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Megha KB, Arathi A, Shikha S, Alka R, Ramya P, Mohanan PV. Significance of Melatonin in the Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Disease Management. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5541-5571. [PMID: 38206471 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, the 'hormone of darkness' is a neuronal hormone secreted by the pineal gland and other extra pineal sites. Responsible for the circadian rhythm and seasonal behaviour of vertebrates and mammals, melatonin is responsible for regulating various physiological conditions and the maintenance of sleep, body weight and the neuronal activities of the ocular sites. With its unique amphiphilic structure, melatonin can cross the cellular barriers and elucidate its activities in the subcellular components, including mitochondria. Melatonin is a potential scavenger of oxygen and nitrogen-reactive species and can directly obliterate the ROS and RNS by a receptor-independent mechanism. It can also regulate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in various pathological conditions and exhibit therapeutic activities against neurodegenerative, psychiatric disorders and cancer. Melatonin is also found to show its effects on major organs, particularly the brain, liver and heart, and also imparts a role in the modulation of the immune system. Thus, melatonin is a multifaceted candidate with immense therapeutic potential and is still considered an effective supplement on various therapies. This is primarily due to rectification of aberrant circadian rhythm by improvement of sleep quality associated with risk development of neurodegenerative, cognitive, cardiovascular and other metabolic disorders, thereby enhancing the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Megha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - A Arathi
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - Saini Shikha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Rao Alka
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Prabhu Ramya
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Government Arts College, Trivandrum, 695 014, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India.
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Ribeiro Franco PI, do Carmo Neto JR, Guerra RO, Ferreira da Silva PE, Braga YLL, Nunes Celes MR, de Menezes LB, Miguel MP, Machado JR. Melatonin: A look at protozoal and helminths. Biochimie 2024; 219:96-109. [PMID: 37541568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic neurohormone found in different animal, plant, and microorganism species. It is a product resulting from tryptophan metabolism in the pineal gland and is widely known for its ability to synchronize the circadian rhythm to antitumor functions in different types of cancers. The molecular mechanisms responsible for its immunomodulatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective effects involve binding to high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors and interactions with intracellular targets that modulate signal transduction pathways. In vitro and in vivo studies have reported the therapeutic potential of melatonin in different infectious and parasitic diseases. In this review, the protective and pathophysiological roles of melatonin in fighting protozoan and helminth infections and the possible mechanisms involved against these stressors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Igor Ribeiro Franco
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rhanoica Oliveira Guerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Escola de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Elias Ferreira da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mara Rúbia Nunes Celes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Liliana Borges de Menezes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Setor de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marina Pacheco Miguel
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Setor de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Ribeiro LR, Magalhães EP, Barroso Gomes ND, Cavalcante JW, Gomes Maia MM, Marinho MM, Dos Santos HS, Marinho ES, Sampaio TL, Costa Martins AM, Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes RR. Elongation on aliphatic chain improves selectivity of 2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl chalcone on Trypanosoma cruzi. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:11-26. [PMID: 38084595 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our objective was to investigate the trypanocidal effect of the chalcone (2E,4E)-1-(2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one (CPNC). Material & methods: Cytotoxicity toward LLC-MK2 host cells was assessed by MTT assay, and the effect on Trypanosoma cruzi life forms (epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes) was evaluated by counting. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate interactions between CPNC and T. cruzi enzymes. Results: CPNC showed activity against epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote life forms, induced membrane damage, increased cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction on T. cruzi. Regarding molecular docking, CPNC interacted with both trypanothione reductase and TcCr enzymes. Conclusion: CPNC presented a trypanocidal effect, and its effect is related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyanna Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences & Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences & Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Theoretical & Eletrochemical Chemistry Research Group, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ramon Róseo Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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4
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Xia Y, Ding X, Wang S, Ren W. Circadian orchestration of host and gut microbiota in infection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:115-131. [PMID: 36106627 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are present in almost every organism and regulate multiple aspects of biological and physiological processes (e.g. metabolism, immune responses, and microbial exposure). There exists a bidirectional circadian interaction between the host and its gut microbiota, and potential circadian orchestration of both host and gut microbiota in response to invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize what is known about these intestinal microbial oscillations and the relationships between host circadian clocks and various infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses), and discuss how host circadian clocks prime the immune system to fight pathogen infections as well as the direct effects of circadian clocks on viral activity (e.g. SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication). Finally, we consider strategies employed to realign normal circadian rhythmicity for host health, such as chronotherapy, dietary intervention, good sleep hygiene, and gut microbiota-targeted therapy. We propose that targeting circadian rhythmicity may provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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5
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Xia S, Gao W, Li Y, Ma J, Gong S, Gao Z, Tang W, Tian W, Tang S. Effects of melatonin on intestinal function and bacterial compositions in sucking piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1139-1148. [PMID: 35023236 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has been reported to affect intestinal function by targeting microbiome, morphological structure, barrier integrity and nutrient absorptive system. While the effect of melatonin on intestinal development in newborn infants is obscure, thus, this study firstly attempted to investigate the hypothesis that melatonin treatment improves intestinal development in sucking piglets. 14 healthy newborn piglets received 10 ml melatonin solution (1 mg/ml) or drinking water (n = 7) for 21 days. The results showed that oral administration of melatonin increased liver relative weight (p < 0.05) but failed to affect growth performance in sucking piglets (p > 0.05). Immunostaining jejunal samples from melatonin group showed high expressions of nnos and claudin1, indicating that melatonin improved intestinal neural development and barrier integrity. Also, melatonin promoted intestinal absorptive function evidenced by the increased serum proline concentration in melatonin-treated piglets compared with the control (p < 0.05). Gut microbiota compositions were tested by 16S rDNA sequencing and the results showed that melatonin increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria compared with the control (p < 0.05) at the phylum level. However, Selenomonadales was markedly reduced compared with the control at the order level (p < 0.05). Gut and faecal volatile fatty acids were tested to evaluate the microbiota metabolism, but no difference was noticed in volatile fatty acid concentrations (p > 0.05). Melatonin improved intestinal development by affecting neural development, barrier integrity, nutrient absorption and microbiota in sucking piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Affairs Center of Shimen County, Changde, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Saiming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Hunan Jiuding Technology (Group) Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shengguo Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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6
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Brazão V, Colato RP, Santello FH, Duarte A, Goulart A, Sampaio PA, Pacheco Silva CB, Tirapelli CR, Costa RM, Tostes RC, do Prado JC. Melatonin regulates antioxidant defense and inflammatory response by activating Nrf2-dependent mechanisms and inhibiting NFkappaB expression in middle-aged T. cruzi infected rats. Exp Gerontol 2022; 167:111895. [PMID: 35843349 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress with higher levels of leptin and inflammatory response are key processes related to pathogenesis of both T. cruzi infection and aging. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls the expression of several genes implicated in the oxidative stress response in many pathological conditions. Melatonin is a pleiotropic hormone with, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging actions. Then, we hypothesized that Nrf2 response is impaired during the acute T. cruzi (9 days) infection and that melatonin rescues Nrf2 responses. Young (5 weeks-old) and middle-aged (18 months-old) male Wistar rats were infected with T. cruzi. Nrf2 translocation and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were analyzed in blood and spleen. Increased apoptosis levels and oxidative stress indicators were observed in the rat spleen during T. cruzi infection. These responses were accompanied by decreased Nrf2 expression and increased expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). Melatonin (5 mg/kg/day; p.o. gavage) attenuated the superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production induced by T. cruzi infection. Increased expressions of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected in the spleen of melatonin-treated rats infected with T. cruzi. Melatonin treatment inhibited the spleen NF-κB activation and downregulates the levels of circulating interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in T. cruzi middle-aged infected rats. Increased levels of the chemokine CXCL1 in middle-aged control rats was observed, confirming that aging alters the production of this chemokine. In T. cruzi infected young animals, CXCL1 was up-regulated when compared to non-infected young ones. For young or middle-aged animals, melatonin treatment had no significant effect on CXCL1 levels. Our findings demonstrate an important role for Nrf2/NF-kB regulation as a possible mechanism by which melatonin attenuates oxidative stress, and provide new insights for further studies of this indoleamine as a therapeutic co-adjuvant agent against T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Brazão
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Pravato Colato
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Helena Santello
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa Duarte
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Goulart
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alexandre Sampaio
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla B Pacheco Silva
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Tirapelli
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai, GO, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Clóvis do Prado
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Melatonin inhibits Gram-negative pathogens by targeting citrate synthase. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1430-1444. [PMID: 35000061 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens represent a growing burden for public health worldwide. Despite the urgent need for new antibiotics that effectively fight against pathogenic bacteria, very few compounds are currently under development or approved in the clinical setting. Repurposing compounds for other uses offers a productive strategy for the development of new antibiotics. Here we report that the multifaceted melatonin effectively improves survival rates of mice and decreases bacterial loads in the lung during infection. Mechanistically, melatonin specifically inhibits the activity of citrate synthase of Gram-negative pathogens through directly binding to the R300, D363, and H265 sites, particularly for the notorious Pasteurella multocida. These findings highlight that usage of melatonin is a feasible and alternative therapy to tackle the increasing threat of Gram-negative pathogen infections via disrupting metabolic flux of bacteria.
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Providello MV, Portapilla GB, Oliveira PAS, da Silva CBP, Anchieta NF, Tirapelli CR, de Albuquerque S. Melatonin decreases circulating Trypanosoma cruzi load with no effect on tissue parasite replication. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:795-802. [PMID: 33296274 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac damage during the acute phase of Chagas disease (CD) is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory markers and oxidative stress. Melatonin (MEL) has emerged as a promising therapy for CD due to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties; however, the protective action of MEL in the cardiac tissue, as well as its direct action on the parasite cycle, is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of MEL on heart parasitism in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and also its effects on the parasitic proliferation in vitro. Our in vivo study showed that MEL reduced circulating parasitemia load, but did not control tissue (heart, liver, and spleen) parasitism in mice. MEL did not prevent the redox imbalance in the left ventricle of infected mice. Our in vitro findings showed that MEL did not inhibit parasites replication within cells, but rather increased their release from cells. MEL did not control parasitism load in the heart or prevent the cardiac redox imbalance induced by acute T. cruzi infection. The hormone controlled the circulating parasitic load, but within cells MEL accelerated parasitic release, a response that can be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Voltarelli Providello
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Bulhões Portapilla
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alexandre Sampaio Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Brigagão Pacheco da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naira Ferreira Anchieta
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Tirapelli
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Urbina F, Solari A. The Use of Antioxidants as Potential Co-Adjuvants to Treat Chronic Chagas Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071022. [PMID: 34202043 PMCID: PMC8300663 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the flagellated protozoa Trypanosome cruzi. This illness affects to almost 8–12 million people worldwide, however, is endemic to Latin American countries. It is mainly vectorially transmitted by insects of the Triatominae family, although other transmission routes also exist. T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes at the chronic stage of the disease display severe mitochondrial dysfunction and high ROS production, leading to chronic myocardial inflammation and heart failure. Under cellular stress, cells usually can launch mitochondrial biogenesis in order to restore energy loss. Key players to begin mitochondrial biogenesis are the PGC-1 (PPARγ coactivator 1) family of transcriptional coactivators, which are activated in response to several stimuli, either by deacetylation or dephosphorylation, and in turn can serve as coactivators for the NRF (nuclear respiratory factor) family of transcription factors. The NRF family of transcriptional activators, namely NRF1 and NRF2, can activate gene expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) components, mitochondrial transcriptional factor (Tfam) and nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins, leading to mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, NRF2 can activate gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in response to antioxidants, oxidants, electrophile compounds, pharmaceutical and dietary compounds in a mechanism dependent on KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1). Since a definitive cure to treat Chagas disease has not been found yet; the use of antioxidants a co-adjuvant therapy has been proposed in an effort to improve mitochondrial functions, biogenesis, and the antioxidant defenses response. Those antioxidants could activate different pathways to begin mitochondrial biogenesis and/or cytoprotective antioxidant defenses. In this review we discuss the main mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis and the NRF2-KEAP1 activation pathway. We also reviewed the antioxidants used as co-adjuvant therapy to treat experimental Chagas disease and their action mechanisms and finish with the discussion of antioxidant therapy used in Chagas disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Diego A. Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
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10
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Estaras M, Gonzalez-Portillo MR, Martinez R, Garcia A, Estevez M, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Mateos JM, Vara D, Blanco-Fernández G, Lopez-Guerra D, Roncero V, Salido GM, Gonzalez A. Melatonin Modulates the Antioxidant Defenses and the Expression of Proinflammatory Mediators in Pancreatic Stellate Cells Subjected to Hypoxia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040577. [PMID: 33918063 PMCID: PMC8070371 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) play a major role in the formation of fibrotic tissue in pancreatic tumors. On its side, melatonin is a putative therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer and inflammation. In this work, the actions of melatonin on PSC subjected to hypoxia were evaluated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) levels of glutathione, and protein and lipid oxidation were analyzed. The phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), and the regulatory protein nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha (IκBα) was studied. The expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also studied. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assayed. Finally, cell viability was studied. Under hypoxia and in the presence of melatonin generation of ROS was observed. No increases in the oxidation of proteins or lipids were detected. The phosphorylation of Nrf2 and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase-1, SOD1, and of SOD2 were augmented. The TAC was increased. Protein kinase C was involved in the effects of melatonin. Melatonin decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio at the highest concentration tested. Cell viability dropped in the presence of melatonin. Finally, melatonin diminished the phosphorylation of NF-kB and the expression of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. Our results indicate that melatonin, at pharmacological concentrations, modulates the red-ox state, viability, and the expression of proinflammatory mediators in PSC subjected to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Estaras
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Manuel R. Gonzalez-Portillo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Remigio Martinez
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Alfredo Garcia
- Department of Animal Production, CICYTEX-La Orden, 06187 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Mario Estevez
- IPROCAR Research Institute, Food Technology, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Bermejo
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Jose M. Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Daniel Vara
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Gerardo Blanco-Fernández
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (G.B.-F.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Diego Lopez-Guerra
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (G.B.-F.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Vicente Roncero
- Unit of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Gines M. Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Gonzaga NA, Awata WMC, Ficher SP, Assis VO, Alves JV, Tostes RC, Tirapelli CR. Melatonin reverses the loss of the anticontractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue in obese rats. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12710. [PMID: 33332655 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) undergoes functional changes in obesity. Increased oxidative stress is a central mechanism whereby obesity induces loss of the anticontractile effect of PVAT. Melatonin is an antioxidant that displays vasoprotective action in cardiovascular disease. Here, we sought to investigate whether melatonin would restore the anticontractile effect of periaortic PVAT in obesity. Male Wistar Hannover rats were treated for 10 weeks with a high-calorie diet. Melatonin (5 mg/kg/d, p.o., gavage) was administered for 2 weeks. Functional findings showed that obesity-induced loss of the anticontractile effect of PVAT and treatment with melatonin reversed this response. Tiron [a scavenger of superoxide anion (O2 - )] restored the anticontractile effect of PVAT in aortas from obese rats, suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in such response. Decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and augmented levels of ROS were detected in periaortic PVAT from obese rats. These responses were accompanied by decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO) in PVAT. Treatment with melatonin restored SOD activity, decreased ROS levels, and increased NO bioavailability in PVAT from obese rats. Here, we first reported the beneficial effects of melatonin in periaortic PVAT in obesity. Melatonin reversed the adverse effects of obesity in PVAT that included overproduction of ROS, reduced SOD activity, and decreased bioavailability of NO. Therefore, PVAT may constitute an important target for the treatment of obesity-induced vascular dysfunction and melatonin emerges as a potential tool in the management of the vascular complications induced by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rita C Tostes
- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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12
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Morris G, Walker AJ, Walder K, Berk M, Marx W, Carvalho AF, Maes M, Puri BK. Increasing Nrf2 Activity as a Treatment Approach in Neuropsychiatry. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2158-2182. [PMID: 33411248 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor encoded by NFE2L2. Under oxidative stress, Nrf2 does not undergo its normal cytoplasmic degradation but instead travels to the nucleus, where it binds to a DNA promoter and initiates transcription of anti-oxidative genes. Nrf2 upregulation is associated with increased cellular levels of glutathione disulfide, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferases, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Given its key role in governing the cellular antioxidant response, upregulation of Nrf2 has been suggested as a common therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, which are associated with chronic oxidative and nitrosative stress, characterised by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. These processes lead to extensive lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and carbonylation, and oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Intake of N-acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q10 and melatonin is accompanied by increased Nrf2 activity. N-acetylcysteine intake is associated with improved cerebral mitochondrial function, decreased central oxidative and nitrosative stress, reduced neuroinflammation, alleviation of endoplasmic reticular stress and suppression of the unfolded protein response. Coenzyme Q10, which acts as a superoxide scavenger in neuroglial mitochondria, instigates mitohormesis, ameliorates lipid peroxidation in the inner mitochondrial membrane, activates uncoupling proteins, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and has positive effects on the plasma membrane redox system. Melatonin, which scavenges mitochondrial free radicals, inhibits mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase, restores mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, deacetylates and activates mitochondrial SIRT3, ameliorates increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and intestine and counters neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morris
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - A J Walker
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - K Walder
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - M Berk
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - W Marx
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - A F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Maes
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Melatonin-Mediated Pak2 Activation Reduces Cardiomyocyte Death Through Suppressing Hypoxia Reoxygenation Injury-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 74:20-29. [PMID: 31274839 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac reperfusion injury has been found to be associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Recently, p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) has been identified as a primary mediator of ER stress in chronic myocardial injury. Melatonin, a biological clock-related hormone, has been demonstrated to attenuate heart reperfusion burden by modulating ER stress and mitochondrial function. The aim of our study was to explore whether reperfusion-induced ER stress is modulated by melatonin through Pak2. Hypoxia reoxygenation (HR) was used in vitro to mimic reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes. ER stress, oxidative stress, calcium overload, and cell death were measured through Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence with the assistance of siRNA transfection and pathway blocker treatment. The results of our study demonstrated that HR decreased the levels of Pak2 in cardiomyocytes in vitro, and inactivation of Pak2 was associated with ER stress, oxidative stress, calcium overload, caspase-12 activation, and cardiomyocytes apoptosis in vitro. Interestingly, melatonin treatment attenuated HR-mediated ER stress, redox imbalance, calcium overload, and caspase-12-related cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and these protective effects were dependent on Pak2 upregulation. Knockdown of Pak2 abolished the beneficial actions exerted by melatonin on HR-treated cardiomyocytes in vitro. Finally, we found that melatonin reversed Pak2 expression by activating the AMPK pathway and blockade of the AMPK pathway suppressed Pak2 upregulation and cardiomyocytes survival induced by melatonin in the presence of HR stress. Overall, our study reports that the AMPK-Pak2 axis, a novel signaling pathway modulated by melatonin, sends prosurvival signals for cardiomyocytes reperfusion injury through attenuation of ER stress in vitro.
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Mustafa FEZA, Abdel-Maksoud FM, Hassan AHS, Mokhtar DM. Melatonin induces a stimulatory action on the scrotal skin components of Soay ram in the non-breeding season. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10154. [PMID: 32576871 PMCID: PMC7311388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen adult Soay rams were employed in this study to investigate the effect of melatonin on the scrotal skin using histological, histochemical, and morphometrical analysis. The results revealed that the melatonin treated group showed a significant increase in the thickness of the epidermis, the cross-sectional area of blood capillaries and nerve fibers compared with the control one. In addition, obvious hypertrophy and hyperplasia were detected in the sebaceous glands in association with a significant increase in the number and diameter of apocrine sweat glands with well-developed secretory activity. S100 protein and cytokeratin-19 strongly stained the basal cells of sebaceous glands in the melatonin treated group incomparable to the control group. Moreover, the nerve fibers were intensively immunoreacted for S100 and cytokeratin proteins in the melatonin treated group in contrast to the control one. A high number of telocytes (TCs) could be identified in the treated group around the nerve fibers and blood vessels in the dermis. The number of Langerhans cells showed a significant increase in the melatonin groups that were identified by MHC II and PGP 9.5 within the epidermal layer. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of dendritic cells was identified in the melatonin group, which were distributed within the dermis, around hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands and were strongly expressed PGP-9.5, MHC-II, VAMP, SNAP, keratin-5, and cytokeratin-19 immunoreactivity. Notably, Merkel cells showed a significant increase in the number in the melatonin group that could be stained against nestin, SNAP, and VAMP. On the other hand, the secretory granules in sweat glands were exhibited a strong positive reactivity for synaptophysin in melatonin group. The current study showed that the administration of melatonin induced a stimulatory effect on keratinocytes, non-keratinocytes, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles, as well as the vascular, neuronal, and cellular constituents of the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma M Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - A H S Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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15
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T. cruzi infection among aged rats: Melatonin as a promising therapeutic molecule. Exp Gerontol 2020; 135:110922. [PMID: 32151734 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although T. cruzi was identified as the cause of Chagas disease more than 100 years ago, satisfactory treatments still do not exist, especially for chronic disease. Here we review work suggesting that melatonin could have promise as a Chagas therapeutic. Melatonin has remarkably diverse actions. It is an immunomodulator, an anti-inflammatory, an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, and has antiapoptotic and anti-aging effects. The elderly (aged 60 years or more) as a group are growing faster than any other age group. Here we discuss the major effects and the mechanisms of action of melatonin on aged T. cruzi-infected rats. Melatonin's protective effects may be consequences of its cooperative antioxidant and immunomodulatory actions. Melatonin modulates oxidative damage, inducing an antioxidant response and reversing age-related thymus regression. Its protective actions could be the result of its anti-apoptotic activity, and by its counteracting the excessive production of corticosterone. This review describes our work showing that host age plays an important and variable influence on the progression of systemic T. cruzi infection and supporting the hypothesis that melatonin should be considered as a powerful therapeutic compound with multiple activities that can improve host homeostasis during experimental T. cruzi infection.
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16
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Effect of melatonin on T/B cell activation and immune regulation in pinealectomy mice. Life Sci 2019; 242:117191. [PMID: 31863775 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an indole neuroendocrine hormone that is mainly secreted by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythm, antioxidation, and immune regulation. Melatonin plays an important role in T cell-mediated immune responses against cancer, infections, and the development of many autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of melatonin on T/B cell activation in pinealectomy mice. The improved pinealectomy procedure for mice presented in this study is a good animal model to be used in follow-up studies on melatonin. After pinealectomy, the tissue removed was identified as the pineal body using HE staining. The effects of melatonin supplementation on T cell activation and activation-related changes to the MAPK/NF-κ B pathways were analyzed by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. We found that expression levels of Th1, Th2 and Th17-related cytokines in peripheral blood were lower in mice that had undergone pinealectomy, compared with normal mice. After melatonin supplementation, cytokine levels rapidly increased within a short period of time, which resulted in the gradual recovery of cytokine expression levels. Moreover, activation of T/B cells in mice was weakened and decreased after pineal gland removal. Melatonin was found to inhibit the expression of TLR3, p38, JNK, and MAPK/NF-κ B within a short period (2 weeks) of melatonin replenishment. This inhibition gradually weakened with time, since the degree of inhibition is negatively related with the dosage of melatonin. In conclusion, melatonin may regulate the activation of T/B cells, playing a critical role in the regulation of immune balance.
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17
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Espino J, Rodríguez AB, Pariente JA. Melatonin and Oxidative Stress in the Diabetic State: Clinical Implications and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4178-4190. [PMID: 29637854 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180410094149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms exhibit circadian rhythms, which govern the majority of biological functions, including metabolic processes. Misalignment of these circadian rhythms increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. Thus, disruption of the circadian system has been proven to affect the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this context, the pineal indoleamine melatonin is a signaling molecule able to entrain circadian rhythms. There is mounting evidence that suggests a link between disturbances in melatonin production and impaired insulin, glucose, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. Besides, several genetic association studies have causally associated various single nucleotide polymorphysms (SNPs) of the human MT2 receptor with increased risk of developing T2DM. Taken together, these data suggest that endogenous as well as exogenous melatonin may influence diabetes and associated metabolic disturbances not only by regulating insulin secretion but also by providing protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) since pancreatic β-cells are very susceptible to oxidative stress due to their low antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espino
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana B Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José A Pariente
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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18
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Su X, Fan X, Shao R, Guo J, Wang Y, Yang J, Yang Q, Guo L. Physiological and iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses reveal that melatonin alleviates oxidative damage in maize leaves exposed to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:263-274. [PMID: 31330393 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To explain the underlying mechanism of melatonin-mediated drought stress responses in maize, maize pre-treated with or without melatonin was subjected to 20% PEG nutrient solution to induce drought stress. We found that exogenous melatonin significantly improved drought tolerance, demonstrated by improved photosynthesis, reduced ROS accumulation, enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and increased content of glutathione (GSH). Comparative iTRAQ proteomic analyses revealed a higher abundance of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in melatonin-treated maize under drought stress for carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, photosynthesis, biosynthesis of amino acids, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, compared to untreated plants. Changes in the above molecular mechanisms could explain the melatonin-induced physiological effects associated with drought tolerance. In summary, this study provides a more integrated picture about the effects of melatonin on the physiological and molecular mechanisms in maize seedlings responding to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaocong Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ruixin Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jiameng Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Lin Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Chang W, Feng M, Li Y, Sun Y, Sun L. MKP1 overexpression reduces TNF-α-induced cardiac injury via suppressing mitochondrial fragmentation and inhibiting the JNK-MIEF1 pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16148-16159. [PMID: 30740674 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress has been acknowledged as the pathogenesis for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced septic cardiomyopathy. Recently, MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1) downregulation and mitochondrial fragmentation modulate the mitochondrial stress via multiple molecular mechanisms. Thereby, the goal of our current work is to figure out the functional role of mitochondrial fragmentation in TNF-α-induced septic cardiomyopathy. Our results exhibited that MKP1 expression was significantly repressed in hearts treated by TNF-α. Overexpression of MKP1 sustained cardiac function and attenuated cardiomyocytes death in TNF-α-treated hearts. At the molecular levels, decreased MKP1 induced mitochondrial stress, as indicated by mitochondrial calcium overloading, mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial antioxidant downregulation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, mitochondrial bioenergetics suppression, mitochondrial proapoptotic factors liberation, and caspase-9 apoptotic pathway activation. To the end, we illustrated that MKP1-modulated mitochondrial stress via mitochondrial fragmentation; reactivation of mitochondrial fragmentation abolished the protective effect of MKP1 overexpression on mitochondrial function. Further, MKP1 affected mitochondrial division in a mechanism through the JNK-MIEF1 axis. Blockade of JNK pathway abolished the regulatory actions of MKP1 on mitochondrial division. Altogether, our results identify MKP1 as a novel cardioprotective factor in TNF-α-related septic cardiomyopathy via affecting mitochondrial division by the way of JNK-MIEF1 signaling pathway. Therefore, MKP1 expression, mitochondrial fragmentation modification, and JNK-MIEF1 pathway modulation may be considered as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiac injury induced by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuexia Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Melatonin Improves the Fertilization Capacity of Sex-Sorted Bull Sperm by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Increasing Fertilization Capacitation via MT1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163921. [PMID: 31409031 PMCID: PMC6720564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available regarding the effect of melatonin on the quality and fertilization capability of sex-sorted bull sperm, and even less about the associated mechanism. Sex-sorted sperm from three individual bulls were washed twice in wash medium and incubated in a fertilization medium for 1.5 h, and each was supplemented with melatonin (0, 10−3 M, 10−5 M, 10−7 M, and 10−9 M). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endogenous antioxidant activity (glutathione peroxidase (GPx); superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT)), apoptosis (phosphatidylserine [PS] externalization; mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm)), acrosomal integrity events (malondialdehyde (MDA) level; acrosomal integrity), capacitation (calcium ion [Ca2+]i level; cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); capacitation level), and fertilization ability of the sperm were assessed. Melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and 2 (MT2) expression were examined to investigate the involvement of melatonin receptors on sex-sorted bull sperm capacitation. Our results show that treatment with 10−5 M melatonin significantly decreased the ROS level and increased the GPx, SOD, and CAT activities of sex-sorted bull sperm, which inhibited PS externalization and MDA levels, and improved Δψm, acrosomal integrity, and fertilization ability. Further experiments showed that melatonin regulates sperm capacitation via MT1. These findings contribute to improving the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm and exploring the associated mechanism.
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Geng C, Wei J, Wu C. Mammalian STE20-like Kinase 1 Knockdown Attenuates TNFα-Mediated Neurodegenerative Disease by Repressing the JNK Pathway and Mitochondrial Stress. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1653-1664. [PMID: 30949935 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been acknowledged as a primary factor contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. However, the molecular mechanism underlying inflammation stress-mediated neuronal dysfunction is not fully understood. The aim of our study was to explore the influence of mammalian STE20-like kinase 1 (Mst1) in neuroinflammation using TNFα and CATH.a cells in vitro. The results of our study demonstrated that the expression of Mst1 was dose-dependently increased after TNFα treatment. Interestingly, knockdown of Mst1 using siRNA transfection significantly repressed TNFα-induced neuronal death. We also found that TNFα treatment was associated with mitochondrial stress, including mitochondrial ROS overloading, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factor release. Interestingly, loss of Mst1 attenuated TNFα-triggered mitochondrial stress and sustained mitochondrial function in CATH.a cells. We found that Mst1 modulated mitochondrial homeostasis and cell viability via the JNK pathway in a TNFα-induced inflammatory environment. Inhibition of the JNK pathway abolished TNFα-mediated CATH.a cell death and mitochondrial malfunction, similar to the results obtained via silencing of Mst1. Taken together, our results indicate that inflammation-mediated neuronal dysfunction is implicated in Mst1 upregulation, which promotes mitochondrial stress and neuronal death by activating the JNK pathway. Accordingly, our study identifies the Mst1-JNK-mitochondria axis as a novel signaling pathway involved in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizi Geng
- Neurology Department, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Neurology Department, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengsi Wu
- Neurology Department, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Song J, Zhao W, Lu C, Shao X. LATS2 overexpression attenuates the therapeutic resistance of liver cancer HepG2 cells to sorafenib-mediated death via inhibiting the AMPK-Mfn2 signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:60. [PMID: 30923462 PMCID: PMC6423758 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently an imperative issue, and sorafenib is a first-line drug for the treatment of HCC. However, the clinical benefit of sorafenib is often impaired by drug resistance. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms involving sorafenib resistance, with a focus on large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2) and mitophagy. Methods HepG2 liver cancer cells were treated with sorafenib and infected with adenovirus-loaded LATS2 (Ad-LATS2). Cell death, proliferation and migration were measured via western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence and qPCR. Mitochondrial function and mitophagy were determined via western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results Our data indicated that LATS2 expression was repressed by sorafenib treatment, and overexpression of LATS2 could further enhance sorafenib-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 liver cancer cells. At the molecular level, mitochondrial stress was triggered by sorafenib treatment, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial ROS production, more cyc-c release into the nucleus, and elevated mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins. However, in response to mitochondrial damage, mitophagy was activated by sorafenib treatment, whereas LATS2 overexpression effectively inhibited mitophagy activity and thus augmented sorafenib-mediated mitochondrial stress. Subsequently, we also demonstrated that the AMPK–MFN2 signaling pathway was involved in mitophagy regulation after exposure to sorafenib treatment and/or LATS2 overexpression. Inhibition of the AMPK pathway interrupted mitophagy and thus enhanced the antitumor property of sorafenib, similar to the results obtained via overexpression of LATS2. Conclusions Altogether, our findings revealed the importance of the LATS2/AMPK/MFN2/mitophagy axis in understanding sorafenib resistance mechanisms, with a potential application to increase the sensitivity response of sorafenib in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- 1Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000 China
| | - Wei Zhao
- 2Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000 China
| | - Chang Lu
- 3Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000 China
| | - Xue Shao
- 1Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000 China
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Xia Y, Chen S, Zeng S, Zhao Y, Zhu C, Deng B, Zhu G, Yin Y, Wang W, Hardeland R, Ren W. Melatonin in macrophage biology: Current understanding and future perspectives. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12547. [PMID: 30597604 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous hormone found in various organisms and highly affects the function of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the significance of melatonin in macrophage biology and the beneficial effects of melatonin in macrophage-associated diseases. Enzymes associated with synthesis of melatonin, as well as membrane receptors for melatonin, are found in macrophages. Indeed, melatonin influences the phenotype polarization of macrophages. Mechanistically, the roles of melatonin in macrophages are related to several cellular signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, STATs, and NLRP3/caspase-1. Notably, miRNAs (eg, miR-155/-34a/-23a), cellular metabolic pathways (eg, α-KG, HIF-1α, and ROS), and mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are also involved. Thus, melatonin modulates the development and progression of various macrophage-associated diseases, such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. This review provides a better understanding about the importance of melatonin in macrophage biology and macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sijing Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Congrui Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoo Noses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoo Noses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoo Noses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Shang X, Li J, Yu R, Zhu P, Zhang Y, Xu J, Chen K, Li M. Sepsis-related myocardial injury is associated with Mst1 upregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and the Drp1/F-actin signaling pathway. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:91-103. [PMID: 30604255 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-09809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
LPS-induced septic cardiomyopathy has been found to be connected with mitochondrial stress through unknown mechanisms. Mitochondrial fission is an early event in mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of our study was to determine the role and regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial fission in the progression of LPS-induced septic cardiomyopathy, with a particular focus on Mst1 and F-actin. Our data demonstrated that Mst1 expression was rapidly upregulated in LPS-treated hearts and that increased Mst1 promoted cardiomyocyte death by inducing mitochondrial stress. Mechanistically, elevated expression of Mst1 upregulated Drp1, and the latter initiated mitochondrial fission. Excessive mitochondrial fission caused mitochondrial oxidative injury, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, mitochondrial proapoptotic element translocation into the cytoplasm/nucleus, mitochondrial energy dysfunction and mitochondrial apoptosis activation. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission sustained mitochondrial function and favored cardiomyocyte survival. Furthermore, we identified F-actin degradation as an apparent downstream event of mitochondrial fission activation in the context of LPS-induced septic cardiomyopathy. Stabilization of F-actin attenuated fission-mediated cardiomyocyte death. Altogether, our results define the Mst1/Drp1/mitochondrial fission/F-actin axis as a new signaling pathway that mediates LPS-related septic cardiomyopathy by inducing mitochondrial stress and cardiomyocyte death. Therefore, Mst1 expression, mitochondrial fission modification and F-actin stabilization may serve as potential therapeutic targets for sepsis-related myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Rongguo Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| | - Pengli Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| | - Yingrui Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jingqing Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Kaihua Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
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Brazão V, Colato RP, Santello FH, Vale GTD, Gonzaga NDA, Tirapelli CR, Prado JCD. Effects of melatonin on thymic and oxidative stress dysfunctions during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12510. [PMID: 29781553 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the exact etiology of Chagas disease is not completely elucidated, thymic atrophy and oxidative stress are believed to be important contributors to the pathogenesis during acute Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infection. We hypothesized that exogenous melatonin, administered by gavage (5 mg/kg, p.o., gavage) to young (5 weeks old) and middle-aged (18 months old) male Wistar rats, would modulate thymic oxidative damage and reverse the age-related thymus regression during T. cruzi acute infection. Increased levels of superoxide anion (O2- ) were detected in the thymus of infected animals, and treatment with melatonin reverted this response. We found reduced TBARS levels as well as a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the thymus of all middle-aged melatonin-treated animals, infected or not with T. cruzi. Furthermore, melatonin increased the thymic expression of SOD1 and SOD2 in middle-aged control animals. Nox2 expression was not affected by melatonin treatment in young or middle-aged animals. Melatonin reverted the age-related thymic regression as revealed by the increase in thymus weight, total number of thymocytes, and reduction in age-related accumulation of double-negative thymocytes. This is the first report to directly examine the effects of melatonin treatment on the thymic antioxidant/oxidant status and thymic changes during T. cruzi infection. Our results revealed new antioxidant features that turn melatonin a potentially useful compound for the treatment of Chagas disease, a condition in which an excessive oxidative damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Brazão
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Pravato Colato
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Helena Santello
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Tavares do Vale
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália de Almeida Gonzaga
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Tirapelli
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Clóvis do Prado
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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26
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Tokazzabani Belasi F, Vaezi G, Bakhtiarian A, Hojati V, Mousavi Z, Nikoui V. On the benefit of melatonin in protection against ouabain-induced arrhythmia through modulation of oxidative stress factors in isolated rat atria. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1424769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gholamhassan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Azam Bakhtiarian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vida Hojati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Nikoui
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Colato RP, Brazão V, do Vale GT, Santello FH, Sampaio PA, Tirapelli CR, Pereira-da-Silva G, Do Prado JC. Cytokine modulation, oxidative stress and thymic dysfunctions: Role of age-related changes in the experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: Age-related thymic dysfunctions and Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Cytokine 2018; 111:88-96. [PMID: 30130728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is linked with a thymic oxidative damage and some infectious diseases such as Chagas' disease may aggravate this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of distinct cytokines as well as the antioxidant/oxidant status of the thymus and thymocytes populations during Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infection. Young (5 weeks old) and aged (18 weeks old) male Wistar rats were inoculated with blood trypomastigotes forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi. On the 16th day after T. cruzi infection, increased concentrations of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-17 were detected in aged infected subjects as compared to young infected ones. Interestingly, a reduction in the production of tumor necrose factor (TNF)-α was observed in aged infected rats when compared to young infected subjects. Aged-infected rats presented increased O2- levels, compared to young counterparts. Significant raise in the generation of O2- in aged infected animals, as compared to uninfected counterparts was observed. Up-regulated expression of Nox2 in the thymus of young and aged infected animals was observed. An increased SOD2 expression was detected in the thymus of young animals infected with T. cruzi, when compared to uninfected young rats. Aged animals showed reduced thymus weight and the number of thymocytes. Decreased percentages of SPCD4+ and SPCD8+T cells were detected in aged and control groups when compared to young counterparts. In summary, this is the first data to directly examine the influence of aging on age-related dysfunctions during the acute phase of experimental Chagas disease. Concerning to oxidative stress, it is clear from our analysis that aged infected rats suffer a more intense oxidative damage when compared to young and infected ones. Age and infection triggered a dynamic interplay of cytokines, oxidative stress and thymic dysfunctions which led to impaired response from aged and infected rats. Such findings may have significant functional relevance in therapeutic strategies in order to reestablish the thymic immunological function which occurs in aged and T. cruzi infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Pravato Colato
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Brazão
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Tavares do Vale
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Helena Santello
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alexandre Sampaio
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Tirapelli
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pereira-da-Silva
- Department of Maternal-Infant Nursing and Public Health, Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Clóvis Do Prado
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Rosales-Corral S, Galano A, Zhou XJ, Xu B. Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin's Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions. Molecules 2018; 23:E509. [PMID: 29495303 PMCID: PMC6017324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, along with its metabolites, have long been known to significantly reduce the oxidative stress burden of aging cells or cells exposed to toxins. Oxidative damage is a result of free radicals produced in cells, especially in mitochondria. When measured, melatonin, a potent antioxidant, was found to be in higher concentrations in mitochondria than in other organelles or subcellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that mitochondrial membranes possess transporters that aid in the rapid uptake of melatonin by these organelles against a gradient. Moreover, we predicted several years ago that, because of their origin from melatonin-producing bacteria, mitochondria likely also synthesize melatonin. Data accumulated within the last year supports this prediction. A high content of melatonin in mitochondria would be fortuitous, since these organelles produce an abundance of free radicals. Thus, melatonin is optimally positioned to scavenge the radicals and reduce the degree of oxidative damage. In light of the "free radical theory of aging", including all of its iterations, high melatonin levels in mitochondria would be expected to protect against age-related organismal decline. Also, there are many age-associated diseases that have, as a contributing factor, free radical damage. These multiple diseases may likely be deferred in their onset or progression if mitochondrial levels of melatonin can be maintained into advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
| | - Dun Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituo Mexicana del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44346, Mexico.
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapatapa, Mexico D.F. 09340, Mexico.
| | - Xin Jia Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
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Tan DX, Xu B, Zhou X, Reiter RJ. Pineal Calcification, Melatonin Production, Aging, Associated Health Consequences and Rejuvenation of the Pineal Gland. Molecules 2018; 23:E301. [PMID: 29385085 PMCID: PMC6017004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland is a unique organ that synthesizes melatonin as the signaling molecule of natural photoperiodic environment and as a potent neuronal protective antioxidant. An intact and functional pineal gland is necessary for preserving optimal human health. Unfortunately, this gland has the highest calcification rate among all organs and tissues of the human body. Pineal calcification jeopardizes melatonin's synthetic capacity and is associated with a variety of neuronal diseases. In the current review, we summarized the potential mechanisms of how this process may occur under pathological conditions or during aging. We hypothesized that pineal calcification is an active process and resembles in some respects of bone formation. The mesenchymal stem cells and melatonin participate in this process. Finally, we suggest that preservation of pineal health can be achieved by retarding its premature calcification or even rejuvenating the calcified gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Xian Tan
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Xinjia Zhou
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Liu Z, Gan L, Zhang T, Ren Q, Sun C. Melatonin alleviates adipose inflammation through elevating α-ketoglutarate and diverting adipose-derived exosomes to macrophages in mice. J Pineal Res 2018; 64. [PMID: 29149454 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with macrophage infiltration and metabolic inflammation, both of which promote metabolic disease progression. Melatonin is reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting inflammatory response of adipocytes and macrophages activation. However, the effects of melatonin on the communication between adipocytes and macrophages during adipose inflammation remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated melatonin alleviated inflammation and elevated α-ketoglutarate (αKG) level in adipose tissue of obese mice. Mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (Idh2) mRNA level was also elevated by melatonin in adipocytes leading to increase αKG level. Further analysis revealed αKG was the target for melatonin inhibition of adipose inflammation. Moreover, sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) physically interacted with IDH2 and formed a complex to increase the circadian amplitude of Idh2 and αKG content in melatonin-inhibited adipose inflammation. Notably, melatonin promoted exosomes secretion from adipocyte and increased adipose-derived exosomal αKG level. Our results also confirmed that melatonin alleviated adipocyte inflammation and increased ratio of M2 to M1 macrophages by transporting of exosomal αKG to macrophages and promoting TET-mediated DNA demethylation. Furthermore, exosomal αKG attenuated signal transducers and activators of transduction-3 (STAT3)/NF-κB signal by its receptor oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1) in adipocytes. Melatonin also attenuated adipose inflammation and deceased macrophage number in chronic jet-lag mice. In summary, our results demonstrate melatonin alleviates metabolic inflammation by increasing cellular and exosomal αKG level in adipose tissue. Our data reveal a novel function of melatonin on adipocytes and macrophages communication, suggesting a new potential therapy for melatonin to prevent and treat obesity caused systemic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Ma Z, Xin Z, Di W, Yan X, Li X, Reiter RJ, Yang Y. Melatonin and mitochondrial function during ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3989-3998. [PMID: 28795196 PMCID: PMC11107672 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury occurs in many organs and tissues, and contributes to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Melatonin, an endogenously produced indolamine, provides a strong defense against IR injury. Mitochondrion, an organelle for ATP production and a decider for cell fate, has been validated to be a crucial target for melatonin to exert its protection against IR injury. In this review, we first clarify the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction during IR and melatonin's protection of mitochondria under this condition. Thereafter, special focus is placed on the protective actions of melatonin against IR injury in brain, heart, liver, and others. Finally, we explore several potential future directions of research in this area. Collectively, the information compiled here will serve as a comprehensive reference for the actions of melatonin in IR injury identified to date and will hopefully aid in the design of future research and increase the potential of melatonin as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhenlong Xin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wencheng Di
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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