE2. To further elucidate the role of 4ae on neuroinflammation, we investigated the effects of 4ae on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in BV2 microglia cells, a kind of innate immune cells in central nervous system. The results demonstrated that the expressions of CD11b, TNFα and IL-6 and the level of ROS were up-regulated after treatment with LPS. More importantly, 4ae was able to block the activation of BV2 by reducing ROS production and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, our results suggested that 4ae inhibited the inflammatory response mediated by microglia cells by inhibiting NF-κB. This anti-inflammatory effect on microglia may be a potential mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of 4ae in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Keqing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Shuo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Pu Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, PR China.
| | - Juan Cen
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China.
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13
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Janssen L, Ai X, Zheng X, Wei W, Caglayan AB, Kilic E, Wang YC, Hermann DM, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Aggravates Brain Injury, Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Impairs Neurological Recovery in a Murine Stroke Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:733973. [PMID: 34483846 PMCID: PMC8415573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.733973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) stimulates tumor cell death and reduces angiogenesis. When SH-SY5Y cells or primary neurons are exposed to hypoxia only, inhibition of FAS yields significantly enhanced cell injury. The pathophysiology of stroke, however, is not only restricted to hypoxia but also includes reoxygenation injury. Hence, an oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) model with subsequent reoxygenation in both SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons as well as a murine stroke model were used herein in order to study the role of FAS inhibition and its underlying mechanisms. SH-SY5Y cells and cortical neurons exposed to 10 h of OGD and 24 h of reoxygenation displayed prominent cell death when treated with the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor TOFA or the fatty acid synthase inhibitor cerulenin. Such FAS inhibition reduced the reduction potential of these cells, as indicated by increased NADH2 +/NAD+ ratios under both in vitro and in vivo stroke conditions. As observed in the OGD model, FAS inhibition also resulted in increased cell death in the stroke model. Stroke mice treated with cerulenin did not only display increased brain injury but also showed reduced neurological recovery during the observation period of 4 weeks. Interestingly, cerulenin treatment enhanced endothelial cell leakage, reduced transcellular electrical resistance (TER) of the endothelium and contributed to poststroke blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. The latter was a consequence of the activated NF-κB pathway, stimulating MMP-9 and ABCB1 transporter activity on the luminal side of the endothelium. In conclusion, FAS inhibition aggravated poststroke brain injury as consequence of BBB breakdown and NF-κB-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Janssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Ai
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ya-Chao Wang
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Lattanzi S, Rinaldi C, Cagnetti C, Foschi N, Norata D, Broggi S, Rocchi C, Silvestrini M. Predictors of Pharmaco-Resistance in Patients with Post-Stroke Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040418. [PMID: 33810310 PMCID: PMC8066362 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The study aimed to explore the clinical predictors of pharmaco-resistance in patients with post-stroke epilepsy (PSE). Methods: Patients with epilepsy secondary to cerebral infarct or spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were included. The study outcome was the occurrence of pharmaco-resistance defined as the failure of adequate trials of two tolerated and appropriately chosen and used antiseizure medication schedules, whether as monotherapies or in combination, to achieve sustained seizure freedom. Results: One-hundred and fifty-nine patients with PSE and a median follow-up of 5 (3–9) years were included. The mean age of the patients at stroke onset was 56.7 (14.9) years, and 104 (65.4%) were males. In the study cohort, 29 participants were pharmaco-resistant. Age at stroke onset [odds ratio (OR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–0.99; p = 0.044], history of intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.06–8.24; p = 0.039), severe stroke (OR 5.43, 95% CI 1.82–16.16; p = 0.002), status epilepticus as initial presentation of PSE (OR 7.90, 1.66–37.55; p = 0.009), and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.16–8.79; p = 0.025) were independent predictors of treatment refractoriness. Conclusions: Pharmaco-resistance developed in approximately 20% of patients with PSE and was associated with younger age at stroke onset, stroke type and severity, status epilepticus occurrence, and seizure types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lattanzi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-5964438; Fax: +39-071-887262
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15
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Eustaquio Do Imperio G, Lye P, Bloise E, Matthews SG. Function of Multidrug Resistance Transporters is Disrupted by Infection Mimics in Human Brain Endothelial Cells. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1860616. [PMID: 33427563 PMCID: PMC8078541 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1860616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) modulate the distribution of drugs and toxins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Animal studies reported that infection-induced disruption of these transporters in the developing BBB impairs fetal brain protection. However, the impact of infection mimics on P-gp/BCRP function in human brain endothelium is less well understood. We hypothesized that Toll-like receptor ligands mimicking bacterial and viral infection would modify the expression and function of P-gp and BCRP in human brain endothelial cells (BECs). Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were challenged with bacterial [Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and viral-mimics [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)], or pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon gamma (IFN)-ɣ. P-gp and BCRP function was assessed after 4 or 24 h, using Calcein-AM and Chlorin-6 assays, respectively. Western blot and qPCR quantified P-gp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 expression following treatments. Infection mimics are potent modulators of drug transporters in human BECs in vitro. LPS and PolyI:C increased, while ssRNA exposure reduced P-gp activity. In contrast, LPS and PolyI:C decreased, while ssRNA increased BCRP activity (P < .05). There was little correlation between drug transporter function, gene expression and total protein level. Altered plasma membrane BCRP may suggest modified intracellular trafficking induced by infection in human BECs. Bacterial and viral infection mimics modify P-gp and BCRP transport function in human BECs, in vitro. This knowledge may contribute and have important implications for human brain protection and possible altered biodistribution of drugs and xenobiotics in the brain following exposure to TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phetcharawan Lye
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Fan L, Zhou L. AG490 protects cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting the JAK2/3 signaling pathway. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01911. [PMID: 33098244 PMCID: PMC7821583 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is a severe problem in patients with brain ischemia. Brain injury caused by the immune response is important in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and immune pathways. It is important to investigate potential targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS In this experiment, we evaluated the effect of an exogenous JAK antagonist AG490 in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model, which was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Histology study, TUNEL staining, Western blot, and RT-PCR were employed to examine the effects of AG490 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. RESULTS In the brain tissue of MCAO mice, JAK2 was highly expressed. AG490 is an inhibitor of JAK2, which reduced the phosphorylation level of JAK2. AG490 downregulated the phosphorylated activation of JAK3 and their downstream STAT3. The antiapoptotic activity of AG490 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury mice was consistent with in vitro data. It reduced the phosphorylation of JAK2/JAK3/STAT3 and the apoptosis rate in cultured neurons upon apoptosis induction. Besides, we also observed the neuroprotective effects of AG490 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Administration of AG490 could further enhance the expression of neurotrophins including BNDF, NT3, and the neurotrophin receptor TrkB. CONCLUSION Therefore, AG490 is pluripotent for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through both antiapoptosis and neuroprotective activities. The antiapoptosis effect is dependent on its regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Fan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Zhang L, Graf I, Kuang Y, Zheng X, Haupt M, Majid A, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Psychogios MN, Weber MS, Ochs J, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Neural Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-κB)-Dependent Regulation of ABCB1 (ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter B1) in Stroke Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:1127-1145. [PMID: 33327747 PMCID: PMC7901534 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from neural progenitor cells enhance poststroke neurological recovery, albeit the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Since previous research described an enhanced poststroke integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) upon systemic transplantation of neural progenitor cells, we examined if neural progenitor cell-derived EVs affect BBB integrity and which cellular mechanisms are involved in the process. Approach and Results: Using in vitro models of primary brain endothelial cell (EC) cultures as well as co-cultures of brain ECs (ECs) and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, we examined the effects of EVs or vehicle on microvascular integrity. In vitro data were confirmed using a mouse transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Cultured ECs displayed increased ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter B1) levels when exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, which was reversed by treatment with EVs. The latter was due to an EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) pathway. Using a BBB co-culture model of ECs and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, EVs stabilized the BBB and ABCB1 levels without affecting the transcellular electrical resistance of ECs. Likewise, EVs yielded reduced Evans blue extravasation, decreased ABCB1 expression as well as an inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, and downstream matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in stroke mice. The EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB pathway resulted in a poststroke modulation of immune responses. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that EVs enhance poststroke BBB integrity via ABCB1 and MMP-9 regulation, attenuating inflammatory cell recruitment by inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matteo Haupt
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.M.)
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (D.M.H.)
| | | | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ochs
- Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
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18
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DISDIER C, STONESTREET BS. Hypoxic-ischemic-related cerebrovascular changes and potential therapeutic strategies in the neonatal brain. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1468-1484. [PMID: 32060970 PMCID: PMC7242133 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-related brain injury is an important cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. The only currently approved therapeutic strategy available to reduce brain injury in the newborn is hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia can only be used to treat HI encephalopathy in full-term infants and survivors remain at high risk for a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities as a result of residual brain injury. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Inflammation and neurovascular damage are important factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of HI-related brain injury and represent exciting potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we address the role of each component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) in the pathophysiology of HI-related injury in the neonatal brain. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) observed in the early hours after an HI-related event is associated with a response at the basal lamina level, which comprises astrocytes, pericytes, and immune cells, all of which could affect BBB function to further exacerbate parenchymal injury. Future research is required to determine potential drugs that could prevent or attenuate neurovascular damage and/or augment repair. However, some studies have reported beneficial effects of hypothermia, erythropoietin, stem cell therapy, anti-cytokine therapy and metformin in ameliorating several different facets of damage to the NVU after HI-related brain injury in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence DISDIER
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Barbara S STONESTREET
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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19
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Wang F, Ji S, Wang M, Liu L, Li Q, Jiang F, Cen J, Ji B. HMGB1 promoted P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier in MCAO rats via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173189. [PMID: 32417325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is located on the luminal surface of brain vascular endothelium and its status may determine the delivery of the agents into the brain tissues. Previous study showed that upregulation of P-gp at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after ischemic stroke were mediated by nuclear factor-B (NF-kB) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Based on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in co-culture of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) and astrocytes system, the present data indicated that potentiated P-gp expression and activity in brain microvessels or rBMECs were associated with the increase in high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activation of NF-kB and that HMGB1 can release from nucleus to the cytoplasm in activated astrocytes, then into the medium. Moreover, changes in TLR4, TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), NF-kB and P-gp in rBMECs were attenuated by addition of 1 mM ethyl pyruvate (EP), 10 μM TAK-242 and 10 μM pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), respectively. These results demonstrated that HMGB1 promoted P-gp at the BBB after cerebral ischemia via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Muxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Cen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Biansheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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Gil-Martins E, Barbosa DJ, Silva V, Remião F, Silva R. Dysfunction of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: Role in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107554. [PMID: 32320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters represent one of the largest and most diverse superfamily of proteins in living species, playing an important role in many biological processes such as cell homeostasis, cell signaling, drug metabolism and nutrient uptake. Moreover, using the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis, they mediate the efflux of endogenous and exogenous substrates from inside the cells, thereby reducing their intracellular accumulation. At present, 48 ABC transporters have been identified in humans, which were classified into 7 different subfamilies (A to G) according to their phylogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, the most studied members with importance in drug therapeutic efficacy and toxicity include P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ABCB subfamily, the multidrug-associated proteins (MPRs), members of the ABCC subfamily, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a member of the ABCG subfamily. They exhibit ubiquitous expression throughout the human body, with a special relevance in barrier tissues like the blood-brain barrier (BBB). At this level, they play a physiological function in tissue protection by reducing or limiting the brain accumulation of neurotoxins. Furthermore, dysfunction of ABC transporters, at expression and/or activity level, has been associated with many neurological diseases, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, these transporters are strikingly associated with the pharmacoresistance to central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs, because they contribute to the decrease in drug bioavailability. This article reviews the signaling pathways that regulate the expression and activity of P-gp, BCRP and MRPs subfamilies of transporters, with particular attention at the BBB level, and their mis-regulation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gil-Martins
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Williams EI, Betterton RD, Davis TP, Ronaldson PT. Transporter-Mediated Delivery of Small Molecule Drugs to the Brain: A Critical Mechanism That Can Advance Therapeutic Development for Ischemic Stroke. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020154. [PMID: 32075088 PMCID: PMC7076465 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the 5th leading cause of death in the United States. Despite significant improvements in reperfusion therapies, stroke patients still suffer from debilitating neurocognitive deficits. This indicates an essential need to develop novel stroke treatment paradigms. Endogenous uptake transporters expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provide an excellent opportunity to advance stroke therapy via optimization of small molecule neuroprotective drug delivery to the brain. Examples of such uptake transporters include organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents) and organic cation transporters (OCTs in humans; Octs in rodents). Of particular note, small molecule drugs that have neuroprotective properties are known substrates for these transporters and include 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (i.e., statins) for OATPs/Oatps and 1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane (i.e., memantine) for OCTs/Octs. Here, we review current knowledge on specific BBB transporters that can be targeted for improvement of ischemic stroke treatment and provide state-of-the-art perspectives on the rationale for considering BBB transport properties during discovery/development of stroke therapeutics.
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Brain Delivery of a Potent Opioid Receptor Agonist, Biphalin during Ischemic Stroke: Role of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP). Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090467. [PMID: 31509975 PMCID: PMC6781285 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters (expressed) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can play an essential role in the treatment of brain injury by transporting neuroprotective substance to the central nervous system. The goal of this study was to understand the role of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1; OATP1A2 in humans and oatp1a4 in rodents) in the transport of a potent opioid receptor agonist, biphalin, across the BBB during ischemic stroke. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that were differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were used in the present study. The effect of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and reperfusion on the OATP1 expression, uptake, and transport of biphalin was measured in induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated brain microvascular endothelial cells (iPSC–BMECs) in the presence and absence of an OATP1 substrate, estrone-3-sulfate (E3S). Biphalin brain permeability was quantified while using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. It was found that iPSC-BMECs expressed OATP1. In vitro studies showed that biphalin BBB uptake and transport decreased in the presence of an OATP1 specific substrate. It was also observed that OGD and reperfusion modulate the expression and function of OATP1 in BMECs. This study strongly demonstrates that OATP1 contributes to the transport of biphalin across the BBB and increased expression of OATP1 during OGD-reperfusion could provide a novel target for improving ischemic brain drug delivery of biphalin or other potential neurotherapeutics that have affinity to this BBB transporter.
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Tornabene E, Helms HCC, Pedersen SF, Brodin B. Effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on barrier properties and mRNA transcript levels of selected marker proteins in brain endothelial cells/astrocyte co-cultures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221103. [PMID: 31425564 PMCID: PMC6699694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has been shown to induce breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, although these changes are not fully characterized. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) has been used to investigate the effects of ischemia in cultured brain capillary endothelial cells, however this involves a change of medium which in itself may affect the cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of OGD and simple medium exchange followed by 48 h of reperfusion on barrier properties of primary bovine endothelial cells co-cultured with rat astrocytes. Barrier properties were evaluated by transendothelial electrical resistance measurements, passive permeability of flux markers, RT-qPCR and immunocytochemistry. Both OGD and simple medium exchange caused an increase in endothelial monolayer permeability. This correlated with reduced transcript levels of a number of tight junction and tight junction-associated proteins (claudin-1, claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1, tricellulin, marveld3 and PECAM-1), as well as with altered transcript level of several transporters and receptors (GLUT-1, HB-EGF, InsR, TfR, two members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family, LDLR and LRP-1, and the efflux transporter BCRP). In contrast, effects induced specifically by OGD were transient de-localization of claudin-5 from the junction zone, increased InsR localization at the plasma membrane and transient downregulation of MRP-1 and P-gp transcript levels. In conclusion, OGD caused changes in claudin-5 and InsR localization, as well as in MRP-1 and P-gp transcript levels. Our results however also indicated that medium exchange alone caused changes in functional barrier properties and expression levels of wide range of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tornabene
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Brain Barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:407-466. [PMID: 31571171 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain interfaces comprise the cerebral microvessel endothelium forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelium of the choroid plexuses forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Their main functions are to impede free diffusion between brain fluids and blood; to provide transport processes for essential nutrients, ions, and metabolic waste products; and to regulate the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS), all of which are attributed to absent fenestrations, high expression of tight junction proteins at cell-cell contacts, and expression of multiple transporters, receptors, and enzymes. Existence of BBB is an important reason that systemic drug administration is not suitable for the treatment of CNS diseases. Some diseases, such epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and diabetes, alter BBB function via affecting tight junction proteins or altering expression and function of these transporters. This chapter will illustrate function of BBB, expression of transporters, as well as their alterations under disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Torres-Vergara P, Escudero C, Penny J. Drug Transport at the Brain and Endothelial Dysfunction in Preeclampsia: Implications and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1502. [PMID: 30459636 PMCID: PMC6232255 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of drugs across biological barriers has been a subject of study for decades. The discovery and characterization of proteins that confer the barrier properties of endothelia and epithelia, including tight junction proteins and membrane transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and Solute Carrier (SLC) families, represented a significant step forward into understanding the mechanisms that govern drug disposition. Subsequently, numerous studies, including both pre-clinical approaches and clinical investigations, have been carried out to determine the influence of physiological and pathological states on drug disposition. Importantly, there has been increasing interest in gaining a better understanding of drug disposition during pregnancy, since epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated that the use of medications by pregnant women is significant and this condition embodies a series of significant anatomical and physiological modifications, particularly at excretory organs and barrier sites (e.g., placenta, breast) expressing transporter proteins which influence pharmacokinetics. Currently, most of the research in this field has focused on the expression profiling of transporter proteins in trophoblasts and endothelial cells of the placenta, regulation of drug-resistance mechanisms in disease states and pharmacokinetic studies. However, little attention has been placed on the influence that the cerebrovascular dysfunction present in pregnancy-related disorders, such as preeclampsia, might exert on drug disposition in the mother’s brain. This issue is particularly important since recent findings have demonstrated that preeclamptic women suffer from long-term alterations in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review we aim to analyze the available evidence regarding the influence of pregnancy on the expression of transporters and TJ proteins in brain endothelial cells, as well the mechanisms that govern the pathophysiological alterations in the BBB of women who experience preeclampsia. Future research efforts should be focused not only on achieving a better understanding of the influence of preeclampsia-associated endothelial dysfunction on drug disposition, but also in optimizing the pharmacological treatments of women suffering pregnancy-related disorders, its comorbidities and to develop new therapies aiming to restore the integrity of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torres-Vergara
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Chillán, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Chillán, Chile.,Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile.,Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares Asociadas a Trastornos del Embarazo (RIVA-TREM), Chillán, Chile
| | - Jeffrey Penny
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Modulation of Opioid Transport at the Blood-Brain Barrier by Altered ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Expression and Activity. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040192. [PMID: 30340346 PMCID: PMC6321372 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are highly effective analgesics that have a serious potential for adverse drug reactions and for development of addiction and tolerance. Since the use of opioids has escalated in recent years, it is increasingly important to understand biological mechanisms that can increase the probability of opioid-associated adverse events occurring in patient populations. This is emphasized by the current opioid epidemic in the United States where opioid analgesics are frequently abused and misused. It has been established that the effectiveness of opioids is maximized when these drugs readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, opioid delivery to the brain is significantly influenced by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In particular, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are endogenously expressed at the BBB are critical determinants of CNS opioid penetration. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge on the transport of opioid analgesic drugs by ABC transporters at the BBB. We will also examine how expression and trafficking of ABC transporters can be modified by pain and/or opioid pharmacotherapy, a novel mechanism that can promote opioid-associated adverse drug events and development of addiction and tolerance.
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27
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Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Villalba H, Albekairi TH, Abbruscato TJ. Neurovascular unit transport responses to ischemia and common coexisting conditions: smoking and diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C2-C15. [PMID: 30207783 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00187.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transporters at the neurovascular unit (NVU) are vital for the regulation of normal brain physiology via ion, water, and nutrients movement. In ischemic stroke, the reduction of cerebral blood flow causes several complex pathophysiological changes in the brain, one of which includes alterations of the NVU transporters, which can exacerbate stroke outcome by increased brain edema (by altering ion, water, and glutamate transporters), altered energy metabolism (by altering glucose transporters), and enhanced drug toxicity (by altering efflux transporters). Smoking and diabetes are common risk factors as well as coexisting conditions in ischemic stroke that are also reported to change the expression and function of NVU transporters. Coexistence of these conditions could cause an additive effect in terms of the alterations of brain transporters that might lead to worsened ischemic stroke prognosis and recovery. In this review, we have discussed the effects of ischemic stroke, smoking, and diabetes on some essential NVU transporters and how the simultaneous presence of these conditions can affect the clinical outcome after an ischemic episode. Further scientific investigations are required to elucidate changes in NVU transport in cerebral ischemia, which can lead to better, personalized therapeutic interventions tailor-made for these comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali E Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
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28
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Erickson MA, Banks WA. Neuroimmune Axes of the Blood-Brain Barriers and Blood-Brain Interfaces: Bases for Physiological Regulation, Disease States, and Pharmacological Interventions. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:278-314. [PMID: 29496890 PMCID: PMC5833009 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) barriers predominantly mediate the immune-privileged status of the brain, and are also important regulators of neuroimmune communication. It is increasingly appreciated that communication between the brain and immune system contributes to physiologic processes, adaptive responses, and disease states. In this review, we discuss the highly specialized features of brain barriers that regulate neuroimmune communication in health and disease. In section I, we discuss the concept of immune privilege, provide working definitions of brain barriers, and outline the historical work that contributed to the understanding of CNS barrier functions. In section II, we discuss the unique anatomic, cellular, and molecular characteristics of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and tanycytic barriers that confer their functions as neuroimmune interfaces. In section III, we consider BBB-mediated neuroimmune functions and interactions categorized as five neuroimmune axes: disruption, responses to immune stimuli, uptake and transport of immunoactive substances, immune cell trafficking, and secretions of immunoactive substances. In section IV, we discuss neuroimmune functions of CNS barriers in physiologic and disease states, as well as pharmacological interventions for CNS diseases. Throughout this review, we highlight many recent advances that have contributed to the modern understanding of CNS barriers and their interface functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research and Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research and Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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29
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Qiao JT, Cui C, Qing L, Wang LS, He TY, Yan F, Liu FQ, Shen YH, Hou XG, Chen L. Activation of the STING-IRF3 pathway promotes hepatocyte inflammation, apoptosis and induces metabolic disorders in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2018; 81:13-24. [PMID: 29106945 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common result of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Hepatocyte injury and metabolic disorders are hallmarks of NAFLD. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and its downstream factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) trigger inflammatory reaction in response to the presence of cytosolic DNA. STING has recently been shown to play an important role in early alcoholic liver disease. However, little is known about the role of STING-IRF3 pathway in hepatocyte injury. Here, we aimed to examine the effect of STING-IRF3 pathway on hepatocyte metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis. METHODS We examined the activation of the STING-IRF3 pathway, a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, and determined the role of this pathway in a free fatty acid (FFA)-induced hepatocyte inflammatory response, injury, and dysfunction in L-O2 human liver cells. RESULTS STING and IRF3 were upregulated in livers of HFD-fed mice and in FFA-induced L-O2 cells. Knocking down either STING or IRF3 led to a significant reduction in FFA-induced hepatic inflammation and apoptosis, as evidenced by modulation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic signaling. Additionally, STING/IRF3 knockdown enhanced glycogen storage and alleviated lipid accumulation, which were found to be associated with increased expression of hepatic enzymes in glycolysis and lipid catabolism, and attenuated expression of hepatic enzymes in gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the STING-IRF3 pathway promotes hepatocyte injury and dysfunction by inducing inflammation and apoptosis and by disturbing glucose and lipid metabolism. This pathway may be a novel therapeutic target for preventing NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Qiao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - C Cui
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Qing
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L S Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - T Y He
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - F Yan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - F Q Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - X G Hou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - L Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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30
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Liu P, Zhang R, Liu D, Wang J, Yuan C, Zhao X, Li Y, Ji X, Chi T, Zou L. Time-course investigation of blood-brain barrier permeability and tight junction protein changes in a rat model of permanent focal ischemia. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:121-127. [PMID: 28078626 PMCID: PMC10716957 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) is an animal model that is widely used to simulate human ischemic stroke. However, the timing of the changes in the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and synaptic proteins associated with pMCAO remain incompletely understood. Therefore, to further explore the characteristics and mechanisms of blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage during cerebral ischemic stroke, we used a pMCAO rat model to define dynamic changes in BBB permeability within 120 h after ischemia in order to examine the expression levels of the TJ proteins claudin-5 and occludin and the synaptic proteins synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). In our study, Evans blue content began to increase at 4 h and was highest at 8 and 120 h after ischemia. TTC staining showed that cerebral infarction was observed at 4 h and that the percentage of infarct volume increased with time after ischemia. The expression levels of claudin-5 and occludin began to decline at 1 h and were lowest at 8 and 120 h after ischemia. The expression levels of SYP and PSD95 decreased from 12 to 120 h after ischemia. GFAP, an astrocyte marker, gradually increased in the cortex penumbra over time post-ischemia. Our study helps clarify the characteristics of pMCAO models and provides evidence supporting the translational potential of animal stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Mohamed LA, Markandaiah S, Bonanno S, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Blood-Brain Barrier Driven Pharmacoresistance in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Challenges for Effective Drug Therapies. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1600-1614. [PMID: 28779378 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for proper neuronal function, homeostasis, and protection of the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment from blood-borne pathogens and neurotoxins. The BBB is also an impediment for CNS penetration of drugs. In some neurologic conditions, such as epilepsy and brain tumors, overexpression of P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter whose physiological function is to expel catabolites and xenobiotics from the CNS into the blood stream, has been reported. Recent studies reported that overexpression of P-glycoprotein and increase in its activity at the BBB drives a progressive resistance to CNS penetration and persistence of riluzole, the only drug approved thus far for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), rapidly progressive and mostly fatal neurologic disease. This review will discuss the impact of transporter-mediated pharmacoresistance for ALS drug therapy and the potential therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of ALS clinical trials and efficacy of current and future drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loqman A Mohamed
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA.
| | - Shashirekha Markandaiah
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Silvia Bonanno
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
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Morris ME, Rodriguez-Cruz V, Felmlee MA. SLC and ABC Transporters: Expression, Localization, and Species Differences at the Blood-Brain and the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1317-1331. [PMID: 28664465 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) separate the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the systemic circulation and represent a barrier to the uptake of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics into the brain. For compounds whose passive diffusion is limited due to their ionization or hydrophilicity, membrane transporters can facilitate their uptake across the BBB or BCSFB. Members of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding case (ABC) families are present on these barriers. Differences exist in the localization and expression of transport proteins between the BBB and BCSFB, resulting in functional differences in transport properties. This review focuses on the expression, membrane localization, and different isoforms present at each barrier. Diseases that affect the central nervous system including brain tumors, HIV, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke affect the integrity and expression of transporters at the BBB and BCSFB and will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA.
| | - Vivian Rodriguez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
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Abdullahi W, Davis TP, Ronaldson PT. Functional Expression of P-glycoprotein and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Understanding Transport Mechanisms for Improved CNS Drug Delivery? AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:931-939. [PMID: 28447295 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is greatly limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Physical and biochemical properties of the BBB have rendered treatment of CNS diseases, including those with a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) component, extremely difficult. Targeting endogenous BBB transporters from the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily (i.e., P-glycoprotein (P-gp)) or from the solute carrier (SLC) family (i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents)) has been suggested as a strategy that can improve delivery of drugs to the brain. With respect to P-gp, direct pharmacological inhibition using small molecules or selective regulation by targeting intracellular signaling pathways has been explored. These approaches have been largely unsuccessful due to toxicity issues and unpredictable pharmacokinetics. Therefore, our laboratory has proposed that optimization of CNS drug delivery, particularly for treatment of diseases with an H/R component, can be achieved by targeting Oatp isoforms at the BBB. As the major drug transporting Oatp isoform, Oatp1a4 has demonstrated blood-to-brain transport of substrate drugs with neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, our laboratory has shown that targeting Oatp1a4 regulation (i.e., TGF-β signaling mediated via the ALK-1 and ALK-5 transmembrane receptors) represents an opportunity to control Oatp1a4 functional expression for the purpose of delivering therapeutics to the CNS. In this review, we will discuss limitations of targeting P-gp-mediated transport activity and the advantages of targeting Oatp-mediated transport. Through this discussion, we will also provide critical information on novel approaches to improve CNS drug delivery by targeting endogenous uptake transporters expressed at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5050, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5050, USA
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5050, USA.
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DeMars KM, Yang C, Hawkins KE, McCrea AO, Siwarski DM, Candelario-Jalil E. Spatiotemporal Changes in P-glycoprotein Levels in Brain and Peripheral Tissues Following Ischemic Stroke in Rats. J Exp Neurosci 2017; 11:1179069517701741. [PMID: 28469478 PMCID: PMC5398227 DOI: 10.1177/1179069517701741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to transport a diverse array of xenobiotics, including therapeutic drugs. A member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, P-gp is a protein encoded by the gene Mdr1 in humans and Abcb1 in rodents (represented by 2 isoforms Abcb1a and Abcb1b). Lining the luminal and abluminal membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells, P-gp is a promiscuous efflux pump extruding a variety of exogenous toxins and drugs. In this study, we measured dynamic changes in Abcb1a and Abcb1b transcripts and P-gp protein in the brain, liver, and kidney after experimental stroke. P-glycoprotein has been shown to increase in brain endothelial cells following hypoxia in vitro or after exposure to proinflammatory cytokines. Using a rat model of ischemic stroke, we hypothesized that P-gp expression will be increased in the brain, liver, and kidney in response to neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke. Adult Sprague Dawley rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 minutes and were killed at 4, 14, 24, and 48 hours postreperfusion onset to determine the time course of P-gp expression. To mimic ischemia occurring at the blood-brain barrier, rat brain endothelial (RBE4) cells were subjected to hypoxia and low glucose (HLG) for 16 hours. Immunoblotting analyses showed P-gp increases in brain and liver following 90-minute MCAO, as well as in cultured RBE4 cells after 16-hour HLG treatment, but fluctuated in the kidney depending on the time point. The relative roles of each isoform in the protein expression were analyzed with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Ischemic stroke leads to significant increases in P-gp levels not only in the brain but also in the liver. The increase in P-gp could dramatically reduce the bioavailability and efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. Therefore, P-gp represents a big hurdle to drug delivery to the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M DeMars
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Austin O McCrea
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David M Siwarski
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wang Z, Hou L, Huang L, Guo J, Zhou X. Exenatide improves liver mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance by reducing oxidative stress in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:116-123. [PMID: 28274877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with obesity and may be accompanied by liver insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymatic activities and decreased insulin metabolic signaling may promote these maladaptive changes. In this context, exenatide has been reported to reduce hepatic lipid deposition, improve insulin sensitivity and improve mitochondrial dysfunction. We hypothesized that exenatide would attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing hepatic lipid deposition, blunting oxidant stress and promoting insulin metabolic signaling in a high fat diet-induced model of obesity and insulin resistance. Sixteen-week-old male C57BL/6 diet-induced obese (DIO) mices and age-matched standard diet (STD) mices were treated with exenatide (10 μg/kg twice a day) for 28 days. Compared with untreated STD mice, untreated DIO mice exhibited deposited excessive lipid in liver and produced the oxidative stress in conjunction with insulin resistance, abnormal hepatic cells and mitochondrial histoarchitecture, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced organism metabolism. Exenatide reduced hepatic steatosis, decreased oxidative stress, and improved insulin resistance in DIO mice, in concert with improvements in the insulin metabolic signaling, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymatic activation, adenine nucleotide production, organism metabolism and weight gain. Results support the hypothesis that exenatide reduces hepatic cells and mitochondrial structural anomaly and improves insulin resistance in concert with improvements in insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function activation, concomitantly with reductions in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, China
| | - Lanhui Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, China.
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Long-Term Alteration of Reactive Oxygen Species Led to Multidrug Resistance in MCF-7 Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7053451. [PMID: 28058088 PMCID: PMC5183793 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7053451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in multidrug resistance (MDR). This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term ROS alteration on MDR in MCF-7 cells and to explore its underlying mechanism. Our study showed both long-term treatments of H2O2 and glutathione (GSH) led to MDR with suppressed iROS levels in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the MDR cells induced by 0.1 μM H2O2 treatment for 20 weeks (MCF-7/ROS cells) had a higher viability and proliferative ability than the control MCF-7 cells. MCF-7/ROS cells also showed higher activity or content of intracellular antioxidants like glutathione peroxidase (GPx), GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Importantly, MCF-7/ROS cells were characterized by overexpression of MDR-related protein 1 (MRP1) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as well as their regulators NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α), and the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in upstream. Moreover, several typical MDR mediators, including glutathione S-transferase-π (GST-π) and c-Myc and Protein Kinase Cα (PKCα), were also found to be upregulated in MCF-7/ROS cells. Collectively, our results suggest that ROS may be critical in the generation of MDR, which may provide new insights into understanding of mechanisms of MDR.
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Qosa H, Mohamed LA, Alqahtani S, Abuasal BS, Hill RA, Kaddoumi A. Transporters as Drug Targets in Neurological Diseases. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:441-453. [PMID: 27447939 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transport proteins have central physiological function in maintaining cerebral homeostasis. These transporters are expressed in almost all cerebral cells in which they regulate the movement of a wide range of solutes, including endogenous substrates, xenobiotic, and therapeutic drugs. Altered activity/expression of central nervous system (CNS) transporters has been implicated in the onset and progression of multiple neurological diseases. Neurological diseases are heterogeneous diseases that involve complex pathological alterations with only a few treatment options; therefore, there is a great need for the development of novel therapeutic treatments. To that end, transporters have emerged recently to be promising therapeutic targets to halt or slow the course of neurological diseases. The objective of this review is to discuss implications of transporters in neurological diseases and summarize available evidence for targeting transporters as decent therapeutic approach in the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Qosa
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - L A Mohamed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - S Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - B S Abuasal
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - R A Hill
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - A Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA.
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GLP-1 analogue improves hepatic lipid accumulation by inducing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:196-203. [PMID: 27208776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) keeps rising year by year, and NAFLD is rapidly becoming the most common liver disease worldwide. Clinical studies have found that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, liraglutide (LRG), cannot only reduce glucose levels, but also improve hepatic lipase, especially in patients also with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, enhancing autophagy decreases lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of LRG on hepatocyte steatosis and the possible role of autophagy. We set up an obesity mouse model with a high-fat diet (HFD) and induced hepatocyte steatosis with free fatty acids (FFA) in human L-O2 cells. LRG and two inhibitors of autophagy, Chloroquine (CQ) and bafilomycin A1 (Baf), were added into each group, respectively. The lipid profiles and morphological modifications of each group were tested. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to measure autophagy in this study. The autophagy protein expression of SQSTM1 (P62), and LC3B, along with the signaling pathway proteins of mTOR, phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) and Beclin1, were evaluated by western blot. Our results showed that LRG improved hepatocyte steatosis by inducing autophagy, and the AMPK/mTOR pathway is involved. These findings suggest an important mechanism for the positive effects of LRG on hepatic steatosis, and provide new evidence for clinical use of LRG in NAFLD.
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Xu HB, Yu J, Xu LZ, Fu J. Regulation of P-glycoprotein efflux activity by Z-guggulsterone of Commiphora mukul at the blood-brain barrier. J Neurol Sci 2016; 363:147-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cao G, Ye X, Xu Y, Yin M, Chen H, Kou J, Yu B. YiQiFuMai powder injection ameliorates blood-brain barrier dysfunction and brain edema after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:315-25. [PMID: 26834461 PMCID: PMC4716731 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s96818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
YiQiFuMai powder injection (YQFM) is a modern preparation derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Sheng-Mai-San. YQFM is widely used in clinical practice in the People’s Republic of China, mainly for the treatment of microcirculatory disturbance-related diseases. However, little is known about its role in animals with ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of YQFM on brain edema and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 hour with a subsequent 24-hour reperfusion to produce I/R injury. YQFM (three doses: 0.336, 0.671, and 1.342 g/kg) was then given intraperitoneally (IP). The results demonstrated that YQFM significantly decreased infarct size, improved neurological deficits, reduced brain water content, and increased cerebral blood flow after I/R injury. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose micro-positron emission tomography imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining results indicated that YQFM is able to ameliorate brain metabolism and histopathological damage after I/R. Moreover, YQFM administration reduced BBB leakage and upregulated the expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, which was confirmed by Evans Blue extravasation, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assay. Our findings suggest that YQFM provides protection against focal cerebral I/R injury in mice, possibly by improving BBB dysfunction via upregulation of the expression of tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqiong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Qosa H, Miller DS, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Regulation of ABC efflux transporters at blood-brain barrier in health and neurological disorders. Brain Res 2015; 1628:298-316. [PMID: 26187753 PMCID: PMC4681613 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The strength of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in providing protection to the central nervous system from exposure to circulating chemicals is maintained by tight junctions between endothelial cells and by a broad range of transporter proteins that regulate exchange between CNS and blood. The most important transporters that restrict the permeability of large number of toxins as well as therapeutic agents are the ABC transporters. Among them, P-gp, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP2 are the utmost studied. These efflux transporters are neuroprotective, limiting the brain entry of neurotoxins; however, they could also restrict the entry of many therapeutics and contribute to CNS pharmacoresistance. Characterization of several regulatory pathways that govern expression and activity of ABC efflux transporters in the endothelium of brain capillaries have led to an emerging consensus that these processes are complex and contain several cellular and molecular elements. Alterations in ABC efflux transporters expression and/or activity occur in several neurological diseases. Here, we review the signaling pathways that regulate expression and transport activity of P-gp, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP2 as well as how their expression/activity changes in neurological diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qosa
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David S Miller
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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In vitro and in vivo study of dolichyl phosphate on the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:828-35. [PMID: 24161469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been commonly recognized that accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the deficiency of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD may aggravate Aβ deposition and the P-gp reversal agents display lower selectivity of the action, to selectively restore activity of the efflux pump is eagerly required. This study was designed to investigate the influence of dolichyl-phosphate (dolichyl-P) on the P-gp at the BBB. The results revealed that treatment with dolichyl-P increased transendothelial transfer of Rhodamine123 (Rh123) and Aβ42 from the apical compartment to the basolateral compartment but reduced that from the basolateral compartment to the apical compartment in the co-culture of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) and astrocytes, down regulated P-gp expression in rBMECs and significantly elevated content of Rh123 in rat cortex and hippocampus tissues. The present results implied that accumulated dolichyl-P in the brain may exert an important role in the depression of the P-gp at the BBB, which may suggest valuable clues to promote function of the pump at the BBB in AD.
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Ji BS, Cen J, He L, Liu M, Liu YQ, Liu L. Modulation of P-glycoprotein in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells under oxygen glucose deprivation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1508-17. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate modulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD).
Methods
The coculture of rBMECs and astrocytes was established to investigate the time course of P-gp, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and protein kinase C (PKC) expression in the rBMECs as well as rhodamine 123 (Rh123) transendothelial transfer under OGD using Western blot and HPLC, respectively. The influence of pharmacological tools including H398, JKC-301, RES-701-1, L-NMMA, BIM and SN50 on the P-gp expression as well as Rh123 transendothelial transfer was evaluated at 3 h time point of OGD.
Key findings
Elevated P-gp, TNF-α, ET-1, NOS and PKC expression in the rBMECs, as well as increased P-gp efflux activity were observed after 2 h or more time of OGD. Incubation of H398 and other pharmacological tools downregulated P-gp expression and functional activity in the rBMECs at 3 h time point of OGD.
Conclusions
This report suggested that TNF-α, ET-1, NOS and PKC may mediate upregulation of P-gp in the rBMECs under OGD, which may be worthy of being referenced for the investigation of P-gp at the blood–brain barrier in the early period of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian-Sheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Juan Cen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yan-Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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