1
|
Creisher PS, Klein SL. Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0007323. [PMID: 38421182 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYViral infections during pregnancy are associated with significant adverse perinatal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy is a unique immunologic and physiologic state, which can influence control of virus replication, severity of disease, and vertical transmission. The placenta is the organ of the maternal-fetal interface and provides defense against microbial infection while supporting the semi-allogeneic fetus via tolerogenic immune responses. Some viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, and rubella virus, can breach these defenses, directly infecting the fetus and having long-lasting consequences. Even without direct placental infection, other viruses, including respiratory viruses like influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, still cause placental damage and inflammation. Concentrations of progesterone and estrogens rise during pregnancy and contribute to immunological adaptations, placentation, and placental development and play a pivotal role in creating a tolerogenic environment at the maternal-fetal interface. Animal models, including mice, nonhuman primates, rabbits, and guinea pigs, are instrumental for mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy and identification of targetable treatments to improve health outcomes of pregnant individuals and offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang Z, He XL, Zhu CW, Yang JJ, Huang L, Jiang C, Wu J. Animal models of hepatitis E infection: Advances and challenges. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:171-180. [PMID: 37852916 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Although most of HEV infections are asymptomatic, some patients will develop the symptoms, especially pregnant women, the elderly, and patients with preexisting liver diseases, who often experience anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, abdominal pain, and jaundice. HEV infection may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. In addition, HEV infection can also cause several extrahepatic manifestations. HEV exists in a wide range of hosts in nature and can be transmitted across species. Hence, animals susceptible to HEV can be used as models. The establishment of animal models is of great significance for studying HEV transmission, clinical symptoms, extrahepatic manifestations, and therapeutic strategies, which will help us understand the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hepatitis E. This review summarized the animal models of HEV, including pigs, monkeys, rabbits, mice, rats, and other animals. For each animal species, we provided a concise summary of the HEV genotypes that they can be infected with, the cross-species transmission pathways, as well as their role in studying extrahepatic manifestations, prevention, and treatment of HEV infection. The advantages and disadvantages of these animal models were also emphasized. This review offers new perspectives to enhance the current understanding of the research landscape surrounding HEV animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Xiang-Lin He
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Chuan-Wu Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou 215007, China
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Liu B, Tian J, Teng X, Liu T. Vital role of autophagy flux inhibition of placental trophoblast cells in pregnancy disorders induced by HEV infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2276336. [PMID: 37882369 PMCID: PMC10796124 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2276336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has become one of the important pathogens that threaten the global public health. Type 3 and 4 HEV are zoonotic, which can spread vertically and cause placental damage. At the same time, autophagy plays an important role in the process of embryo development and pregnancy maintenance. However, the relationship between HEV and autophagy, especially in the placenta tissue, has not been clarified. We found lower litter rates in HEV-infected female mice, with significant intrauterine abortion of the embryo (24.19%). To explore the effects of HEV infection on placenta autophagy, chorionic cells (JEG-3) and mice placenta have been employed as research objects, while the expression of autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) has been detected in JEG-3 cells with different times of HEV inoculation. The results demonstrated that the expression of protein LC3 decreased and p62 accumulated, meanwhile ATGs such as ATG4B, ATG5, and ATG9A in JEG-3 cells have decreased significantly. In addition, the maturation of autophagosomes, which referred to the process of the combination of autophagosomes and lysosomes was prevented by HEV infection as well. All processes of autophagic flux, which include the initiation, development, and maturation three stages, were suppressed in JEG-3 cells after HEV infection. Similarly, the protein and gene expression of LC3 were significantly decreased in the placenta of pregnant mice with HEV infection. In summary, our results suggested that HEV inhibited autophagy in JEG-3 cells and placenta of pregnant mice, which might be the important pathogenic mechanisms of HEV infection leading to embryo abortion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jijing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Teng
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khuroo MS. Discovery of Hepatitis E and Its Impact on Global Health: A Journey of 44 Years about an Incredible Human-Interest Story. Viruses 2023; 15:1745. [PMID: 37632090 PMCID: PMC10459142 DOI: 10.3390/v15081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The story of the discovery of hepatitis E originated in the late 1970s with my extreme belief that there was a hidden saga in the relationship between jaundice and pregnancy in developing countries and the opportunity for a massive epidemic of viral hepatitis, which hit the Gulmarg Kashmir region in November 1978. Based on data collected from a door-to-door survey, the existence of a new disease, epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis, caused by a hitherto unknown hepatitis virus, was announced. This news was received by the world community with hype and skepticism. In the early 1980s, the world watched in awe as an extreme example of human self-experimentation led to the identification of VLP. In 1990, a cDNA clone from the virus responsible for epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis was isolated. Over the years, we traversed three eras of ambiguity, hope, and hype of hepatitis E research and conducted several seminal studies to understand the biology of HEV and manifestations of hepatitis E. Many milestones have been reached on the long and winding road of hepatitis E research to understand the structure, biology, and diversity of the agent, changing the behavior of the pathogen in developed countries, and the discovery of a highly effective vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sultan Khuroo
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190010, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qian Z, Li T, Xia Y, Cong C, Chen S, Zhang Y, Gong S, Wang W, Liu H, Chen D, Zhao W, Zhong G, Deng Y, Yu W, Wei D, Yu X, Huang F. Genotype 4 Hepatitis E virus replicates in the placenta, causes severe histopathological damage, and vertically transmits to fetuses. J Infect 2023; 87:34-45. [PMID: 37160209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in pregnant women causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, including maternal death, premature delivery, stillbirth, and fetal infection. However, the pathogenesis of maternal and fetal HEV infection is unclear. METHODS Placenta and placental appendixes were collected from HEV-4 infected pregnant women to explore the vertical transmission of HEV from mothers to fetuses. RESULTS HEV-4 replicated in the placenta, placental membrane, and umbilical cord and was vertically transmitted from mothers to fetuses. HEV-4 placental infection resulted in serious histopathological damage, such as fibrosis and calcification, and severe inflammatory responses. Adverse maternal outcomes were observed in 38.5% of HEV-4 infected pregnant women. The distinct cytokine/chemokine expression patterns of HEV-infected pregnant women and nonpregnant women may contribute to the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, the impaired maternal and fetal innate immune responses against HEV-4 facilitated viral replication during pregnancy. CONCLUSION HEV-4 replicates in the placenta and is vertically transmitted from mothers to fetuses, causing severe histopathological damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyao Qian
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Tengyuan Li
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yueping Xia
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Chao Cong
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Shuangfeng Chen
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yike Zhang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Shiling Gong
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Huichan Liu
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Dongxue Chen
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wanqiu Zhao
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Guo Zhong
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yinlong Deng
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Daqiao Wei
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Xiongwu Yu
- Qujing Maternal and Child Health-care Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Qujing, PR China
| | - Fen Huang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Kunming, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahsoub HM, Heffron CL, Hassebroek AM, Sooryanarain H, Wang B, LeRoith T, Rodríguez GR, Tian D, Meng XJ. Fetal Loss in Pregnant Rabbits Infected with Genotype 3 Hepatitis E Virus Is Associated with Altered Inflammatory Responses, Enhanced Virus Replication, and Extrahepatic Virus Dissemination with Positive Correlations with Increased Estradiol Level. mBio 2023; 14:e0041823. [PMID: 36939322 PMCID: PMC10128027 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00418-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes adverse clinical outcomes in pregnant women, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To delineate the mechanisms of pregnancy-associated adverse effects during HEV infection, we utilized a genotype 3 HEV from rabbit (HEV-3ra) and its cognate host (rabbits) to systematically investigate the clinical consequences, viral replication dynamics, and host immune and hormonal responses of HEV infection during pregnancy. We found a significant fetal loss of 23% in HEV-infected pregnant rabbits, indicating an early-stage miscarriage. HEV infection in pregnant rabbits was characterized by higher viral loads in feces, intestinal contents, liver, and spleen tissues, as well as a longer and earlier onset of viremia than in infected nonpregnant rabbits. HEV infection altered the pattern of cytokine gene expressions in the liver of pregnant rabbits and caused a transient increase of serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) shortly after a notable increase in viral replication, which may contribute to early fetal loss. Histological lesions in the spleen were more pronounced in infected pregnant rabbits, although moderate liver lesions were seen in both infected pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. Total bilirubin was elevated in infected pregnant rabbits. The serum levels of estradiol (E2) in HEV-infected pregnant rabbits were significantly higher than those in mock-infected pregnant rabbits at 14 days postinoculation (dpi) and correlated positively with higher viral loads in feces, liver, and spleen tissues at 28 dpi, suggesting that it may play a role in extrahepatic virus dissemination. The results have important implications for understanding the severe diseases associated with HEV infection during pregnancy. IMPORTANCE HEV causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, with a mortality rate of >30% in pregnant women, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we utilized HEV-3ra and its cognate host (pregnant rabbit) to delineate the potential underlying mechanisms of pregnancy-associated adverse outcomes during HEV infection. We found that infected pregnant rabbits had a fetal loss of 23%, which coincided with enhanced viral replication and an elevated systemic IFN-γ response, followed by longer viremia duration and extrahepatic viral dissemination. Estradiol levels were increased in infected pregnant rabbits and correlated positively with higher fecal viral shedding and higher viral loads in liver and spleen tissues. Infected pregnant rabbits had more pronounced splenic lesions, higher serum total bilirubin, and an altered cytokine gene expression profile in the liver. The results will contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of HEV-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M. Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - C. Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna M. Hassebroek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Guillermo Raimundi Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030618. [PMID: 36985191 PMCID: PMC10057890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing issues in the hepatitis E virus (HEV) field is the significant increase in mortality rates of the mother and fetus when infection occurs in the second and third trimesters of gestation. A virus that is normally self-limiting and has a mortality rate of less than one percent in otherwise healthy individuals steeply rises by up to 30% in these pregnant populations. Answering this pivotal question has not been a simple task. HEV, in general, has been a difficult pathogen to understand in the laboratory setting. A historical lack of ability to efficiently propagate the virus in tissue culture models has led to many molecular aspects of the viral lifecycle being understudied. Although great strides have been made in recent years to adapt viruses to cell culture, this field remains behind other viruses that are much easier to replicate efficiently in vitro. Some of the greatest discoveries regarding HEV have come from using animal models for which naturally occurring strains of HEV have been identified, including pigs and chickens, but key limitations have made animal models imperfect for studying all aspects of human HEV infections. In addition to the difficulties working with HEV, pregnancy is a very complicated biological process with an elaborate interplay between many different host systems, including hormones, cardiovascular, kidneys, respiratory, gastrointestinal, epithelial, liver, metabolic, immune, and others. Significant differences between the timing and interplay of these systems are notable between species, and making direct comparisons between animals and humans can be difficult at times. No simple answer exists as to how HEV enhances mortality in pregnant populations. One of the best approaches to studying HEV in pregnancy is likely a combinatorial approach that uses the best combination of emerging in vitro and in vivo systems while accounting for the deficiencies that are present in each model. This review describes many of the current HEV animal model systems and the strengths and weaknesses of each as they apply to HEV pregnancy-associated mortality. We consider factors that are critical to analyzing HEV infection within the host and how, despite no perfect animal model for human pregnancy mortality existing, recent developments in HEV models, both in vitro and in vivo, are advancing our overall understanding of HEV in the pregnant host.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xia Y, Yang W, Li Y, Qian Z, Chen S, Zhang Y, Cong C, Li T, Liu H, Chen D, Zhao W, Zhong G, Wei D, Yu W, Huang F. Severe maternal-fetal pathological damage and inflammatory responses contribute to miscarriage caused by hepatitis E viral infection during pregnancy. Liver Int 2023; 43:317-328. [PMID: 36305303 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes serious adverse pregnancy outcomes during pregnancy. However, the maternal and fetal damage induced by HEV infection is rarely reported. METHODS A BALB/c pregnant mouse model was established to explore the maternal and fetal pathological damage and inflammatory responses caused by HEV infection. RESULTS Notably, miscarriages and stillbirths were observed in HEV-infected pregnant mice. HEV infections were identified by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical analysis and immunofluorescence assay in the uterus, placenta, umbilical cords and livers and brains of fetuses. Serious inflammatory responses and pathological damage were triggered in the uterus and placenta of HEV-infected pregnant mice. Vertical transmission of HEV resulted in severe pathological damage and inflammatory responses in the livers and brains of fetuses, as well as emerging apoptosis cells in the brains of fetuses. Most of the cytokines/chemokines in the sera were significantly increased in the HEV-infected pregnant mice. Remarkably, cytokines/chemokines were significantly different between HEV-infected pregnant and miscarriage mice; IL9, GM-CSF and IL1α were the most important three cytokines/chemokines in determining the pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION HEV infections cause serious maternal/fetal pathological damage, inflammatory responses and apoptosis, which may be responsible for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Xia
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyao Qian
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangfeng Chen
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yike Zhang
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Cong
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengyuan Li
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Huichan Liu
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxue Chen
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqiu Zhao
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Zhong
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Daqiao Wei
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Huang
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geng Y, Shi T, Wang Y. Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:73-92. [PMID: 37223860 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) occurs predominantly by the fecal-oral route. Large epidemics of hepatitis E in the developing countries of Asia and Africa are waterborne and spread through contaminated drinking water. The reservoir of HEV in developed countries is believed to be in animals with zoonotic transmission to humans, possibly through direct contact or the consumption of undercooked contaminated meat. And HEV transmission through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and vertical transmission has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Tengfei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang F, Yang Z, Dai C, He Q, Liang Z, Liu T, Huang W, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang L. Efficacy of an accelerated vaccination schedule against hepatitis E virus infection in pregnant rabbits. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28193. [PMID: 36202778 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An important goal of the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) vaccine is to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by different HEV genotypes during pregnancy, but studies directly evaluating maternal vaccination for HEV are lacking. Here we report maternal vaccination using HEV 239 vaccine in a pregnant rabbit model. Two dose of accelerated vaccination schedule (0, 7 days) induced high titers of anti-HEV protective antibodies in a short period of time in pregnant rabbits, which could protect the pregnant rabbits from HEV infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, the immunized rabbits transfer maternal antibodies to pups through the placenta and breast milk, which protect neonates against HEV infection. Our results suggest that, besides vaccinating nonpregnant individuals, HEV 239 vaccine may also be discreetly considered for maternal vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaogeng Yang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Dai
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu He
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaochao Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu T, Wang L, Wang L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:171-184. [PMID: 37223866 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are one of the most important tools in the study of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. They are particularly important in light of the major limitations of the cell culture system for HEV. Besides nonhuman primates, which are extremely valuable because of their susceptibility to HEV genotypes 1-4, animals like swine, rabbit, and humanized mice are also potential models for studies of pathogenesis, cross-species infection, and the molecular biology of HEV. Identification of a useful animal model for human HEV infection studies is crucial to further investigations into this ubiquitous yet poorly understood virus and facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sadio BD, Faye M, Kaiser M, Diarra M, Balique F, Diagne CT, Faye O, Diagne MM, Fall G, Ndiaye O, Loucoubar C, Sow A, Faye O, Faye A, Boye CSB, Sall AA. First hepatitis E outbreak in Southeastern Senegal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17878. [PMID: 36284151 PMCID: PMC9596447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rapid proliferation of traditional gold mining sites in the Kedougou region has led to massive migration of people from neighbouring West African countries and the establishment of several small villages where poor hygiene and sanitation conditions exist. In this context, a Hepatitis E virus outbreak was reported in Kedougou in 2014 with several cases among the traditional mining workers. Herein, we described epidemiological and laboratory data collected during the outbreak's investigation from February 2012 to November 2014. Any suspected, contact or probable case was investigated, clinical and epidemiological data were collected. In our study, sera were collected and tested for viral RNA and anti-Hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgM. Archived serum samples from Kedougou were retrospectively screened by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 65 water samples collected from ponds and wells surrounding gold panners' sites and habitats and 75 tissues samples from rats captured in the environment of traditional gold mining sites were also tested. A total of 1617 sera were collected from 698 suspected cases, 862 contacts and 57 persons with missing information. The median age was 20 (1-88 years-old) and the sex ratio was 1.72. An overall rate of 64.62% (1045/1617) of these patients tested positive for HEV with a high case fatality rate in pregnant women. All water samples and animal tissues tested negative for HEV. Our data help not only determining of the beginning of the HEV outbreak to March 2012, but also identifying risk factors associated to its emergence. However, there is a need to implement routine diagnosis, surveillance and training of health personnel in order to reduce mortality especially among pregnant women. In addition, further studies are needed to identify the virus reservoir and environmental risk factors for HEV in the Kedougou region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bacary Djilocalisse Sadio
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal ,grid.414371.4Service de Santé Publique et Appui à la Recherche (CHU Fann), Institut de Santé et Développement, Dakar, Senegal ,grid.8191.10000 0001 2186 9619Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Martin Faye
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Maryam Diarra
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fanny Balique
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal ,grid.437080.8OZ Biosciences SAS, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vector: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), Univ. Montpelier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Oumar Faye
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Moïse Diagne
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Ndiaye
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdourahmane Sow
- grid.464557.10000 0004 0647 3618West African Health Organisation, 175, Avenue Ouezzin Coulibaly, 01BP: 153, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Ousmane Faye
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adama Faye
- grid.414371.4Service de Santé Publique et Appui à la Recherche (CHU Fann), Institut de Santé et Développement, Dakar, Senegal ,grid.8191.10000 0001 2186 9619Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Saad Bouh Boye
- grid.8191.10000 0001 2186 9619Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal ,Unité de Recherche et Biotechnologie Microbienne, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odontostomatologie (FMPOS), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- grid.418508.00000 0001 1956 9596Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Modulation of SOCS3 Levels via STAT3 and Estrogen-ERαp66 Signaling during Hepatitis E Virus Replication in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0100822. [PMID: 36102649 PMCID: PMC9555149 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01008-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection usually results in a self-limiting acute disease; however, in infected pregnant women, it is associated with increased mortality and fulminant hepatic failure. Estrogen is known to be elevated during pregnancy, and estrogen signaling via classical estrogen receptor-ERα is known to regulate hepatocyte function and host innate immune response, including the STAT3 pathway. In this study, we investigated whether the estrogen classical signaling pathway via ERαp66 has any effect on STAT3 activation during HEV replication and HEV-induced IFN response. We first demonstrated that Huh7-S10-3 liver cells expressed the nonfunctional estrogen receptor ERαp36 isoform and lack the functional ERαp66 isoform. We further showed persistent phosphorylated-STAT3 levels in genotype 3 human HEV (Kernow P6 strain) RNA-transfected cells at later time points. In Huh7-S10-3 cells, estrogen at first-to-third trimester concentration (7.3 to 73 nM) did not significantly affect HEV replication; however, blocking of STAT3 activation led to a decrease in the HEV ORF2 protein level. Our mechanistic study revealed that STAT3 differentially regulates SOCS3 and type-III interferon (IFN) levels during HEV replication and the presence of estrogen-ERαp66 signaling stabilizes SOCS3 levels in vitro. We also demonstrate that HEV infection in pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits led to a significant increase in IFN response as measured by increased levels of IFN-stimulated-gene-15 (ISG15) mRNA levels irrespective of pregnancy status. Collectively, the results indicate that estrogen signaling and STAT3 regulate SOCS3 and IFN responses in vitro during HEV replication. The results have important implications for understanding HEV replication and HEV-induced innate immune response in pregnant women. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E is usually a self-resolving acute disease; however, in pregnant women, HEV infection is associated with high mortality and fulminant hepatic failure. During pregnancy, estrogen levels are elevated, and in the liver, the estrogen receptor ERα is predominant and estrogen signaling is known to regulate hepatocyte metabolism and leptin-induced STAT3 levels. Viruses can module host innate immune response via STAT3. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether STAT3 and estrogen-classical signaling via the ERαp66 pathway modulate HEV replication and HEV-induced innate immune response. We demonstrated that estrogen signaling did not affect HEV replication in human liver cells, but blocking of STAT3 activation reduced HEV capsid protein levels in human liver cells. We also showed that inhibition of STAT3 activation reduced SOCS3 levels, while the presence of the estrogen-ERαp66 signaling pathway stabilized SOCS3 levels. The results from this study will aid our understanding of the mechanism of HEV pathogenesis and immune response during pregnancy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jenckel M, Hall RN, Strive T. Pathogen profiling of Australian rabbits by metatranscriptomic sequencing. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2629-e2640. [PMID: 35687756 PMCID: PMC9796941 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Australia is known for its long history of using biocontrol agents, such as myxoma virus (MYXV) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), to manage wild European rabbit populations. Interestingly, while undertaking RHDV surveillance of rabbits that were found dead, we observed that approximately 40% of samples were negative for RHDV. To investigate whether other infectious agents are responsible for killing rabbits in Australia, we subjected a subset of these RHDV-negative liver samples to metatranscriptomic sequencing. In addition, we investigated whether the host transcriptome data could provide additional differentiation between likely infectious versus non-infectious causes of death. We identified transcripts from several Clostridia species, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas spp., and Eimeria stiedae, in liver samples of several rabbits that had died suddenly, all of which are known to infect rabbits and are capable of causing disease and mortality. In addition, we identified Hepatitis E virus and Cyniclomyces yeast in some samples, both of which are not usually associated with severe disease. In one-third of the sequenced total liver RNAs, no infectious agent could be identified. While metatranscriptomic sequencing cannot provide definitive evidence of causation, additional host transcriptome analysis provided further insights to distinguish between pathogenic microbes and commensals or environmental contaminants. Interestingly, three samples where no pathogen could be identified showed evidence of up-regulated host immune responses, while immune response pathways were not up-regulated when E. stiedae, Pseudomonas, or yeast were detected. In summary, although no new putative rabbit pathogens were identified, this study provides a robust workflow for future investigations into rabbit mortality events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn N. Hall
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityCanberraAustralia,Centre for Invasive Species SolutionsUniversity of CanberraBruceAustralia
| | - Tanja Strive
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityCanberraAustralia,Centre for Invasive Species SolutionsUniversity of CanberraBruceAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Updates on hepatitis E virus. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1231-1233. [PMID: 35787530 PMCID: PMC9337248 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
16
|
Cierniak F, Ulrich RG, Groschup MH, Eiden M. A Modular Hepatitis E Virus Replicon System for Studies on the Role of ORF1-Encoded Polyprotein Domains. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030355. [PMID: 35335679 PMCID: PMC8948863 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an emerging cause of acute viral hepatitis in developed countries. Known reservoirs of zoonotic genotype 3 (HEV-3) are mainly pigs and wild boar, and to a lesser extent rabbits and deer. Rabbit hepatitis E virus (HEV-3ra) is prevalent in rabbits worldwide and represents a particular risk for zoonotic infection. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HEV pathogenesis is incomplete, particularly due to the limited availability of efficient and reliable cell culture systems. In order to identify genomic regions responsible for HEV propagation in cell culture, we developed a modular chimeric reporter replicon system based on cell culture-adapted (Kernow-C1/p6 and 47832mc) and rabbit-derived HEV strains. Replication in HepG2 cells was monitored on the basis of a Gaussia luciferase reporter gene that was inserted in place of the open reading frame (ORF) 2 of the HEV genome. Luciferase activity of rabbit HEV-derived replicons was significantly lower than that of Kernow-C1/p6 and 47832mc replicons. Serial exchanges of defined ORF1 segments within the Kernow-C1/p6 replicon backbone indicated that HEV replication in HepG2 cells is not determined by a single domain but rather by an interplay of longer segments of the ORF1-derived nonstructural polyprotein. This implies that a specific combination of viral factors is required for efficient HEV propagation in cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cierniak
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.C.); (R.G.U.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.C.); (R.G.U.); (M.H.G.)
- Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.C.); (R.G.U.); (M.H.G.)
- Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.C.); (R.G.U.); (M.H.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yadav KK, Kenney SP. Hepatitis E Virus Immunopathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091180. [PMID: 34578211 PMCID: PMC8465319 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus is an important emerging pathogen producing a lethal impact on the pregnant population and immunocompromised patients. Starting in 1983, it has been described as the cause for acute hepatitis transmitted via the fecal–oral route. However, zoonotic and blood transfusion transmission of HEV have been reported in the past few decades, leading to the detailed research of HEV pathogenesis. The reason behind HEV being highly virulent to the pregnant population particularly during the third trimester, leading to maternal and fetal death, remains unknown. Various host factors (immunological, nutritional, hormonal) and viral factors have been studied to define the key determinants assisting HEV to be virulent in pregnant and immunocompromised patients. Similarly, chronic hepatitis is seen particularly in solid organ transplant patients, resulting in fatal conditions. This review describes recent advances in the immunopathophysiology of HEV infections in general, pregnant, and immunocompromised populations, and further elucidates the in vitro and in vivo models utilized to understand HEV pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Khuroo MS. Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: An Unholy Alliance Unmasked from Kashmir, India. Viruses 2021; 13:1329. [PMID: 34372535 PMCID: PMC8310059 DOI: 10.3390/v13071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse relationship between viral hepatitis and pregnancy in developing countries had been interpreted as a reflection of retrospectively biased hospital-based data collection by the West. However, the discovery of hepatitis E virus (HEV) as the etiological agent of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis in Kashmir, and the documenting of the increased incidence and severity of hepatitis E in pregnancy via a house-to-house survey, unmasked this unholy alliance. In the Hepeviridae family, HEV-genotype (gt)1 from genus Orthohepevirus A has a unique open reading frame (ORF)4-encoded protein which enhances viral polymerase activity and viral replication. The epidemics caused by HEV-gt1, but not any other Orthohepevirus A genotype, show an adverse relationship with pregnancy in humans. The pathogenesis of the association is complex and at present not well understood. Possibly multiple factors play a role in causing severe liver disease in the pregnant women including infection and damage to the maternal-fetal interface by HEV-gt1; vertical transmission of HEV to fetus causing severe fetal/neonatal hepatitis; and combined viral and hormone related immune dysfunction of diverse nature in the pregnant women, promoting viral replication. Management is multidisciplinary and needs a close watch for the development and management of acute liver failure. (ALF). Preliminary data suggest beneficial maternal outcomes by early termination of pregnancy in patients with lower grades of encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sultan Khuroo
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190010, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Progesterone is crucial for the maintenance of pregnancy. During pregnancy hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is associated with increased fulminant hepatic failure and mortality rates. In this study, we determined whether progesterone modulates HEV replication and HEV-induced innate cytokine response in Huh7-S10-3 human liver cells. We first demonstrated that Huh7-S10-3 liver cells expressed SH3-domain-containing progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC)1/2 receptors involved in the progesterone nonclassical signaling pathway, while the classical progesterone receptor isoforms progesterone receptor-A and -B protein levels were undetectable. We showed that the genotype 3 HEV (strain P6) induced mRNA expression of type III interferon (IFN-λ1), but not other innate cytokines in Huh7-S10-3 cells. Pretreatment with progesterone at concentrations of 80 nM, 160 nM, or 480 nM, which are the physiological concentrations typically seen in the first- to third-trimester during pregnancy, significantly increased HEV replication in Huh7-S10-3 cells. However, pretreatment of cells with progesterone (80 nM) did not affect the level of HEV-induced IFN-λ1 mRNA expression. We further showed that loss of PGRMC1/2 receptors by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown leads to an increase in HEV-induced IFN-λ1 expression levels at early time points via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and thus resulted in a reduced level of HEV replication. Collectively, the results indicated that progesterone-mediated modulation of HEV replication in human liver cells is plausibly through SH3-domain containing proteins such as PGRMC1/2, but not likely through immunomodulation of HEV-induced interferon response in liver cells. The results have important implications in understanding the underlying mechanisms of high mortality and fulminant hepatitis in HEV-infected pregnant women.
Collapse
|
20
|
Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Laboratory Rabbits in China. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060780. [PMID: 34205738 PMCID: PMC8233994 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is zoonotic and the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Rabbit HEV can infect humans and is prevalent globally. It is reported that laboratory rabbits are also naturally infected with HEV. Therefore, it is important to investigate in a large scale the prevalence of HEV in laboratory rabbits. Serum samples were collected from 649 laboratory rabbits of 13 different commercial vendors in Beijing, China, from 2017 to 2019, and anti-HEV and HEV antigen (Ag) were tested. Fecal samples were collected from 50 laboratory rabbits from one of the vendors for HEV RNA detection. Six laboratory rabbits with natural HEV infection were euthanized and their liver, kidney, bile and urine samples were collected for HEV RNA quantification. Liver tissues were subjected to histopathology analysis. The overall positive rates of anti-HEV antibodies and HEV-Ag are 2.6% (15/588) and 7.9% (51/649), respectively. HEV RNA was detected in 12.0% (6/50) of the rabbits. High viral load of HEV RNA was detected in liver and bile samples. Liver inflammation was observed. HEV is circulating in laboratory rabbit population in China. Strict screening is crucial to ensure experimental accuracy and prevent zoonotic transmission to research personnel.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wasuwanich P, Ingviya T, Thawillarp S, Teshale EH, Kamili S, Crino JP, Scheimann AO, Argani C, Karnsakul W. Hepatitis E-Associated Hospitalizations in the United States: 2010-2015 and 2015-2017. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:672-681. [PMID: 33306246 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is considered rare in the United States (US) despite its widespread occurrence in Asian and African countries. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of hepatitis E-related pregnancies and acute-on-chronic liver failure and analyse trends for hepatitis E diagnosis among hospitalized patients in the US. We examined data from the 2010-2017 National Inpatient Sample from Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to determine mortality, morbidity, pregnancy diagnoses, chronic liver disease diagnoses, and other conditions during hospitalization. Data were extracted for hospitalizations with hepatitis E as defined by ICD-9 codes 070.43 and 070.53 and ICD-10 code B17.2. Of 208,462,242 hospitalizations from 2010-2015, we identified 960 hepatitis E hospitalizations. The hospitalization rate of hepatitis E was 3.7 per 10 million in 2010 and 6.4 per 10 million in 2015 (β = 0.60, p = 0.011). From 2015 to 2017, the hospitalization appeared to increase with slope (β) of 0.50. Among those hospitalizations, 34 (4%) died and 85 (9%) had acute-on-chronic liver failure. Ninety-five (10%) had a diagnosis of pregnancy, there were no reports of maternal or foetus/neonate deaths, but there was a high proportion of adverse events for both during hospitalization. Having a chronic liver disease was associated with hepatic coma diagnosis (OR = 10.94, p = 0.002). Although the hospitalization rate of hepatitis E in the US is low, it appears to be increasing over time. Further studies are necessary in order to conclude a causal association of hepatitis E with adverse events and mortalities in pregnancy and chronic liver disease in the US.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wasuwanich
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supharerk Thawillarp
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eyasu H Teshale
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saleem Kamili
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jude P Crino
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann O Scheimann
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Argani
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wikrom Karnsakul
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
El-Mokhtar MA, Sayed IM. Model systems for studying extrahepatic pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. Current knowledge and future directions. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2218. [PMID: 33475223 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. HEV infection is endemic in developing countries. Also, autochthonous and sporadic cases are reported in developed countries. HEV causes acute and chronic infections. Besides, extrahepatic manifestations including neurological, renal, haematological, acute pancreatitis and complications during pregnancy are associated with HEV infections. The pathogenesis of HEV in the extrahepatic tissues is either due to direct cytopathic effect mediated by the virus replication, or immunological mechanisms caused by an uncontrollable host response. Researchers have used different in vivo and in vitro models to study the pathogenesis of HEV in the extrahepatic tissues and analyse the host immune response against HEV infection. This review highlights the extrahepatic disorders associated with HEV infection. We focused on the in vivo and in vitro models as a tool for elucidating the HEV infection beyond the liver and studying the mechanisms of HEV induced tissue damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Block LN, Bowman BD, Schmidt JK, Keding LT, Stanic AK, Golos TG. The promise of placental extracellular vesicles: models and challenges for diagnosing placental dysfunction in utero†. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:27-57. [PMID: 32856695 PMCID: PMC7786267 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the health of a pregnancy is of utmost importance to both the fetus and the mother. The diagnosis of pregnancy complications typically occurs after the manifestation of symptoms, and limited preventative measures or effective treatments are available. Traditionally, pregnancy health is evaluated by analyzing maternal serum hormone levels, genetic testing, ultrasonographic imaging, and monitoring maternal symptoms. However, researchers have reported a difference in extracellular vesicle (EV) quantity and cargo between healthy and at-risk pregnancies. Thus, placental EVs (PEVs) may help to understand normal and aberrant placental development, monitor pregnancy health in terms of developing placental pathologies, and assess the impact of environmental influences, such as infection, on pregnancy. The diagnostic potential of PEVs could allow for earlier detection of pregnancy complications via noninvasive sampling and frequent monitoring. Understanding how PEVs serve as a means of communication with maternal cells and recognizing their potential utility as a readout of placental health have sparked a growing interest in basic and translational research. However, to date, PEV research with animal models lags behind human studies. The strength of animal pregnancy models is that they can be used to assess placental pathologies in conjunction with isolation of PEVs from fluid samples at different time points throughout gestation. Assessing PEV cargo in animals within normal and complicated pregnancies will accelerate the translation of PEV analysis into the clinic for potential use in prognostics. We propose that appropriate animal models of human pregnancy complications must be established in the PEV field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Block
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brittany D Bowman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jenna Kropp Schmidt
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Logan T Keding
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Recently, multiple infectious organisms have been identified as the cause of emerging diseases in lagomorphs. The most important of these emerging diseases is rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) type 2, a new variant with differences in pathogenicity to classical RHDV. Hepatitis E is considered an emerging zoonotic infectious disease, with widespread prevalence in many different rabbit populations. Mycobacteriosis has been recently reported in other captive domestic rabbit populations. This article provides a recent review of the published literature on emerging infectious diseases in rabbits, including farmed, laboratory, and pet rabbits, some of which have zoonotic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Gleeson
- Department of Avian and Exotic Pets, ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospital, 9599 Jefferson Boulevard, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The expression patterns of immune response genes in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells of pregnant women presenting with subclinical or clinical HEV infection are different and trimester-dependent: A whole transcriptome analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228068. [PMID: 32012176 PMCID: PMC6996850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an enteric disease highly prevalent in the developing countries. The basis for high mortality among pregnant hepatitis E patients remains unclear. Importantly, a large proportion of infected pregnant women present with subclinical infection as well. In order to understand the possible mechanisms influencing clinical presentation of hepatitis E in pregnant women, we explored a system biology approach. For this, PBMCs from various categories were subjected to RNAseq analysis. These included non-pregnant (NPR, acute and convalescent phases) and pregnant (PR, 2nd and 3rd trimesters, acute phase and subclinical HEV infections) patients and corresponding healthy controls. The current study deals with immune response genes. In contrast to exclusive up-regulation of nonspecific, early immune response transcripts in the NPR patients, the PR patients exhibited broader and heightened expression of genes associated with innate as well as adaptive T and B cell responses. The study identified for the first time (1) inverse relationship of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes overexpression and (2) association of differential expression of S100 series genes with disease presentation. The data suggests possible involvement of TLR4 and NOD1 in pregnant patients and alpha defensins in all patient categories suggesting a role in protection. Induction of IFNγ gene was not detected during the acute phase irrespective of pregnancy. Association of response to vitamin D, transcripts related to NK/NKT and regulatory T cells during subclinical infection are noteworthy. The data obtained here could be correlated with several studies reported earlier in hepatitis E patients suggesting utility of PBMCs as an alternate specimen. The extensive, informative data provided here for the first time should form basis for future studies that will help in understanding pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis E.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li M, Li S, He Q, Liang Z, Wang L, Wang Q, Wang L. Hepatitis E-related adverse pregnancy outcomes and their prevention by hepatitis E vaccine in a rabbit model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1066-1075. [PMID: 31339458 PMCID: PMC6711181 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1643260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can lead to high mortality during pregnancy. This study was to investigate the adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by different HEV genotypes and their prevention by HEV 239 vaccine in rabbits. Forty-two female rabbits were randomly and equally divided into 7 groups (A-G). HEV 239 vaccine and a placebo were administered to groups E (10 μg×2), F (5 μg×2) and G (1 mL of PBS×2) before copulation. After pregnancy, 1 mL of 1.5×106 copies/mL rabbit HEV3 was inoculated to groups A, E, F and G, swine HEV4/human HEV3 to groups B/C, and group D was a negative control. Anti-HEV antibody, HEV RNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were monitored. Pregnant rabbits infected by HEV manifested HEV infection symptoms including fecal virus shedding, ALT/AST elevation, and histopathological changes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Immunized pregnant rabbits in groups E and F showed no HEV infection symptoms and adverse outcomes. The newborn rabbits delivered by pregnant rabbits with/without immunization showed without/with HEV infection symptoms. This study demonstrated that multiple genotypes of HEV infection can cause adverse outcomes and HEV 239 vaccine can prevent HEV-related adverse outcomes in pregnant rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu He
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaochao Liang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhui Wang
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Taiyuan No. 3 Hospital, Taiyuan , Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sayed IM, Elkhawaga AA, El-Mokhtar MA. In vivo models for studying Hepatitis E virus infection; Updates and applications. Virus Res 2019; 274:197765. [PMID: 31563457 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. HEV belongs to the Hepeviridae family and at least five genotypes (gt) infect humans. Several animal species are reservoirs for different HEV strains, and they are the source of infection for humans. Some HEV strains are species specific, but other strains could cross species and infect many hosts. The study of HEV infection and pathogenesis was hampered due to the lack of an in vitro and in vivo robust model system. The cell culture system has been established for certain HEV strains, especially gt3 and 4, but gt1 strains replicate poorly in vitro. To date, animal models are the best tool for studying HEV infection. Non-human primates (NHPs) and pigs are the main animal models used for studying HEV infection, but ethical and financial concerns restrict the use of NHPs in research. Therefore, new small animal models have been developed which help more progress in HEV research. In this review, we give updates on the animal models used for studying HEV infection, focusing on the applicability of each model in studying different HEV infections, cross-species infection, virus-host interaction, evaluation of anti-HEV therapies and testing potential HEV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Park BJ, Ahn HS, Han SH, Go HJ, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Paik HJ, Choi YK, Choi IS. Evaluation of the protective effects of a nanogel-based vaccine against rabbit hepatitis E virus. Vaccine 2019; 37:5972-5978. [PMID: 31455586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) has raised serious public health concerns worldwide. In this study, a nanogel-based vaccine encapsulating the capsid protein of rabbit HEV was developed and its protective efficacy was compared with a subunit vaccine. A total of 23 rabbits were divided into 5 groups: (1) negative control (n = 4), (2) positive control (n = 4), (3) nanogel control (n = 5), (4) nanogel vaccine (n = 5), and (5) subunit vaccine (n = 5). Rabbits were vaccinated two times, at weeks 0 and 1, with nanogel and subunit vaccines, respectively, and challenged with rabbit HEV at week 4. By week 11, rabbits vaccinated with the nanogel vaccine produced higher antibodies than those vaccinated with the subunit vaccine. Fecal viral shedding and viremia were identified in rabbits of the positive and nanogel control groups at weeks 6-10. However, there was no viral shedding and viremia in rabbits immunized with both the nanogel and subunit vaccines. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were not elevated in any rabbit. However, histopathological examination revealed much less hepatic inflammation in rabbits of the nanogel vaccine group compared to the positive and nanogel control groups. Significant increases in IL-12 and IFN-γlevels were identified from rabbits immunized with the nanogel vaccine. Collectively, these results indicate that the newly developed nanogel vaccine induced sufficient immunity leading to complete protection from HEV infection in rabbits. Application of this vaccine should be considered as a preventive measure against HEV infection in other animal species and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30 Jangjeon 2-dong Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li TC, Wakita T. Small Animal Models of Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a032581. [PMID: 29735581 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel hepeviruses have been recovered from many different animal species in recent years, increasing the diversity known to exist among the Hepeviridae, which now include two genera, Piscihepevirus and Orthohepevirus Multiple viral genotypes in the Orthohepevirus A species are able to replicate and cause acute hepatitis E in humans, and thus represent an important public health problem in industrialized as well as developing countries. Although hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections typically result in acute and self-limited hepatitis, immunocompromised and transplant patients are vulnerable to prolonged infections and to chronic hepatitis. Cell culture systems have been established for several HEV strains and offer new opportunities for the study of HEV biology. Similarly, a variety of new small animal models have been developed, using either nonhuman hepeviruses in their cognate hosts as surrogates for human HEV, or human HEV infection of immunodeficient mice with chimeric livers engrafted with human hepatocytes. These new models provide several advantages over previous nonhuman primate models of hepatitis E infection and will facilitate studies of pathogenicity, cross-species infection, mechanisms of virus replication, and vaccine and antiviral agent development. This article reviews the current understanding of small animal models for HEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060564. [PMID: 31216711 PMCID: PMC6630473 DOI: 10.3390/v11060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underdiagnosed pathogen with approximately 20 million infections each year and currently the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV was long considered to be confined to developing countries but there is increasing evidence that it is also a medical problem in the Western world. HEV that infects humans belongs to the Orthohepevirus A species of the Hepeviridae family. Novel HEV-like viruses have been observed in a variety of animals and some have been shown to be able to cross the species barrier, causing infection in humans. Several cell culture models for HEV have been established in the past years, but their efficiency is usually relatively low. With the circulation of this virus and related viruses in a variety of species, several different animal models have been developed. In this review, we give an overview of these animal models, indicate their main characteristics, and highlight how they may contribute to our understanding of the basic aspects of the viral life cycle and cross-species infection, the study of pathogenesis, and the evaluation of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Successful Establishment of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pregnant BALB/c Mice. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050451. [PMID: 31108901 PMCID: PMC6563234 DOI: 10.3390/v11050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main pathogen of acute viral hepatitis, with an extremely high mortality in pregnant women. However, the pathogenesis of HEV infection in pregnant women remains largely unknown. We established an HEV-infected pregnant mice animal model to explore the adverse pregnancy outcomes of HEV infection. Mice were infected with HEV in their early, middle and late stages of pregnancy. HEV RNA was detected in the tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, colon, uterus and placenta) of pregnant mice. HEV antigens were also detected in these tissues of HEV-infected pregnant mice. Miscarriages (7/8, 87.5%) occurred in pregnant mice infected with HEV in the middle of pregnancy. Th1-biased immune status was found in these aborted mice. Vertical transmission was confirmed by HEV replication in the uterus and placenta, as well as in the positive HEV RNA and HEV antigen positive in fetal livers. The successful establishment of HEV infection in pregnant mice is beneficial for further study of HEV pathogenesis, especially the adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by HEV infection.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bouthry E, Benachi A, Vivanti AJ, Letamendia E, Vauloup-Fellous C, Roque-Afonso AM. Autochthonous Hepatitis E during Pregnancy, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1586-1587. [PMID: 30016249 PMCID: PMC6056134 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.180105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatitis E virus infections occurred during the third trimester in 2 pregnant women in France who sought treatment with nonspecific symptoms or asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes. Infection cleared quickly in both women. We detected no hepatitis E RNA in 1 newborn’s feces at 3 weeks of age.
Collapse
|
33
|
Li M, Bu Q, Gong W, Li H, Wang L, Li S, Sridhar S, Cy Woo P, Wang L. Hepatitis E virus infection and its associated adverse feto-maternal outcomes among pregnant women in Qinhuangdao, China. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:3647-3651. [PMID: 30760069 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1582630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the positive rate of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and the possible adverse outcomes in pregnant women of Qinhuangdao, China.Methods: Serum samples of 946 pregnant women were collected from July 2017 to October 2017 in Qinhuangdao First Hospital. All samples were tested for anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HEV RNA was tested by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) and the PCR products were sequenced.Results: Of the 946 samples, the positive rate of anti-HEV IgM (15/365, 4.11%), anti-HEV IgG (74/365, 20.27%) and both anti-HEV IgM and IgG (12/365, 3.29%) were significantly higher (p < .05) in third trimester pregnant women than in the first (3/288, 1.04%; 36/288, 12.5%; 4/288, 1.39%), and second trimesters (6/293, 2.05%; 29/293, 9.90%; 2/293, 0.68%). The average alanine transaminase (ALT) level (34.49 ± 10.15) and the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes (13/18, 72.22%) in the both anti-HEV IgM and IgG positive group were significantly higher than other groups (p < .05). HEV RNA was detected in 1/181 (0.55%) of pregnant women with a history of HEV infection and the detected HEV strain belonged to subgenotype 4a.Conclusions: This study showed that pregnant women who have HEV infection can possibly lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiuning Bu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinhuangdao First Hospital, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wanyun Gong
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ROC
| | - Patrick Cy Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ROC
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Charre C, Ramière C, Dumortier J, Abravanel F, Lhomme S, Gincul R, Scholtès C. Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:941-943. [PMID: 29664396 PMCID: PMC5938778 DOI: 10.3201/eid2405.171845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy has a high fatality rate in developing countries. Little data are available on chronic infection in pregnant women. We report a case of chronic hepatitis E during treatment with infliximab and azathioprine, without adverse event during pregnancy and with spontaneous resolution after delivery.
Collapse
|
35
|
Webb GW, Dalton HR. Hepatitis E: an underestimated emerging threat. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2019; 6:2049936119837162. [PMID: 30984394 PMCID: PMC6448100 DOI: 10.1177/2049936119837162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the world. It is estimated that millions of people are infected every year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. However, these estimates do not include industrialized regions and are based on studies which employ assays now known to have inferior sensitivity. As such, this is likely to represent a massive underestimate of the true global burden of disease. In the developing world, HEV causes large outbreaks and presents a significant public-health problem. Until recently HEV was thought to be uncommon in industrialized countries, and of little relevance to clinicians in these settings. We now know that this is incorrect, and that HEV is actually very common in developed regions. HEV has proved difficult to study in vitro, with reliable models only recently becoming available. Our understanding of the lifecycle of HEV is therefore incomplete. Routes of transmission vary by genotype and location: endemic regions experience large waterborne epidemics, while sporadic cases in industrialized regions are zoonotic infections likely spread via the food chain. Both acute and chronic infection has been observed, and a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations have been reported. This includes neurological, haematological and renal conditions. As the complete clinical phenotype of HEV infection is yet to be characterized, a large proportion of cases go unrecognized or misdiagnosed. In many cases HEV infection does not feature in the differential diagnosis due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the disease amongst clinicians. In combination, these factors have contributed to an underestimation of the threat posed by HEV. Improvements are required in terms of recognition and diagnosis of HEV infection if we are to understand the natural history of the disease, improve management and reduce the burden of disease around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glynn W. Webb
- University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, 7 Radnor Rd London NW6 6TT Manchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important human pathogen that historically has been difficult to study. Limited levels of replication in vitro hindered our understanding of the viral life cycle. Sporadic and low-level virus shedding, lack of standardized detection methods, and subclinical infections made the development of animal models difficult. Better diagnostic techniques and understanding of the virus increased our ability to identify and characterize animal strains and animals that are amenable to model human-relevant infection. These advances are translating into the development of useful HEV animal models so that some of the greatest concerns associated with HEV infection, including host immunology, chronic infection, severe pregnancy mortality, and extrahepatic manifestations, can now be studied. Continued development of these animal models will be instrumental in understanding the many complex questions associated with HEV infection and for assessing therapeutics and prevention strategies to minimize HEV becoming a greater risk to the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Kenney
- Food Animal Health Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA;
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li H, Wu J, Sheng Y, Lu Q, Liu B, Chen Y, Sun Y, Zhou E, Zhao Q. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (
HEV
) infection in various pig farms from Shaanxi Province, China: First detection of
HEV RNA
in pig semen. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:72-82. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Junyuan Wu
- College of Animal Science Tarim University Alar City Xinjiang China
| | - Yamin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Qizhong Lu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - En‐Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gong W, Liu L, Li M, Wang L, Zhang M, Luo Z, Sridhar S, Woo PCY, Wang L. Evaluation of antiviral efficacy of Chinese traditional medicine Babao Dan in rabbits infected with hepatitis E virus. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1036-1043. [PMID: 29923821 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis. Patients with chronic hepatitis B superinfected with HEV may progress to liver failure. Babao Dan (BD) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used as an auxiliary option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis and liver cancer in China. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BD on the management of HEV infection in a rabbit model. Sixty-two specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rabbits were divided randomly into five groups and treated with BD or placebo for 2 weeks. All rabbits were inoculated intravenously with rabbit HEV after initial administration. Then, rabbits were administered BD or ribavirin or placebo at 2 weeks post-inoculation (wpi) until faecal virus shedding showed negative. The duration of faecal virus shedding and levels of HEV RNA in faeces were reduced, and anti-HEV antibodies were detected in all rabbits in groups treated with BD before or after inoculation. Ribavirin treatment rapidly cleared HEV infection in SPF rabbits, but anti-HEV antibodies remained negative in 50 % of rabbits treated with ribavirin. These results indicate that ribavirin treatment was more effective in clearing HEV infection, while administration of BD before or after inoculation was effective in clearing HEV infection. Further clinical studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Gong
- 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Manyu Li
- 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhengxin Luo
- 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- 2Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- 2Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Knegendorf L, Drave SA, Dao Thi VL, Debing Y, Brown RJP, Vondran FWR, Resner K, Friesland M, Khera T, Engelmann M, Bremer B, Wedemeyer H, Behrendt P, Neyts J, Pietschmann T, Todt D, Steinmann E. Hepatitis E virus replication and interferon responses in human placental cells. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:173-187. [PMID: 29404525 PMCID: PMC5796324 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae and the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans. HEV is a major health problem in developing countries, causing mortality rates up to 25% in pregnant women. However, these cases are mainly reported for HEV genotype (gt)1, while gt3 infections are usually associated with subclinical courses of disease. The pathogenic mechanisms of adverse maternal and fetal outcome during pregnancy in HEV-infected pregnant women remain elusive. In this study, we observed that HEV is capable of completing the full viral life cycle in placental-derived cells (JEG-3). Following transfection of JEG-3 cells, HEV replication of both HEV gts could be observed. Furthermore, determination of extracellular and intracellular viral capsid levels, infectivity, and biophysical properties revealed production of HEV infectious particles with similar characteristics as in liver-derived cells. Viral entry was analyzed by infection of target cells and detection of either viral RNA or staining for viral capsid protein by immunofluorescence. HEV gt1 and gt3 were efficiently inhibited by ribavirin in placental as well as in human hepatoma cells. In contrast, interferon-α sensitivity was lower in the placental cells compared to liver cells for gt1 but not gt3 HEV. Simultaneous determination of interferon-stimulated gene expression levels demonstrated an efficient HEV-dependent restriction in JEG-3. Conclusion: We showed differential tissue-specific host responses to HEV genotypes, adding to our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to fatal outcomes of HEV infections during pregnancy. Using this cell-culture system, new therapeutic options for HEV during pregnancy can be identified and evaluated. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:173-187).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Knegendorf
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Svenja A. Drave
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious DiseaseRockefeller UniversityNew YorkNY
| | - Yannick Debing
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- ReMediES, Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hannover‐BraunschweigHannoverGermany
| | - Kathrin Resner
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Martina Friesland
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Tanvi Khera
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Michael Engelmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Birgit Bremer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hannover‐BraunschweigHannoverGermany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hannover‐BraunschweigHannoverGermany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hannover‐BraunschweigHannoverGermany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
At least 20 million hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections occur annually, with >3 million symptomatic cases and ∼60,000 fatalities. Hepatitis E is generally self-limiting, with a case fatality rate of 0.5-3% in young adults. However, it can cause up to 30% mortality in pregnant women in the third trimester and can become chronic in immunocompromised individuals, such as those receiving organ transplants or chemotherapy and individuals with HIV infection. HEV is transmitted primarily via the faecal-oral route and was previously thought to be a public health concern only in developing countries. It is now also being frequently reported in industrialized countries, where it is transmitted zoonotically or through organ transplantation or blood transfusions. Although a vaccine for HEV has been developed, it is only licensed in China. Additionally, no effective, non-teratogenic and specific treatments against HEV infections are currently available. Although progress has been made in characterizing HEV biology, the scarcity of adequate experimental platforms has hampered further research. In this Review, we focus on providing an update on the HEV life cycle. We will further discuss existing cell culture and animal models and highlight platforms that have proven to be useful and/or are emerging for studying other hepatotropic (viral) pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ila Nimgaonkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
An J, Liu T, She R, Wu Q, Tian J, Shi R, Hao W, Ren X, Yang Y, Lu Y, Yang Y, Wu Y. Replication of hepatitis E virus in the ovary and promotion of oocyte apoptosis in rabbits infected with HEV-4. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4475-4484. [PMID: 29435117 PMCID: PMC5796988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can induce infertility and miscarriage in pregnant women and infect neonates through vertical transmission. However, the mechanism of infertility and vertical transmission remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the replication of HEV in the ovary and structural and molecular changes induced by HEV after intraperitoneal injection of HEV in rabbits. Positive- and negative-strand HEV RNA was detected in the ovaries at 28 and 49 days post-infection. Positive HEV open reading frames 2 and 3 signals were observed in the ovaries by immunohistochemistry staining. Histopathological changes of ovarian tissues were observed, including scattered cell necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration. The ratio of normal follicles decreased, whereas the ratio of atresia follicles increased in the HEV RNA-positive ovaries compared to the control group by counting the number of follicles at all levels. In addition, TUNEL results showed that apoptosis in follicle cells and oocytes was promoted by HEV infection. These results suggest that the ovary is one of the replication sites of HEV and that the expression of HEV RNA and antigen in ovarian tissue caused structural and molecular changes that promoted germ cell apoptosis. HEV can infect and replicate in the ovum at different stages, which is a novel mechanism for HEV vertical transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoxing Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jijing Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhuo Hao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yiyao Lu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yuanheng Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nan Y, Wu C, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: An Ignored Risk for Public Health. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2396. [PMID: 29255453 PMCID: PMC5723051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a quasi-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. HEV belongs to the family Hepeviridae, a family comprised of highly diverse viruses originating from various species. Since confirmation of HEV's zoonosis, HEV-induced hepatitis has been a public health concern both for developing and developed countries. Meanwhile, the demonstration of a broad host range for zoonotic HEV suggests the existence of a variety of transmission routes that could lead to human infection. Moreover, anti-HEV antibody serosurveillance worldwide demonstrates a higher than expected HEV prevalence rate that conflicts with the rarity and sporadic nature of reported acute hepatitis E cases. In recent years, chronic HEV infection, HEV-related acute hepatic failure, and extrahepatic manifestations caused by HEV infection have been frequently reported. These observations suggest a significant underestimation of the number and complexity of transmission routes previously predicted to cause HEV-related disease, with special emphasis on zoonotic HEV as a public health concern. Significant research has revealed details regarding the virology and infectivity of zoonotic HEV in both humans and animals. In this review, the discovery of HEV zoonosis, recent progress in our understanding of the zoonotic HEV host range, and classification of diverse HEV or HEV-like isolates from various hosts are reviewed in a historic context. Ultimately, this review focuses on current understanding of viral pathogenesis and cross-species transmission of zoonotic HEV. Moreover, host factors and viral determinants influencing HEV host tropism are discussed to provide new insights into HEV transmission and prevalence mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang L, Liu L, Wang L. An overview: Rabbit hepatitis E virus (HEV) and rabbit providing an animal model for HEV study. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29148605 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus and the causative agent of hepatitis E. The virus belongs to genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae, which contains 4 major genotypes closely relating to humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 only infect humans whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV are harbored in a wide range of animal species worldwide and are zoonotic to humans. Recently, a novel animal strain of HEV has been isolated in farmed rabbits in China, and subsequently more strains were discovered in the rabbit populations in at least 7 other countries. Due to high sequence similarity to genotype 3 HEV, rabbit HEV (rHEV) has been assigned to genotype 3. Experimental study showed that rHEV could infect non-human primate and human, which pose a direct threat to human. Further pathogenesis studies showed laboratory rabbits infected with rHEV and genotype 4 HEV could present similar signs of acute and chronic hepatitis E along with extra-hepatic replication as observed in humans. High mortality and vertical transmission were reproduced in rHEV infected pregnant rabbits. Furthermore, rabbit model was also found suitable for evaluating HEV vaccine efficacy in order to manage zoonotic transmission. These data showed laboratory rabbits could serve as an alternative animal model for HEV study under the current circumstances that HEV propagation is limited in vitro. In general, this review aims at presenting comprehensive up-to-date information about rHEV strains and rabbit model for HEV studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhou X, Pan Q. Reply to Sayed and Meuleman. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:920-921. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
45
|
Ahn HS, Han SH, Kim YH, Park BJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi C, Myoung J, Choi IS. Adverse fetal outcomes in pregnant rabbits experimentally infected with rabbit hepatitis E virus. Virology 2017; 512:187-193. [PMID: 28982029 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes severe hepatitis in pregnant women, with associated poor fetal outcomes. To study HEV viral pathogenesis, pregnant rabbits were infected with low- and high-dose rabbit HEV at 2 weeks gestation. HEV was identified in the serum, feces, and liver tissue of infected rabbits, and dose-dependent fetal mortality rates ranging from 67% to 80% were observed. The aspartate transaminase (AST)/alanine transaminase ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in high-dose infected rabbits than low-dose infected and negative control rabbits 14 days post infection (dpi). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was significantly higher in low-dose (P < 0.01) and high-dose infected rabbits (P < 0.001) than in negative controls 7 dpi. High-dose HEV-infected rabbits produced significantly more interferon-γ (IFN-γ; P < 0.05) than negative control rabbits at 7 and 14 dpi. High levels of AST, TNF-α, and IFN-γ may substantially influence adverse fetal outcomes in pregnant rabbits infected with high-dose HEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang L, Wang L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 948:161-173. [PMID: 27738984 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are one of the most important tools in the study of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. They are particularly important in light of the major limitations of the cell culture system for HEV. Besides nonhuman primates, which are extremely valuable because of their susceptibility to HEV genotypes 1-4, animals like swine, rabbit, and chicken are also potential models for studies of pathogenesis, cross-species infection, and the molecular biology of HEV. Identification of the most useful animal model for human HEV infection studies is crucial to further investigations into this ubiquitous yet poorly understood virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang Y, Gong W, Song WT, Fu H, Wang L, Li M, Wang L, Zhuang H. Different susceptibility and pathogenesis of rabbit genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV-3) and human HEV-3 (JRC-HE3) in SPF rabbits. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
48
|
Zhang L, Tian Y, Wen Z, Zhang F, Qi Y, Huang W, Zhang H, Wang Y. Asialoglycoprotein receptor facilitates infection of PLC/PRF/5 cells by HEV through interaction with ORF2. J Med Virol 2016; 88:2186-2195. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Yabin Tian
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Zhiheng Wen
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Ying Qi
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Heqiu Zhang
- Department of Bio-Diagnosis; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tian Y, Huang W, Yang J, Wen Z, Geng Y, Zhao C, Zhang H, Wang Y. Systematic identification of hepatitis E virus ORF2 interactome reveals that TMEM134 engages in ORF2-mediated NF-κB pathway. Virus Res 2016; 228:102-108. [PMID: 27899274 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis E. Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) encodes the capsid protein of HEV, which is the main structural protein and may participate, together with the host factors, in viral entry and egress. However, it is still not clear which host proteins are involved in the interaction with ORF2 and what the functions of these ORF2-interacting proteins are. In this study, we have applied a split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screening approach in combination with the pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays, identified and validated multiple interacting partners of ORF2 of genotype 1 and 4, which have diverse biological functions. Among these novel candidates that have not been previously reported, we have found that 20 of them are located in endoplasmic reticulum. TMEM134, which interacts and co-localizes with ORF2 in the endoplasmic reticulum, negatively regulates ORF2-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study for the first time has systematically mapped the ORF2 interactome in two genotypes of HEV, providing a new insight of understanding the virus-host interaction during the pathogenesis of HEV, and may offer potential therapeutic targets to intervene the HEV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Weijin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38015, USA.
| | - Zhiheng Wen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yansheng Geng
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhuadonglu, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Heqiu Zhang
- Department of Bio-diagnosis, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27, Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Youchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Geng Y, Wang Y. Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 948:89-112. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|