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Dai N, He Q, Liu X, Fang M, Xiong M, Li X, Li D, Liu J. Therapeutic massage/Tuina for treatment of functional dyspepsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Qual Life Res 2023; 32:653-667. [PMID: 35976600 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to assess the potential effect of therapeutic massage/Tuina on functional dyspepsia (FD) patients. METHOD Twelve databases and three clinical trial registries were searched until December 2021, for RCTs that compared Tuina combined with or without conventional therapy versus conventional therapy in FD. We assessed the methodological quality of included trials by the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, and graded the quality of the evidence. The data were presented as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) respectively with their 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS In total, 14 RCTs with 1128 FD participants were included. Compared with conventional therapy, Tuina showed significant beneficial effects on improving overall symptom (RR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.19, low certainty evidence), and early satiation (MD -0.44 scores, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.16, very low certainty evidence). Compared with conventional therapy, Tuina plus conventional therapy also significantly improved overall symptom (RR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.06-1.23, low certainty evidence), quality of life (MD 10.44 scores, 95% CI 7.65-13.23, low certainty evidence), and epigastric pain (MD -0.76 scores, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.41, low certainty evidence). No adverse events related to Tuina and cost-effectiveness were reported. CONCLUSION Low certainty evidence showed that Tuina significantly improved overall symptom of FD participants compared with conventional therapy. Low certainty evidence showed that Tuina plus conventional therapy obviously improved overall symptom and quality of life of FD participants compared with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehan Liu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 Beisanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Min Fang
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 Beisanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Li
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 Beisanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Duoduo Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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2
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Involvement of Ghrelin Dynamics in Stress-Induced Eating Disorder: Effects of Sex and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111695. [PMID: 34769125 PMCID: PMC8583769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a factor that affects appetite in our daily lives, enhances or suppresses appetite and changes palatability. However, so far, the mechanisms underlying the link between stress and eating have not been fully elucidated. Among the peripherally produced appetite-related peptides, ghrelin is the only orexigenic peptide, and abnormalities in the dynamics and reactivity of this peptide are involved in appetite abnormalities in various diseases and psychological states. This review presents an overview of the research results of studies evaluating the effects of various stresses on appetite. The first half of this review describes the relationship between appetite and stress, and the second half describes the relationship between the appetite-promoting peptide ghrelin and stress. The effects of sex differences and aging under stress on appetite are also described.
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3
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Farzi A, Ip CK, Reed F, Enriquez R, Zenz G, Durdevic M, Zhang L, Holzer P, Herzog H. Lack of peptide YY signaling in mice disturbs gut microbiome composition in response to high-fat diet. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21435. [PMID: 33749879 PMCID: PMC8251710 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002215r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY), produced by endocrine L cells in the gut, is known for its critical role in regulating gastrointestinal functions as well as satiety. However, how these processes are integrated with maintaining a healthy gut microbiome composition is unknown. Here, we show that lack of PYY in mice leads to distinct changes in gut microbiome composition that are diet‐dependent. While under chow diet only slight differences in gut microbiome composition could be observed, high‐fat diet (HFD) aggravated these differences. Specifically an increased abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum with a corresponding decrease of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio could be detected in Pyy‐knockout (KO) mice in response to HFD. Detailed analysis of the Bacteroidetes phylum further revealed that the Alistipes genus belonging to the Rikenellaceae family, the Parabacteroides belonging to the Tannerellaceae family, as well as Muribaculum were increased in Pyy‐KO mice. In order to investigate whether these changes are associated with changed markers of gut barrier and immunity, we analyzed the colonic expression of various pro‐inflammatory cytokines, as well as tight junction proteins and mucin 2, and identified increased mRNA expression of the tight junction proteins Cldn2 and Ocel1 in Pyy‐KO mice, while pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression was not significantly altered. Together these results highlight a critical gene‐environment interaction between diet and the gut microbiome and its impact on homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium under conditions of reduced PYY signaling which is commonly seen under obese conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitak Farzi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chi Kin Ip
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicia Reed
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronaldo Enriquez
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Geraldine Zenz
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marija Durdevic
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Chao G, Wang Z, Zhang S. Research on Correlation Between Psychological Factors, Mast Cells, and PAR-2 Signal Pathway in Irritable Bowel syndrome. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1427-1436. [PMID: 33883919 PMCID: PMC8055357 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s300513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to explore the level of psychological stress factors, mast cell (MC), and neuropeptide in the occurrence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the correlation among them, and to identify representative and effective indicators for the pathogenesis and clinical medication development of IBS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-eight patients (20-64 years old) with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) were included in the IBS-D group and 8 healthy subjects (35-63 years old) were enrolled in the control group. All subjects accepted the colonoscopic biopsies, self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) assessment. MC degranulation, neuropeptide S (NPS), neuropeptide Y (NPY), NPY receptor 2 (NPY2R) and Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) in colon tissues were performed by Strept Avidin-Biot complex (SABC) immunohistochemistry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection was used to test the expression of NPS and NPY in peripheral blood plasma and colon tissues. Western blot was applied to examine the level of NPY2R and PAR-2. RESULTS The level of anxiety and depression of patients with IBS-D was more serious than that in the control. The expression of NPS, NPY and NPY2R was down-regulated in the IBS-D. The total MC and tryptase-positive MC increased significantly in the colon tissue of IBS-D and the expression level of PAR-2 was significantly up-regulated. CONCLUSION There has been a close connection among those indicators that the activated MC may up-regulate the function of PAR-2, resulting in the change of neuropeptide (NPS and NPY), successively leading to clinical symptoms and psychological negative changes in the IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Lewis JE, Miedzybrodzka EL, Foreman RE, Woodward ORM, Kay RG, Goldspink DA, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Selective stimulation of colonic L cells improves metabolic outcomes in mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1396-1407. [PMID: 32342115 PMCID: PMC7286941 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin-like peptide-5 (INSL5) is found only in distal colonic L cells, which co-express glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). GLP-1 is a well-known insulin secretagogue, and GLP-1 and PYY are anorexigenic, whereas INSL5 is considered orexigenic. We aimed to clarify the metabolic impact of selective stimulation of distal colonic L cells in mice. METHODS Insl5 promoter-driven expression of Gq-coupled Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) was employed to activate distal colonic L cells (LdistalDq). IPGTT and food intake were assessed with and without DREADD activation. RESULTS LdistalDq cell stimulation with clozapine N-oxide (CNO; 0.3 mg/kg i.p.) increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY (2.67- and 3.31-fold, respectively); INSL5 was not measurable in plasma but was co-secreted with GLP-1 and PYY in vitro. IPGTT (2 g/kg body weight) revealed significantly improved glucose tolerance following CNO injection. CNO-treated mice also exhibited reduced food intake and body weight after 24 h, and increased defecation, the latter being sensitive to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor 3 inhibition. Pre-treatment with a GLP1 receptor-blocking antibody neutralised the CNO-dependent improvement in glucose tolerance but did not affect the reduction in food intake, and an independent group of animals pair-fed to the CNO-treatment group demonstrated attenuated weight loss. Pre-treatment with JNJ-31020028, a neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 antagonist, abolished the CNO-dependent effect on food intake. Assessment of whole body physiology in metabolic cages revealed LdistalDq cell stimulation increased energy expenditure and increased activity. Acute CNO-induced food intake and glucose homeostasis outcomes were maintained after 2 weeks on a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that selective distal colonic L cell stimulation has beneficial metabolic outcomes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Rachel E Foreman
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Orla R M Woodward
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
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6
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Kumar U, Singh S. Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Central and Peripheral Factors of Satiety and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072568. [PMID: 32272767 PMCID: PMC7177963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major social and health problems globally and often associated with various other pathological conditions. In addition to unregulated eating behaviour, circulating peptide-mediated hormonal secretion and signaling pathways play a critical role in food intake induced obesity. Amongst the many peptides involved in the regulation of food-seeking behaviour, somatostatin (SST) is the one which plays a determinant role in the complex process of appetite. SST is involved in the regulation of release and secretion of other peptides, neuronal integrity, and hormonal regulation. Based on past and recent studies, SST might serve as a bridge between central and peripheral tissues with a significant impact on obesity-associated with food intake behaviour and energy expenditure. Here, we present a comprehensive review describing the role of SST in the modulation of multiple central and peripheral signaling molecules. In addition, we highlight recent progress and contribution of SST and its receptors in food-seeking behaviour, obesity (orexigenic), and satiety (anorexigenic) associated pathways and mechanism.
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7
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Usefulness of a Kampo Medicine on Stress-Induced Delayed Gastric Emptying in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3797219. [PMID: 32089720 PMCID: PMC7013301 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3797219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression often occur with gastrointestinal symptoms. Although the Japanese traditional medicine (Kampo medicine) bukuryoingohangekobokuto (BGH) is approved for treating anxiety, neurotic gastritis, and heartburn, its effect on gastrointestinal motility remains poorly known. This study aimed to examine the effect of BGH on delayed gastric emptying in stress model mice and clarified its action mechanism. Seven-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were acclimated for a week and fasted overnight. Stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), was intracerebroventricularly injected to mice, and solid nutrient meal (ground chow and distilled water) was orally administered 1 hour after. Gastric contents were collected to evaluate gastric emptying rates by measuring its dry weight. Injection of CRF (0.3 or 1.0 μg/mouse) significantly delayed the 2-hour gastric emptying in mice. BGH (1.0 g/kg), which was administered 30 minutes before the CRF injection, significantly ameliorated the delayed gastric emptying induced by CRF (0.3 μg/mouse). BGH (0.5, 1.0 g/kg) significantly enhanced the 1-hour gastric emptying and slightly increased the 2-hour gastric emptying in mice without CRF injection. In vitro functional assays showed that components of BGH antagonized or inhibited CRF type-2, dopamine D2/D3, neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors, or acetylcholinesterase. In conclusion, the components of BGH may exert synergistic effects on improving gastric emptying via various targets. BGH is considered to be potentially useful for treating gastrointestinal dysmotility with psychological symptoms.
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8
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Rytel L, Snarska A, Gonkowski S, Wojtkiewicz J, Szenci O, Sobiech P. Identification of neuropeptide y in superior cervical ganglion neurons that project to the oesophagus - A combined immunohistochemical labelling and retrograde tracing study in pigs. Acta Vet Hung 2019; 67:98-105. [PMID: 30922095 DOI: 10.1556/004.2019.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuronal active substance taking part in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) tract activity. This study used retrograde neuronal tracing and immunofluorescence methods to analyse NPY-positive neurons located in superior cervical ganglion and supplying the cervical oesophagus in the pig. The presence of NPY was observed in 30% of all neurons supplying the part of oesophagus studied. Probably the number of Fast Blue (FB) positive cells depends on the area of the wall injected with FB and the fragment of oesophagus studied. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that the described peptide is an important factor in the extrinsic innervation of this part of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rytel
- 1 Division of Internal Disease with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Snarska
- 1 Division of Internal Disease with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- 2 Division of Clinical Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- 3 Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ottó Szenci
- 4 MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Hungary
| | - Przemyslaw Sobiech
- 1 Division of Internal Disease with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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9
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Gut-Brain Neuroendocrine Signaling Under Conditions of Stress-Focus on Food Intake-Regulatory Mediators. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:498. [PMID: 30210455 PMCID: PMC6122076 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis represents a bidirectional communication route between the gut and the central nervous system comprised of neuronal as well as humoral signaling. This system plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal as well as homeostatic functions such as hunger and satiety. Recent years also witnessed an increased knowledge on the modulation of this axis under conditions of exogenous or endogenous stressors. The present review will discuss the alterations of neuroendocrine gut-brain signaling under conditions of stress and the respective implications for the regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhang L. The potential role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in colonic dysmotility induced by water avoidance stress in rats. Neuropeptides 2018; 70:47-54. [PMID: 29803395 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) on colonic contractile disorders induced by chronic water avoidance stress (WAS). METHODS Male SD rats were exposed to daily 1-h WAS or sham WAS for 10 consecutive days. The presence of TRH in the serum and colonic mucosa were determined using enzyme immunoassay kits. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were performed to detect the expression of TRH receptor 1 (TRH-R1). The contractions of proximal colonic smooth muscle were studied in an organ bath system. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record the currents of both L-type calcium currents (ICa,L) and large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels in colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) isolated from adult rats. RESULTS Enzyme immunoassay revealed that TRH was present in both serum and colonic mucosa and that this expression increased in the WAS group. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the TRH-R1 level increased in colons devoid of mucosa and submucosa from the stressed rats as compared with the control group. TRH increased the spontaneous contractions of the longitudinal muscle and circular muscle strips in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The effect was also confirmed in an vivo experiment, where an intraperitoneal injection of TRH in rats significantly increased fecal pellet output during a 24-h period as compared with the control group. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of a non-specific TRH receptor antagonist, chlordiazepoxide and a TRH-R1 antibody, partially decreased the fecal pellets of WAS rats during the 10-day stress period. Furthermore, TRH increased the peak current of L-type channels in colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) at a membrane potential of 0 mV, while the current of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels was not changed following the addition of TRH. CONCLUSION TRH may be involved in the dysmotility induced by chronic stress and may have some potential clinical therapeutic use in regulating gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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11
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Szűcs K, Grosz G, Süle M, Sztojkov-Ivanov A, Ducza E, Márki A, Kothencz A, Balogh L, Gáspár R. Detection of stress and the effects of central nervous system depressants by gastrointestinal smooth muscle electromyography in wakeful rats. Life Sci 2018; 205:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Holzer P, Farzi A, Hassan AM, Zenz G, Jačan A, Reichmann F. Visceral Inflammation and Immune Activation Stress the Brain. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1613. [PMID: 29213271 PMCID: PMC5702648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress refers to a dynamic process in which the homeostasis of an organism is challenged, the outcome depending on the type, severity, and duration of stressors involved, the stress responses triggered, and the stress resilience of the organism. Importantly, the relationship between stress and the immune system is bidirectional, as not only stressors have an impact on immune function, but alterations in immune function themselves can elicit stress responses. Such bidirectional interactions have been prominently identified to occur in the gastrointestinal tract in which there is a close cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the local immune system, governed by the permeability of the intestinal mucosa. External stressors disturb the homeostasis between microbiota and gut, these disturbances being signaled to the brain via multiple communication pathways constituting the gut-brain axis, ultimately eliciting stress responses and perturbations of brain function. In view of these relationships, the present article sets out to highlight some of the interactions between peripheral immune activation, especially in the visceral system, and brain function, behavior, and stress coping. These issues are exemplified by the way through which the intestinal microbiota as well as microbe-associated molecular patterns including lipopolysaccharide communicate with the immune system and brain, and the mechanisms whereby overt inflammation in the GI tract impacts on emotional-affective behavior, pain sensitivity, and stress coping. The interactions between the peripheral immune system and the brain take place along the gut-brain axis, the major communication pathways of which comprise microbial metabolites, gut hormones, immune mediators, and sensory neurons. Through these signaling systems, several transmitter and neuropeptide systems within the brain are altered under conditions of peripheral immune stress, enabling adaptive processes related to stress coping and resilience to take place. These aspects of the impact of immune stress on molecular and behavioral processes in the brain have a bearing on several disturbances of mental health and highlight novel opportunities of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Geraldine Zenz
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Jačan
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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13
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Sosanya NM, Trevino AV, Chavez RL, Christy RJ, Cheppudira BP. Sound-stress-induced altered nociceptive behaviors are associated with increased spinal CRFR2 gene expression in a rat model of burn injury. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2135-2145. [PMID: 28979159 PMCID: PMC5589110 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s144055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sound stress (SS) elicits behavioral changes, including pain behaviors. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying SS-induced pain behaviors remain to be explored. The current study examined the effects of SS on nociceptive behaviors and changes in expression of the spinal corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in male Sprague Dawley rats with and without thermal pain. We also studied the effects of SS on plasma corticosterone and fecal output. Rats were exposed to 3 days of SS protocol (n = 12/group). Changes in nociceptive behaviors were assessed using thermal and mechanical pain tests. Following the induction of SS, a subgroup of rats (n = 6/group) was inflicted with thermal injury and on day 14 postburn nociceptive behaviors were reassessed. Spinal CRF receptor mRNA expression was analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, plasma corticosterone and spinal CRF concentrations were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Increased defecation was observed in SS rats. SS produced transient mechanical allodynia in naive rats, whereas it exacerbated thermal pain in thermally injured rats. Spinal CRFR2 mRNA expression was unaffected by stress or thermal injury alone, but their combined effect significantly increased its expression. SS had no effect on plasma corticosterone and spinal CRF protein in postburn rats. To conclude, SS is capable of exacerbating postburn thermal pain, which is linked to increased CRFR2 gene expression in the spinal cord. Future studies have to delineate whether attenuation of CRFR2 signaling at the spinal level prevents stress-induced exacerbation of burn pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Sosanya
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alex V Trevino
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Roger L Chavez
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Christy
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bopaiah P Cheppudira
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
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14
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Stasi C, Bellini M, Gambaccini D, Duranti E, de Bortoli N, Fani B, Albano E, Russo S, Sudano I, Laffi G, Taddei S, Marchi S, Bruno RM. Neuroendocrine Dysregulation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Study. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:428-434. [PMID: 28460516 PMCID: PMC5503293 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial disorder, involving dysregulation of brain-gut axis. Our aim was to evaluate the neuroendocrine activity in IBS. Methods Thirty IBS and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Psychological symptoms were evaluated by questionnaires. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, plasma serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), endothelin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and plasma and urinary cortisol levels were evaluated. Fourteen IBS subjects underwent microneurography to obtain multiunit recordings of efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Results Prevalent psychological symptoms in IBS were maladjustment (60%), trait (40%) and state (17%) anxiety, obsessive compulsive-disorders (23%), and depressive symptoms (23%). IBS showed increased NPY (31.9 [43.7] vs 14.8 [18.1] pmol/L, P = 0.006), 5-HT (214.9 [182.6] vs 141.0 [45.5] pg/mL, P = 0.010), and endothelin [1.1 [1.4] vs 2.1 [8.1] pg/mL, P = 0.054], compared to healthy volunteers. Moreover, plasma NPY, endothelin, cortisol and 5-HT, and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were associated with some psychological disorders (P ≤ 0.05). Despite a similar resting MSNA, after cold pressor test, IBS showed a blunted increase in MSNA burst frequency (+4.1 vs +7.8 bursts/min, P = 0.048; +30.1% vs +78.1%, P = 0.023). Baseline MSNA tended to be associated with urinary cortisol (ρ = 0.557, P = 0.059). Moreover, changes in heart rate after mental stress were associated with urinary cortisol (ρ = 0.682, P = 0.021) and changes in MSNA after mental stress were associated with plasma cortisol (ρ = 0.671, P = 0.024).” Conclusion Higher concentrations of endothelin, NPY, and 5-HT were found to be associated with some psychological disorders in IBS patients together with an altered cardiovascular autonomic reactivity to acute stressors compared to healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellini
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Gambaccini
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emiliano Duranti
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola de Bortoli
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bernardo Fani
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Albano
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella Sudano
- Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Laffi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Santino Marchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Bruno
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Yue Z, Zhao Z. Feeding regulation by neuropeptide Y on Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 95:e21396. [PMID: 28557151 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Asian Corn Borer Ostrinia furnacalis is a major agricultural pest. In this study, a full-length neuropeptide Y (npy) gene in O. furnacalis was sequenced and cloned from cDNA library, which contains an ORF of 273 bp by encoding 90 amino acid residues. The mature OfurNPY is composed of 29 amino acids with amidation in C-terminal. The spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that npy highest expression level was in the midgut of the fifth instar larvae (the gluttony period). When the expression of npy was knocked down by feeding or injecting dsNPY, larval food consumption, body size, and body weight were significantly inhibited compared to controls. These results indicate that NPY is an important regulator in the control of feeding of O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yue
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Huang HH, Ting CH, Syu YF, Chang SC, Chen CY. Correlation between colonic secretion and colonic motility in rats: Role of ghrelin. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:10140-10147. [PMID: 28028362 PMCID: PMC5155173 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i46.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the relationship between colonic secretory function and colonic motility.
METHODS Using a rat model chronically implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) and cecal catheters, we validated the correlation between colonic secretion and colonic motor functions, as well as the role of ICV injection volume.
RESULTS Compared to saline controls (5 μL/rat), ICV acyl ghrelin at 1 nmol/5 μL enhanced the total fecal weight, accelerated the colonic transit time, and increased the fecal pellet output during the first hour post-injection, while ICV des-acyl ghrelin at 1 nmol/5 μL only accelerated the colonic transit time. These stimulatory effects on colonic motility and/or secretion from acyl ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin disappeared when the ICV injection volume increased to 10 μL compared with saline controls (10 μL/rat). Additionally, the ICV injection of 10 μL of saline significantly shortened the colonic transit time compared with the ICV injection of 5 μL of saline. The total fecal weight during the first hour post-injection correlated with the colonic transit time and fecal pellet output after the ICV injection of acyl ghrelin (1 nmol/5 μL), whereas the total fecal weight during the first hour post-injection correlated with the fecal pellet output but not the colonic transit time after the ICV injection of des-acyl ghrelin (1 nmol/5 μL).
CONCLUSION Colonic secretion does not always correlate with colonic motility in response to different colonic stimulations. Acyl ghrelin stimulates colonic secretion.
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17
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Jiang J, Jin W, Peng Y, He Z, Wei L, Li S, Wang X, Chang M, Wang R. In vivo and vitro characterization of the effects of kisspeptin-13, endogenous ligands for GPR54, on mouse gastrointestinal motility. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 794:216-223. [PMID: 27890710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KP), the endogenous ligand of GPR54, is a mammalian amidated neurohormone, which belongs to the RF-amide peptide family. However, in contrast with the related members of the RF-amide family, little information is available regarding its role in the gastrointestinal motility. With regard to the recent data suggesting KP play an important role in food intake, and while gastrointestinal motility are closely related to it. Thus, in the present work, effects of central administration of KP-13, one of the endogenous active isoforms, on gastrointestinal motility were investigated. The results indicated that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infused of KP-13 significantly facilitated gastrointestinal transit, bead expulsion and fecal pellet output, respectively, while has no effect on gastric emptying. The effects were significantly reversed by GPR54 antagonist 234, but not GnRH receptor antagonist Cetrorelix. However, i.p. injected of KP-13 or compound 5 (10mg/kg), a high metabolic stability kisspeptin analog, did not affect gastrointestinal transit, suggesting that KP-13 or compound 5 facilitated gastrointestinal transit through the activation of central GPR54. Then the gastrointestinal motility-enhancing effects were also presented after infusion of KP-13 into the hypothalamus. In vitro, KP-13 (10-6M) also modulated colonic contraction, but not in the stomach and small intestine. Similarly, KP-13 (10-6M)-induced contractions of circular and longitudinal colonic muscle were significantly attenuated by antagonist 234 (10-6M). In conclusion, all the results indicated that KP-13 promoted gastrointestinal motility through the activation of GPR54, which implicate that KP/GPR54 system might be a new target to treat gastrointestinal function disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Jiang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weidong Jin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yali Peng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen He
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shu Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Min Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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18
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Cox HM. Neuroendocrine peptide mechanisms controlling intestinal epithelial function. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:50-56. [PMID: 27597736 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) contain different combinations of hormones, which are released following stimulation of nutrient receptors that are selectively expressed by these cells. This chemosensation varies according to the intestinal area and species of interest, and responses to meals are rapidly modified following bariatric surgery. Such surgically-induced gastrointestinal (GI) changes highlight considerable enteroplasticity, however our understanding of even the acute physiological control and consequences of neuroendocrine peptide release is still under-developed. This review focuses on recent advances in nutrient G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-chemosensation in L cells, the patterns of peptide release and consequent changes in GI function. A clearer resolution of these mucosal mechanisms will shed light on potential receptor-target combinations that could provide less-invasive anti-diabesity strategies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Cox
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, IoPPN, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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19
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Rajkumar R, Wu Y, Farooq U, Tan WH, Dawe GS. Stress activates the nucleus incertus and modulates plasticity in the hippocampo-medial prefrontal cortical pathway. Brain Res Bull 2016; 120:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Holzer P, Hassan AM, Jain P, Reichmann F, Farzi A. Neuroimmune pharmacological approaches. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 25:13-22. [PMID: 26426677 PMCID: PMC4830400 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is a major health problem which impairs the quality of life, impacts mental health and is exacerbated by stress and psychiatric disturbances which, in turn, can affect disease prognosis and response to treatment. Accumulating evidence indicates that the immune system is an important interface between intestinal inflammation and the enteric, sensory, central and autonomic nervous systems. In addition, the neuroimmune interactions originating from the gastrointestinal tract are orchestrated by the gut microbiota. This article reviews some major insights into this complex homeostatic network that have been achieved during the past two years and attempts to put these advances into perspective with novel opportunities of pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Piyush Jain
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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21
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Hilterscheid E, Laessle R. Stress-induced release of GUT peptides in young women classified as restrained or unrestrained eaters. Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20:435-9. [PMID: 25782999 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-015-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal release of GUT peptides has been found to be altered in restrained eaters. Stress-induced secretion, however, has not yet been described, but could be a biological basis of overeating that exposes restrained eaters to a higher risk of becoming obese. The aim of the present study was to compare restrained and unrestrained eaters with respect to stress-induced release of the GUT peptides ghrelin and PYY. 46 young women were studied. Blood sampling for peptides was done before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Ghrelin secretion after stress was significantly elevated in the restrained eaters, whereas no significant differences were detected for PYY. Stress-induced release of GUT peptides can be interpreted as a cause as well as a consequence of restrained eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hilterscheid
- Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany
| | - Reinhold Laessle
- Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany.
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22
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Forbes S, Stafford S, Coope G, Heffron H, Real K, Newman R, Davenport R, Barnes M, Grosse J, Cox H. Selective FFA2 Agonism Appears to Act via Intestinal PYY to Reduce Transit and Food Intake but Does Not Improve Glucose Tolerance in Mouse Models. Diabetes 2015; 64:3763-71. [PMID: 26239054 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) is expressed on enteroendocrine L cells that release glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) when activated by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Functionally GLP-1 and PYY inhibit gut transit, increase glucose tolerance, and suppress appetite; thus, FFA2 has therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, FFA2-selective agonists have not been characterized in vivo. Compound 1 (Cpd 1), a potent FFA2 agonist, was tested for its activity on the following: GLP-1 release, modulation of intestinal mucosal ion transport and transit in wild-type (WT) and FFA2(-/-) tissue, and food intake and glucose tolerance in lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Cpd 1 stimulated GLP-1 secretion in vivo, but this effect was only detected with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition, while mucosal responses were PYY, not GLP-1, mediated. Gut transit was faster in FFA2(-/-) mice, while Cpd 1 slowed WT transit and reduced food intake and body weight in DIO mice. Cpd 1 decreased glucose tolerance and suppressed plasma insulin in lean and DIO mice, despite FFA2(-/-) mice displaying impaired glucose tolerance. These results suggest that FFA2 inhibits intestinal functions and suppresses food intake via PYY pathways, with limited GLP-1 contribution. Thus, FFA2 may be an effective therapeutic target for obesity but not for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Forbes
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helen Cox
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, U.K.
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23
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Dick ALW, Simpson A, Qama A, Andrews Z, Lawrence AJ, Duncan JR. Chronic intermittent toluene inhalation in adolescent rats results in metabolic dysfunction with altered glucose homeostasis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5174-87. [PMID: 26282596 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abuse of toluene-containing inhalants is an increasing public health problem, especially among adolescents. Abuse during adolescence is associated with emaciation, while industrial exposure leads to altered glycaemic control suggesting metabolic instability. However, the relationship between adolescent inhalant abuse and metabolic dysfunction remains unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To model human abuse patterns, we exposed male adolescent Wistar rats [postnatal day (PND) 27] to chronic intermittent inhaled toluene (CIT, 10,000 ppm) or air (control) for 1 h·day(-1) , three times a week for 4 weeks. Feeding and body composition were monitored. After 4 weeks, circulating metabolic hormone concentrations and responses to a glucose tolerance test (GTT) were measured. Dietary preference was measured by giving animals access to either a 'western diet' plus standard chow (WC + SC) or standard chow alone during 4 weeks of abstinence. Metabolic hormones and GTT were subsequently measured. KEY RESULTS Adolescent CIT exposure significantly retarded weight gain, altered body composition, circulating metabolic hormones and responses to a GTT. While reduced body weight persisted, responses to a GTT and circulating hormones appeared to normalize for animals on standard chow following abstinence. In CIT-exposed WC + SC rats, we observed impaired glucose tolerance associated with altered metabolic hormones. Analysis of hypothalamic genes revealed differential expression profiles in CIT-exposed rats following both the exposure period and abstinence, suggesting a central contribution to inhalant-induced metabolic dysfunction. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS CIT exposure during adolescence has long-term effects on metabolic function, which may increase the risk of disorders related to energy balance and glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L W Dick
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Simpson
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A Qama
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Z Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A J Lawrence
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J R Duncan
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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