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Carretero-Krug A, Montero-Bravo A, Morais-Moreno C, Puga AM, Samaniego-Vaesken MDL, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G. Nutritional Status of Breastfeeding Mothers and Impact of Diet and Dietary Supplementation: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:301. [PMID: 38276540 PMCID: PMC10818638 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition during breastfeeding is crucial for ensuring the good health of mothers and babies. Despite the high energy and nutrient demands of breastfeeding, lactating women are often vulnerable from a nutritional perspective. The nutritional focus during breastfeeding tends to be on the newborn, often neglecting the mother's diet. Therefore, in the present narrative review, nutrient intakes were compared with the dietary reference values (DRVs) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as well as by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO). In the diets of lactating mothers, dietary inadequacies were observed in the intake of some vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D, and in the intake of certain minerals like calcium, iron, and iodine; polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies, primarily in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were also observed. On the other hand, the debate on the necessity of supplementation during lactation continues; the need for nutritional supplementation during lactation depends on many factors, such us mothers' eating habits. There seems to be a positive association between nutritional supplementation of the lactating mother and the concentration of certain nutrients in human milk. The present narrative review provides an update on the nutritional status (fatty acids and micronutrients) of breastfeeding mothers and the impact of diet and dietary supplementation on human milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Carretero-Krug
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (A.C.-K.); (A.M.-B.); (C.M.-M.); (A.M.P.); (M.d.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Instituto CEU Alimentación y Sociedad, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Bravo
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (A.C.-K.); (A.M.-B.); (C.M.-M.); (A.M.P.); (M.d.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Instituto CEU Alimentación y Sociedad, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Carmen Morais-Moreno
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (A.C.-K.); (A.M.-B.); (C.M.-M.); (A.M.P.); (M.d.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
| | - Ana M. Puga
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (A.C.-K.); (A.M.-B.); (C.M.-M.); (A.M.P.); (M.d.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Instituto CEU Alimentación y Sociedad, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Mª de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (A.C.-K.); (A.M.-B.); (C.M.-M.); (A.M.P.); (M.d.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Instituto CEU Alimentación y Sociedad, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (A.C.-K.); (A.M.-B.); (C.M.-M.); (A.M.P.); (M.d.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Instituto CEU Alimentación y Sociedad, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (A.C.-K.); (A.M.-B.); (C.M.-M.); (A.M.P.); (M.d.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Instituto CEU Alimentación y Sociedad, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Bugaeva P, Arkusha I, Bikaev R, Kamenskiy I, Pokrovskaya A, El-Taravi Y, Caso V, Avedisova A, Chu DK, Genuneit J, Torbahn G, Nicholson TR, Baimukhambetova D, Mursalova A, Kolotilina A, Gadetskaya S, Kondrikova E, Zinchuk M, Akzhigitov R, Boyle RJ, Guekht A, Munblit D. Association of breastfeeding with mental disorders in mother and child: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2023; 21:393. [PMID: 37840122 PMCID: PMC10577970 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding has long been associated with numerous benefits for both mothers and infants. While some observational studies have explored the relationship between breastfeeding and mental health outcomes in mothers and children, a systematic review of the available evidence is lacking. The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the association between breastfeeding and mental health disorders in mothers and children. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to June 2, 2023. The inclusion criteria consisted of all studies evaluating links between breastfeeding and development of mental health disorders in children and mothers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) while grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to assess the certainty of evidence. A random-effects meta-analysis was used if possible, to estimate the odds ratio for the association between breastfeeding and mental health outcomes. The Mantel-Haenszel method was utilised for pooling ORs across studies. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS Our review identified twenty-one original study. Of these, 18 focused on the association between breastfeeding and child health, assessing depressive disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. Three studies evaluated the associations between breastfeeding and maternal mental health disorders. Three studies looking at outcomes in children showed no significant association between breastfeeding and occurrence of schizophrenia later in life (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.57-1.71; I2 = 29%). For depressive disorders (5 studies) and anxiety disorders (3 studies), we found conflicting evidence with some studies showing a small protective effect while others found no effect. The GRADE certainty for all these findings was very low due to multiple limitations. Three studies looking at association between breastfeeding and maternal mental health, were too heterogeneous to draw any firm conclusions. CONCLUSIONS We found limited evidence to support a protective association between breastfeeding and the development of mental health disorders in children later in life. The data regarding the association between breastfeeding and maternal mental health beyond the postnatal period is also limited. The methodological limitations of the published literature prevent definitive conclusions, and further research is needed to better understand the relationship between breastfeeding and mental health in mothers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Bugaeva
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inna Arkusha
- V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Research and Clinical Centre for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat Bikaev
- Moscow Research and Clinical Centre for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Kamenskiy
- Moscow City Clinical Hospital After V.M. Buyanov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Pokrovskaya
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dementia Research Institute UK, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Valeria Caso
- Stroke Unit, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alla Avedisova
- V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Derek K Chu
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Child and Youth Health, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriel Torbahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Universitätsklinik Der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dina Baimukhambetova
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aigun Mursalova
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kolotilina
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Gadetskaya
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kondrikova
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Zinchuk
- Moscow Research and Clinical Centre for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Renat Akzhigitov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Centre for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert J Boyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Alla Guekht
- Moscow Research and Clinical Centre for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Munblit
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Care for Long Term Conditions Division, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK.
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Barlev M, Ko A, Krems JA, Neuberg SL. Weight Location Moderates Weight-Based Self-Devaluation and Perceived Social Devaluation in Women. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obese (“heavyweight”) people devalue themselves because, it has been proposed, they are socially devalued. However, for women, social valuation depends not only on how much weight they carry but also on where on their bodies they carry it. Here, we investigated whether weight-based self-valuation and perceived social valuation similarly depend on body shape. Study 1, using a nationally representative sample from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; N = 1,093 reproductive-aged women), showed that, controlling for body fat, weight labeling (by self and others) and wanting to lose weight depended on body shape. Study 2, in a direct test of predictions using an undergraduate sample of women ( N = 215), showed that with increased body fat, women with an abdominal weight distribution reported more self-devaluation (e.g., lower self-esteem) and perceived social devaluation (e.g., higher perceived weight discrimination); women with a gluteofemoral weight distribution, however, were shielded—partially or fully—from these adverse effects of increased body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahra Ko
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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Lopez DA, Foxe JJ, Mao Y, Thompson WK, Martin HJ, Freedman EG. Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated With Domain-Specific Improvements in Cognitive Performance in 9-10-Year-Old Children. Front Public Health 2021; 9:657422. [PMID: 33981668 PMCID: PMC8109433 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.657422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant immunological, physical and neurological benefits of breastfeeding in infancy are well-established, but to what extent these gains persist into later childhood remain uncertain. This study examines the association between breastfeeding duration and subsequent domain-specific cognitive performance in a diverse sample of 9-10-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. The analyses included 9,116 children that attended baseline with their biological mother and had complete neurocognitive and breastfeeding data. Principal component analysis was conducted on data from an extensive battery of neurocognitive tests using varimax-rotation to extract a three-component model encompassing General Ability, Executive Functioning, and Memory. Propensity score weighting using generalized boosted modeling was applied to balance the distribution of observed covariates for children breastfed for 0, 1-6, 7-12, and more than 12 months. Propensity score-adjusted linear regression models revealed significant association between breastfeeding duration and performance on neurocognitive tests representing General Ability, but no evidence of a strong association with Executive Function or Memory. Benefits on General Ability ranged from a 0.109 (1-6 months) to 0.301 (>12 months) standardized beta coefficient difference compared to those not breastfed. Results indicate clear cognitive benefits of breastfeeding but that these do not generalize to all measured domains, with implications for public health policy as it pertains to nutrition during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Lopez
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States,The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - John J. Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yunjiao Mao
- Division of Health Service Research and Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hayley J. Martin
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Edward G. Freedman
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Edward G. Freedman
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5
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Lauringson V, Veldre G, Hõrak P. Adolescent Cranial Volume as a Sensitive Marker of Parental Investment: The Role of Non-material Resources? Front Psychol 2020; 11:602401. [PMID: 33384647 PMCID: PMC7769954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.602401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of different body parts in humans is sensitive to different resource constraints that are mediated by parental investment. Parental investment can involve the expenditure of material, cognitive, and emotional resources on offspring. Cranial volume, an important predictor of cognitive ability, appears understudied in this context. We asked (1) whether there are associations between growth and family structure, self-reported estimates for resource availability, and sibling number; and (2) whether these constraints relate to head and body growth in a similar manner. We assessed the associations between parental investment, height, and cranial volume in a cross-sectional study of Estonian children (born 1980-87, aged 11-17). Height correlated negatively with the number of siblings but this association became negligible in a model controlling for birthweight, parental heights, and mother's age at birth. Unlike height, cranial volume was unrelated to sibling number, but it was negatively associated with self-reported meat and general resource shortage. Cranial volume was related to family structure and paternal education. Children living with both birth-parents had larger heads than those living in families containing a step-parent. Since these family types did not differ with respect to meat or general resource shortage, our findings suggest that families including both genetic parents provide non-material benefits that stimulate predominantly cranial growth. For the studied developmental period, cranial volume appeared a more sensitive marker of growth constraints than height. The potential of using cranial volume for quantifying physical impact of non-material parental investment deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gudrun Veldre
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Physical Anthropology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peeter Hõrak
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Miliku K, Duan QL, Moraes TJ, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Field CJ, Azad MB. Human milk fatty acid composition is associated with dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, and environmental factors in the CHILD Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1370-1383. [PMID: 31589250 PMCID: PMC6885479 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids are a vital component of human milk. They influence infant neurodevelopment and immune function, and they provide ∼50% of milk's energy content. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize the composition of human milk fatty acids in a large Canadian birth cohort and identify factors influencing their variability. METHODS In a subset of the CHILD cohort (n = 1094), we analyzed milk fatty acids at 3-4 mo postpartum using GLC. Individual and total SFAs, MUFAs, and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were analyzed using SD scores and principal component analysis (PCA). Maternal diet, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors were self-reported. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1-rs174556) and 2 (FADS2-rs174575) genes. RESULTS Fatty acid profiles were variable, with individual fatty acid proportions varying from 2- to >30-fold between women. Using PCA, we identified 4 milk fatty acid patterns: "MUFA and low SFA," "high n-6 PUFA," "high n-3 PUFA," and "high medium-chain fatty acids." In multivariable-adjusted analyses, fish oil supplementation and fatty cold water fish intake were positively associated with DHA and the "high n-3 PUFA" pattern. Mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS1-rs174556 had lower proportions of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6). Independent of selected dietary variables and genetic variants, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and total n-3 PUFAs. Ethnic differences in ARA were explained by FADS1 genotype. Maternal obesity was independently associated with higher total SFAs, the "high medium-chain fatty acid" pattern, and lower total MUFAs. Lactation stage, season, study site, and maternal education were also independently associated with some milk fatty acids. No associations were observed for maternal age, parity, delivery mode, or infant sex. CONCLUSIONS This study provides unique insights about the "normal" variation in the composition of human milk fatty acids and the contributing dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors. Further research is required to assess implications for infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozeta Miliku
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Qing Ling Duan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Address correspondence to MBA (e-mail: )
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7
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de la Garza Puentes A, Martí Alemany A, Chisaguano AM, Montes Goyanes R, Castellote AI, Torres-Espínola FJ, García-Valdés L, Escudero-Marín M, Segura MT, Campoy C, López-Sabater MC. The Effect of Maternal Obesity on Breast Milk Fatty Acids and Its Association with Infant Growth and Cognition-The PREOBE Follow-Up. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092154. [PMID: 31505767 PMCID: PMC6770754 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed how maternal obesity affected fatty acids (FAs) in breast milk and their association with infant growth and cognition to raise awareness about the programming effect of maternal health and to promote a healthy prenatal weight. Mother–child pairs (n = 78) were grouped per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): normal-weight (BMI = 18.5–24.99), overweight (BMI = 25–29.99) and obese (BMI > 30). Colostrum and mature milk FAs were determined. Infant anthropometry at 6, 18 and 36 months of age and cognition at 18 were analyzed. Mature milk exhibited lower arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), among others, than colostrum. Breast milk of non-normal weight mothers presented increased saturated FAs and n6:n3 ratio and decreased α-linolenic acid (ALA), DHA and monounsaturated FAs. Infant BMI-for-age at 6 months of age was inversely associated with colostrum n6 (e.g., AA) and n3 (e.g., DHA) FAs and positively associated with n6:n3 ratio. Depending on the maternal weight, infant cognition was positively influenced by breast milk linoleic acid, n6 PUFAs, ALA, DHA and n3 LC-PUFAs, and negatively affected by n6:n3 ratio. In conclusion, this study shows that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI can influence breast milk FAs and infant growth and cognition, endorsing the importance of a healthy weight in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de la Garza Puentes
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària UB (INSA-UB), 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Sant Boi, Spain.
| | - Adrià Martí Alemany
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Maribel Chisaguano
- Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of San Francisco de Quito, 170157 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rosa Montes Goyanes
- Food Research and Analysis Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana I Castellote
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària UB (INSA-UB), 08921 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Franscisco J Torres-Espínola
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luz García-Valdés
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mireia Escudero-Marín
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Segura
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBEResp, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen López-Sabater
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària UB (INSA-UB), 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Lassek WD, Gaulin SJ. Evidence supporting nubility and reproductive value as the key to human female physical attractiveness. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Bzikowska-Jura A, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Jasińska-Melon E, Mojska H, Olędzka G, Wesołowska A, Szostak-Węgierek D. The Concentration of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Milk Is Related to Their Habitual but Not Current Intake. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071585. [PMID: 31336991 PMCID: PMC6683022 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined fatty acid (FA) concentrations in maternal milk and investigated the association between omega-3 fatty acid levels and their maternal current dietary intake (based on three-day dietary records) and habitual dietary intake (based on intake frequency of food products). Tested material comprised 32 samples of human milk, coming from exclusively breastfeeding women during their first month of lactation. Milk fatty acids were analyzed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by gas chromatography using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with MS detector 5972A. We did not observe any correlation between current dietary intake of omega-3 FAs and their concentrations in human milk. However, we observed that the habitual intake of fatty fish affected omega-3 FA concentrations in human milk. Kendall’s rank correlation coefficients were 0.25 (p = 0.049) for DHA, 0.27 (p = 0.03) for EPA, and 0.28 (p = 0.02) for ALA. Beef consumption was negatively correlated with DHA concentrations in human milk (r = −0.25; p = 0.046). These findings suggest that current omega-3 FA intake does not translate directly into their concentration in human milk. On the contrary, their habitual intake seems to markedly influence their milk concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Jasińska-Melon
- Department of Metabolomics Food and Nutrition Institute, 61/63 Powsińska Str., 02-903 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Mojska
- Department of Metabolomics Food and Nutrition Institute, 61/63 Powsińska Str., 02-903 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska Str. 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neonatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury Str. 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Szostak-Węgierek
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
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Pei JJ, Tang J. [A review on the relationship between breast milk nutrients and brain development in preterm infants]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:607-612. [PMID: 31208518 PMCID: PMC7389585 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the preferred food for preterm infants. In recent years, the role of breast milk in the brain development of preterm infants has attracted more and more attention. Studies have shown that the effect of breastfeeding on neurodevelopment and long-term cognitive outcome of preterm infants may persist into childhood, adolescence, and even adulthood. The nutrients in breast milk, such as oligosaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lactoferrin, play an important role in this process. This article reviews the latest research advances in the role of breast milk nutrients in the brain development of preterm infants and elaborates on the concept and function of each nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jun Pei
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
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11
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Khandelwal S, Ramakrishnan U. Supplementing Mothers and their Offspring with Long-Chain ω-3 PUFAs Offers no Benefit Compared with Placebo in Infant Development. J Nutr 2019; 149:357-358. [PMID: 30801648 PMCID: PMC6398378 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Valenzuela R, Barrera C, Orellana Y, Almagià A, Arancibia V, Larraín C, Silva C, Billeke P, Zamorano F, Martínez V, Valenzuela A, Ivanovic D. Docosahexaenoic acid levels in erythrocytes and their association with the University Selection Test Outcomes in Chile. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 139:25-30. [PMID: 30471770 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantitate the relative impact of DHA and AA levels in erythrocytes, anthropometric parameters and socio-economic status of school-age children, of both genders, graduated from high school in Chile, on the scholastic achievement in the University Selection Test (Prueba de Selección Universitaria, PSU) both language scholastic achievement (LSA) and mathematics scholastic achievement (MSA). A representative sample of 671 school-age young graduated from high school in 2013, 550 and 548 of them took the PSU for LSA and MSA, respectively. Only school-age young with high (n = 91) and low (n = 69) SA in both tests were considered. A total of 122 school-age children agreed to participate in the study and were divided as follows: Group 1: high PSU outcome (n = 70; males n = 48) and Group 2: low PSU outcome (n = 52; males n = 23). Data were analyzed by means of SAS software. Independently of gender, DHA, socio-economic status and head circumference-for-age Z-score were the most relevant parameters explaining both LSA (R2 = 0.650; p < 0.0001) and MSA outcomes (R2 = 0.700; p < 0.0001). These results can be useful for nutrition, health and education planning, in order to protect children starting from an early age and thus increase their school outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yasna Orellana
- Laboraroty of Nutrition and Neurological Sciences, Human Nutrition Area, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Dr. Fernando Monckeberg Barros (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Atilio Almagià
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and Human Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Violeta Arancibia
- Center for Research in Education and Learning, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Larraín
- Radiology Department, Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Silva
- Radiology Department, Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Billeke
- División de Neurociencia, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Zamorano
- División de Neurociencia, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Unidad de Imágenes Cuantitativas Avanzadas, Departamento de Imágenes, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Martínez
- Department of Commercial Engineering, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Laboraroty of Nutrition and Neurological Sciences, Human Nutrition Area, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Dr. Fernando Monckeberg Barros (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniza Ivanovic
- Laboraroty of Nutrition and Neurological Sciences, Human Nutrition Area, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Dr. Fernando Monckeberg Barros (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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13
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Antonakou A. The epigenetic effects of breast milk and the association of its nutritional content with maternal diet. Implications for midwifery practice. Eur J Midwifery 2018; 2:13. [PMID: 33537574 PMCID: PMC7846031 DOI: 10.18332/ejm/97552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Antonakou
- Department of Midwifery, Midwifery School, 'Alexander' Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Aumeistere L, Ciproviča I, Zavadska D, Volkovs V. Fish intake reflects on DHA level in breast milk among lactating women in Latvia. Int Breastfeed J 2018; 13:33. [PMID: 30038661 PMCID: PMC6053787 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-018-0175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid required for proper growth and development. DHA levels in breast milk vary worldwide. Higher levels are observed among coastal populations and are associated with marine food consumption. Latvia is located in Northern Europe, on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Nevertheless, fish consumption among women of reproductive age is low. The aim of this study was to determine DHA levels in breast milk among lactating women in Latvia. Methods Invitation to participate in the study was posted on a social media member group for breastfeeding mothers. In total, 71 women were enrolled from November 2016 until December 2017. DHA levels (% of total fatty acids) in breast milk were measured by gas chromatography. Information about food consumed during the three consecutive days prior to the milk sampling was obtained and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was completed. Information about maternal and infant characteristics, current breastfeeding pattern and milk expression method was also collected. Results The mean age of participants was 31 ± 4 years and the mean BMI was 22.1 ± 3.2. 27 participants were primiparas. The average age and birth weight for infants (34 males, 33 females) was 6 ± 4 months and 3.46 ± 0.55 kg, respectively. The median DHA level in breast milk (n = 60) was 0.30 ± 0.18% of total fatty acids and it was not influenced by any of the maternal or infant’s characteristics nor current breastfeeding pattern or milk expression manner (p > 0.05). Fish intake was a positive predictor for DHA levels in breast milk (r = 0.318, p = 0.013). Average maternal DHA intake was 136 ± 26, 137 ± 33 and 178 ± 49 (SEM – standard error of the mean) mg, for the third, second and last day prior to sampling day, respectively. Conclusions DHA levels in breast milk among lactating women in Latvia correspond to the suggested target DHA value in breast milk (0.30%). Fish consumption is a significant positive predictor for DHA levels in breast milk, however, daily DHA intake among the participants was lower than recommended (200 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Līva Aumeistere
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia.,Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Ciproviča
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Dace Zavadska
- 3Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Viktors Volkovs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
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15
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Barrera C, Valenzuela R, Chamorro R, Bascuñán K, Sandoval J, Sabag N, Valenzuela F, Valencia MP, Puigrredon C, Valenzuela A. The Impact of Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocytes and Breast Milk of Chilean Women. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070839. [PMID: 29958393 PMCID: PMC6073898 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diet during pregnancy is relevant for fatty acid supply during fetal life and lactation. Arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are also relevant for the normal growth and development of brain and visual system. AA and DHA provided by the mother to the fetus and infant are directly associated with maternal dietary intake and body stores. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of maternal diet, specially referring to the quality of fatty acid intake, in a sample of Chilean women during last stage of pregnancy and across the lactation period. Fifty healthy pregnant women (age range 20–33 years) were studied from the 6th month of pregnancy and followed until 6th month of lactation period. Diet characteristics were evaluated through food frequency questionnaires. Fatty acids composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and breast milk samples was assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. Overall, women had high saturated fatty acids intake with sufficient intake of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Diet was high in n-6 PUFA and low in n-3 PUFA (mainly DHA), with imbalanced n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Erythrocytes and breast milk DHA concentration was significantly reduced during lactation compared to pregnancy, a pattern not observed for AA. We concluded that is necessary to increase the intake of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy and lactation by improving the quality of consumed foods with particular emphasis on its DHA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Casilla 70000, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Casilla 70000, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Chamorro
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Casilla 70000, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Karla Bascuñán
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Casilla 70000, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Jorge Sandoval
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, Av. Santos Dumont 999, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Natalia Sabag
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Casilla 70000, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Francesca Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Casilla 70000, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - María-Paz Valencia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Casilla 70000, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Claudia Puigrredon
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, Av. Santos Dumont 999, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
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16
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Forsyth S, Calder PC, Zotor F, Amuna P, Meyer B, Holub B. Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in Early Life: What Is the Best Evidence for Policymakers? ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2018; 72:210-222. [PMID: 29518776 PMCID: PMC6067655 DOI: 10.1159/000487271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wealth of information on the functional roles of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) from cellular, animal, and human studies is available. Yet, there remains a lack of cohesion in policymaking for recommended dietary intakes of DHA and ARA in early life. This is predominantly driven by inconsistent findings from a relatively small number of randomised clinical trials (RCTs), which vary in design, methodology, and outcome measures, all of which were conducted in high-income countries. It is proposed that this selective evidence base may not fully represent the biological importance of DHA and ARA during early and later life and the aim of this paper is to consider a more inclusive and pragmatic approach to evidence assessment of DHA and ARA requirements in infants and young children, which will allow policymaking to reflect the marked diversity of need worldwide. SUMMARY Data from clinical RCTs is considered in the context of the extensive evidence from experimental, animal and human observational studies. Although the RCT data shows evidence of beneficial effects on visual function and in specific cognitive domains, early methodological approaches do not reflect current thinking and this undermines the strength of evidence. An outline of a framework for an inclusive and pragmatic approach to policy development on dietary DHA and ARA in early life is described. CONCLUSION High-quality RCTs that will determine long-term health outcomes in appropriate real-world settings need to be undertaken. In the meantime, a collective pragmatic approach to evidence assessment, may allow public health policymakers to make comprehensive reasoned judgements on the merits, costs, and expediency of dietary DHA and ARA interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Francis Zotor
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Paul Amuna
- Research Section, Department of Clinical Affairs, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Barbara Meyer
- Lipid Research Centre, School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Holub
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Modification of Docosahexaenoic Acid Composition of Milk from Nursing Women Who Received Alpha Linolenic Acid from Chia Oil during Gestation and Nursing. Nutrients 2015; 7:6405-24. [PMID: 26247968 PMCID: PMC4555128 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is the precursor of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans, which is fundamental for brain and visual function. Western diet provides low ALA and DHA, which is reflected in low DHA in maternal milk. Chia oil extracted from chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a plant native to some Latin American countries, is high in ALA (up to 60%) and thereby is an alternative to provide ALA with the aim to reduce DHA deficits. We evaluated the modification of the fatty acid profile of milk obtained from Chilean mothers who received chia oil during gestation and nursing. Forty healthy pregnant women (22–35 years old) tabulated for food consumption, were randomly separated into two groups: a control group with normal feeding (n = 21) and a chia group (n = 19), which received 16 mL chia oil daily from the third trimester of pregnancy until the first six months of nursing. The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte phospholipids, measured at six months of pregnancy, at time of delivery and at six months of nursing, and the fatty acid profile of the milk collected during the first six months of nursing were assessed by gas-chromatography. The chia group, compared to the control group, showed (i) a significant increase in ALA ingestion and a significant reduction of linoleic acid (LA) ingestion, no showing modification of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA; (ii) a significant increase of erythrocyte ALA and EPA and a reduction of LA. AA and DHA were not modified; (iii) a increased milk content of ALA during the six months of nursing, whereas LA showed a decrease. AA and EPA were not modified, however DHA increased only during the first three months of nursing. Consumption of chia oil during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first three months of nursing transiently increases the milk content of DHA.
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Fu M, Zhang L, Ahmed A, Plaut K, Haas DM, Szucs K, Casey TM. Does Circadian Disruption Play a Role in the Metabolic-Hormonal Link to Delayed Lactogenesis II? Front Nutr 2015; 2:4. [PMID: 25988133 PMCID: PMC4428372 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding improves maternal and child health. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, with continued breastfeeding for at least 1 year. However, in the US, only 18.8% of infants are exclusively breastfed until 6 months of age. For mothers who initiate breastfeeding, the early post-partum period sets the stage for sustained breastfeeding. Mothers who experience breastfeeding problems in the early post-partum period are more likely to discontinue breastfeeding within 2 weeks. A major risk factor for shorter breastfeeding duration is delayed lactogenesis II (DLII; i.e., onset of milk "coming in" more than 72 h post-partum). Recent studies report a metabolic-hormonal link to DLII. This is not surprising because around the time of birth the mother's entire metabolism changes to direct nutrients to mammary glands. Circadian and metabolic systems are closely linked, and our rodent studies suggest circadian clocks coordinate hormonal and metabolic changes to support lactation. Molecular and environmental disruption of the circadian system decreases a dam's ability to initiate lactation and negatively impacts milk production. Circadian and metabolic systems evolved to be functional and adaptive when lifestyles and environmental exposures were quite different from modern times. We now have artificial lights, longer work days, and increases in shift work. Disruption in the circadian system due to shift work, jet-lag, sleep disorders, and other modern life style choices are associated with metabolic disorders, obesity, and impaired reproduction. We hypothesize that DLII is related to disruption of the mother's circadian system. Here, we review literature that supports this hypothesis, and describe interventions that may help to increase breastfeeding success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjie Fu
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lingsong Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Azza Ahmed
- School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David M. Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kinga Szucs
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Theresa M. Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. Maternal milk DHA content predicts cognitive performance in a sample of 28 nations. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2013; 11:773-9. [PMID: 23795772 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Convergent evidence from neuronal biology and hominin brain hypertrophy suggests that omega-3 fatty acids are a limiting resource for neural and cognitive development in Homo sapiens, and therefore that children from populations with higher omega-3 availability should display superior cognitive performance. Using multiple regression, we tested this prediction in a sample of 28 countries, with Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) math scores in 2009 as an index of cognitive performance, and country-specific breast milk levels of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as an index of omega-3 availability. Breast milk DHA makes a highly significant contribution to math scores (β = 0.462, P = 0.006), greater in magnitude than the control variables of per capita Gross Domestic Product (PCGDP) and educational expenditures per pupil. Together, dietary fish (positively) and total fat (negatively) explain 61% of the variance in maternal milk DHA in a larger sample of 39 countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Day Lassek
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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