1
|
Costa CFFA, Ferreira-Gomes J, Barbosa F, Sampaio-Maia B, Burnet PWJ. Importance of good hosting: reviewing the bi-directionality of the microbiome-gut-brain-axis. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1386866. [PMID: 38812976 PMCID: PMC11133738 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1386866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microorganisms have been shown to significantly impact on central function and studies that have associated brain disorders with specific bacterial genera have advocated an anomalous gut microbiome as the pathophysiological basis of several psychiatric and neurological conditions. Thus, our knowledge of brain-to-gut-to microbiome communication in this bidirectional axis seems to have been overlooked. This review examines the known mechanisms of the microbiome-to-gut-to-brain axis, highlighting how brain-to-gut-to-microbiome signaling may be key to understanding the cause of disrupted gut microbial communities. We show that brain disorders can alter the function of the brain-to-gut-to-microbiome axis, which will in turn contribute to disease progression, while the microbiome-to gut-to brain direction presents as a more versatile therapeutic axis, since current psychotropic/neurosurgical interventions may have unwanted side effects that further cause disruption to the gut microbiome. A consideration of the brain-to-gut-to-microbiome axis is imperative to better understand how the microbiome-gut-brain axis overall is involved in brain illnesses, and how it may be utilized as a preventive and therapeutic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina F. F. A. Costa
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- NanoBiomaterials for Targeted Therapies, INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Ferreira-Gomes
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- NanoBiomaterials for Targeted Therapies, INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pordel S, McCloskey AP, Almahmeed W, Sahebkar A. The protective effects of statins in traumatic brain injury. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:235-250. [PMID: 38448729 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), often referred to as the "silent epidemic", is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide among all trauma-related injuries. It is associated with considerable personal, medical, and economic consequences. Although remarkable advances in therapeutic approaches have been made, current treatments and clinical management for TBI recovery still remain to be improved. One of the factors that may contribute to this gap is that existing therapies target only a single event or pathology. However, brain injury after TBI involves various pathological mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, ionic disturbance, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal necrosis, and apoptosis. Statins have several beneficial pleiotropic effects (anti-excitotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic, immunomodulatory activity, endothelial and vasoactive properties) in addition to promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis in TBI. Supposedly, using agents such as statins that target numerous and diverse pathological mechanisms, may be more effective than a single-target approach in TBI management. The current review was undertaken to investigate and summarize the protective mechanisms of statins against TBI. The limitations of conducted studies and directions for future research on this potential therapeutic application of statins are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Pordel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alice P McCloskey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wael Almahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar KP, Wilson JL, Nguyen H, McKay LD, Wen SW, Sepehrizadeh T, de Veer M, Rajasekhar P, Carbone SE, Hickey MJ, Poole DP, Wong CHY. Stroke Alters the Function of Enteric Neurons to Impair Smooth Muscle Relaxation and Dysregulates Gut Transit. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033279. [PMID: 38258657 PMCID: PMC11056134 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysmotility is common after ischemic stroke, but the mechanism underlying this response is unknown. Under homeostasis, gut motility is regulated by the neurons of the enteric nervous system that control contractile/relaxation activity of muscle cells in the gut wall. More recently, studies of gut inflammation revealed interactions of macrophages with enteric neurons are also involved in modulating gut motility. However, whether poststroke gut dysmotility is mediated by direct signaling to the enteric nervous system or indirectly via inflammatory macrophages is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined these hypotheses by using a clinically relevant permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion experimental model of stroke. At 24 hours after stroke, we performed in vivo and ex vivo gut motility assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomic analysis. Stroke-induced gut dysmotility was associated with recruitment of muscularis macrophages into the gastrointestinal tract and redistribution of muscularis macrophages away from myenteric ganglia. The permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion model caused changes in gene expression in muscularis macrophages consistent with an altered phenotype. While the size of myenteric ganglia after stroke was not altered, myenteric neurons from post-permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion mice showed a reduction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression, and this response was associated with enhanced intestinal smooth muscle contraction ex vivo. Finally, chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine prevented the loss of myenteric neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and stroke-induced slowed gut transit. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that activation of the sympathetic nervous system after stroke is associated with reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in myenteric neurons, resulting in impaired smooth muscle relaxation and dysregulation of gut transit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jenny L. Wilson
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Huynh Nguyen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Liam D. McKay
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shu Wen Wen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Michael de Veer
- Monash Biomedical ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Centre for Dynamic ImagingWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Simona E. Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael J. Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Daniel P. Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Connie H. Y. Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
DeSana AJ, Estus S, Barrett TA, Saatman KE. Acute gastrointestinal permeability after traumatic brain injury in mice precedes a bloom in Akkermansia muciniphila supported by intestinal hypoxia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2990. [PMID: 38316862 PMCID: PMC10844296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases gastrointestinal morbidity and associated mortality. Clinical and preclinical studies implicate gut dysbiosis as a consequence of TBI and an amplifier of brain damage. However, little is known about the association of gut dysbiosis with structural and functional changes of the gastrointestinal tract after an isolated TBI. To assess gastrointestinal dysfunction, mice received a controlled cortical impact or sham brain injury and intestinal permeability was assessed at 4 h, 8 h, 1 d, and 3 d after injury by oral administration of 4 kDa FITC Dextran prior to euthanasia. Quantification of serum fluorescence revealed an acute, short-lived increase in permeability 4 h after TBI. Despite transient intestinal dysfunction, no overt morphological changes were evident in the ileum or colon across timepoints from 4 h to 4 wks post-injury. To elucidate the timeline of microbiome changes after TBI, 16 s gene sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from fecal samples collected prior to and over the first month after TBI. Differential abundance analysis revealed that the phylum Verrucomicrobiota was increased at 1, 2, and 3 d after TBI. The Verrucomicrobiota species was identified by qPCR as Akkermansia muciniphila, an obligate anaerobe that resides in the intestinal mucus bilayer and produces short chain fatty acids (e.g. butyrate) utilized by intestinal epithelial cells. We postulated that TBI promotes intestinal changes favorable for the bloom of A. muciniphila. Consistent with this premise, the relative area of mucus-producing goblet cells in the medial colon was significantly increased at 1 d after injury, while colon hypoxia was significantly increased at 3 d. Our findings reveal acute gastrointestinal functional changes coupled with an increase of beneficial bacteria suggesting a potential compensatory response to systemic stress after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J DeSana
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), B473, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), B473, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), B473, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, Rm: 537, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Terrence A Barrett
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine - Digestive Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Medical Science Building, MN649, 780 Rose St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kathryn E Saatman
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), B473, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), B473, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anika, Arora R, Virendra SA, Chawla PA. Mechanistic Study on the Possible Role of Embelin in Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:55-66. [PMID: 36655531 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230119100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Embelin (EMB) (2,5-Dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is a natural benzoquinone extracted mainly from Embelia ribes (ER) and appear as vivid orange dots beneath the fruit's pericarp. It is being used to treat various diseases since ancient times in India. It has been ascribed as one of the 32 ayurvedic drugs of national importance in the National Medicinal Plant Board set up by the Government of India under the Ministry of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy. Embelin prevents neuronal oxidative damage by decreasing the peroxidation of lipids. Along with having antioxidant properties, it also prevents the production of amyloid-protein-related fibrils and blocks the progression of inflammatory cascades. Due to embelin's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, its neuroprotective effects have been studied in the past using in vitro models of neuronal disorders such as convulsion and epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety and depression, traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition to its neuroprotective effects, its role as an antitubercular, anti-cancer, antioxidant, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, contraceptive, carminative, diuretic, and anthelmintic agent has also been studied. With docking studies and recent advancements in formulations of embelin including polyethylene and embelin micelles and embelin noisome preparations, embelin can prove to be a promising compound for its therapeutic actions in a wide range of diseases and disorders. The findings of docking studies suggest the binding ability of embelin to be similar to the standard drug in their respective disorders. In this review and docking analysis, we bring an outline of scientific evidence concerning the neuroprotective actions of embelin, still, further research is required for its prospective as a chief compound in clinical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rimpi Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sharma A Virendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marsiglia R, Marangelo C, Vernocchi P, Scanu M, Pane S, Russo A, Guanziroli E, Del Chierico F, Valeriani M, Molteni F, Putignani L. Gut Microbiota Ecological and Functional Modulation in Post-Stroke Recovery Patients: An Italian Study. Microorganisms 2023; 12:37. [PMID: 38257864 PMCID: PMC10819831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) can be caused by perturbations of the gut-brain axis. An imbalance in the gut microbiota (GM), or dysbiosis, may be linked to several IS risk factors and can influence the brain through the production of different metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indole and derivatives. This study examines ecological changes in the GM and its metabolic activities after stroke. Fecal samples of 10 IS patients were compared to 21 healthy controls (CTRLs). GM ecological profiles were generated via 16S rRNA taxonomy as functional profiles using metabolomics analysis performed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Additionally fecal zonulin, a marker of gut permeability, was measured using an enzyme-linked immuno assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses and correlated with clinical features and biochemical variables using correlation and nonparametric tests. Metabolomic analyses, carried out on a subject subgroup, revealed a high concentration of fecal metabolites, such as SCFAs, in the GM of IS patients, which was corroborated by the enrichment of SCFA-producing bacterial genera such as Bacteroides, Christensellaceae, Alistipes and Akkermansia. Conversely, indole and 3-methyl indole (skatole) decreased compared to a subset of six CTRLs. This study illustrates how IS might affect the gut microbial milieu and may suggest potential microbial and metabolic biomarkers of IS. Expanded populations of Akkermansia and enrichment of acetic acid could be considered potential disease phenotype signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Marsiglia
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (P.V.); (M.S.); (F.D.C.)
| | - Chiara Marangelo
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (P.V.); (M.S.); (F.D.C.)
| | - Pamela Vernocchi
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (P.V.); (M.S.); (F.D.C.)
| | - Matteo Scanu
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (P.V.); (M.S.); (F.D.C.)
| | - Stefania Pane
- Unit of Microbiomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Russo
- Unit of Microbiomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Eleonora Guanziroli
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital Como, 23845 Costa Masnaga, Italy; (E.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (P.V.); (M.S.); (F.D.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Developmental Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
- Center for Sensory Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital Como, 23845 Costa Masnaga, Italy; (E.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Microbiomics and Research Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sgro M, Ray J, Foster E, Mychasiuk R. Making migraine easier to stomach: the role of the gut-brain-immune axis in headache disorders. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3605-3621. [PMID: 37329292 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Headache disorders place a significant burden on the healthcare system, being the leading cause of disability in those under 50 years. Novel studies have interrogated the relationship between headache disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction, suggesting a link between the gut-brain-immune (GBI) axis and headache pathogenesis. Although the exact mechanisms driving the complex relationship between the GBI axis and headache disorders remain unclear, there is a growing appreciation that a healthy and diverse microbiome is necessary for optimal brain health. METHODS A literature search was performed through multiple reputable databases in search of Q1 journals within the field of headache disorders and gut microbiome research and were critically and appropriately evaluated to investigate and explore the following; the role of the GBI axis in dietary triggers of headache disorders and the evidence indicating that diet can be used to alleviate headache severity and frequency. The relationship between the GBI axis and post-traumatic headache is then synthesized. Finally, the scarcity of literature regarding paediatric headache disorders and the role that the GBI axis plays in mediating the relationship between sex hormones and headache disorders are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS There is potential for novel therapeutic targets for headache disorders if understanding of the GBI axis in their aetiology, pathogenesis and recovery is increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Ray
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lai JQ, Chen XR, Lin S, Chen CN, Zheng XX. Progress in research on the role of clinical nutrition in treating traumatic brain injury affecting the neurovascular unit. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1051-1062. [PMID: 36409999 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels. NVU dysfunction involves the processes of neuroinflammation, and microcirculatory disturbances, as well as neuronal injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Traditional anti-inflammatory drugs have limited efficacy in improving the prognosis of TBI. Thus, treatments that target NVU dysfunction may provide a breakthrough. A large number of clinical studies have shown that the nutritional status of patients with TBI was closely related to their conditions and prognoses. Nutrient complexes and complementary therapies for the treatment of TBI are therefore being implemented in many preclinical studies. Importantly, the mechanism of action for this treatment may be related to repair of NVU dysfunction by ensuring adequate omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, vitamins, and minerals. These nutritional supplements hold promise for translation to clinical therapy. In addition, dietary habits also play an important role in the rehabilitation of TBI. Poor dietary habits may worsen the pathology and prognosis of TBI. Adjusting dietary habits, especially with a ketogenic diet, may improve outcomes in patients with TBI. This article discusses the impact of clinical nutrition on NVU dysfunction after TBI, focusing on nutritional complexes and dietary habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qing Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China. Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China. Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China. Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China. Neuroendocrinology Group, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chun-Nuan Chen
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ortega MA, Álvarez-Mon MA, García-Montero C, Fraile-Martínez Ó, Monserrat J, Martinez-Rozas L, Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Álvarez-Mon M, Lahera G. Microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanisms in the complex network of bipolar disorders: potential clinical implications and translational opportunities. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2645-2673. [PMID: 36707651 PMCID: PMC10615769 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorders (BD) represent a severe leading disabling mental condition worldwide characterized by episodic and often progressive mood fluctuations with manic and depressive stages. The biological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of BD remain incompletely understood, but it seems that there is a complex picture of genetic and environmental factors implicated. Nowadays, gut microbiota is in the spotlight of new research related to this kind of psychiatric disorder, as it can be consistently related to several pathophysiological events observed in BD. In the context of the so-called microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, it is shown to have a strong influence on host neuromodulation and endocrine functions (i.e., controlling the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin or mediating the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), as well as in modulation of host immune responses, critically regulating intestinal, systemic and brain inflammation (neuroinflammation). The present review aims to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms derived from the MGB axis disruption and possible therapeutic approaches mainly focusing on gut microbiota in the complex network of BD. Understanding the mechanisms of gut microbiota and its bidirectional communication with the immune and other systems can shed light on the discovery of new therapies for improving the clinical management of these patients. Besides, the effect of psychiatric drugs on gut microbiota currently used in BD patients, together with new therapeutical approaches targeting this ecosystem (dietary patterns, probiotics, prebiotics, and other novelties) will also be contemplated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Angel Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Monserrat
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Martinez-Rozas
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Legal Medicine and Psychiatry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research 12 de Octubre Hospital, (Imas 12)/CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias (CIBEREHD), Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Psychiatry Service, Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Guillermo Lahera
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatry Service, Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Estuani J, Godinho J, Borges SC, Neves CQ, Milani H, Buttow NC. Global cerebral ischemia followed by long-term reperfusion promotes neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the small intestine in Wistar rats. Tissue Cell 2023; 81:102033. [PMID: 36764059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Brain ischemia and reperfusion may occur in several clinical conditions that have high rates of mortality and disability, compromising an individual's quality of life. Brain injury can affect organs beyond the brain, such as the gastrointestinal tract. The present study investigated the effects of cerebral ischemia on the ileum and jejunum during a chronic reperfusion period by examining oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters, and the myenteric plexus in Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS Ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion model for 15 min with 52 days of reperfusion. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were evaluated using biochemical techniques. Gastrointestinal transit time was evaluated, and immunofluorescence techniques were used to examine morpho-quantitative aspects of myenteric neurons. KEY FINDINGS Brain ischemia and reperfusion promoted inflammation, characterized by increases in myeloperoxidase and N-acetylglycosaminidase activity, oxidative stress, and lipid hydroperoxides, decreases in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, a decrease in levels of reduced glutathione, neurodegeneration in the gut, and slow gastrointestinal transit. SIGNIFICANCE Chronic ischemia and reperfusion promoted a slow gastrointestinal transit time, oxidative stress, and inflammation and neurodegeneration in the small intestine in rats. These findings indicate that the use of antioxidant and antiinflammatory molecules even after a long period of reperfusion may be useful to alleviate the consequences of this pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Estuani
- Biosciences and Pathophysiology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Godinho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Quaglio Neves
- Program in Biological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Nilza Cristina Buttow
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, block H79 room 105 A, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang YL, Meng LL, Chen YL, OuYang L, Wu BF, Peng R, Lu SF, Liu Q, Zhang T, Li XX, Jing XY, Fu SP, Xu B. Electro-acupuncture treatment ameliorates intestinal inflammatory injury in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats via regulating the balance of Treg / γδ T cells. Brain Res 2023; 1803:148233. [PMID: 36623758 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electro-acupuncture (EA) has an anti-inflammatory role in ischemic stroke, but whether the protective effect of EA involves the regulation of the intestine barrier and Treg/ γδ T cells is unclear. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The rats have treated with EA at the "Baihui" acupoint(GV20). Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Longa neurologic score were performed to evaluate the outcomes after ischemic stroke. Inflammatory factor expression levels in the serum, ischemic hemisphere brain, and small intestine were detected by ELISA or RT-qPCR. Additionally, the morphology change of the small intestine was evaluated by analyzing villus height and smooth muscle thickness. Meanwhile, the expression of tight-junction proteins, including Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1, were detected to evaluate the impact of EA on mucosal permeability in the small intestine. The percentages of regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD45+CD4+Foxp3+) and γδ T cells (CD45+CD4-γδ T+) were measured to assess the effect of EA on intestinal T cells. EA decreased the brain infarction volume and intestine barrier injury in ischemic stroke rats. At the same time, it effectively suppressed the post-stroke inflammation in the brain and small intestine. More importantly, EA treatment increased the percentage of Tregs in the small intestine while reducing the rate of γδ T cells, and ultimately increased the ratio of Treg/ γδ T cells. These results demonstrated that EA ameliorated intestinal inflammation damage by regulating the Treg/ γδ T cell polarity shift and improving the intestine barrier integrity in rats with I/R injury. This may be one of the mechanisms underlying the anti-ischemic injury effects of acupuncture on stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Meng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling OuYang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Bu-Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Rou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 215600 Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Jing
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Volkart S, Kym U, Braissant O, Delgado-Eckert E, Al-Samir S, Angresius R, Huo Z, Holland-Cunz S, Gros SJ. AQP1 in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice: Expression Pattern and Impact of AQP1 Knockout on Colonic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043616. [PMID: 36835026 PMCID: PMC9959819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is one of thirteen known mammalian aquaporins. Its main function is the transport of water across cell membranes. Lately, a role of AQP has been attributed to other physiological and pathological functions including cell migration and peripheral pain perception. AQP1 has been found in several parts of the enteric nervous system, e.g., in the rat ileum and in the ovine duodenum. Its function in the intestine appears to be multifaceted and is still not completely understood. The aim of the study was to analyze the distribution and localization of AQP1 in the entire intestinal tract of mice. AQP1 expression was correlated with the hypoxic expression profile of the various intestinal segments, intestinal wall thickness and edema, as well as other aspects of colon function including the ability of mice to concentrate stools and their microbiome composition. AQP1 was found in a specific pattern in the serosa, the mucosa, and the enteric nervous system throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The highest amount of AQP1 in the gastrointestinal tract was found in the small intestine. AQP1 expression correlated with the expression profiles of hypoxia-dependent proteins such as HIF-1α and PGK1. Loss of AQP1 through knockout of AQP1 in these mice led to a reduced amount of bacteroidetes and firmicutes but an increased amount of the rest of the phyla, especially deferribacteres, proteobacteria, and verrucomicrobia. Although AQP-KO mice retained gastrointestinal function, distinct changes regarding the anatomy of the intestinal wall including intestinal wall thickness and edema were observed. Loss of AQP1 might interfere with the ability of the mice to concentrate their stool and it is associated with a significantly different composition of the of the bacterial stool microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Volkart
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Kym
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Microcalorimetry Unit, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edgar Delgado-Eckert
- Computational Physiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of Basel and University Children’s Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samer Al-Samir
- Vegetative Physiologie 4220, Zentrum Physiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Angresius
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zihe Huo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Holland-Cunz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie J. Gros
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chiu LS, Anderton RS. The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in long-term neurodegenerative processes following traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:400-418. [PMID: 36494087 PMCID: PMC10107147 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be a devastating and debilitating disease to endure. Due to improvements in clinical practice, declining mortality rates have led to research into the long-term consequences of TBI. For example, the incidence and severity of TBI have been associated with an increased susceptibility of developing neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms linking this alarming association are yet to be fully understood. Recently, there has been a groundswell of evidence implicating the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Interestingly, survivors of TBI often report gastrointestinal complaints and animal studies have demonstrated gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysbiosis following injury. Autonomic dysregulation and chronic inflammation appear to be the main driver of these pathologies. Consequently, this review will explore the potential role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of neurodegenerative diseases following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shan Chiu
- School of Medicine, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Characteristics of Gut Microbiome After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2023; 35:86-90. [PMID: 34238913 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies have reported significant changes in the gut microbiome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that TBI induces the growth of Proteobacteria in the human gut. Our primary outcome was to study the profile of the human fecal microbiome after TBI and the secondary outcome was to identify colonization with colistin-resistant and multidrug-resistant pathogens. METHODS Consecutive patients with moderate-severe TBI admitted to the neurotrauma-intensive care unit within 48 hours of injury were enrolled into this observational study. Samples from rectal swabs obtained on days 0, 3, and 7 after admission were assessed for microbial growth and antibiotic resistance. Demographic data and variables such as hypotension, blood transfusion, surgery, start of nasogastric feeding, use of antibiotics, length of hospital stay and mortality were noted. RESULTS One hundred one patients were enrolled into this study; 57 (56.4%) underwent surgery, 80 (79.2%) required blood transfusion, 15 (14.9%) had an episode of hypotension, 37 (36.6%) received enteral feed within the first 3 days, and 79 (78.2%) received antibiotics. Rectal microbiological samples were collected from 101, 95, and 85 patients on days 0, 3, and 7, respectively. All organisms isolated at the 3 time-points belonged to the Proteobacteria phylum, with Enterobacteriaceae forming the largest group. Colistin-resistant organisms were found in 17 (16.8%) of 101 patients and multidrug-resistant organisms in 25 (64.1%) of the 39 patients in whom isolates were tested against the entire panel of antimicrobials. CONCLUSION TBI is associated with widespread colonization with Proteobacteria as early as 48 hours after injury. Colonization with colistin and multidrug-resistant organisms highlights the importance of the judicious use of antibiotics.
Collapse
|
15
|
Involvement of Microbiome Gut–Brain Axis in Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin in Mouse Model of Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2022:10.1007/s12017-022-08732-z. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
16
|
The Importance of CXCL1 in the Physiological State and in Noncancer Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Abdominal Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137151. [PMID: 35806156 PMCID: PMC9266754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL1 is a CXC chemokine, CXCR2 ligand and chemotactic factor for neutrophils. In this paper, we present a review of the role of the chemokine CXCL1 in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases of the oral cavity and abdominal organs (gingiva, salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys). We focus on the importance of CXCL1 on implantation and placentation as well as on human pluripotent stem cells. We also show the significance of CXCL1 in selected diseases of the abdominal organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity (periodontal diseases, periodontitis, Sjögren syndrome, Helicobacter pylori infection, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), HBV and HCV infection, liver ischemia and reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), obesity and overweight, kidney transplantation and ischemic-reperfusion injury, endometriosis and adenomyosis).
Collapse
|
17
|
Docsa T, Sipos A, Cox CS, Uray K. The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Development of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136917. [PMID: 35805922 PMCID: PMC9266627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding intolerance and the development of ileus is a common complication affecting critically ill, surgical, and trauma patients, resulting in prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stays, increased infectious complications, a higher rate of hospital readmission, and higher medical care costs. Medical treatment for ileus is ineffective and many of the available prokinetic drugs have serious side effects that limit their use. Despite the large number of patients affected and the consequences of ileus, little progress has been made in identifying new drug targets for the treatment of ileus. Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the development of ileus, but surprisingly little is known about the direct effects of inflammatory mediators on cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and many of the studies are conflicting. Understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines on the development of ileus will facilitate the early identification of patients who will develop ileus and the identification of new drug targets to treat ileus. Thus, herein, we review the published literature concerning the effects of inflammatory mediators on gastrointestinal motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Adám Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nwafor DC, Brichacek AL, Foster CH, Lucke-Wold BP, Ali A, Colantonio MA, Brown CM, Qaiser R. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: An Update on Preclinical Models, Clinical Biomarkers, and the Implications of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221098125. [PMID: 35620529 PMCID: PMC9127876 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221098125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Recent studies suggest that children and adolescents have worse post-TBI outcomes and take longer to recover than adults. However, the pathophysiology and progression of TBI in the pediatric population are studied to a far lesser extent compared to the adult population. Common causes of TBI in children are falls, sports/recreation-related injuries, non-accidental trauma, and motor vehicle-related injuries. A fundamental understanding of TBI pathophysiology is crucial in preventing long-term brain injury sequelae. Animal models of TBI have played an essential role in addressing the knowledge gaps relating to pTBI pathophysiology. Moreover, a better understanding of clinical biomarkers is crucial to diagnose pTBI and accurately predict long-term outcomes. This review examines the current preclinical models of pTBI, the implications of pTBI on the brain’s vasculature, and clinical pTBI biomarkers. Finally, we conclude the review by speculating on the emerging role of the gut-brain axis in pTBI pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divine C. Nwafor
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allison L. Brichacek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chase H. Foster
- Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University Hospital, Washington D.C., USA
| | | | - Ahsan Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Candice M. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rabia Qaiser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White, Temple, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xiao W, Su J, Gao X, Yang H, Weng R, Ni W, Gu Y. The microbiota-gut-brain axis participates in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by disrupting the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:62. [PMID: 35430804 PMCID: PMC9013454 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) underlies secondary brain injury following certain metabolic disorders and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis can exacerbate various CNS disorders through aberrantly expressed metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Yet, its relationship with CCH remains to be demonstrated. And if so, it is of interest to explore whether restoring gut microbiota to maintain SCFA metabolism could protect against CCH. RESULTS Rats subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as a model of CCH exhibited cognitive impairment, depressive-like behaviors, decreased gut motility, and compromised gut barrier functions. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed an abnormal gut microbiota profile and decreased relative abundance of some representative SCFA producers, with the decreased hippocampal SCFAs as the further evidence. Using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), rats recolonized with a balanced gut microbiome acquired a higher level of hippocampal SCFAs, as well as decreased neuroinflammation when exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Healthy FMT promoted gut motility and gut barrier functions, and improved cognitive decline and depressive-like behaviors by inhibiting hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in BCCAO rats. Long-term SCFA supplementation further confirmed its neuroprotective effect in terms of relieving inflammatory response and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis following BCCAO. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that modulating the gut microbiome via FMT can ameliorate BCCAO-induced gut dysbiosis, cognitive decline, and depressive-like behaviors, possibly by enhancing the relative abundance of SCFA-producing floras and subsequently increasing SCFA levels. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Jiabin Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Xinjie Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Ruiyuan Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu X, Fu X, Wu X, Tang W, Xu L, Hu L, Xu C, Zhou H, Zhou G, Li J, Cao S, Liu J, Yan F, Wang L, Liu F, Chen G. Metformin Alleviates Neuroinflammation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice by Regulating Microglia/Macrophage Phenotype in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:789471. [PMID: 35115909 PMCID: PMC8806158 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.789471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in regulating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced neuroinflammation. The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of metformin (Met) have been reported in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, whether Met regulates neuroinflammation through the gut microbiota in ICH-induced brain injury remains unknown. We found that Met treatment substantially alleviated neurological dysfunction and reduced neuroinflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia/macrophages in mice with ICH. Moreover, Met treatment altered the microbiota composition and improved intestinal barrier function. The expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), a biomarker of intestinal barrier damage, was also significantly reduced by Met treatment. Neuroinflammation was also potently ameliorated after the transplantation of fecal microbiota from Met-treated ICH mice. The neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were similar to those of oral Met treatment. However, suppression of the gut microbiota negated the neuroprotective effects of Met in ICH mice. Therefore, Met is a promising therapeutic agent for neuroinflammation owing to ICH-induced imbalance of the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Tang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Libin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Liu Gao Chen
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Liu Gao Chen
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu Y, Chen Z, You W, Wang Y, Tu M, Zheng P, Wen L, Yang X. A Retrospective Clinical Analysis of the Serum Bile Acid Alteration Caused by Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:624378. [PMID: 34512494 PMCID: PMC8424180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.624378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause damage to peripheral organ systems, such as digestive organ system, and alterations of gut microbiota in addition to brain injury. Our previous study found that TBI induced gastrointestinal dysfunction accompanied by alterations of bile acid metabolism. Bile acid and its receptors have been reported to play important roles in various neurological diseases. To further examine the changes of bile acid metabolism in TBI patients, we performed a retrospective clinical analysis. In this study, 177 patients were included, and the results showed that TBI patients had more frequent antibiotic use compared with a control group. Regression analysis identified TBI as an independent factor for reduction of serum bile acid level (B = -1.762, p = 0.006), even with antibiotic use taken into a regression model. Sub-group regression analysis of TBI patients showed that antibiotic use was negatively associated with bile acid level, while creatinine and triglyceride were positively associated with bile acid level. In conclusion, these data indicated that TBI could greatly reduce serum bile acid. This study provided preliminary but novel clinical evidence of TBI interfering with bile acid metabolism, and further studies with large sample sizes are needed to validate these findings in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanrun Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wendong You
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Tu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peidong Zheng
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
McDonald SJ, Sharkey JM, Sun M, Kaukas LM, Shultz SR, Turner RJ, Leonard AV, Brady RD, Corrigan F. Beyond the Brain: Peripheral Interactions after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:770-781. [PMID: 32041478 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, and there are currently no pharmacological treatments known to improve patient outcomes. Unquestionably, contributing toward a lack of effective treatments is the highly complex and heterogenous nature of TBI. In this review, we highlight the recent surge of research that has demonstrated various central interactions with the periphery as a potential major contributor toward this heterogeneity and, in particular, the breadth of research from Australia. We describe the growing evidence of how extracranial factors, such as polytrauma and infection, can significantly alter TBI neuropathology. In addition, we highlight how dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and the systemic inflammatory response induced by TBI can have profound pathophysiological effects on peripheral organs, such as the heart, lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, spleen, and bone. Collectively, this review firmly establishes TBI as a systemic condition. Further, the central and peripheral interactions that can occur after TBI must be further explored and accounted for in the ongoing search for effective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McDonald
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica M Sharkey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lola M Kaukas
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna V Leonard
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sabet N, Soltani Z, Khaksari M. Multipotential and systemic effects of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577619. [PMID: 34058510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality of people at all ages. Biochemical, cellular and physiological events that occur during primary injury lead to a delayed and long-term secondary damage that can last from hours to years. Secondary brain injury causes tissue damage in the central nervous system and a subsequent strong and rapid inflammatory response that may lead to persistent inflammation. However, this inflammatory response is not limited to the brain. Inflammatory mediators are transferred from damaged brain tissue to the bloodstream and produce a systemic inflammatory response in peripheral organs, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and endocrine systems. Complications of TBI are associated with its multiple and systemic effects that should be considered in the treatment of TBI patients. Therefore, in this review, an attempt was made to examine the systemic effects of TBI in detail. It is hoped that this review will identify the mechanisms of injury and complications of TBI, and open a window for promising treatment in TBI complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Sabet
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mikaelyan KA, Krylov KY, Petrova MV, Shestopalov AE. [Intestine morphology and microbiocenosis changes in critically ill patients in neurosurgery]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2021; 85:104-110. [PMID: 33560626 DOI: 10.17116/neiro202185011104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the effect of critical conditions on intestine and the role of such changes in maintenance and progression of systemic disorders are of particular attention. This issue is relevant in critically ill neurosurgical patients too. Intestine morphology and microbiome changes in these patients represent a wide field for researches in intensive care and prevention of secondary damage to other organs and systems. This review ensures a current approach to the problem of intestine morphology and microbiome changes in critically ill neurosurgical patients. We reviewed the data from clinical studies and experiments reproducing a critical condition in animals. Most publications are indexed in the PubMed, e-library, Google Scholar databases. We also analyzed the data from NEJM, JAMA, Lancet, Critical Care and other issues. The manuscript contains an overview of 44 foreign and 13 domestic references; over 50% of researches were published within the past 5 years. Searching depth was over 50 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Mikaelyan
- Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Yu Krylov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Petrova
- Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Shestopalov
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Intensive Care and Rehabilitation, Lytkino, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Aubretch T, Leser J, Molesworth K, Hedgekar N, Ritzel RM, Abulwerdi G, Shea-Donohue T, Faden AI. Acute colitis during chronic experimental traumatic brain injury in mice induces dysautonomia and persistent extraintestinal, systemic, and CNS inflammation with exacerbated neurological deficits. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 33461596 PMCID: PMC7814749 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions of brain-gut axis have been implicated in the progression of a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a chronic disease process characterized by persistent secondary injury processes which can be exacerbated by subsequent challenges. Enteric pathogen infection during chronic TBI worsened cortical lesion volume; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the damaging effects of enteric challenge during chronic TBI remain unknown. This preclinical study examined the effect of intestinal inflammation during chronic TBI on associated neurobehavioral and neuropathological outcomes, systemic inflammation, and dysautonomia. METHODS Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was administered to adult male C57BL/6NCrl mice 28 days following craniotomy (Sham) or TBI for 7 days to induce intestinal inflammation, followed by a return to normal drinking water for an additional 7 to 28 days for recovery; uninjured animals (Naïve) served as an additional control group. Behavioral testing was carried out prior to, during, and following DSS administration to assess changes in motor and cognitive function, social behavior, and mood. Electrocardiography was performed to examine autonomic balance. Brains were collected for histological and molecular analyses of injury lesion, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Blood, colons, spleens, mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs), and thymus were collected for morphometric analyses and/or immune characterization by flow cytometry. RESULTS Intestinal inflammation 28 days after craniotomy or TBI persistently induced, or exacerbated, respectively, deficits in fine motor coordination, cognition, social behavior, and anxiety-like behavior. Behavioral changes were associated with an induction, or exacerbation, of hippocampal neuronal cell loss and microglial activation in Sham and TBI mice administered DSS, respectively. Acute DSS administration resulted in a sustained systemic immune response with increases in myeloid cells in blood and spleen, as well as myeloid cells and lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes. Dysautonomia was also induced in Sham and TBI mice administered DSS, with increased sympathetic tone beginning during DSS administration and persisting through the first recovery week. CONCLUSION Intestinal inflammation during chronic experimental TBI causes a sustained systemic immune response and altered autonomic balance that are associated with microglial activation, increased neurodegeneration, and persistent neurological deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hanscom
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Taryn Aubretch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jenna Leser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kara Molesworth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nivedita Hedgekar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences (DTRS), Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Blanke EN, Holmes GM, Besecker EM. Altered physiology of gastrointestinal vagal afferents following neurotrauma. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:254-263. [PMID: 32859772 PMCID: PMC7896240 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptability of the central nervous system has been revealed in several model systems. Of particular interest to central nervous system-injured individuals is the ability for neural components to be modified for regain of function. In both types of neurotrauma, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, the primary parasympathetic control to the gastrointestinal tract, the vagus nerve, remains anatomically intact. However, individuals with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Such gastrointestinal dysfunctions attribute to higher morbidity and mortality following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. While the vagal efferent output remains capable of eliciting motor responses following injury, evidence suggests impairment of the vagal afferents. Since sensory input drives motor output, this review will discuss the normal and altered anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal vagal afferents to better understand the contributions of vagal afferent plasticity following neurotrauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Blanke
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gregory M Holmes
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Emily M Besecker
- Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Iftikhar PM, Anwar A, Saleem S, Nasir S, Inayat A. Traumatic brain injury causing intestinal dysfunction: A review. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 79:237-240. [PMID: 33070903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and its sequelae are becoming one of the most pressing public health concerns worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality. The primary insult to the brain can cause ischemic brain injury, paralysis, concussions, death, and other serious complications. Brain injury also involves other systems through a secondary pathway resulting in multiple complications during and after hospitalization. The focus of our article is to assess the literature available on traumatic brain injury and intestinal dysfunctional to highlight the aspects of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and different diagnostic approaches for early diagnosis of gut dysfunction. We review studies done in both humans and animals, to better understand this underrated topic, as it costs billions of dollars to the healthcare industry because of delayed diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pulwasha M Iftikhar
- Department of Health Sciences, St John's University, New York, United States.
| | - Arsalan Anwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Sidra Saleem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Saad Nasir
- Department of Internal Medicine, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Inayat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hu Y, Wang X, Ye L, Li C, Chen W, Cheng H. Rosuvastatin Alleviates Intestinal Injury by Down-Regulating the CD40 Pathway in the Intestines of Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:816. [PMID: 32849246 PMCID: PMC7431906 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been reported to suppress CD40 expression and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, which are both up-regulated in the intestines following traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced intestinal injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the statin rosuvastatin on post-TBI jejunal injury in rats, focusing on potential mechanisms involving the CD40/NF-κB signaling pathway. The jejunal CD40 expression was determined by western blotting. The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The severity of the jejunal mucosal injury was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and histopathological evaluation. We found that the post-TBI upregulation of both CD40 expression and NF-κB activity in the jejunal tissues were significantly inhibited by rosuvastatin, while the post-TBI expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly suppressed by rosuvastatin. In addition, rosuvastatin significantly ameliorated TBI-induced effects on the villus height, crypt depth, and villous surface area. Rosuvastatin suppressed TBI-induced intestinal injury in rats, which may be associated with the blockade of the CD40/NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Herrera J, Bockhorst K, Bhattarai D, Uray K. Gastrointestinal vascular permeability changes following spinal cord injury. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13834. [PMID: 32163655 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is observed clinically after spinal cord injury (SCI) and contributes to the diminished long-term quality of life. Our study examined the acute and chronic GI vascular changes that occur following SCI. We demonstrated that the GI vascular tract in SCI mice becomes compromised during the acute phase of injury and persists into the chronic phase of injury. METHODS Gastrointestinal vasculature permeability was measured using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE MRI) at 48 hours, and 2 and 4 weeks following contusion spinal cord injury. Angiopoietin-1, a vascular stabilizing protein, was administered intravenously following injury. Intestinal contractile activity assessments were performed following the last imaging session. KEY RESULTS Our results indicated that a single administration of Ang-1 reduced vascular permeability at 48 hours but the effect was only transient. However, when the treatment paradigm was changed from a single administration to multiple administrations of Ang-1 following contusion injury, our DCE MRI data indicated a significant decrease in GI vascular permeability 4 weeks after injury compared with vehicle control treated animals. This improved GI vascular permeability was associated with improved sustained intestinal contractile activity. We also demonstrated that Ang-1 reduced the expression of sICAM-1 in the ileum compared with the saline-treated group. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES We show that the GI vasculature is compromised in the acute and chronic phase of injury following spinal contusion. Our results also indicate that multiple administrations of Ang-1 can attenuate GI vascular permeability, possibly reduce inflammation, and improve sustained agonist-induced contraction compared with saline treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Herrera
- Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kurt Bockhorst
- Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Deepa Bhattarai
- Pediatric Surgery University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Uray
- Pediatric Surgery University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Medicinal Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li XJ, You XY, Wang CY, Li XL, Sheng YY, Zhuang PW, Zhang YJ. Bidirectional Brain-gut-microbiota Axis in increased intestinal permeability induced by central nervous system injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:783-790. [PMID: 32472633 PMCID: PMC7366750 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injuries may lead to the disorders of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system. These effects then cause the changes in the intestinal microenvironment, such as a disordered intestinal immune system as well as alterations of intestinal bacteria. Ultimately, this leads to an increase in intestinal permeability. Inflammatory factors produced by the interactions between intestinal neurons and immune cells as well as the secretions and metabolites of intestinal flora can then migrate through the intestinal barrier, which will aggravate any peripheral inflammation and the central nervous system injury. The brain‐gut‐microbiota axis is a complex system that plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases. It may also increase the consequences of preventative treatment. In this context, here we have summarized the factors that can lead to the increased intestinal permeability and some of the possible outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong-Ying Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Li Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng-Wei Zhuang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Urban RJ, Pyles RB, Stewart CJ, Ajami N, Randolph KM, Durham WJ, Danesi CP, Dillon EL, Summons JR, Singh CK, Morrison M, Kreber LA, Masel B, Miller AL, Wright TJ, Sheffield-Moore M. Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1037-1051. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Randall J. Urban
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher J. Stewart
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nadim Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathleen M. Randolph
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - William J. Durham
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher P. Danesi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - E. Lichar Dillon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - Brent Masel
- Centre for Neuroskills, Bakersfield, California
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Brain Injury Association of America, Vienna, Virginia
| | - Aaron L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Traver J. Wright
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Docsa T, Bhattarai D, Sipos A, Wade CE, Cox CS, Uray K. CXCL1 is upregulated during the development of ileus resulting in decreased intestinal contractile activity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13757. [PMID: 31722447 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the development of ileus is widespread and negatively impacts patient outcomes, the mechanism by which ileus develops remains unclear. The purpose of our study was to examine the contribution of myogenic mechanisms to postoperative ileus development and the involvement of inflammation in mediating intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction. METHODS Contractile activity and the effects of CXCL1 were studied in a gut manipulation model. KEY RESULTS Contraction amplitude in the ileum decreased significantly, while tone increased significantly in response to gut manipulation. Differences in contraction amplitude were affected by tetrodotoxin at earlier time points, but not at later time points. Agonist-induced contractions in the small intestine decreased significantly with ileus development. Intestinal transit slowed significantly after the induction of ileus. Myosin light chain phosphorylation was significantly decreased and edema increased significantly in the intestinal wall. Conditioned media from mechanically activated macrophages depressed intestinal contractile activity. CXCL1 (GroA) was significantly increased in the mechanically activated macrophages and intestinal smooth muscle within 1 hour after induction of ileus compared with control cells and sham animals, respectively. Treatment with CXCL1 significantly decreased contraction amplitude and agonist-induced contractile activity and increased tone in the small intestine. In the gut manipulation model, treatment with a CXCR2 antagonist prevented the decrease in agonist-induced contractile activity but not contraction amplitude. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data suggest that CXCL1, released from macrophages during intestinal wall stress, can suppress intestinal contractile activity. CXCL1 is a potential target for preventing or treating ileus in trauma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Deepa Bhattarai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Charles E Wade
- Department of Surgery and Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tan BYQ, Paliwal PR, Sharma VK. Gut Microbiota and Stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 23:155-158. [PMID: 32189854 PMCID: PMC7061503 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_483_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains a significant health problem, which is expected to increase owing to an aging population. A considerable proportion of stroke patients suffer from gastrointestinal complications, including dysphagia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and constipation. Often, these complications adversely affect stroke outcomes. Recent research postulates the role of “brain-gut axis” in causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and various complications and outcomes. In this review, we present our current understanding about the interaction between commensal gut microbiome and brain in determining the course of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Q Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prakash R Paliwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hsia RY, Mannix RC, Guo J, Kornblith AE, Lin F, Sokolove PE, Manley GT. Revisits, readmissions, and outcomes for pediatric traumatic brain injury in California, 2005-2014. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227981. [PMID: 31978188 PMCID: PMC6980591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term outcomes related to emergency department revisit, hospital readmission, and all-cause mortality, have not been well characterized across the spectrum of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). We evaluated emergency department visit outcomes up to 1 year after pediatric TBI, in comparison to a referent group of trauma patients without TBI. We performed a longitudinal, retrospective study of all pediatric trauma patients who presented to emergency departments and hospitals in California from 2005 to 2014. We compared emergency department visits, dispositions, revisits, readmissions, and mortality in pediatric trauma patients with a TBI diagnosis to those without TBI (Other Trauma patients). We identified 208,222 pediatric patients with an index diagnosis of TBI and 1,314,064 patients with an index diagnosis of Other Trauma. Population growth adjusted TBI visits increased by 5.6% while those for Other Trauma decreased by 40.7%. The majority of patients were discharged from the emergency department on their first visit (93.2% for traumatic brain injury vs. 96.5% for Other Trauma). A greater proportion of TBI patients revisited the emergency department (33.4% vs. 3.0%) or were readmitted to the hospital (0.9% vs. 0.04%) at least once within a year of discharge. The health burden within a year after a pediatric TBI visit is considerable and is greater than that of non-TBI trauma. These data suggest that outpatient strategies to monitor for short-term and longer-term sequelae after pediatric TBI are needed to improve patient outcomes, lessen the burden on families, and more appropriately allocate resources in the healthcare system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee Y Hsia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebekah C Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joanna Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron E Kornblith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter E Sokolove
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Krishna G, Beitchman JA, Bromberg CE, Currier Thomas T. Approaches to Monitor Circuit Disruption after Traumatic Brain Injury: Frontiers in Preclinical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020588. [PMID: 31963314 PMCID: PMC7014469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in pathophysiological damage that can manifest as both acute and chronic neurological deficits. In an attempt to repair and reconnect disrupted circuits to compensate for loss of afferent and efferent connections, maladaptive circuitry is created and contributes to neurological deficits, including post-concussive symptoms. The TBI-induced pathology physically and metabolically changes the structure and function of neurons associated with behaviorally relevant circuit function. Complex neurological processing is governed, in part, by circuitry mediated by primary and modulatory neurotransmitter systems, where signaling is disrupted acutely and chronically after injury, and therefore serves as a primary target for treatment. Monitoring of neurotransmitter signaling in experimental models with technology empowered with improved temporal and spatial resolution is capable of recording in vivo extracellular neurotransmitter signaling in behaviorally relevant circuits. Here, we review preclinical evidence in TBI literature that implicates the role of neurotransmitter changes mediating circuit function that contributes to neurological deficits in the post-acute and chronic phases and methods developed for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Coupling TBI models demonstrating chronic behavioral deficits with in vivo technologies capable of real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters provides an innovative approach to directly quantify and characterize neurotransmitter signaling as a universal consequence of TBI and the direct influence of pharmacological approaches on both behavior and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Krishna
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Joshua A. Beitchman
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Bromberg
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-827-2348
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cox LM, Abou-El-Hassan H, Maghzi AH, Vincentini J, Weiner HL. The sex-specific interaction of the microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146385. [PMID: 31419428 PMCID: PMC6886714 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several neurologic diseases exhibit different prevalence and severity in males and females, highlighting the importance of understanding the influence of biologic sex and gender. Beyond host-intrinsic differences in neurologic development and homeostasis, evidence is now emerging that the microbiota is an important environmental factor that may account for differences between men and women in neurologic disease. The gut microbiota is composed of trillions of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, that can confer benefits to the host or promote disease. There is bidirectional communication between the intestinal microbiota and the brain that is mediated via immunologic, endocrine, and neural signaling pathways. While there is substantial interindividual variation within the microbiota, differences between males and females can be detected. In animal models, sex-specific microbiota differences can affect susceptibility to chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the ways in which neurologic diseases may be regulated by the microbiota in a sex-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Amir Hadi Maghzi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Julia Vincentini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen C, Ding Q, Shen B, Yu T, Wang H, Xu Y, Guo H, Hu K, Xie L, Wang G, Liang Y. Insights into the Authentic Active Ingredients and Action Sites of Oral Exogenous Glutathione in the Treatment of Ischemic Brain Injury Based on Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:52-62. [PMID: 31704713 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has been reported to be closely related to various diseases of the central nervous system, yet its authentic active ingredients and action sites remain unclear. In the present study, oral exogenous GSH significantly alleviated ischemic brain injury, but this result was inconsistent with its low bioavailability and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. To ascertain the exposure of GSH-derived ingredients, including GSH, cysteine (CYS), glutamate (Glu), glycine (GLY), CYS-GLY, and γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) were systematically studied both in vitro and in vivo. The outcomes demonstrated that oral GSH not only increases the GSH and CYS levels in rat striatum and cortex, but it also can decrease the rise of intracerebral Glu concentration caused by ischemia/reperfusion surgery. Then the influence of GSH on the BBB was investigated via measuring IgG leakage, intracerebral endotoxin, and tight-junction proteins. All indicators showed that GSH dosing can repair the destroyed BBB. Oral GSH greatly enhances the exposure of GSH, CYS, CYS-GLY, and γ-GC in rat duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Accumulating evidence reveals a close link between brain injury and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Our findings further suggest that oral GSH significantly improves intestinal inflammatory damage and barrier disruptions. In conclusion, oral GSH can have a direct therapeutic role in brain injury by stabilizing intracerebral levels of GSH, CYS, and Glu. It can also play an indirect therapeutic role by enhancing the intestinal exposure of GSH, CYS, CYS-GLY, and γ-GC and improving intestinal barrier disruptions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The authentic active ingredients and action sites of exogenous glutathione (GSH) in the treatment of ischemic brain injury are unclear. We have shown that oral exogenous GSH not only stabilizes intracerebral levels of GSH, cysteine (CYS), and glutamate (Glu) to act directly on brain injury, but it can also exert an indirect therapeutic role by improving intestinal barrier disruptions. These findings have great significance for revealing the therapeutic effect of GSH on ischemic brain injury and for promoting its further development and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Boyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Tengjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yangfan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Kangrui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (C.C., B.S., T.Y., H.W., K.H., L.X., G.W., Y.L.), and Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital (Q.D.), Nanjing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Matharu D, Dhotre D, Balasubramanian N, Pawar N, Sagarkar S, Sakharkar A. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury affects microbial diversity in rat jejunum. J Biosci 2019; 44:120. [PMID: 31719229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) manifest into post-traumatic stress disorders such as anxiety comorbid with gut ailments. The perturbations in gut microbial communities are often linked to intestinal and neuropsychological disorders. We have previously reported anxiety and abnormalities in gut function in mild TBI (MTBI)-exposed rats. The current study demonstrates the changes in gut microbiome of MTBI-exposed animals and discusses its implications in intestinal health and behaviours. The rats were subjected to repeated MTBI (rMTBI) and microbial composition in jejunum was examined after 6 h, 48 h and 30 days of rMTBI. Significant reduction in bacterial diversity was observed in the rMTBI-exposed animals at all the time points. Principal coordinate analysis based on weighted UniFrac distances indicated substantial differences in gut microbial diversity and abundances in rMTBI-exposed animals as compared to that in healthy controls. The abundance of Proteobacteria increased dramatically with reciprocal decrease in Firmicutes after rMTBI. At the genus level, Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, and Streptococcus were found to be differentially abundant in the jejunum of rMTBI-exposed rats as compared to sham controls indicating profound dysbiosis from the healthy state. Furthermore, substantial depletion in butyrate-producing bacterial communities was observed in rMTBI-exposed animals. These results suggest that the traumatic stress alters the gut microbiome with possible implications in gut health and neuropsychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dollwin Matharu
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Royes LFF, Gomez-Pinilla F. Making sense of gut feelings in the traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:345-361. [PMID: 31102601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating condition which often initiates a sequel of neurological disorders that can last throughout lifespan. From metabolic perspective, TBI also compromises systemic physiology including the function of body organs with subsequent malfunctions in metabolism. The emerging panorama is that the effects of TBI on the periphery strike back on the brain and exacerbate the overall TBI pathogenesis. An increasing number of clinical reports are alarming to show that metabolic dysfunction is associated with incidence of long-term neurological and psychiatric disorders. The autonomic nervous system, associated hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and the immune system are at the center of the interface between brain and body and are central to the regulation of overall homeostasis and disease. We review the strong association between mechanisms that regulate cell metabolism and inflammation which has important clinical implications for the communication between body and brain. We also discuss the integrative actions of lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise on promoting brain and body health and cognition after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative and Biology and Physiology, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aertker BM, Kumar A, Prabhakara KS, Smith P, Furman NET, Hasen X, Cox CS, Bedi SS. Pre-injury monocyte/macrophage depletion results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:698-707. [PMID: 30746753 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) effects both the brain and the immune system. Circulating monocytes/macrophages (Mo /Ma ) after a TBI may play an important role in preserving the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reducing brain edema, and interacting with resident microglia. To elucidate the role of circulating Mo /Ma , we utilized a monocyte/macrophage depletion model in response to TBI in male rats. Clodronate liposomes (CL) were used to deplete circulating Mo /Ma . A controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model was used to create a TBI. All animals received either CL or PBS liposomes (PL), 48 and 24 hr prior to the procedure, and were sacrificed 72 hr post-injury for analysis of BBB permeability, brain edema, whole blood (Mo /Ma and granulocytes), and/or microglial analysis. Animals undergoing Mo /Ma depletion with CL prior to CCI (CCI-CL) were found to have increased BBB permeability when compared to non-depleted CCI (CCI-PL) animals. At 72 hr following injury, Sham-CL maintained on average an 82% reduction in the whole blood monocytes when compared to Sham-PL (p < 0.001). Monocytes in the whole blood remained significantly lower in CCI-CL animals when compared to CCI-PL (p < 0.001). The number of granulocytes in the whole blood of CCI-CL animals was higher at 3 days when compared to CCI-PL (p < 0.022). Surprisingly, the depletion of Mo /Ma did not affect brain edema. However, the depletion of Mo /Ma did result in a significant decrease in microglia (CCI-CL vs. CCI-PL, p < 0.012). In conclusion, an intact Mo /Ma population is required to repair BBB integrity and microglial response following injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Aertker
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Akshita Kumar
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Karthik S Prabhakara
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Philippa Smith
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Naama E Toledano Furman
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xue Hasen
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles S Cox
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Supinder S Bedi
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Treangen TJ, Wagner J, Burns MP, Villapol S. Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Induces Acute Bacterial Dysbiosis Within the Fecal Microbiome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2757. [PMID: 30546361 PMCID: PMC6278748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary injury cascade that is activated following traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces responses from multiple physiological systems, including the immune system. These responses are not limited to the area of brain injury; they can also alter peripheral organs such as the intestinal tract. Gut microbiota play a role in the regulation of immune cell populations and microglia activation, and microbiome dysbiosis is implicated in immune dysregulation and behavioral abnormalities. However, changes to the gut microbiome induced after acute TBI remains largely unexplored. In this study, we have investigated the impact of TBI on bacterial dysbiosis. To test the hypothesis that TBI results in changes in microbiome composition, we performed controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury in male 9-weeks old C57BL/6J mice. Fresh stool pellets were collected at baseline and at 24 h post-CCI. 16S rRNA based microbiome analysis was performed to identify differential abundance in bacteria at the genus and species level. In all baseline vs. 24 h post-CCI samples, we evaluated species-level differential abundances via clustered and annotated operational taxonomic units (OTU). At a high-level view, we observed significant changes in two genera after TBI, Marvinbryantia, and Clostridiales. At the species-level, we found significant decreases in three species (Lactobacillus gasseri, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Eubacterium ventriosum), and significant increases in two additional species (Eubacterium sulci, and Marvinbryantia formatexigens). These results pinpoint critical changes in the genus-level and species-level microbiome composition in injured mice compared to baseline; highlighting a previously unreported acute dysbiosis in the microbiome after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Treangen
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Justin Wagner
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mark P Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sonia Villapol
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vieira LV, Pedrosa LAC, Souza VS, Paula CA, Rocha R. Incidence of diarrhea and associated risk factors in patients with traumatic brain injury and enteral nutrition. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1755-1760. [PMID: 30014176 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the occurrence of diarrhea and associated factors in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in use of nutritional therapy. Prospective cohort study conducted in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a General Hospital reference in trauma. We evaluated TBI patients who stayed less than 72 h in the ICU, who were using EN for at least 48 h. Definition of diarrhea it was considered three or more episodes of liquid stools or semi-liquid at 24 h. For analysis were evaluated demographic, epidemiological, clinical and nutritional data. Twenty-three patients were evaluated, being 86.9% male, median 33 years old (IQR = 25-52 years) and 16-day ICU stay (IQR = 10-26 days). Diarrhea occurred in 69.6% of the patients and they had a longer time in the ICU (p = 0.007). All patients who used combination prokinetic therapy (metoclopramide and erythromycin) and used antibiotics for more than 8 days had diarrhea (p = 0.057 and p = 0.007, respectively). The incidence of diarrhea was high in TBI patients with enteral nutrition and was associated with the use of antibiotics for more than one week.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Valois Vieira
- Departamento de Ciências da Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Araújo Pinho, 32, Canela, CEP: 40.110-150, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.
| | - Livia Alves Carvalho Pedrosa
- Departamento de Ciências da Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Araújo Pinho, 32, Canela, CEP: 40.110-150, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Viviane Sahade Souza
- Departamento de Ciências da Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Araújo Pinho, 32, Canela, CEP: 40.110-150, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | - Raquel Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências da Nutrição, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Araújo Pinho, 32, Canela, CEP: 40.110-150, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhu CS, Grandhi R, Patterson TT, Nicholson SE. A Review of Traumatic Brain Injury and the Gut Microbiome: Insights into Novel Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Injury and Promising Targets for Neuroprotection. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060113. [PMID: 29921825 PMCID: PMC6025245 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome and its role in health and disease have recently been major focus areas of research. In this review, we summarize the different ways in which the gut microbiome interacts with the rest of the body, with focus areas on its relationships with immunity, the brain, and injury. The gut–brain axis, a communication network linking together the central and enteric nervous systems, represents a key bidirectional pathway with feed-forward and feedback mechanisms. The gut microbiota has a central role in this pathway and is significantly altered following injury, leading to a pro-inflammatory state within the central nervous system (CNS). Herein, we examine traumatic brain injury (TBI) in relation to this axis and explore potential interventions, which may serve as targets for improving clinical outcomes and preventing secondary brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Zhu
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ramesh Grandhi
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Thomas Tyler Patterson
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Susannah E Nicholson
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Enevoldsen J, Vistisen ST, Krogh K, Nielsen JF, Knudsen K, Borghammer P, Andersen H. Gastrointestinal transit time and heart rate variability in patients with mild acquired brain injury. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4912. [PMID: 29892504 PMCID: PMC5994161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constipation is suspected to occur frequently after acquired brain injury (ABI). In patients with ABI, heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced suggesting autonomic dysfunction. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with prolonged gastrointestinal transit time (GITT). The primary aim of this study was to investigate if GITT is prolonged in patients with ABI. Secondarily, HRV and its correlation with GITT was investigated. Methods We included 25 patients with ABI (18 men, median age: 61.3 years, range [30.7-74.5]). GITT was assessed using radio-opaque markers and HRV was calculated from 24-hour electrocardiograms. Medical records were reviewed for important covariates, including primary diagnosis, time since injury, functional independence measure, and use of medication. The GITT assessed in patients was compared to a control group of 25 healthy subjects (18 men, median age: 61.5 years, range [34.0-70.9]). Results In ABI patients, the mean GITT was significantly longer than in healthy controls (2.68 days, 95% CI [2.16-3.19] versus (1.92 days, 95% CI [1.62-2.22], p = 0.011)). No correlation was found between HRV and GITT. Conclusion Patients with mild to moderate ABI have prolonged GITT unrelated to the HRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon T Vistisen
- Research Centre for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus Krogh
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus Univeristy Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F Nielsen
- Hammel Neurocenter and University Clinic, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nagalakshmi B., Sagarkar S, Sakharkar AJ. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injuries. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 157:263-298. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
47
|
Harting MT, Srivastava AK, Zhaorigetu S, Bair H, Prabhakara KS, Toledano Furman NE, Vykoukal JV, Ruppert KA, Cox CS, Olson SD. Inflammation-Stimulated Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Inflammation. Stem Cells 2017; 36:79-90. [PMID: 29076623 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been proposed to be a key mechanistic link in the therapeutic efficacy of cells in response to cellular injuries through paracrine effects. We hypothesize that inflammatory stimulation of MSCs results in the release of EVs that have greater anti-inflammatory effects. The present study evaluates the immunomodulatory abilities of EVs derived from inflammation-stimulated and naive MSCs (MSCEv+ and MSCEv, respectively) isolated using a current Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant tangential flow filtration system. Detailed characterization of both EVs revealed differences in protein composition, cytokine profiles, and RNA content, despite similarities in size and expression of common surface markers. MSCEv+ further attenuated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro when compared to MSCEv, with a distinctly different pattern of EV-uptake by activated primary leukocyte subpopulations. The efficacy of EVs was partially attributed to COX2/PGE2 expression. The present study demonstrates that inflammatory stimulation of MSCs renders release of EVs that have enhanced anti-inflammatory properties partially due to COX2/PGE2 pathway alteration. Stem Cells 2018;36:79-90.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Siqin Zhaorigetu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Henry Bair
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karthik S Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naama E Toledano Furman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jody V Vykoukal
- McCombs Institute for the Early Detection and Treatment of Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine A Ruppert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sundman MH, Chen NK, Subbian V, Chou YH. The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:31-44. [PMID: 28526435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As head injuries and their sequelae have become an increasingly salient matter of public health, experts in the field have made great progress elucidating the biological processes occurring within the brain at the moment of injury and throughout the recovery thereafter. Given the extraordinary rate at which our collective knowledge of neurotrauma has grown, new insights may be revealed by examining the existing literature across disciplines with a new perspective. This article will aim to expand the scope of this rapidly evolving field of research beyond the confines of the central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, we will examine the extent to which the bidirectional influence of the gut-brain axis modulates the complex biological processes occurring at the time of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and over the days, months, and years that follow. In addition to local enteric signals originating in the gut, it is well accepted that gastrointestinal (GI) physiology is highly regulated by innervation from the CNS. Conversely, emerging data suggests that the function and health of the CNS is modulated by the interaction between 1) neurotransmitters, immune signaling, hormones, and neuropeptides produced in the gut, 2) the composition of the gut microbiota, and 3) integrity of the intestinal wall serving as a barrier to the external environment. Specific to TBI, existing pre-clinical data indicates that head injuries can cause structural and functional damage to the GI tract, but research directly investigating the neuronal consequences of this intestinal damage is lacking. Despite this void, the proposed mechanisms emanating from a damaged gut are closely implicated in the inflammatory processes known to promote neuropathology in the brain following TBI, which suggests the gut-brain axis may be a therapeutic target to reduce the risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and other neurodegenerative diseases following TBI. To better appreciate how various peripheral influences are implicated in the health of the CNS following TBI, this paper will also review the secondary biological injury mechanisms and the dynamic pathophysiological response to neurotrauma. Together, this review article will attempt to connect the dots to reveal novel insights into the bidirectional influence of the gut-brain axis and propose a conceptual model relevant to the recovery from TBI and subsequent risk for future neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Sundman
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vignesh Subbian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Chou
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ma EL, Smith AD, Desai N, Cheung L, Hanscom M, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Shea-Donohue T, Faden AI. Bidirectional brain-gut interactions and chronic pathological changes after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:56-69. [PMID: 28676351 PMCID: PMC5909811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has complex effects on the gastrointestinal tract that are associated with TBI-related morbidity and mortality. We examined changes in mucosal barrier properties and enteric glial cell response in the gut after experimental TBI in mice, as well as effects of the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) on both gut and brain after injury. METHODS Moderate-level TBI was induced in C57BL/6mice by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Mucosal barrier function was assessed by transepithelial resistance, fluorescent-labelled dextran flux, and quantification of tight junction proteins. Enteric glial cell number and activation were measured by Sox10 expression and GFAP reactivity, respectively. Separate groups of mice were challenged with Cr infection during the chronic phase of TBI, and host immune response, barrier integrity, enteric glial cell reactivity, and progression of brain injury and inflammation were assessed. RESULTS Chronic CCI induced changes in colon morphology, including increased mucosal depth and smooth muscle thickening. At day 28 post-CCI, increased paracellular permeability and decreased claudin-1 mRNA and protein expression were observed in the absence of inflammation in the colon. Colonic glial cell GFAP and Sox10 expression were significantly increased 28days after brain injury. Clearance of Cr and upregulation of Th1/Th17 cytokines in the colon were unaffected by CCI; however, colonic paracellular flux and enteric glial cell GFAP expression were significantly increased. Importantly, Cr infection in chronically-injured mice worsened the brain lesion injury and increased astrocyte- and microglial-mediated inflammation. CONCLUSION These experimental studies demonstrate chronic and bidirectional brain-gut interactions after TBI, which may negatively impact late outcomes after brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise L Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allen D Smith
- Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Neemesh Desai
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Marie Hanscom
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zan J, Song L, Wang J, Zou R, Hong F, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Xu M. Role of ghrelin in small intestinal motility following pediatric intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6958-6966. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|