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Notario Barandiaran L, Bauer JA, Jackson BP, Karagas MR. Fish intake and mercury exposure in young children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119277. [PMID: 38821458 PMCID: PMC11251838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Fish consumption is one of the main sources of mercury (Hg) exposure, but few studies have examined Hg exposure from fish consumption among children. This study aimed to assess the frequency of fish intake and associations with Hg and other element concentrations among 700 three-year-old children from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. Usual fish intake was derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire (Block Questionnaire for ages 2-7) and toenail element concentrations were determined using ICP-MS. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between fish intake and toenail element concentrations. A mixture analysis, using Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, was used to estimate the relative contribution of fish consumption to element exposures. Twenty-three percent of children were reported to consume at least one fish meal/week on average during the previous 6 months. In adjusted linear regression models, children with any type of fish consumption versus no consumption had 108% (95% confidence interval (CI: 68%, 153%)) higher toenail Hg concentrations. To a lesser extent, children consuming "other fish (not fried) including tuna" and "fried fish or fish sticks" had 120% (95% CI: 82%, 164%), and 23% (95% CI: 2%, 51%) higher toenail concentrations, respectively, than those consuming no fish. Using WQS regression, Hg was the element most strongly related to fish consumption. Fish intake among young children was related to Hg exposure even at low levels of consumption. Future studies will need to determine the health consequences of this exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A Bauer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Trace Element Analysis Laboratory, Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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2
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Fan L, Wang X, Szeto IMY, Liu B, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Dietary intake of different ratios of ARA/DHA in early stages and its impact on infant development. Food Funct 2024; 15:3259-3273. [PMID: 38469864 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04629j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are essential in the development of infants. ARA and DHA from breast milk or infant formula are the main sources of access for infants to meet their physiological and metabolic needs. The ratio of ARA to DHA in breast milk varies among regions and different lactation stages. Different ratios of ARA and DHA mainly from algal oil, animal fat, fish oil, and microbial oil, are added to infant formula in different regions and infant age ranges. Supplementing with appropriate ratios of ARA and DHA during infancy promotes brain, neural, visual, and other development aspects. In this review, we first introduced the current intake status of ARA and DHA in different locations, lactation stages, and age ranges in breast milk and infant formula. Finally, we discussed the effect of different ratios of ARA and DHA on infant development. This review provided a comprehensive research basis for the nutritional research of infants who consume different ratios of ARA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Fan
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xincen Wang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | | | - Biao Liu
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3152, Australia
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Homroy S, Chopra R, Singh PK, Dhiman A, Chand M, Talwar B. Role of encapsulation on the bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13272. [PMID: 38284597 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) have been widely recognized for their therapeutic advantages, including anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. They have shown promise in enhancing regulatory function, promotingdevelopment and mitigating the progression of diabetes and cancer. The scientific communities, along with industries, are actively endorsing initiatives aimed at increasing the daily intake of lipids rich in omega-3 FAs. Nevertheless, incorporating polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) into food products poses several challenges due to their susceptibility to oxidation when exposed to oxygen, high temperatures, and moisture. This oxidative deterioration results in undesirable flavours and a loss of nutritional value. Various methods, including physical blending, interesterification, and encapsulation, have been utilized as ways to enhance the stability of edible oils rich in PUFA against oxidation. Encapsulation has emerged as a proven strategy for enhancing the oxidative stability and functional properties of omega-3 FA-rich oils. Multiple encapsulation methods have been developed to stabilize and improve the delivery of omega-3 FAs in food products. The selection of an appropriate encapsulation method depends on the desired application of the encapsulated oil. In addition, encapsulation enhances the bioavailability of omega-3 FAs by promoting increased absorption of the encapsulated form in the intestinal epithelium. This review discusses the techniques and principles of omega-3 FA-rich oil encapsulation and its role in improving stability and bioavailability. Furthermore, it also investigates the potential health benefits of these encapsulated oils. This review explores the variations in bioavailability based on encapsulation techniques and processing, offering vital insights for nutrition and product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Homroy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Chopra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Singh
- Department of Food and Nutrition & Food Technology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Aishwarya Dhiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Monika Chand
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Binanshu Talwar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
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Pałkowska-Goździk E, Zadka K, Rosołowska-Huszcz D. Impact of the Family Environment on the Frequency of Animal-Based Product Consumption in School-Aged Children in Central Poland. Nutrients 2023; 15:2781. [PMID: 37375685 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-sourced foods (ASFs) have a high nutritional value, which makes them important elements of young people's diets. Several environmental factors might affect the dietary habits of children and adolescents, and their identification seems to be a principal reason to maintain their healthy eating practice. Thus, we aimed to investigate selected environmental factors (a place of residence, net income, mother's education level, number of siblings, and mother's BMI), which may be linked to the consumption frequency of ASFs among school-aged children. In total, 892 mothers of primary school children aged 7-14 years from central Poland took part in the anonymous and voluntary survey. The frequency of meat and meat product consumption was affected by the mother's education level, place of residence, and net income. Generally, meat was eaten more often by the city children (G = 0.178, p < 0.01) of better-educated mothers (G = 0.268, p < 0.001) and higher-income families (G = 0.209, p < 0.001). A higher level of education was linked to more frequent fish consumption but only in the younger group (G = 0.130, p < 0.05). The frequency of egg intake was positively associated with the maternal level of education (G = 0.185, p < 0.001), children's gender (girls > boys, G = 0.123, p < 0.05), and place of residence (city > village, G = 0.214, p < 0.001). In turn, the frequency of milk and dairy intake was related only to the place of residence (village > city, G = 0.97, p <0.05). It can be concluded that the mother's level of education is a key factor linked to the selected children's dietary habits. Thus, we believe that successful health education programs designed for young people should include the maternal capacity to interpret and adapt information into daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zadka
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Rosołowska-Huszcz
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Santoro N, Feldstein AE. The role of oxidized lipid species in insulin resistance and NASH in children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1019204. [PMID: 36263326 PMCID: PMC9573982 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1019204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common hepatic disease in pediatrics, mainly owing to the rising prevalence of pediatric obesity. Epidemiological studies have shown that the progressive increase in NAFLD prevalence is associated not only with obesity but also with changes in dietary habits experienced by all age groups, characterized by the increased intake of added sugars and certain fatty acids. In this review article, we focus on the effect of oxidized fatty acids deriving from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid on the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, “V.Tiberio” University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Serrano R, Navarro JC, Sales C, Portolés T, Monroig Ó, Beltran J, Hernández F. Determination of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from 24 to 44 carbons in eye, brain and gonads of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Sci Rep 2022; 12:10112. [PMID: 35710933 PMCID: PMC9203556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long-chain (> C24) polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) play an important role in the development of nervous system, retinal function and reproductive processes in vertebrates. Their presence in very small amounts in specific lipid classes, the lack of reference standards and their late elution in chromatographic analyses render their identification and, most important, their quantification, still a challenge. Consequently, a sensitive and feasible analytical methodology is needed. In this work, we have studied the effect of chain length, as well as the number and position of unsaturations (or double bonds) on the response of GC-APCI-(Q)TOF MS, to establish an analytical method for VLC-PUFA quantification. The developed methodology allows the quantification of these compounds down to 2.5 × 10–3 pmol/mg lipid. The reduction of VLC-PUFA levels in lipid fractions of the organs from the herein sampled farmed fish suggesting a yet undetected effect on these compounds of high vegetable oil aquafeed formulations, that currently dominate the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roque Serrano
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain. .,Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology, UJI, Associated Unit to CSIC by IATS, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology, UJI, Associated Unit to CSIC by IATS, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain.,Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, S/NCastellón, Cabanes, Spain
| | - Carlos Sales
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology, UJI, Associated Unit to CSIC by IATS, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain.,Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, S/NCastellón, Cabanes, Spain
| | - Joaquin Beltran
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain.,Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology, UJI, Associated Unit to CSIC by IATS, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain
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Belury MA, Raatz S, Conrad Z. Modeled Substitution of Traditional Oils with High-Oleic Acid Oils Decreases Essential Fatty Acid Intake in Children. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1180-1188. [PMID: 34910115 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-oleic acid (OA) vegetable oils are replacing some traditional vegetable oils in the US food supply. This may lead to reduced intake of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in children, who need EFAs for growth and development and reduced risk for cardiometabolic disease into adulthood. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were the following: 1) to estimate trends in daily intake of EFAs among children aged 1-8 y, 2) identify top food sources of EFAs, and 3) evaluate the effects of replacing traditional oils with high-OA oils on meeting daily recommended intakes of EFAs. METHODS Dietary data from 7814 children aged 1-8 y were acquired from the NHANES (2007-2016). Using a diet model, we evaluated the effect of replacing 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of traditional oils with high-OA oils on meeting adequate intakes (AIs) for EFAs. RESULTS Major food sources of EFAs among all age-sex groups were grain dishes (35-40% of daily intake), meat and seafood dishes (17-21%), and fruit and vegetable dishes (12-14%). Replacing 40% or more of traditional oils with high-OA oil varieties will lead to inadequate daily intakes of EFAs. CONCLUSION Replacement of traditional vegetable oils with high-OA varieties will place children at risk of not meeting the AI levels for EFAs. A balanced approach of including traditional oils and high-OA oils in the US food supply is needed to prevent inadequate intakes of EFAs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Belury
- Program of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Susan Raatz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN
| | - Zach Conrad
- Department of Health Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA.,Department of Kinesiology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA
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Song S, Shim JE. Increasing trends in dietary total fat and fatty acid intake among Korean children: using the 2007–2017 national data. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:260-271. [PMID: 35392526 PMCID: PMC8971817 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.2.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea
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Purdel C, Ungurianu A, Margina D. Metabolic and Metabolomic Insights Regarding the Omega-3 PUFAs Intake in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:783065. [PMID: 34926582 PMCID: PMC8678113 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.783065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is currently considered an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, insulin deficiency, and dysglycemia. Dietary factors, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), were reported to influence T1DM. Therefore, a better understanding of the potential role of ω-3 PUFAs in the development and progression of T1DM will help to improve the clinical management of the disease. In this review, we explored the current understanding of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways induced by ω-3 PUFAs and the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs intake in the prevention and treatment of T1DM, as well as the underlying possible metabolomic (lipidomics) changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Purdel
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Margina
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Domingues VF, Quaresma M, Sousa S, Rosas M, Ventoso B, Nunes ML, Delerue-Matos C. Evaluating the Lipid Quality of Yellowfin Tuna ( Thunnus albacares) Harvested from Different Oceans by Their Fatty Acid Signatures. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112816. [PMID: 34829097 PMCID: PMC8620007 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the fishing location on yellowfin tuna’s (YFT; Thunnus albacares) white muscle total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid profile. The comparison included 45 YFT loins, equally divided between the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The ocean had no significant influence on YFT TL content, total PUFA and total n-3 PUFA (p > 0.05), averaging 1.09 g/100 g of muscle, 229.2 and 192.8 mg/100 g of muscle, respectively. On the other hand, the YFT harvested on the Indian Ocean displayed significantly higher contents of both SFA and MUFA totals than the Atlantic Ocean counterparts (p < 0.05), while the YFT harvested in the Pacific Ocean presented intermediate values, not differing significantly from the other two origins. The YFT from the Indian and Pacific oceans held twice the n-6 PUFA content recorded in the Atlantic YFT (44.1 versus 21.1 mg/100 g of muscle). Considering the recommended daily intake of EPA plus DHA is 250 mg, the consumption of 100 g of YFT from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans would provide 149.2 mg, 191.8 mg or 229.6 mg of EPA plus DHA, representing 59.7%, 76.7% or 91.8% of the recommended daily intake, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina F. Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.D.); (S.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Mário Quaresma
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University, Pólo Universitário Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.D.); (S.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Mónica Rosas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.D.); (S.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Breixo Ventoso
- PhD Student of Health Science Program (UCAM), Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Maria Leonor Nunes
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.D.); (S.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.-M.)
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Monnard C, Fleith M. Total Fat and Fatty Acid Intake among 1-7-Year-Old Children from 33 Countries: Comparison with International Recommendations. Nutrients 2021; 13:3547. [PMID: 34684548 PMCID: PMC8537778 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews available data on dietary intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in children in different countries worldwide and for the first time, compares them with recent international recommendations. Studies published before June 2021 reporting total fat, total SFA and individual PUFA intakes in children aged 1-7 y were included. Observed intakes were evaluated against FAO/WHO and EFSA recommendations. 65 studies from 33 countries were included. Fat intake was too low in 88% of studies in young children (1-3 y). SFA intake was >10%E in 69-73% of children, especially in Europe. Linoleic acid intake was <3%E in 24% of studies in 1-2 y olds and within FAO/WHO recommendations among all other ages. Alpha-linolenic acid intake was <0.5%E in almost half of studies. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid + DHA intakes were below recommendations in most studies. In summary, while total fat intake was too low among younger children, SFA intake was above, especially in Europe and n-3 PUFA intake, especially DHA, were below recommendations for all ages. Intake of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, is generally suboptimal. More data, particularly from developing countries, are required to refine these findings and guide implementation of adapted nutrition policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona Monnard
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Verduci E, Di Profio E, Corsello A, Scatigno L, Fiore G, Bosetti A, Zuccotti GV. Which Milk during the Second Year of Life: A Personalized Choice for a Healthy Future? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103412. [PMID: 34684413 PMCID: PMC8540900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition in early life is a crucial element to provide all essential substrates for growth. Although this statement may appear obvious, several studies have shown how the intake of micro and macronutrients in toddlers differs a lot from the recommendations of scientific societies. Protein intake often exceeds the recommended amount, while the intake of iron and zinc is frequently insufficient, as well as Vitamin D. Nutritional errors in the first years of life can negatively impact the health of the child in the long term. To date, no clear evidence on which milk is suggested during the second year of life is yet to be established. In this study, we compare the nutrient profiles of cow’s milk and specific formulas as well as nutritional risks in toddlers linked to growth and childhood obesity development. The purpose of this review is to resume the latest clinical studies on toddlers fed with cow’s milk or young children formula (YCF), and the potential risks or benefits in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Scatigno
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Alessandra Bosetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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13
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Kay MC, Duffy EW, Harnack LJ, Anater AS, Hampton JC, Eldridge AL, Story M. Development and Application of a Total Diet Quality Index for Toddlers. Nutrients 2021; 13:1943. [PMID: 34198828 PMCID: PMC8229507 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans include recommendations for infants and toddlers under 2 years old. We aimed to create a diet quality index based on a scoring system for ages 12 to 23.9 months, the Toddler Diet Quality Index (DQI), and evaluate its construct validity using 24 h dietary recall data collected from a national sample of children from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. The mean (standard error) Toddler DQI was 49 (0.6) out of 100 possible points, indicating room for improvement. Toddlers under-consumed seafood, greens and beans, and plant proteins and over-consumed refined grains and added sugars. Toddler DQI scores were higher among children who were ever breastfed, lived in households with higher incomes, and who were Hispanic. The Toddler DQI performed as expected and offers a measurement tool to assess the dietary quality of young children in accordance with federal nutrition guidelines. This is important for providing guidance that can be used to inform public health nutrition policies, programs, and practices to improve diets of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Kay
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Emily W. Duffy
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Lisa J. Harnack
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA;
| | - Andrea S. Anater
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (A.S.A.); (J.C.H.)
| | - Joel C. Hampton
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (A.S.A.); (J.C.H.)
| | - Alison L. Eldridge
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Mary Story
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
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14
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Xie D, Chen C, Dong Y, You C, Wang S, Monroig Ó, Tocher DR, Li Y. Regulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in teleost fish. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101095. [PMID: 33741387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA, C20-24), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), are involved in numerous biological processes and have a range of health benefits. Fish have long been considered as the main source of n-3 LC-PUFA in human diets. However, the capacity for endogenous biosynthesis of LC-PUFA from C18 PUFA varies in fish species based on the presence, expression and activity of key enzymes including fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovl) proteins. In this article, we review progress on the identified Fads and Elovl, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in teleosts. The most comprehensive advances have been obtained in rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus, a marine teleost demonstrated to have the entire pathway for LC-PUFA biosynthesis, including the roles of transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (Hnf4α), liver X receptor alpha (Lxrα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (Srebp-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1), as well as post-transcriptional regulation by individual microRNA (miRNA) or clusters. This research has, for the first time, demonstrated the involvement of Hnf4α, Pparγ and miRNA in the regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in vertebrates. The present review provides readers with a relatively comprehensive overview of the progress made into understanding LC-PUFA biosynthetic systems in teleosts, and some insights into improving endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis capacity aimed at reducing the dependence of aquafeeds on fish oil while maintaining or increasing flesh LC-PUFA content and the nutritional quality of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizhi Xie
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cuiying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yewei Dong
- Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cuihong You
- Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK94LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyou Li
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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15
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Bailey AD, Fulgoni III VL, Shah N, Patterson AC, Gutierrez-Orozco F, Mathews RS, Walsh KR. Nutrient Intake Adequacy from Food and Beverage Intake of US Children Aged 1-6 Years from NHANES 2001-2016. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030827. [PMID: 33802295 PMCID: PMC8002201 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The early years, between the ages of one and six, are a period of rapid physical, social and cognitive growth and a nutritionally adequate diet is an important factor for optimum development. We investigated the micronutrient adequacy and status of young US children aged 1–6 years (n = 9848) using 24-h dietary recall interviews completed by parents and caregivers participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2016. data. The proportion of the sample not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) increased with increasing age and was most pronounced for calcium. Despite adequate iron intake, 7.4% and 2.5% had signs of iron deficiency and anemia based on serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels, with younger children and WIC participants at most risk and Non-Hispanic Black children the least. Vitamin B6 intake was adequate, but 6.4% had serum pyridoxal-5-phosphate deficiency. For vitamin E, 69% had intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR), yet serum deficiency was only detected in 0.9%. Vitamin D intake was inadequate for 87%, but true deficiency may be overestimated. Mean DHA intake was 24 mg/d, well below expert recommendations of 70–100 mg/day. Iron and vitamin B6 deficiency and inadequate calcium, fiber, choline, potassium and DHA intakes are a concern for a significant percentage of young children. The discrepancy between nutrient intakes and serum deficiency levels needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana D.L. Bailey
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (N.S.); (A.C.P.); (F.G.-O.); (K.R.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Neil Shah
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (N.S.); (A.C.P.); (F.G.-O.); (K.R.W.)
- Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ashley C. Patterson
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (N.S.); (A.C.P.); (F.G.-O.); (K.R.W.)
| | - Fabiola Gutierrez-Orozco
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (N.S.); (A.C.P.); (F.G.-O.); (K.R.W.)
| | | | - Kelly R. Walsh
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (N.S.); (A.C.P.); (F.G.-O.); (K.R.W.)
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16
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Boone KM, Parrott A, Rausch J, Yeates KO, Klebanoff MA, Norris Turner A, Keim SA. Fatty Acid Supplementation and Socioemotional Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-0284. [PMID: 32887793 PMCID: PMC7546095 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Children born preterm experience socioemotional difficulties, including increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this secondary analysis, we tested the effect of combined docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) supplementation during toddlerhood on caregiver-reported socioemotional outcomes of children born preterm. We hypothesized that children randomly assigned to DHA + AA would display better socioemotional outcomes compared with those randomly assigned to a placebo. METHODS Omega Tots was a single-site randomized, fully masked, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. Children (N = 377) were 10 to 16 months at enrollment, born at <35 weeks' gestation, and assigned to 180 days of daily 200-mg DHA + 200-mg AA supplementation or a placebo (400 mg corn oil). Caregivers completed the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-II, Stage 2 at the end of the trial. Liner mixed models and log-binomial regression compared socioemotional outcomes between the DHA + AA and placebo groups. RESULTS Outcome data were available for 83% of children (n treatment = 161; n placebo = 153). Differences between DHA + AA and placebo groups on Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment scores were of small magnitude (Cohen's d ≤ 0.15) and not statistically significant. Children randomly assigned to DHA + AA had a decreased risk of scoring at-risk for ASD on the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-II, Stage 2 (21% vs 32%; risk ratio = 0.66 [95% confidence interval: 0.45 to 0.97]; risk difference = -0.11 [95% confidence interval: -0.21 to -0.01]) compared with children randomly assigned to a placebo. CONCLUSIONS No evidence of benefit of DHA + AA supplementation on caregiver-reported outcomes of broad socioemotional development was observed. Supplementation resulted in decreased risk of clinical concern for ASD. Further exploration in larger samples of preterm children and continued follow-up of children who received DHA + AA supplementation as they approach school age is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Rausch
- Centers for Biobehavioral Health and,Pediatrics, and
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Mark A. Klebanoff
- Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio;,Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, and,Pediatrics, and,Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Abigail Norris Turner
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, and,Departments of Internal Medicine
| | - Sarah A. Keim
- Centers for Biobehavioral Health and,Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, and,Pediatrics, and
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17
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Madrigal C, Soto-Méndez MJ, Leis R, Hernández-Ruiz Á, Valero T, Lara Villoslada F, Martínez de Victoria E, Moreno JM, Ortega RM, Ruiz-López MD, Varela-Moreiras G, Gil Á. Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Total Fat and Fatty Acids, and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Results of the EsNuPI Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2467. [PMID: 32824377 PMCID: PMC7468841 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the usual intake of total fat, fatty acids (FAs), and their main food sources in a representative cohort of the Spanish pediatric population aged 1 to <10 years (n = 707) who consumed all types of milk and an age-matched cohort who consumed adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, toddler's milk, growing-up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) (n = 741) who were participants in the EsNuPI study (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population). Dietary intake, measured through two 24 h dietary recalls, was compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) recommendations. Both cohorts showed a high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), according to FAO recommendations, as there are no numerical recommendations for SFAs at EFSA. Also, low intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs; linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series, mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed according to EFSA and FAO recommendations. The three main sources of total fat and different FAs were milk and dairy products, oils and fats, and meat and meat products. The consumption of adapted milk was one of the main factors associated with better adherence to the nutritional recommendations of total fat, SFAs, EFAs, PUFAs; and resulted as the main factor associated with better adherence to n-3 fatty acids intake recommendations. Knowledge of the dietary intake and food sources of total fat and FAs in children could help in designing and promoting effective and practical age-targeted guidelines to promote the consumption of EFA- and n-3 PUFA-rich foods in this stage of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Madrigal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.M.); (M.D.R.-L.)
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. del Conocimiento 12, 3 ª pta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
| | - María José Soto-Méndez
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. del Conocimiento 12, 3 ª pta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Rosaura Leis
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Hernández-Ruiz
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. del Conocimiento 12, 3 ª pta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Teresa Valero
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1ªpta, 28010 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Emilio Martínez de Victoria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno
- Pediatric Department, University of Navarra Clinic, Calle Marquesado de Sta. Marta, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Ruiz-López
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.M.); (M.D.R.-L.)
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. del Conocimiento 12, 3 ª pta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Urb. Montepríncipe, crta. Boadilla km. 5.3, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. del Conocimiento 12, 3 ª pta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II University of Granada, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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18
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Ando E, Morisaki N, Asakura K, Ogawa K, Sasaki S, Horikawa R, Fujiwara T. Association between dietary intake and serum biomarkers of long-chain PUFA in Japanese preschool children. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:1-11. [PMID: 32746959 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019004269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research supports the importance of PUFA intake in children, particularly of EPA and DHA; however, few verified methods to assess whether PUFA intake is adequate are available. DESIGN We assessed the correlation between serum PUFA and lipid concentrations with seafood and PUFA intake measured using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire for Japanese preschool children (BDHQ3y). SETTING Single centre birth cohort in Japan. PARTICIPANTS A total of 152 36-month-old Japanese children. RESULTS Average dietary intake of daily seafood, EPA and DHA was 13·83 (sd 10·36) g, 49·4 (sd 43·5) mg and 98·3 (sd 64·6) mg, respectively. Significant weak-to-moderate correlations were observed between dietary intake and serum EPA (Spearman rho = 0·41, P < 0·001; Pearson r = 0·44, P < 0·001); DHA (Spearman rho = 0·40, P < 0·001; Pearson r = 0·42, P < 0·001) and AA (arachidonic acid) (Spearman rho = 0·33, P < 0·001; Pearson r = 0·32, P < 0·001), whereas no significant correlation was observed for dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) (Spearman rho = 0·06, P = 0·484; Pearson r = 0·07, P = 0·387). Correlations between seafood intake and serum EPA and DHA were also moderate (0·39-0·43). A negative correlation between serum TAGs and serum EPA, as well as positive correlations between serum cholesterol (total cholesterol, LDL and HDL) with serum EPA and DHA were observed, whereas no significant correlations between seafood intake and serum lipid profiles. Based on this model, we estimated 61-98 g/week of seafood intake is required to meet current EPA/DHA intake recommendations by the WHO (100-150 mg/d). CONCLUSIONS For children of 2-4 years of age, weekly intake of 61-98 g of seafood is required to meet WHO recommendations of EPA/DHA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Ando
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Keiko Asakura
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8580, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Division of Obstetrics, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Nutritional problems in childhood and adolescence: a narrative review of identified disparities. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 34:17-47. [PMID: 32329426 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242000013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To inform programmes and policies that promote health equity, it is essential to monitor the distribution of nutritional problems among young individuals. Common nutritional problems include overall low diet quality, the underconsumption and overconsumption of certain dietary components, unhealthy meal and snack patterns, problematic feeding practices and disordered eating. The objective of the present narrative review was to summarise recent evidence of disparities among US children (2-19 years) according to age, sex, socio-economic status, ethnicity/race and rural-urban location. Searches in PubMed® and MEDLINE® were completed to identify peer-reviewed research studies published between January 2009 and January 2019. Findings from the ninety-nine reviewed studies indicate adolescent females, young individuals from lower socio-economic households and individuals who identify as non-Hispanic Black race are particularly vulnerable populations for whom targeted strategies should be developed to address evidence of increased risk with regards to multiple aspects of nutritional wellbeing. Limitations of the existing evidence relate to the accuracy of self-reported dietary data; the need for consistent definitions of disordered eating; the focus on individual dietary components v. patterns; the complexities of categorising socio-economic status, ethnicity/race, and rural and urban areas; and the cross-sectional, observational nature of most research designs. There is an urgent need for research to address these limitations and fill a large gap in evidence on rural-urban differences in nutritional problems. It will further be important for future studies to build greater understanding of how nutritional problems cluster among population groups.
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20
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Wiedeman AM, Dyer RA, McCarthy D, Yurko-Mauro K, Innis SM, Devlin AM. Biomarkers of Docosahexaenoic Acid but Not Arachidonic Acid Reflect Dietary Intakes in Toddlers at Ages 1 and 2 Years Who Are Not Meeting Dietary Recommendations. J Nutr 2020; 150:518-525. [PMID: 31754697 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFAs are important for growth and development. However, little is known about requirements and current dietary intakes of these fatty acids in toddlers. OBJECTIVES This study assessed dietary intakes of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs and determined the relation to circulating PUFAs in toddlers at ages 1 and 2 y. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from toddlers enrolled in a double-blind randomized controlled trial of arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA supplementation between ages 1 and 2 y. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were estimated by 3-d food records, and fatty acid composition in plasma total phospholipids, red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were assessed by GC at baseline in all subjects (n = 110; mean age 1.12 y; 64% male) and in the control subjects at 2 y (n = 43). RESULTS The dietary intakes of ARA, EPA, and DHA at age 1 y (baseline) were [mean (median)] 36.8 (30.0), 16.0 (0.00), and 31.1 (10.0) mg/d, respectively. Dietary intakes increased to 52.7 (45.0), 35.8 (0.00), and 64.8 (20.0) mg/d, respectively, at age 2 y (P < 0.05). The predominant dietary source of EPA and DHA was fish/seafood; eggs were an important source of ARA and DHA. Dietary DHA intakes were positively associated with plasma PE and PC DHA (P < 0.05). No relations between dietary ARA intakes and plasma PE and PC ARA (P > 0.05) were observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that most toddlers are not meeting the recommendation for dietary PUFA intakes and that higher dietary DHA intakes are reflected in plasma PE and PC DHA composition. Further work is required to investigate a biomarker for dietary ARA intake. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01263912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M Wiedeman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Roger A Dyer
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Sheila M Innis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Jin CL, Zeng HR, Xie WY, Gao CQ, Yan HC, Wang XQ. Dietary supplementation with pioglitazone hydrochloride improves intramuscular fat, fatty acid profile, and antioxidant ability of thigh muscle in yellow-feathered chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:665-671. [PMID: 31583700 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle fat content and fatty acid composition play an important role in poultry flavor and taste. To investigate the effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) on growth performance and thigh muscle quality in yellow-feathered chickens, 360 female chickens were randomly divided into three groups and treated with three doses of PGZ (0, 7.5, and 15 mg kg-1 ) for 28 days. Each group had six replicates of 20 chickens. RESULTS The results showed that dietary supplementation with 15 mg kg-1 PGZ increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain (ADG) from 0 to 14 days. Furthermore, the triglyceride (TG) level was decreased by 15 mg kg-1 PGZ, whereas the eviscerated yield was increased. The relative weight of the heart and kidneys showed a linear increase with dietary PGZ supplementation, and the drip loss of the thigh muscle was significantly decreased by 15 mg kg-1 PGZ supplementation. Moreover, a* value, intramuscular fat (IMF), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a linear increase, and pH24 h and drip loss showed a quadratic influence with the levels of PGZ supplementation. In particular, the PUFA proportion was increased by 7.63% and 9.14% in the 7.5 mg kg-1 PGZ and 15 mg kg-1 PGZ groups, respectively. Additionally, 15 mg kg-1 of PGZ increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX ) activity. CONCLUSION In summary, 15 mg kg-1 PGZ has substantial effects on growth performance and meat quality, particularly by decreasing drip loss and increasing IMF content, PUFA proportions, and antioxidant ability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Jin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Ren Zeng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yan Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Ghasemi Fard S, Loh SP, Turchini GM, Wang B, Elliott G, Sinclair AJ. Microencapsulated Tuna Oil Results in Higher Absorption of DHA in Toddlers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010248. [PMID: 31963702 PMCID: PMC7019307 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential component for brain and visual acuity development during foetal and early postnatal life. A newly released directive under the European Commission stipulates DHA as a mandatory ingredient in infant formula. This poses challenges to manufacturers in preserving the stability and bioavailability of DHA at levels akin to human breast milk. The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the bioavailability of microencapsulated omega-3 DHA formulations in healthy toddlers compared with high DHA fish oil for a one-month period and (b) to assess the effect of DHA supplementation on children’s sleep and cry patterns. Sixty toddlers were randomly allocated to four groups: 1. unfortified formula, 2. unfortified formula plus high DHA tuna oil, 3. fortified formula with dairy-based microencapsulated high DHA tuna oil powder, and 4. fortified formula with allergenic-free microencapsulated high DHA tuna oil powder. Bioavailability was assessed from both blood and faecal fatty acid levels. The results showed an enhanced bioavailability with significantly greater concentrations of blood DHA levels in formulas with microencapsulated powders. There were no significant effects of treatment on sleep and cry patterns. Application and delivery of microencapsulated DHA tuna oil powder in toddlers’ formula provided better bioavailability of the active DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Giovanni M. Turchini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Behavioural and Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia;
| | - Glenn Elliott
- Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (S.G.F.); (G.E.)
| | - Andrew J. Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-0414906341
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23
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Ahluwalia N. Nutrition Monitoring of Children Aged Birth to 24 Mo (B-24): Data Collection and Findings from the NHANES. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:113-127. [PMID: 31390469 PMCID: PMC7442347 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first 2 y of life are characterized by several transitions that can affect growth, development, and eating patterns long term. These include a shift from a primarily milk-based eating pattern to introduction of complementary foods at ∼4-6 mo of age, and passage to family-meal patterns in toddler years. Recognizing the importance of this critical period, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans from 2020 onwards will include guidance for children aged birth to 24 mo (B-24). Few large-scale surveys provide comprehensive, nationally representative, quantitative, recent data on infant and toddler nutrition in the United States. The continuous NHANES has collected data relevant to this initiative since 1999 using standardized interview and examination protocols. These include data on infant feeding practices, dietary intakes (foods, beverages, and supplements), anthropometry, and blood-based nutritional status on nationally representative samples of infants and toddlers. NHANES data can be used to describe large group-level consumption patterns, as well as trends over time for B-24 children overall, and by demographic groups (e.g., race-ethnic and income groups). In addition, NHANES data can be analyzed to examine adherence to nutrition-related recommendations, such as those from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and to track Healthy People 2020 objectives. This paper provides an update on NHANES nutrition monitoring in B-24 children since our previous publication (which provided details through NHANES 2009-2010) and describes data collection since 2010 and plans for upcoming cycles. It also describes key NHANES-based findings published in the last 5 y on infant feeding practices, dietary intakes and supplement use, and nutritional status of US children aged <2 y. Findings related to existing recommendations, such as from the AAP, are presented when available. This information can inform researchers and policymakers on the state of nutrition in the US B-24 population and its subgroups of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namanjeet Ahluwalia
- Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (DHANES), National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA
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24
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Ingol TT, Li R, Boone KM, Rausch J, Klebanoff MA, Turner AN, Yeates KO, Nelin MA, Sheppard KW, Keim SA. Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acid Supplementation of Toddlers Born Preterm Does Not Affect Short-Term Growth or Adiposity. J Nutr 2019; 149:2182-2190. [PMID: 31187863 PMCID: PMC7443757 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary DHA intake among US toddlers is low. Healthy physical growth is an important objective for the clinical care of children born preterm. OBJECTIVES The aim of the trial was to examine the effects of supplementing toddlers born preterm with DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) for 180 d on growth and adiposity. METHODS Omega Tots, a randomized placebo-controlled trial, was conducted between April 2012 and March 2017. Children born at <35 wk gestation who were 10-16 mo in corrected age were assigned to receive daily oral supplements of DHA and AA (200 mg each, "DHA + AA") or corn oil (placebo) for 180 d. Prespecified secondary outcomes included weight, length, head circumference, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, BMI, and their respective z scores, and body fat percentage, which were measured at baseline and trial completion. Mixed-effects regression was used to compare the change in outcomes between the DHA + AA and placebo groups, controlling for baseline values. RESULTS Among 377 children included in the analysis (median corrected age = 15.7 mo, 48.3% female), 348 (92.3%) had growth or adiposity data at baseline and trial end. No statistically significant differences between the DHA + AA and placebo groups in growth or adiposity outcomes were observed. For instance, the change in weight-for-age z scores was 0.1 for the DHA + AA group and 0.0 for the placebo group (effect size = 0.01, P = 0.99). However, post-hoc subgroup analyses revealed a statistically significant interaction between treatment group and sex, suggesting somewhat slower linear growth for females assigned to the DHA + AA group compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Among toddlers born preterm, daily supplementation with DHA + AA for 180 d resulted in no short-term differences in growth or adiposity compared with placebo. If DHA supplementation is implemented after the first year of life, it can be expected to have no effect on short-term growth or adiposity. This trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02199808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniqua T Ingol
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelly M Boone
- Schoenbaum Family Center and Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Rausch
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark A Klebanoff
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Norris Turner
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keith O Yeates
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mary Ann Nelin
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelly W Sheppard
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah A Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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25
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Patel D, Orsso CE, Haqq AM, Field CJ. Are There Benefits to Growth with Supplementing Long-Chain PUFAs to Toddlers Born Prematurely? J Nutr 2019; 149:2075-2076. [PMID: 31599950 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvesh Patel
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Camila E Orsso
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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26
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Derbyshire E. Oily Fish and Omega-3s Across the Life Stages: A Focus on Intakes and Future Directions. Front Nutr 2019; 6:165. [PMID: 31781570 PMCID: PMC6861329 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a tendency to report oily fish intakes for adults collectively. This means that certain population groups tend to be overlooked. The purpose of the present article is to derive and evaluate oily fish and omega-3 intakes across the lifespan. Methods: A secondary analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (years 2008–2016) was undertaken. Data from n = 2,949 participants ≥4 years was analyzed. Alongside this, data was extracted from surveys published within the last 5-years reporting omega-3 intakes. Results: Overall, only a quarter (25.2%) of the UK population are oily fish consumers. Amongst those eating oily fish only 7.3% of children, 12.8% of teenagers, and 15.6% of young adults (20–29 years) met oily fish recommendations. Mean intakes of oily fish ranged between 3.4 and 19.1 g/day. Females aged 30–39 and 60–69 years had significantly lower daily oily fish intakes than males (P = 0.05 and P = 0.049) although their intakes were higher than men in their fifties (P = 0.048). Between 2008 and 2016 oily fish intakes have remained relatively stable although a significant decline was seen amongst those aged 50–59 years (P = 0.048). Survey data (n = 10 publications) showed that EPA and DHA intakes were consistently lower than guidelines, with children, teenagers, females, and pregnant women having some of the largest dietary gaps. Conclusions: Younger generations, women of childbearing age and pregnant mothers appear to be at particular risk of oily fish and omega-3 shortfalls. Declining EPA and DHA profiles of farmed fish and plant-based food movements are only likely to exacerbate already inadequate intakes. Urgent public health campaigns are needed to improve UK intakes, which should include a combined approach of dietary and supplemental sources.
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27
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Kim Y, Kim H, Kwon O. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Korean toddlers 12-24 months of age with comparison to the dietary recommendations. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 13:344-351. [PMID: 31388411 PMCID: PMC6669068 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.4.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Adequate dietary fatty acid intake is important for toddlers between 12-24 months of age, as this is a period of dietary transition in conjunction with rapid growth and development; however, actual fatty acid intake during this period seldom has been explored. This study was conducted to assess the intake status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by toddlers during the 12-24-month period using 2010-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of 12-24-month-old toddlers (n = 544) was used to estimate the intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), as well as the major dietary sources of each. The results were compared with the expected intake for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life and available dietary recommendations. RESULTS Mean daily intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, and AA were 529.9, 22.4, 37.0, 3907.6, and 20.0 mg/day, respectively. Dietary intakes of these fatty acids fell below the expected intake for 0-5-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. In particular, DHA and AA intakes were 4 to 5 times lower. The dietary assessment indicated that the mean intake of essential fatty acids ALA and LA was below the European and the FAO/WHO dietary recommendations, particularly for DHA, which was approximately 30% and 14-16% lower, respectively. The key sources of the essential fatty acids, DHA, and AA were soy (28.2%), fish (97.3%), and animals (53.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Considering the prevailing view of DHA and AA requirements on early brain development, there remains considerable room for improvement in their intakes in the diets of Korean toddlers. Further studies are warranted to explore how increasing dietary intakes of DHA and AA could benefit brain development during infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hyesook Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
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28
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Keim SA, Rogers LK, Klebanoff MA. Supplementing Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-A Matter of Respecting Fetal Development-Reply. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:500. [PMID: 30907938 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Keim
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Lynette K Rogers
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Mark A Klebanoff
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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29
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Bowen KJ, Richter CK, Skulas-Ray AC, Mozaffarian D, Kris-Etherton PM. Projected Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake Post-Replacement of Vegetables Oils with Stearidonic Acid-Modified Varieties: Results from a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2008 Analysis. Lipids 2018; 53:961-970. [PMID: 30536415 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake is well below the amount recommended by the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (0.25 g/day), supporting the need for alternative dietary sources. Stearidonic acid (SDA)-enriched soybeans were bioengineered to endogenously synthesize SDA, which can be readily metabolized to EPA in humans; thus, incorporating the derived SDA-enriched soybean oil into the food supply is a potential strategy to increase EPA. We performed a dietary modeling exercise using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2008 repeat 24-h dietary recall data (n = 24,621) to estimate the potential contribution of SDA-enriched oils to total long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake (defined as EPA + DHA + EPA-equivalents) following two hypothetical scenarios: (1) replacement of regular soybean oil with SDA soybean oil and (2) replacement of four common vegetable oils (corn, canola, cottonseed, and soybean) with respective SDA-modified varieties. Estimated median daily intakes increased from 0.11 to 0.16 g/day post-replacement of regular soybean oil with SDA-modified soybean oil, and to 0.21 g/day post-replacement of four oils with SDA-modified oil; the corresponding mean intakes were 0.17, 0.27, and 0.44 g/day, respectively. The percent of the population who met the 0.25 g/day recommendation increased from at least 10% to at least 30% and 40% in scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Additional strategies are needed to ensure the majority of the US population achieve EPA and DHA recommendations, and should be assessed using methods designed to estimate the distribution of usual intake of these episodically consumed nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J Bowen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chesney K Richter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. 4th St, 309 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ann C Skulas-Ray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. 4th St, 309 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell, PO Box 245027, Tucson, AZ 85724-5027, USA
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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30
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Keim SA, Boone KM, Klebanoff MA, Turner AN, Rausch J, Nelin MA, Rogers LK, Yeates KO, Nelin L, Sheppard KW. Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation vs Placebo on Developmental Outcomes of Toddlers Born Preterm: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2018; 172:1126-1134. [PMID: 30357263 PMCID: PMC6583023 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Intake of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) among toddlers is low. Supplementation may benefit developmental outcomes of toddlers who were born preterm. OBJECTIVE To determine whether 6 months of daily DHA supplementation improves developmental outcomes of toddlers who were born preterm. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, fully masked, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from April 26, 2012, to March 24, 2017, at a large US pediatric academic center with 9 neonatal intensive care units. Children born at less than 35 weeks' gestation who were 10 to 16 months corrected age underwent 6 months of intervention. Of 2363 children assessed, 982 were eligible, 605 declined, and 377 enrolled and were randomized. Analyses were according to intent to treat. INTERVENTIONS One-to-one allocation to receive daily microencapsulated DHA, 200 mg, and arachidonic acid (AA), 200 mg (DHA+AA), or microencapsulated corn oil (placebo). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome specified a priori was Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (Bayley-III), cognitive composite score at 16 to 22 months corrected age. Secondary outcomes were Bayley-III language and motor composite scores and Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised and Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire effortful control and activity level scores. Subgroup analyses defined a priori were by income, sex, and birth weight. RESULTS Among 377 children randomized and included in the analysis (182 girls and 195 boys; median corrected age, 15.7 months), 338 children (89.7%) had complete data on the primary outcome. Bayley-III cognitive scores did not differ between the DHA+AA and placebo groups (difference in change, 0.5 [95% CI, -1.8 to 2.8]; effect size, 0.05; P = .66). Assignment to the DHA+AA group had a small to medium negative effect on Bayley-III language scores among children with lower birth weights (eg, a child with a birth weight of 1000 g assigned to receive DHA+AA experienced a 4.1-point relative decrease, while a child assigned to placebo did not; P = .03 for interaction). Supplementation had a similar negative effect on effortful control scores among children with annual household incomes greater than $35 000 (difference in change, -0.3 [95% CI, -0.4 to -0.1]; effect size, -0.37; P = .01). Bayley-III motor scores and activity level scores were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Daily supplementation with 200 mg of DHA and 200 mg of AA for 6 months resulted in no improvement in cognitive development and early measures of executive function vs placebo, and may have resulted in negative effects on language development and effortful control in certain subgroups of children. These findings do not support DHA supplementation in the second year of life for children who are born preterm. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01576783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Kelly M. Boone
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Mark A. Klebanoff
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Abigail Norris Turner
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Joseph Rausch
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Mary Ann Nelin
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Lynette K. Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leif Nelin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus,Division of Neonatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kelly W. Sheppard
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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31
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Baek Y, Shim JE, Song S. Dietary intake of fat and fatty acids by 1-5-year-old children in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:324-335. [PMID: 30090170 PMCID: PMC6078869 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We examined dietary fat intake and the major food sources by young children in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 1,041 children aged 1–5 years were identified from the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on total fat and fatty acid intake were obtained by a single 24-h dietary recall. Food sources were identified based on the amounts of total fat and fatty acids consumption according to each food. Fat and fatty acid intakes and their food sources were presented by age group (1–2-y, n = 401; 3–5-y, n = 640). Fat and fatty acid intakes were also evaluated according to socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS The mean intake of fat was 27.1 ± 0.8 g in the 1-2-y group and 35.5 ± 0.7 g in the 3-5-y group, and about 23% of the total energy was obtained from fat in both age groups. The mean intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was 10.5 ± 0.3 g in the 1-2-y group and 12.7 ± 0.3 g in the 3-5-y group, with the 1-2-y group obtaining more energy from SFA than the 3-5-y group (9.2% vs. 8.3%). The mean intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was 6.3 ± 0.1 g in the total subjects, with 0.8 ± 0.03 g of n-3 fatty acids and 5.5 ± 0.1 g of n-6 fatty acids being consumed. Milk, pork, and eggs were major food sources of total fat, SFA, and monounsaturated fatty acids, and soybean oil was the main contributor to PUFA in both age groups. In the 1-2-y group, children in rural areas had significantly higher intake of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids than did those in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide current information on dietary fat intake among young Korean children and could be used to establish dietary strategies for improvement of health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- YounJoo Baek
- Department of Human Ecology, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea
| | - SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, 1646 yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
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Jin CL, Wang Q, Zhang ZM, Xu YL, Yan HC, Li HC, Gao CQ, Wang XQ. Dietary Supplementation with Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Chromium Methionine Improves Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Antioxidant Ability in Finishing Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4345-4351. [PMID: 29682966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work was designed to investigate the synergistic effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) and chromium methionine (CrMet) on meat quality, muscle fatty acid profile, and antioxidant ability of pigs. Pigs in four groups were fed a basic diet or basic diet supplemented with 15 mg/kg of PGZ, 200 μg/kg of CrMet, or 15 mg/kg of PGZ + 200 μg/kg of CrMet. In comparison to the control group, the average daily feed intake, feed/gain ratio, and serum high-density lipoprotein level decreased in the PGZ + CrMet group. Dietary PGZ + CrMet supplementation increased carcass dressing percentage, intramuscular fat, and marbling score. The percentages of C18:1ω-9c, C18:2ω-6c, C18:3ω-3, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the longissimus thoracis muscle were increased in the PGZ + CrMet group. Greater superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were observed in the PGZ + CrMet group compared to the control group. Collectively, these findings suggested that feed with PGZ and CrMet improved the growth performance and meat quality, especially for PUFA proportions and antioxidant ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Jin
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Long Xu
- Guangzhou United Bio-Technology Feed Company, Limited , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510545 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Chang Li
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
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Lacombe RS, Kratz RJ, Holub BJ. Directly quantified dietary n-3 fatty acid intakes of Canadian toddlers are lower than current dietary recommendations. Nutr Res 2018; 53:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sheppard KW, Cheatham CL. Omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid intake of children and older adults in the U.S.: dietary intake in comparison to current dietary recommendations and the Healthy Eating Index. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:43. [PMID: 29523147 PMCID: PMC5845148 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and their ratio have been shown to affect cognitive function in children and older adults. With these analyses, we aimed to describe omega-6 and omega-3 FA intake among children and older adults in light of FA intake recommendations and with consideration of overall diet. METHODS Data were merged from two cross-sectional studies with 219 children 7 to 12 years old and one longitudinal study with 133 adults 65 to 79 years old. Demographic data, anthropometric data, and Healthy Eating Index scores were used to study relations among the omega-6 to omega-3 FA ratio and age, education, body mass index, and diet quality. FA intake, demographic, and anthropometric data were examined using partial correlations, t-tests, and analysis of variance. RESULTS Most children and adults consumed at least the recommended amount of alpha-linolenic acid (LNA; omega-3) for their age and gender without consuming high amounts of linoleic acid (LA; omega-6), but did not consume sufficient eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; omega-) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; omega-3). The average omega-6 to omega-3 ratios in both groups were lower than previously reported. Eating lower ratios was associated with healthier diets and consuming adequate amounts of several other nutrients. No demographic or anthropometric variables were related to FA intake in children. Adults with a college degree had significantly lower ratios than those without a college degree. CONCLUSIONS American children and older adults are able to consume more balanced omega-6 to omega-3 ratios than has been indicated by commodity data. However, very few American children met even the lowest recommendations for EPA and DHA intake. Research is needed to clarify recommendations for the optimal ratio across development, which may aid in increasing EPA and DHA intake and improving health outcomes in the United States. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02199808 13 July 2014, NCT01823419 (retrospectively registered) 20 March 2013, and NCT01515098 18 January 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly W Sheppard
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Carol L Cheatham
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way Rm 1101, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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Fetal DHA inadequacy and the impact on child neurodevelopment: a follow-up of a randomised trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:271-279. [PMID: 29316994 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
DHA is an important component of neural lipids accumulating in neural tissue during development. Inadequate DHA in gestation may compromise infant development, but it is unknown whether there are lasting effects. We sought to determine whether the observed effects of fetal DHA inadequacy on infant development persist into early childhood. This follow-up study assessed children (5-6 years) whose mothers received 400 mg/d DHA or a placebo during pregnancy. Child neurodevelopment was assessed with several age-appropriate tests including the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. A risk-reduction model was used whereby the odds that a child from the maternal placebo group would fail to achieve a test score in the top quartile was calculated. The association of maternal DHA intake and status in gestation with child test scores, as well as with child DHA intake and status, was also determined. No differences were detected in children (n 98) from the maternal placebo and DHA groups achieving a high neurodevelopment test score (P>0·05). However, maternal DHA status was positively related to child performance on some tests including language and short-term memory. Furthermore, child DHA intake and status were related to the mother's intake and status in gestation. The neurodevelopment effects of fetal DHA inadequacy may have been lost or masked by other variables in the children. Although we provide evidence that maternal DHA status is related to child cognitive performance, the association of maternal and child DHA intake and status limits the interpretation of whether DHA before or after birth is important.
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Richter CK, Bowen KJ, Mozaffarian D, Kris-Etherton PM, Skulas-Ray AC. Total Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003-2008. Lipids 2017; 52:917-927. [PMID: 28956299 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The American Heart Association recommends consuming fish (particularly oily fish) at least two times per week, which would provide ≈ 0.5 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Previous analyses indicate that this recommendation is not being met; however, few studies have assessed different ethnicities, subpopulations requiring additional n-3 fatty acid intake (i.e., children and pregnant and/or lactating women), or deciles of intake. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2008 was used to assess n-3 fatty acid intake from foods and supplements in the US population, according to age, sex, and ethnicity. A unique "EPA equivalents" factor, which accounts for potential conversion of shorter-chain n-3 fatty acids, was used to calculate total long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake. Data are reported for 24,621 individuals. More than 90% consumed less than the recommended 0.5 g/day from food sources (median = 0.11 g/day; mean = 0.17 g/day). Among the top 15% of n-3 fatty acid consumers, fish was the largest dietary contributor (71.2%). Intake was highest in men aged 20 years or more, and lowest in children and women who are or may become pregnant and/or are lactating. Among ethnicities, intake was lowest in Mexican-Americans. Only 6.2% of the total population reported n-3 fatty acid supplement use, and this did not alter median daily intake. Additional strategies are needed to increase awareness of health benefits (particularly among Mexican-Americans and women of childbearing age) and promote consumption of oily fish or alternative dietary sources to meet current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesney K Richter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. 4th St., 309 Shantz Bldg, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Kate J Bowen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ann C Skulas-Ray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. 4th St., 309 Shantz Bldg, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Kranz S, Jones NRV, Monsivais P. Intake Levels of Fish in the UK Paediatric Population. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040392. [PMID: 28420147 PMCID: PMC5409731 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The United Kingdom (UK) is an island and its culture, including diet, is heavily influenced by the maritime resources. Dietary guidance in the UK recommends intake of fish, which provides important nutrients, such as long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). This study was designed to describe the fish intake habits of UK children using a nationally representative sample. Dietary and socio-demographic data of children 2–18 (N = 2096) in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (NDNS) Years 1–4 (2008–2012) were extracted. Average nutrient and food intakes were estimated. Logistic regression models were used to predict the meeting of fish intake recommendations, controlling for age, sex, income, total energy intake, and survey year. All analyses were conducted using survey routines and dietary survey weights. In this nationally representative study, 4.7% of children met the fish and 4.5% the oily fish intake recommendations; only 1.3% of the population met both recommendations. Fish intake levels did not significantly change with children’s increasing age. Higher vegetable but lower meat consumption predicted meeting the fish intake recommendations, indicating that children eating fish have better diet quality than non-consumers. Further research is needed to explore how intake behaviours can be changed to improve children’s diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Kranz
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.
| | - Nicholas R V Jones
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Pablo Monsivais
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Pither J, Botta A, Maity C, Ghosh S. Analysis using national databases reveals a positive association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids with TV watching and diabetes in European females. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173084. [PMID: 28355278 PMCID: PMC5371297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have increased in parallel to sedentary behavior and diabetes across the world. To test any putative association between dietary PUFA and sedentary behavior or diabetes in females, we obtained country-specific, cross-sectional data on sedentary activity and diabetes prevalence from European Cardiovascular Statistics 2012. Age and gender-specific, nutritional data from each country were obtained from nutritional surveys as well. Socioeconomic (GDP), physical environment (urbanization index) and climatic confounders were accounted for each country. Upon analysis, we found a strong, positive association between sedentary lifestyle in 11-yr old girls (> = 2 hours of TV/ weekday) and dietary PUFA across 21 European countries. Further, a weak association of dietary PUFA and a strong relationship of per-capita GDP was established with elevated fasting blood glucose [(> = 7.0 mmol/L; or on medication] among 25+ year old adult females across 23 countries in Europe. In summary, we present novel ecological evidence that dietary PUFA is strongly associated with sedentary behavior among pre-teen girls and weakly associated with diabetes among adult women across Europe. In the latter group, per-capita GDP was a significant predictor for diabetes as well. Therefore, we recommend that prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) be implemented to evaluate if ubiquitous presence of dietary PUFA and low socioeconomic status are possible confounders when intervening to treat/prevent sedentary lifestyle or diabetes in female subjects in Western nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pither
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Amy Botta
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Chittaranjan Maity
- Department of Biochemistry, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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Hadley KB, Ryan AS, Forsyth S, Gautier S, Salem N. The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development. Nutrients 2016; 8:216. [PMID: 27077882 PMCID: PMC4848685 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). This review considers the essential role that ARA plays in infant development. ARA is always present in human milk at a relatively fixed level and is accumulated in tissues throughout the body where it serves several important functions. Without the provision of preformed ARA in human milk or infant formula the growing infant cannot maintain ARA levels from synthetic pathways alone that are sufficient to meet metabolic demand. During late infancy and early childhood the amount of dietary ARA provided by solid foods is low. ARA serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes, collectively known as eicosanoids which are important for immunity and immune response. There is strong evidence based on animal and human studies that ARA is critical for infant growth, brain development, and health. These studies also demonstrate the importance of balancing the amounts of ARA and DHA as too much DHA may suppress the benefits provided by ARA. Both ARA and DHA have been added to infant formulas and follow-on formulas for more than two decades. The amounts and ratios of ARA and DHA needed in infant formula are discussed based on an in depth review of the available scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Hadley
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Alan S Ryan
- Clinical Research Consulting, 9809 Halston Manor, Boynton Beach, FL 33473, USA.
| | - Stewart Forsyth
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| | - Sheila Gautier
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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Keim SA, Branum AM. Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish among US children 12-60 months of age. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2015; 11:987-98. [PMID: 24034437 PMCID: PMC4745899 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aimed to estimate intake of individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), identify major dietary sources of PUFAs and estimate the proportion of individuals consuming fish among US children 12-60 months of age, by age and race and ethnicity. The study employed a cross-sectional design using US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Representative sample of US population based on selected counties. SUBJECTS 2496 US children aged 12-60 months. Mean daily intake of n-6 PUFAs and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) varied by age, with children 12-24 months of age having lower average intakes (mg or g day(-1) ) than children 49-60 months of age and the lowest n6 : n3 ratio, upon adjustment for energy intake. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was low (20 mg day(-1) ) compared to typical infant intake and did not change with age. Compared to non-Hispanic white children, Mexican American children had higher DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) intake. In the previous 30 days, 53.7% of children ever consumed fish. Non-Hispanic black children were more likely than non-Hispanic white children to have consumed fish (64.0% vs. 53.0%). Results indicate low prevalence of fish intake and key n-3 PUFAs, relative to n-6 fatty acids, which suggests room for improvement in the diets of US children. More research is needed to determine how increasing dietary intakes of n-3 PUFAs like DHA could benefit child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral HealthThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of PediatricsCollege of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Division of EpidemiologyCollege of Public HealthThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Amy M. Branum
- National Center for Health StatisticsOffice of Analysis and Epidemiology, Infant, Children, and Women's Health Statistics BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionHyattsvilleMarylandUSA
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Banfield EC, Liu Y, Davis JS, Chang S, Frazier-Wood AC. Poor Adherence to US Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Population. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 116:21-27. [PMID: 26391469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor diet quality in childhood and adolescence is associated with adverse health outcomes throughout life, yet the dietary habits of American children and how they change across childhood and adolescence are unknown. OBJECTIVES This study sought to describe diet quality among children and adolescents by assessing adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and to determine whether any differences in adherence occurred across childhood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We employed a cross-sectional design using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Of 9,280 children aged 4 to 18 years who participated in NHANES from 2005 to 2010, those with insufficient data on dietary recall (n=852) or who were pregnant or lactating during the time of interview (n=38) were excluded from the final study sample (n=8,390). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured adherence to the DGA using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and stratified participants into three age groups (4 to 8, 9 to 13, and 14 to 18 years of age). We analyzed each of 12 HEI-2010 components and total HEI-2010 score. RESULTS The youngest children had the highest overall diet quality due to significantly greater scores for total fruit, whole fruit, dairy, and whole grains. These children also had the highest scores for sodium, refined grains, and empty calories. Total HEI-2010 scores ranged from 43.59 to 52.11 out of 100, much lower than the minimum score of 80 that is thought to indicate a diet associated with good health. CONCLUSIONS Overall, children and adolescents are failing to meet the DGA and may be at an increased risk of chronic diseases throughout life. By analyzing which food groups show differences between age groups, we provide data that can inform the development of dietary interventions to promote specific food groups targeting specific ages and improve diet quality among children and adolescents.
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Wong CK, Botta A, Pither J, Dai C, Gibson WT, Ghosh S. A high-fat diet rich in corn oil reduces spontaneous locomotor activity and induces insulin resistance in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:319-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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