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Khator K, Parihar S, Jasik J, Shekhawat GS. Nitric oxide in plants: an insight on redox activity and responses toward abiotic stress signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2298053. [PMID: 38190763 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2298053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, are subjected to diverse abiotic stresses, including salinity, desiccation, metal toxicity, thermal fluctuations, and hypoxia at different phases of plant growth. Plants can activate messenger molecules to initiate a signaling cascade of response toward environmental stresses that results in either cell death or plant acclimation. Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous redox-active molecule that exhibits a plethora of physiological functions in growth, development, flowering, senescence, stomata closure and responses to environmental stresses. It can also facilitate alteration in protein function and reprogram the gene profiling by direct or indirect interaction with different target molecules. The bioactivity of NO can be manifested through different redox-based protein modifications including S-nitrosylation, protein nitration, and metal nitrosylation in plants. Although there has been considerable progress in the role of NO in regulating stress signaling, still the physiological mechanisms regarding the abiotic stress tolerance in plants remain unclear. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the emerging knowledge regarding NO function in plant tolerance against abiotic stresses. The manuscript also highlighted the importance of NO as an abiotic stress modulator and developed a rational design for crop cultivation under a stress environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Khator
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany (UGC-CAS) Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, India
| | - Suman Parihar
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany (UGC-CAS) Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, India
| | - Jan Jasik
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gyan Singh Shekhawat
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany (UGC-CAS) Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, India
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Zhang Q, Cai X, Wu B, Tong B, Xu D, Wang J, Cui B, Yin R, Lin L. S-nitrosylation may inhibit the activity of COP1 in plant photomorphogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 719:150096. [PMID: 38749091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation, which is defined by the covalent attachment of nitric oxide (NO) to the thiol group of cysteine residues, is known to play critical roles in plant development and stress responses. NO promotes seedling photomorphogenesis and NO emission is enhanced by light. However, the function of protein S-nitrosylation in plant photomorphogenesis is largely unknown. E3 ligase CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) antagonistically regulate seedling photomorphogenesis. COP1 inhibits plant photomorphogenesis by targeting photomorphogenic promoters like HY5 for 26S proteasome degradation. Here, we report that COP1 is S-nitrosylated in vitro. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that two evolutionarily well conserved residues, cysteine 425 and cysteine 607, in the WD40 domain of COP1 are S-nitrosylated. S-nitrosylated glutathione (GSNO) is an important physiological NO donor for protein S-nitrosylation. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gsnor1-3 mutant, which accumulates higher level of GSNO, accumulated higher HY5 levels than wildtype (WT), indicating that COP1 activity is inhibited. Protein S-nitrosylation can be reversed by Thioredoxin-h5 (TRXh5) in plants. Indeed, COP1 interacts directly with TRXh5 and its close homolog TRXh3. Moreover, catalase 3 (CAT3) acts as a transnitrosylase that transfers NO to its target proteins like GSNO reductase (GSNOR). We found that CAT3 interacts with COP1 in plants. Taken together, our data indicate that the activity of COP1 is likely inhibited by NO via S-nitrosylation to promote the accumulation of HY5 and photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Baoguo Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Boqin Tong
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Dawei Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Beimi Cui
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruohe Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Lin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Zhou X, Chen D, Yu M, Jiao Y, Tao F. Role of Flavohemoglobins in the Development and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:437. [PMID: 38921422 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is notorious for contaminating food with its secondary metabolite-highly carcinogenic aflatoxins. In this study, we found that exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor could influence aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Flavohemoglobins (FHbs) are vital functional units in maintaining nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis and are crucial for normal cell function. To investigate whether endogenous NO changes affect aflatoxin biosynthesis, two FHbs, FHbA and FHbB, were identified in this study. FHbA was confirmed as the main protein to maintain NO homeostasis, as its absence led to a significant increase in intracellular NO levels and heightened sensitivity to SNP stress. Dramatically, FHbA deletion retarded aflatoxin production. In addition, FHbA played important roles in mycelial growth, conidial germination, and sclerotial development, and response to oxidative stress and high-temperature stress. Although FHbB did not significantly impact the cellular NO level, it was also involved in sclerotial development, aflatoxin synthesis, and stress response. Our findings provide a new perspective for studying the regulatory mechanism of the development and secondary mechanism in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dongyue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Min Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuan Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fang Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Grayton Q, Purvis ME, Schoenfisch MH. Antimicrobial Effects of Nitric Oxide against Plant Pathogens. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26066-26074. [PMID: 38911785 PMCID: PMC11190915 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen infection represents the greatest challenge to agricultural crop production, resulting in significant economic loss. Conventional pesticides are used to control such infection but can result in antimicrobial resistance and detrimental effects on the plant, environment, and human health. Due to nitric oxide's (NO) endogenous roles in plant immune responses, treatment with exogenous NO represents an attractive nonpesticide approach for eradicating plant pathogens. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of small-molecule NO donors of varying NO-release kinetics was evaluated against Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea, two prevalent plant pathogens. Intermediate NO-release kinetics proved to be most effective at eradicating these pathogens in vitro. A selected NO donor (methyl tris diazeniumdiolate; MD3) was capable of treating both bacterial infection of plant leaves and fungal infection of tomato fruit without exerting toxicity to earthworms. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for utilizing NO as a broad-spectrum, environmentally safe pesticide and may guide development of other NO donors for such application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy
E. Grayton
- Department
of Chemistry and Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Margery E. Purvis
- Department
of Chemistry and Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department
of Chemistry and Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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5
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Wang J, Guo X, Chen Y, Liu T, Zhu J, Xu S, Vierling E. Maternal nitric oxide homeostasis impacts female gametophyte development under optimal and stress conditions. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2201-2218. [PMID: 38376990 PMCID: PMC11132896 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In adverse environments, the number of fertilizable female gametophytes (FGs) in plants is reduced, leading to increased survival of the remaining offspring. How the maternal plant perceives internal growth cues and external stress conditions to alter FG development remains largely unknown. We report that homeostasis of the stress signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in controlling FG development under both optimal and stress conditions. NO homeostasis is precisely regulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). Prior to fertilization, GSNOR protein is exclusively accumulated in sporophytic tissues and indirectly controls FG development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In GSNOR null mutants, NO species accumulated in the degenerating sporophytic nucellus, and auxin efflux into the developing FG was restricted, which inhibited FG development, resulting in reduced fertility. Importantly, restoring GSNOR expression in maternal, but not gametophytic tissues, or increasing auxin efflux substrate significantly increased the proportion of normal FGs and fertility. Furthermore, GSNOR overexpression or added auxin efflux substrate increased fertility under drought and salt stress. These data indicate that NO homeostasis is critical to normal auxin transport and maternal control of FG development, which in turn determine seed yield. Understanding this aspect of fertility control could contribute to mediating yield loss under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Yazhou, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yijin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianchu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shengbao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Elizabeth Vierling
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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6
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Cui B, Pan Q, Cui W, Wang Y, Loake VIP, Yuan S, Liu F, Loake GJ. S-nitrosylation of a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase regulates plant immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk3126. [PMID: 38489361 PMCID: PMC10942119 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen/microbial-associated molecular patterns (P/MAMPs) by plant cell surface receptors leads to a sustained burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a key feature of P/MAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Here we report that P/MAMP recognition leads to a rapid nitrosative burst, initiating the accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), subsequently leading to S-nitrosylation of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK), botrytis-induced kinase 1 (BIK1), at Cys80. This redox-based, posttranslational modification, promotes the phosphorylation of BIK1, subsequently resulting in BIK1 activation and stabilization. Further, BIK1 S-nitrosylation increases its physical interaction with RBOHD, the source of the apoplastic oxidative burst, promoting ROS formation. Our data identify mechanistic links between rapid NO accumulation and the expression of PTI, providing insights into plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimi Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Qiaona Pan
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Verity I. P. Loake
- Faculty of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Gary J. Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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7
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Ahmad B, Mukarram M, Choudhary S, Petrík P, Dar TA, Khan MMA. Adaptive responses of nitric oxide (NO) and its intricate dialogue with phytohormones during salinity stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108504. [PMID: 38507841 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that acts as a messenger for various plant phenomena corresponding to photomorphogenesis, fertilisation, flowering, germination, growth, and productivity. Recent developments have suggested the critical role of NO in inducing adaptive responses in plants during salinity. NO minimises salinity-induced photosynthetic damage and improves plant-water relation, nutrient uptake, stomatal conductance, electron transport, and ROS and antioxidant metabolism. NO contributes active participation in ABA-mediated stomatal regulation. Similar crosstalk of NO with other phytohormones such as auxins (IAAs), gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), strigolactones (SLs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) were also observed. Additionally, we discuss NO interaction with other gaseous signalling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive sulphur species (RSS). Conclusively, the present review traces critical events in NO-induced morpho-physiological adjustments under salt stress and discusses how such modulations upgrade plant resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India; Department of Botany, Govt Degree College for Women, Pulwama, University of Kashmir, 192301, India
| | - Mohammad Mukarram
- Department of Phytology, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96001, Zvolen, Slovakia; Food and Plant Biology Group, Department of Plant Biology, School of Agriculture, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Sadaf Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Govt Degree College for Women, Pulwama, University of Kashmir, 192301, India
| | - Peter Petrík
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Tariq Ahmad Dar
- Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, 190001, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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8
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Espinosa-Vellarino FL, Garrido I, Casimiro I, Silva AC, Espinosa F, Ortega A. Enzymes Involved in Antioxidant and Detoxification Processes Present Changes in the Expression Levels of Their Coding Genes under the Stress Caused by the Presence of Antimony in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:609. [PMID: 38475456 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is an increasing presence of heavy metals and metalloids in soils and water due to anthropogenic activities. However, the biggest problem caused by this increase is the difficulty in recycling these elements and their high permanence in soils. There are plants with great capacity to assimilate these elements or make them less accessible to other organisms. We analyzed the behavior of Solanum lycopersicum L., a crop with great agronomic interest, under the stress caused by antimony (Sb). We evaluated the antioxidant response throughout different exposure times to the metalloid. Our results showed that the enzymes involved in the AsA-GSH cycle show changes in their expression level under the stress caused by Sb but could not find a relationship between the NITROSOGLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (GSNOR) expression data and nitric oxide (NO) content in tomato roots exposed to Sb. We hypothesize that a better understanding of how these enzymes work could be key to develop more tolerant varieties to this kind of abiotic stress and could explain a greater or lesser phytoremediation capacity. Moreover, we deepened our knowledge about Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) due to their involvement in the elimination of the xenobiotic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Luis Espinosa-Vellarino
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Garrido
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Centro Tecnológico Nacional Agroalimentario "Extremadura" (CTAEX), Ctra. Villafranco-Balboa 1.2, 06195 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Espinosa
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ortega
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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9
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Pathak PK, Yadav N, Kaladhar VC, Jaiswal R, Kumari A, Igamberdiev AU, Loake GJ, Gupta KJ. The emerging roles of nitric oxide and its associated scavengers-phytoglobins-in plant symbiotic interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:563-577. [PMID: 37843034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A key feature in the establishment of symbiosis between plants and microbes is the maintenance of the balance between the production of the small redox-related molecule, nitric oxide (NO), and its cognate scavenging pathways. During the establishment of symbiosis, a transition from a normoxic to a microoxic environment often takes place, triggering the production of NO from nitrite via a reductive production pathway. Plant hemoglobins [phytoglobins (Phytogbs)] are a central tenant of NO scavenging, with NO homeostasis maintained via the Phytogb-NO cycle. While the first plant hemoglobin (leghemoglobin), associated with the symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and bacterial Rhizobium species, was discovered in 1939, most other plant hemoglobins, identified only in the 1990s, were considered as non-symbiotic. From recent studies, it is becoming evident that the role of Phytogbs1 in the establishment and maintenance of plant-bacterial and plant-fungal symbiosis is also essential in roots. Consequently, the division of plant hemoglobins into symbiotic and non-symbiotic groups becomes less justified. While the main function of Phytogbs1 is related to the regulation of NO levels, participation of these proteins in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between plants and microorganisms represents another important dimension among the other processes in which these key redox-regulatory proteins play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rekha Jaiswal
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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10
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Asha S, Kattupalli D, Vijayanathan M, Soniya EV. Identification of nitric oxide mediated defense signaling and its microRNA mediated regulation during Phytophthora capsici infection in black pepper. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:33-47. [PMID: 38435849 PMCID: PMC10901764 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays a significant role in the defense signaling during pathogen interaction in plants. Quick wilt disease is a devastating disease of black pepper, and leads to sudden mortality of pepper vines in plantations. In this study, the role of nitric oxide was studied during Phytophthora capsici infection in black pepper variety Panniyur-1. Nitric oxide was detected from the different histological sections of P. capsici infected leaves. Furthermore, the genome-wide transcriptome analysis characterized typical domain architect and structural features of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide associated 1 (NOA1) gene that are involved in nitric oxide biosynthesis in black pepper. Despite the upregulation of nitrate reductase (Pn1_NR), a reduced expression of Pn1_NOA1 was detected in the P. capsici infected black pepper leaf. Subsequent sRNAome-assisted in silico analysis revealed possible microRNA mediated regulation of Pn1_NOA mRNAs. Furthermore, sRNA/miRNA mediated cleavage on Pn1_NOA1 mRNA was validated through modified 5' RLM RACE experiments. Several hormone-responsive cis-regulatory elements involved in stress response was detected from the promoter regions of Pn_NOA1, Pn_NR1 and Pn_NR2 genes. Our results revealed the role of nitric oxide during stress response of P. capsici infection in black pepper, and key genes involved in nitric oxide biosynthesis and their post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01414-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Asha
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Plant Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
- Present Address: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Divya Kattupalli
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Plant Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
| | - Mallika Vijayanathan
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Plant Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
- Present Address: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - E. V. Soniya
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Plant Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India
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11
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Kawade K, Tabeta H, Ferjani A, Hirai MY. The Roles of Functional Amino Acids in Plant Growth and Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1482-1493. [PMID: 37489637 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants incorporate acquired carbon and nitrogen into amino acid metabolism, whereby the building blocks of proteins and the precursors of various metabolites are produced. This fundamental demand requires tight amino acid metabolism to sustain physiological homeostasis. There is increasing evidence that amino acid metabolism undergoes plastic alteration to orchestrate specific growth and developmental events. Consequently, there has been a gradual exploration of the interface at which amino acid metabolism and plant morphogenesis are mutually affected. This research progress offers an opportunity to explore amino acid metabolism, with the goal to understand how it can be modulated to serve special cellular needs and regulate specific growth and developmental pathways. Continuous improvements in the sensitivity and coverage of metabolomics technology, along with the development of chemoinformatics, have allowed the investigation of these research questions. In this review, we summarize the roles of threonine, serine, arginine and γ-aminobutyric acid as representative examples of amino acids relevant to specific developmental processes in plants ('functional amino acids'). Our objective is to expand perspectives regarding amino acid metabolism beyond the conventional view that it is merely life-supporting machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
- Metabolic Systems Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | | | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikita-machi, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501 Japan
- Metabolic Systems Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- Metabolic Systems Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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12
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Ghosh P, Saha S, Mukherjee S, Chattopadhyay A, Sahoo P. Direct fluorescence labelling of NO inside plant cells. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9270-9274. [PMID: 37970956 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01647a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in regulating plant growth, enhances nutrient uptake, and activates disease and stress tolerance mechanisms in most plants. NO is marked as a potential tool for improving the yield and quality of horticultural crop species. Research on NO in plant species can provide an abundance of valuable information regarding this. Hence, we have prepared a simple chemosensor (NPO) for the detection of endogenous NO in chickpea saplings. NPO selectively interacts with NO as determined through a chemodosimetric method to clearly show both the colorimetric and fluorometric changes. After the interaction with NO, the colorless NPO turns yellow as observed by the naked eye and shows bright cyan-blue fluorescence under a UV lamp. The 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio between NPO and NO is determined from Job's plot resulting in a stable diazeniumdiolate product. The interaction mechanism is well established by absorption, fluorescence titration, NMR titration, HRMS, and DFT calculations. This method has successfully been employed in the plant's root and stem systems to label NO. Confocal microscopy images might help us to understand the endogenous NO generation and the mechanism that happens inside plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyotosh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731235, India.
| | - Shrabani Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731235, India.
| | - Sunanda Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Prithidipa Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731235, India.
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13
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Sanchez-Corrionero A, Sánchez-Vicente I, Arteaga N, Manrique-Gil I, Gómez-Jiménez S, Torres-Quezada I, Albertos P, Lorenzo O. Fine-tuned nitric oxide and hormone interface in plant root development and regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6104-6118. [PMID: 36548145 PMCID: PMC10575706 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant root growth and developmental capacities reside in a few stem cells of the root apical meristem (RAM). Maintenance of these stem cells requires regenerative divisions of the initial stem cell niche (SCN) cells, self-maintenance, and proliferative divisions of the daughter cells. This ensures sufficient cell diversity to guarantee the development of complex root tissues in the plant. Damage in the root during growth involves the formation of a new post-embryonic root, a process known as regeneration. Post-embryonic root development and organogenesis processes include primary root development and SCN maintenance, plant regeneration, and the development of adventitious and lateral roots. These developmental processes require a fine-tuned balance between cell proliferation and maintenance. An important regulator during root development and regeneration is the gasotransmitter nitric oxide (NO). In this review we have sought to compile how NO regulates cell rate proliferation, cell differentiation, and quiescence of SCNs, usually through interaction with phytohormones, or other molecular mechanisms involved in cellular redox homeostasis. NO exerts a role on molecular components of the auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways in primary roots that affects cell proliferation and maintenance of the RAM. During root regeneration, a peak of auxin and cytokinin triggers specific molecular programs. Moreover, NO participates in adventitious root formation through its interaction with players of the brassinosteroid and cytokinin signaling cascade. Lately, NO has been implicated in root regeneration under hypoxia conditions by regulating stem cell specification through phytoglobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sanchez-Corrionero
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Noelia Arteaga
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Manrique-Gil
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara Gómez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Torres-Quezada
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Albertos
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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14
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Nejamkin A, Del Castello F, Lamattina L, Correa-Aragunde N, Foresi N. Nitric Oxide Is Required for Primary Nitrate Response in Arabidopsis: Evidence for S-Nitrosation of NLP7. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023. [PMID: 37597195 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Nitrogen (N) is a necessary nutrient for plant development and seed production, with nitrate (NO3-) serving as the primary source of N in soils. Although several molecular players in plant responses to NO3- signaling were unraveled, it is still a complex process with gaps that require further investigation. The aim of our study is to analyze the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the primary nitrate response (PNR). Results: Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that NO is required for the expression of the NO3--regulated genes nitrate reductase 1 (NIA1), nitrite reductase (NIR), and nitrate transporters (nitrate transporter 1.1 [NRT1.1] and nitrate transporter 2.1 [NRT2.1]) in Arabidopsis. The PNR is impaired in the Arabidopsis mutant noa1, defective in NO production. Our results also show that PHYTOGLOBIN 1 (PHYTOGLB1), involved in NO homeostasis, is rapidly induced during PNR in wild type (wt) but not in the mutants of the nitrate transceptor NTR1.1 and the transcription factor nodule inception-like protein 7 (NLP7), suggesting that the NRT1.1-NLP7 cascade modulates PHYTOGLB1 gene expression. Biotin switch experiments demonstrate that NLP7, the PNR-master regulator, is S-nitrosated in vitro. Depletion of NO during PNR intensifies the decrease in reactive oxygen species levels and the rise of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activity. Conclusion and Innovation: NO, a by-product of NO3- metabolism and a well-characterized signal molecule in plants, is an important player in the PNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Nejamkin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Del Castello
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Noelia Foresi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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15
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Napieraj N, Janicka M, Augustyniak B, Reda M. Exogenous Putrescine Modulates Nitrate Reductase-Dependent NO Production in Cucumber Seedlings Subjected to Salt Stress. Metabolites 2023; 13:1030. [PMID: 37755310 PMCID: PMC10535175 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are small aliphatic compounds that participate in the plant response to abiotic stresses. They also participate in nitric oxide (NO) production in plants; however, their role in this process remains unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the role of putrescine (Put) in NO production in the roots of cucumber seedlings subjected to salt stress (120 mM NaCl) for 1 and 24 h. In salinity, exogenous Put can regulate NO levels by managing NO biosynthesis pathways in a time-dependent manner. In cucumber roots exposed to 1 h of salinity, exogenous Put reduced NO level by decreasing nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent NO production and reduced nitric oxide synthase-like (NOS-like) activity. In contrast, during a 24 h salinity exposure, Put treatment boosted NO levels, counteracting the inhibitory effect of salinity on the NR and plasma membrane nitrate reductase (PM-NR) activity in cucumber roots. The role of endogenous Put in salt-induced NO generation was confirmed using Put biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, the application of Put can modulate the NR activity at the genetic and post-translational levels. After 1 h of salt stress, exogenous Put upregulated CsNR1 and CsNR2 expression and downregulated CsNR3 expression. Put also decreased the NR activation state, indicating a reduction in the level of active dephosphorylated NR (dpNR) in the total enzyme pool. Conversely, in the roots of plants subjected to 24 h of salinity, exogenous Put enhanced the NR activation state, indicating an enhancement of the dpNR form in the total NR pool. These changes were accompanied by a modification of endogenous PA content. Application of exogenous Put led to an increase in the amount of Put in the roots and reduced endogenous spermine (Spm) content in cucumber roots under 24 h salinity. The regulatory role of exogenous Put on NO biosynthesis pathways may link with plant mechanisms of response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Napieraj
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Beata Augustyniak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Reda
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
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16
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Fang S. Physiological response and molecular regulatory mechanism reveal a positive role of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide applications in salt tolerance of Cyclocarya paliurus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1211162. [PMID: 37719222 PMCID: PMC10502730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1211162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
As a multifunctional tree species, Cyclocarya paliurus leaves are rich in bioactive substances with precious healthy values. To meet the huge requirement of C. paliurus leaf production, sites with some environmental stresses would be potential land for developing its plantations due to the limitation of land resources in China. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are common gas messengers used to alleviate abiotic stress damage, whereas the mechanism of these messengers in regulating salt resistance of C. paliurus still remains unclear. We performed a comprehensive study to reveal the physiological response and molecular regulatory mechanism of C. paliurus seedlings to the application of exogenous NO and H2S under salt stress. The results showed that the application of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) not only maintained the photosynthetic capacity and reduced the loss of leaf biomass, but also promoted endogenous NO synthesis and reduced oxidative damage by activating antioxidant enzyme activity and increasing the content of soluble protein and flavonoids. Moreover, transcriptome and metabolome analysis indicated the expression of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cytochromeP450 (CYP), chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS) in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was all up-regulated by the application of NO and H2S. Meanwhile, 15 transcriptional factors (TFs) such as WRKY, ERF, bHLH and HY5 induced by NO were found to regulated the activities of several key enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway under salt stress, via the constructed co-expression network. Our findings revealed the underlying mechanism of NO and H2S to alleviate salt stress and regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, which provides a theoretical basis for establishing C. paliurus plantations in the salt stress areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Szepesi Á, Bakacsy L, Fehér A, Kovács H, Pálfi P, Poór P, Szőllősi R, Gondor OK, Janda T, Szalai G, Lindermayr C, Szabados L, Zsigmond L. L-Aminoguanidine Induces Imbalance of ROS/RNS Homeostasis and Polyamine Catabolism of Tomato Roots after Short-Term Salt Exposure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1614. [PMID: 37627609 PMCID: PMC10451491 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamine (PA) catabolism mediated by amine oxidases is an important process involved in fine-tuning PA homeostasis and related mechanisms during salt stress. The significance of these amine oxidases in short-term responses to salt stress is, however, not well understood. In the present study, the effects of L-aminoguanidine (AG) on tomato roots treated with short-term salt stress induced by NaCl were studied. AG is usually used as a copper amine oxidase (CuAO or DAO) inhibitor. In our study, other alterations of PA catabolism, such as reduced polyamine oxidase (PAO), were also observed in AG-treated plants. Salt stress led to an increase in the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in tomato root apices, evidenced by in situ fluorescent staining and an increase in free PA levels. Such alterations were alleviated by AG treatment, showing the possible antioxidant effect of AG in tomato roots exposed to salt stress. PA catabolic enzyme activities decreased, while the imbalance of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations displayed a dependence on stress intensity. These changes suggest that AG-mediated inhibition could dramatically rearrange PA catabolism and related reactive species backgrounds, especially the NO-related mechanisms. More studies are, however, needed to decipher the precise mode of action of AG in plants exposed to stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.B.); (A.F.); (H.K.); (P.P.); (P.P.); (R.S.)
| | - László Bakacsy
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.B.); (A.F.); (H.K.); (P.P.); (P.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Attila Fehér
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.B.); (A.F.); (H.K.); (P.P.); (P.P.); (R.S.)
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Henrietta Kovács
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.B.); (A.F.); (H.K.); (P.P.); (P.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Péter Pálfi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.B.); (A.F.); (H.K.); (P.P.); (P.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.B.); (A.F.); (H.K.); (P.P.); (P.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Réka Szőllősi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.B.); (A.F.); (H.K.); (P.P.); (P.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Orsolya Kinga Gondor
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik u.2., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (O.K.G.); (T.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Tibor Janda
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik u.2., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (O.K.G.); (T.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik u.2., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (O.K.G.); (T.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Munich, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.S.); (L.Z.)
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18
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Subramanian S, Mitkus E, Souleimanov A, Smith DL. Lipo-chitooligosaccharide and thuricin 17 act as plant growth promoters and alleviate drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1184158. [PMID: 37601342 PMCID: PMC10436337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1184158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipo-chito-oligosaccharide (LCO-from Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and thuricin 17 (Th17-from Bacillus thuringiensis) are bacterial signal compounds from the rhizosphere of soybean that have been shown to enhance plant growth in a range of legumes and non-legumes. In this study, an attempt to quantify phytohormones involved in the initial hours after exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to these compounds was conducted using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. A petri-plate assay was conducted to screen for drought stress tolerance to PEG 8000 infusion and plant growth was studied 21-days post-stress. Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown in trays with drought stress imposed by water withhold were used for free proline determination, elemental analysis, and untargeted proteomics using LC-MS/MS studies. At 24 h post-exposure to the signal compounds under optimal growth conditions, Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes varied in their responses to the two signals. While LCO-treated rosettes showed a decrease in total IAA, cytokinins, gibberellins, and jasmonic acid, increases in ABA and SA was very clear. Th17-treated rosettes, on the other hand, showed an increase in IAA and SA. Both treatments resulted in decreased JA levels. Under severe drought stress imposed by PEG 8000 infusion, LCO and Th17 treatments were found to significantly increase fresh and dry weight over drought-stressed control plates, indicating that the presence of the signaling compounds decreased the negative effects experienced by the plants. Free proline content increased in LCO- and Th17-treated plants after water-withhold drought stress. Elemental analysis showed a significant increase in carbon percentage at the lower concentration of Th17. Untargeted proteomics revealed changes in the levels of drought-specific ribosomal proteins, glutathione S-transferase, late embryogenesis proteins, vegetative storage proteins 1 and 2, thaumatin-like proteins, and those related to chloroplast and carbon metabolism. The roles of some of these significantly affected proteins detected under drought stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Mitkus
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alfred Souleimanov
- Department of Plant Sciences, MacDonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, MacDonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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19
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Graska J, Fidler J, Gietler M, Prabucka B, Nykiel M, Labudda M. Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:927. [PMID: 37508359 PMCID: PMC10376146 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Changes in endogenous NO concentration lead to activation/deactivation of NO signaling and NO-related processes. This paper presents the current state of knowledge on NO biosynthesis and scavenging pathways in plant cells and highlights the role of NO in post-translational modifications of proteins (S-nitrosylation, nitration, and phosphorylation) in plants under optimal and stressful environmental conditions. Particular attention was paid to the interactions of NO with other signaling molecules: reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid, auxins (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. In addition, potential common patterns of NO-dependent defense responses against attack and feeding by parasitic and molting Ecdysozoa species such as nematodes, insects, and arachnids were characterized. Our review definitely highlights the need for further research on the involvement of NO in interactions between host plants and Ecdysozoa parasites, especially arachnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Graska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
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20
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Terrón-Camero LC, Molina-Moya E, Peláez-Vico MÁ, Sandalio LM, Romero-Puertas MC. Nitric Oxide and Globin Glb1 Regulate Fusarium oxysporum Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1321. [PMID: 37507861 PMCID: PMC10376111 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants continuously interact with fungi, some of which, such as Fusarium oxysporum, are lethal, leading to reduced crop yields. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been found to play a regulatory role in plant responses to F. oxysporum, although the underlying mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis mutants with altered levels of phytoglobin 1 (Glb1) have a higher survival rate than wild type (WT) after infection with F. oxysporum, although all the genotypes analyzed exhibited a similar fungal burden. None of the defense responses that were analyzed in Glb1 lines, such as phenols, iron metabolism, peroxidase activity, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, appear to explain their higher survival rates. However, the early induction of the PR genes may be one of the reasons for the observed survival rate of Glb1 lines infected with F. oxysporum. Furthermore, while PR1 expression was induced in Glb1 lines very early on the response to F. oxysporum, this induction was not observed in WT plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Terrón-Camero
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Eliana Molina-Moya
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Peláez-Vico
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Luisa M Sandalio
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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21
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Zhang Y, Wang R, Wang X, Zhao C, Shen H, Yang L. Nitric Oxide Regulates Seed Germination by Integrating Multiple Signalling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109052. [PMID: 37240398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed germination is of great significance for plant development and crop yield. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to not only serve as an important nitrogen source during seed development but also to participate in a variety of stress responses in plants to high salt, drought, and high temperature. In addition, NO can affect the process of seed germination by integrating multiple signaling pathways. However, due to the instability of NO gas activity, the network mechanism for its fine regulation of seed germination remains unclear. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the complex anabolic processes of NO in plants, to analyze the interaction mechanisms between NO-triggered signaling pathways and different plant hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA), ethylene (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling molecules, and to discuss the physiological responses and molecular mechanisms of seeds during the involvement of NO in abiotic stress, so as to provide a reference for solving the problems of seed dormancy release and improving plant stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Caihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hailong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Research Center of Korean Pine Engineering and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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22
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Xu C, Lin W, Chen Y, Gao B, Zhang Z, Zhu D. Heat stress enhanced perylenequinones biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. Slf14(w) through nitric oxide formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3745-3761. [PMID: 37126084 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Perylenequinones (PQs) are a class of natural polyketides used as photodynamic therapeutics. Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental factor affecting secondary metabolism of fungi. This study investigated the effects of HS treatment on PQs biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. Slf14(w) and the underlying molecular mechanism. After the optimization of HS treatment conditions, the total PQs amount reached 577 ± 34.56 mg/L, which was 20.89-fold improvement over the control. Also, HS treatment stimulated the formation of intracellular nitric oxide (NO). Genome-wide analysis of Shiraia sp. Slf14(w) revealed iNOSL and cNOSL encoding inducible and constitutive NOS-like proteins (iNOSL and cNOSL), respectively. Cloned iNOSL in Escherichia coli BL21 showed higher nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity than cNOSL, and the expression level of iNOSL under HS treatment was observably higher than that of cNOSL, suggesting that iNOSL is more responsible for NO production in the HS-treated strain Slf14(w) and may play an important role in regulating PQs biosynthesis. Moreover, the putative biosynthetic gene clusters for PQs and genes encoding iNOSL and nitrate reductase (NR) in the HS-treated strain Slf14(w) were obviously upregulated. PQs biosynthesis and efflux stimulated by HS treatment were significantly inhibited upon the addition of NO scavenger, NOS inhibitor, and NR inhibitor, indicating that HS-induced NO, as a signaling molecule, triggered promoted PQs biosynthesis and efflux. Our results provide an effective strategy for PQs production and contribute to the understanding of heat shock signal transduction studies of other fungi.Key points• PQs titer of Shiraia sp. Slf14(w) was significantly enhanced by HS treatment.• HS-induced NO was first reported to participate in PQs biosynthetic regulation.• Novel inducible and constitutive NOS-like proteins (iNOSL and cNOSL) were obtained and their NOS activities were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Wenxi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yunni Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Boliang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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23
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Roman A, Montenegro J, Fraile L, Urra M, Buezo J, Cornejo A, Moran JF, Gogorcena Y. Indole-3-acetaldoxime delays root iron-deficiency responses and modify auxin homeostasis in Medicago truncatula. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111718. [PMID: 37105378 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential plant micronutrient, being a major limiting growth factor in calcareous soils. To increase Fe uptake, plants induce lateral roots growth, the expression of a Fe(III)-chelate reductase (FCR), a Fe(II)-transporter and a H+-ATPase and the secretion of flavins. Furthermore, auxin hormone family is involved in the Fe-deficiency responses but the action mechanism remains elusive. In this work, we evaluated the effect of the auxin-precursor indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) on hydroponically grown Medicago truncatula plants under different Fe conditions. Upon 4-days of Fe starvation, the pH of the nutrient solution decreased, while both the FCR activity and the presence of flavins increased. Exogenous IAOx increased lateral roots growth contributing to superroot phenotype, decreased chlorosis, and delayed up to 3-days the pH-decrease, the FCR-activity increase, and the presence of flavins, compared to Fe-deficient plants. Gene expression levels were in concordance with the physiological responses. RESULTS: showed that IAOx was immediately transformed to IAN in roots and shoots to maintain auxin homeostasis. IAOx plays an active role in iron homeostasis delaying symptoms and responses in Fe-deficient plants. We may speculate that IAOx or its derivatives remobilize Fe from root cells to alleviate Fe-deficiency. Overall, these results point out that the IAOx-derived phenotype may have advantages to overcome nutritional stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Roman
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Montenegro
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Fraile
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marina Urra
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, E-31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Javier Buezo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, E-31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cornejo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Fernando Moran
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, E-31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gogorcena
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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24
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Mata-Pérez C, Sánchez-Vicente I, Arteaga N, Gómez-Jiménez S, Fuentes-Terrón A, Oulebsir CS, Calvo-Polanco M, Oliver C, Lorenzo Ó. Functions of nitric oxide-mediated post-translational modifications under abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1158184. [PMID: 37063215 PMCID: PMC10101340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1158184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions greatly impact plant growth and development. In the current context of both global climate change and land degradation, abiotic stresses usually lead to growth restriction limiting crop production. Plants have evolved to sense and respond to maximize adaptation and survival; therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in the different converging signaling networks becomes critical for improving plant tolerance. In the last few years, several studies have shown the plant responses against drought and salinity, high and low temperatures, mechanical wounding, heavy metals, hypoxia, UV radiation, or ozone stresses. These threats lead the plant to coordinate a crosstalk among different pathways, highlighting the role of phytohormones and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). In particular, plants sense these reactive species through post-translational modification (PTM) of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and fatty acids, hence triggering antioxidant responses with molecular implications in the plant welfare. Here, this review compiles the state of the art about how plant systems sense and transduce this crosstalk through PTMs of biological molecules, highlighting the S-nitrosylation of protein targets. These molecular mechanisms finally impact at a physiological level facing the abiotic stressful traits that could lead to establishing molecular patterns underlying stress responses and adaptation strategies.
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25
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Wang Y, Teng Z, Li H, Wang W, Xu F, Sun K, Chu J, Qian Y, Loake GJ, Chu C, Tang J. An activated form of NB-ARC protein RLS1 functions with cysteine-rich receptor-like protein RMC to trigger cell death in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100459. [PMID: 36203361 PMCID: PMC10030324 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A key event that follows pathogen recognition by a resistance (R) protein containing an NB-ARC (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by Apaf-1, R proteins, and Ced-4) domain is hypersensitive response (HR)-type cell death accompanied by accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. However, the integral mechanisms that underlie this process remain relatively opaque. Here, we show that a gain-of-function mutation in the NB-ARC protein RLS1 (Rapid Leaf Senescence 1) triggers high-light-dependent HR-like cell death in rice. The RLS1-mediated defense response is largely independent of salicylic acid accumulation, NPR1 (Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis-Related Gene 1) activity, and RAR1 (Required for Mla12 Resistance 1) function. A screen for suppressors of RLS1 activation identified RMC (Root Meander Curling) as essential for the RLS1-activated defense response. RMC encodes a cysteine-rich receptor-like secreted protein (CRRSP) and functions as an RLS1-binding partner. Intriguingly, their co-expression resulted in a change in the pattern of subcellular localization and was sufficient to trigger cell death accompanied by a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme APX1. Collectively, our findings reveal an NB-ARC-CRRSP signaling module that modulates oxidative state, the cell death process, and associated immunity responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenfeng Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yangwen Qian
- Biogle Genome Editing Center, Changzhou 213125, China
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jiuyou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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26
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Sehar Z, Mir IR, Khan S, Masood A, Khan NA. Nitric Oxide and Proline Modulate Redox Homeostasis and Photosynthetic Metabolism in Wheat Plants under High Temperature Stress Acclimation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1256. [PMID: 36986944 PMCID: PMC10053195 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exogenously-sourced NO (nitric oxide, as 100 µM SNP) and proline (50 mM) in the protection of the photosynthetic performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress were investigated. The study focused on the mechanisms of proline accumulation, activity, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, and NO generation. Plants were exposed to a temperature of 40 °C for 6 h per day over 15 days, then allowed to recover at 28 °C. Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress, with higher levels of H2O2 and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and increased proline accumulation, ACS activity, ethylene evolution, and NO generation, which in turn leads to increased accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and reduced photosynthetic attributes. In the tested wheat cultivar, the exogenous application of SNP and proline under heat stress improved the photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Potentially, the promoter AOX (alternative oxidase) played a role in maintaining redox homeostasis by lowering H2O2 and TBARS levels. The genes for GR antioxidant and photosystem II core protein encoding psbA and psbB were highly up-regulated in nitric oxide and proline treated heat-stressed plants, indicating that ethylene positively impacted photosynthesis under high temperature stress. Moreover, nitric oxide supplementation under high temperature stress optimized ethylene levels to regulate the assimilation and metabolism of proline and the antioxidant system, lowering the adverse effects. The study showed that nitric oxide and proline increased high temperature stress tolerance in wheat by increasing the osmolytes accumulation and the antioxidant system, resulting in enhanced photosynthesis.
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27
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Wu Y, Jiang N, He Z, Yang Y, Li Y. Direct electrochemical detection of extracellular nitric oxide in Arabidopsis protoplast based on cytochrome P450 55B1 biosensor. Nitric Oxide 2023; 132:8-14. [PMID: 36731643 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 55B1(CYP55B1) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reduces nitric oxide (NO) to dinitrogen oxide (N2O) with the electron supply from NAD(P)H in vivo. Here a novel nitric oxide biosensor was developed by immobilized CYP55B1 on the surface of pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (GA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The direct electrochemistry of CYP55B1 was realized with the redox peak potential of -0.355 V and -0.385 V and the catalytic reduction peak of NO by CYP55B1 is at -0.85 V at the scan rate of 0.5 V S-1 in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer. The apparent coverage (Γ = 1.43 × 10-11 mol cm-2), the electron transfer rate constant (ks = 17.39 s-1) and apparent affinity to NO (Kmapp = 11.64 nM) of CYP55B1 in GA/BSA film were obtained. The catalytic mechanism of CYP55B1 towards NO with NADH was examined by the biosensor. The linear range of NO detection was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry with the results of 5-50 nM and the detection limit of 0.5 nM (S/N = 3). The selectivity and stability of the electrochemical biosensor were investigated. Furthermore, the CYP55B1electrochemical biosensor was applied to monitor NO release from Arabidopsis protoplasts with the average content of 0.848 fmol per cell under anaerobic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Wu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, 430074, China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, 430074, China
| | - Zheng He
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, 430074, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 430062, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, 430074, China.
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28
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Sayyadi G, Niknezhad Y, Fallah H. Sodium nitroprusside ameliorates lead toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by modulating the antioxidant scavenging system, nitrogen metabolism, lead sequestration mechanism, and proline metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:24408-24423. [PMID: 36342601 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a toxic anthropogenic pollutant, lead (Pb) can be harmful to both plants and animals. Here, the effects of the application of nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0, 50, and 100 μM), on the morphological, biochemical, and molecular responses of rice plants under Pb (0, 150, and 300 μM) toxicity in hydroponic conditions were investigated. Pb stress decreased biomass, photosynthetic pigments, Fv/Fm value, and nitrogen (N) and increased the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methylglyoxal (MG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL) in rice seedlings. However, by improving the metabolism of chlorophyll and proline, SNP increased the content of chlorophyll and proline, restored the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus, and stimulated the growth of Pb-stressed rice seedlings. SNP by reducing the expression of HMA2 and increasing the expression of HMA3 and HMA4 caused the immobilization of Pb in the roots and reduced its transfer to the leaves. Adding SNP increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glyoxalase cycle and decreased H2O2, MG, MDA, and EL in the leaves of Pb-stressed rice seedlings. By upregulating the expression of genes GSH1, PCS, and ABCC1, SNP increased the accumulation of GSH and PCs in the roots and leaves and increased the plant's tolerance to Pb stress. By modulating the activity of enzymes involved in N metabolism, SNP increased the concentration of N and nitrate and decreased the concentration of ammonium in the leaves of Pb-stressed seedlings. Our study provides evidence that NO may become a promising tool for increasing the tolerance of rice plants to Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Sayyadi
- Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University of Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Yosoof Niknezhad
- Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University of Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.
| | - Hormoz Fallah
- Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University of Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
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29
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Verde C, Giordano D, Bruno S. NO and Heme Proteins: Cross-Talk between Heme and Cysteine Residues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020321. [PMID: 36829880 PMCID: PMC9952723 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme proteins are a diverse group that includes several unrelated families. Their biological function is mainly associated with the reactivity of the heme group, which-among several other reactions-can bind to and react with nitric oxide (NO) and other nitrogen compounds for their production, scavenging, and transport. The S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, which also results from the reaction with NO and other nitrogen compounds, is a post-translational modification regulating protein activity, with direct effects on a variety of signaling pathways. Heme proteins are unique in exhibiting this dual reactivity toward NO, with reported examples of cross-reactivity between the heme and cysteine residues within the same protein. In this work, we review the literature on this interplay, with particular emphasis on heme proteins in which heme-dependent nitrosylation has been reported and those for which both heme nitrosylation and S-nitrosylation have been associated with biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Verde
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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30
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Kumar D, Ohri P. Say "NO" to plant stresses: Unravelling the role of nitric oxide under abiotic and biotic stress. Nitric Oxide 2023; 130:36-57. [PMID: 36460229 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic gaseous molecule, which plays different roles in different strata of organisms. Discovered as a neurotransmitter in animals, NO has now gained a significant place in plant signaling cascade. NO regulates plant growth and several developmental processes including germination, root formation, stomatal movement, maturation and defense in plants. Due to its gaseous state, it is unchallenging for NO to reach different parts of cell and counterpoise antioxidant pool. Various abiotic and biotic stresses act on plants and affect their growth and development. NO plays a pivotal role in alleviating toxic effects caused by various stressors by modulating oxidative stress, antioxidant defense mechanism, metal transport and ion homeostasis. It also modulates the activity of some transcriptional factors during stress conditions in plants. Besides its role during stress conditions, interaction of NO with other signaling molecules such as other gasotransmitters (hydrogen sulfide), phytohormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, gibberellin, ethylene, brassinosteroids, cytokinins and auxin), ions, polyamines, etc. has been demonstrated. These interactions play vital role in alleviating plant stress by modulating defense mechanisms in plants. Taking all these aspects into consideration, the current review focuses on the role of NO and its interaction with other signaling molecules in regulating plant growth and development, particularly under stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
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31
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Borrowman S, Kapuganti JG, Loake GJ. Expanding roles for S-nitrosylation in the regulation of plant immunity. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:357-368. [PMID: 36513331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following pathogen recognition, plant cells produce a nitrosative burst resulting in a striking increase in nitric oxide (NO), altering the redox state of the cell, which subsequently helps orchestrate a plethora of immune responses. NO is a potent redox cue, efficiently relayed between proteins through its co-valent attachment to highly specific, powerfully reactive protein cysteine (Cys) thiols, resulting in formation of protein S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). This process, known as S-nitrosylation, can modulate the function of target proteins, enabling responsiveness to cellular redox changes. Key targets of S-nitrosylation control the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the transcription of immune-response genes, the triggering of the hypersensitive response (HR) and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Here, we bring together recent advances in the control of plant immunity by S-nitrosylation, furthering our appreciation of how changes in cellular redox status reprogramme plant immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Borrowman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | | | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK; Centre for Engineering Biology, Max Born Crescent, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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32
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Ding LN, Li YT, Wu YZ, Li T, Geng R, Cao J, Zhang W, Tan XL. Plant Disease Resistance-Related Signaling Pathways: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416200. [PMID: 36555841 PMCID: PMC9785534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions induce a signal transmission series that stimulates the plant's host defense system against pathogens and this, in turn, leads to disease resistance responses. Plant innate immunity mainly includes two lines of the defense system, called pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). There is extensive signal exchange and recognition in the process of triggering the plant immune signaling network. Plant messenger signaling molecules, such as calcium ions, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, and plant hormone signaling molecules, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene, play key roles in inducing plant defense responses. In addition, heterotrimeric G proteins, the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in regulating disease resistance and the defense signal transduction network. This paper summarizes the status and progress in plant disease resistance and disease resistance signal transduction pathway research in recent years; discusses the complexities of, and interactions among, defense signal pathways; and forecasts future research prospects to provide new ideas for the prevention and control of plant diseases.
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Rasheed F, Mir IR, Sehar Z, Fatma M, Gautam H, Khan S, Anjum NA, Masood A, Sofo A, Khan NA. Nitric Oxide and Salicylic Acid Regulate Glutathione and Ethylene Production to Enhance Heat Stress Acclimation in Wheat Involving Sulfur Assimilation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223131. [PMID: 36432860 PMCID: PMC9697704 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones have a role in stress adaptation. The major mechanism underlying the role of exogenously-sourced nitric oxide (NO; as sodium nitroprusside, SNP: 50.0 µM) and salicylic acid (SA; 0.5 mM) in the presence of 2.0 mM SO4-2 was assessed in heat stress (HS; 40 °C for 6 h daily for 15 days) tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HD-3226). The cultivar HD-3226 possessed high photosynthetic sulfur use efficiency (p-SUE) among the six cultivars screened. Plants grown under HS exhibited an increased content of reactive oxygen species (ROS; including superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) and extent of lipid peroxidation with a consequent reduction in photosynthesis and growth. However, both NO and SA were found to be protective against HS via enhanced S assimilation. Their application reduced oxidative stress and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. NO or SA supplementation along with S under HS recovered the losses and improved photosynthesis and growth. The use of SA inhibitor (2-aminoindane-2-phosphonic acid; AIP) and NO scavenger (cPTIO) confirmed that the mitigating effects of SA and NO involved induction in S assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Rasheed
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Iqbal R. Mir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Naser A. Anjum
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Paul GK, Mahmud S, Dutta AK, Sarkar S, Laboni AA, Hossain MS, Nagata A, Karmaker P, Razu MH, Kazi T, Uddin MS, Zaman S, Islam MS, Khan M, Saleh MA. Volatile compounds of Bacillus pseudomycoides induce growth and drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:19137. [PMID: 36352019 PMCID: PMC9646913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant growth-boosting biofilm-forming bacteria Bacillus pseudomycoides is able to promote growth and drought stress tolerance in wheat by suppressing the MYB gene, which synthesizes Myb protein (TaMpc1-D4) through secreted volatile compounds. In the present study, Triticum aestivum seeds were inoculated with five distinct bacterial strains. The growth, germination rate, root-shoot length, RWC, and chlorophyll content of seedlings were investigated. Furthermore, the levels of soluble sugars, proteins, H2O2, NO, cell death, and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, and APX) were observed throughout the growth stage. All of the results showed that B. pseudomycoides had a substantially higher ability to form biofilm and promote these traits than the other strains. In terms of molecular gene expression, B. pseudomycoides inoculation strongly expressed the Dreb1 gene by silencing the expression of MYB gene through secreted volatile compounds. For identifying the specific volatile compound that silenced the MYB gene, molecular docking with Myb protein was performed. Out of 45 volatile compounds found, 2,6-ditert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione and 3,5-ditert-butylphenol had a binding free energy of - 6.2 and - 6.5, Kcal/mol, respectively, which predicted that these compounds could suppress this protein's expression. In molecular dynamics simulations, the RMSD, SASA, Rg, RMSF, and hydrogen bonding values found assured the docked complexes' binding stability. These findings suggest that these targeted compounds may be suppressing Myb protein expression as well as the expression of Dreb1 and other drought response genes in wheat. More research (field trial) into plant growth and drought stress is needed to support the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobindo Kumar Paul
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh ,Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, and The Shine-Dalgarno Centre for RNA Innovation, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Amit Kumar Dutta
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Department of Microbiology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Swagotom Sarkar
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aysha Akter Laboni
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shamim Hossain
- grid.411762.70000 0004 0454 7011Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003 Bangladesh
| | - Abir Nagata
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Pranab Karmaker
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mamudul Hasan Razu
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taheruzzaman Kazi
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Md. Salah Uddin
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Zaman
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Sayeedul Islam
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-Cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Mala Khan
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Saleh
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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Kabange NR, Mun BG, Lee SM, Kwon Y, Lee D, Lee GM, Yun BW, Lee JH. Nitric oxide: A core signaling molecule under elevated GHGs (CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, O 3)-mediated abiotic stress in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994149. [PMID: 36407609 PMCID: PMC9667792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), an ancient molecule with multiple roles in plants, has gained momentum and continues to govern plant biosciences-related research. NO, known to be involved in diverse physiological and biological processes, is a central molecule mediating cellular redox homeostasis under abiotic and biotic stresses. NO signaling interacts with various signaling networks to govern the adaptive response mechanism towards stress tolerance. Although diverging views question the role of plants in the current greenhouse gases (GHGs) budget, it is widely accepted that plants contribute, in one way or another, to the release of GHGs (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3)) to the atmosphere, with CH4 and N2O being the most abundant, and occur simultaneously. Studies support that elevated concentrations of GHGs trigger similar signaling pathways to that observed in commonly studied abiotic stresses. In the process, NO plays a forefront role, in which the nitrogen metabolism is tightly related. Regardless of their beneficial roles in plants at a certain level of accumulation, high concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O-mediating stress in plants exacerbate the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. This review assesses and discusses the current knowledge of NO signaling and its interaction with other signaling pathways, here focusing on the reported calcium (Ca2+) and hormonal signaling, under elevated GHGs along with the associated mechanisms underlying GHGs-induced stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkulu Rolly Kabange
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - So-Myeong Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
| | - Youngho Kwon
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
| | - Dasol Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Geun-Mo Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
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Zhang Y, Xia G, Sheng L, Chen M, Hu C, Ye Y, Yue X, Chen S, OuYang W, Xia Z. Regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2125-2138. [PMID: 35922498 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting native and functional proteins to ensure their proper levels and activities in plant adaptive responses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling pathway with a key role in cellular homeostasis and metabolism. Autophagy is initiated with the biogenesis of autophagosomes, which fuse with the lysosomes or vacuoles to release their contents for degradation. Under nutrient starvation or other adverse environmental conditions, autophagy usually targets unwanted or damaged proteins, organelles and other cellular components for degradation and recycling to promote cell survival. Over the past decade, however, a substantial number of studies have reported that autophagy in plants also functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins that are not necessarily damaged or dysfunctional to ensure their proper abundance and function to facilitate cellular changes required for response to endogenous and environmental conditions. During plant-pathogen interactions in particular, selective autophagy targets specific pathogen components as a defense mechanism and pathogens also utilize autophagy to target functional host factors to suppress defense mechanisms. Autophagy also targets native and functional protein regulators of plant heat stress memory, hormone signaling, and vesicle trafficking associated with plant responses to abiotic and other conditions. In this review, we discuss advances in the regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses, what questions remain and how further progress in the analysis of these special regulatory roles of autophagy can help understand biological processes important to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gengshou Xia
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjue Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yule Ye
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yue
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaocong Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwu OuYang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkai Xia
- China Medical University -The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Chammakhi C, Boscari A, Pacoud M, Aubert G, Mhadhbi H, Brouquisse R. Nitric Oxide Metabolic Pathway in Drought-Stressed Nodules of Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13057. [PMID: 36361841 PMCID: PMC9654674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is an environmental stress that strongly impacts plants. It affects all stages of growth and induces profound disturbances that influence all cellular functions. Legumes can establish a symbiosis with Rhizobium-type bacteria, whose function is to fix atmospheric nitrogen in organs called nodules and to meet plant nitrogen needs. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is particularly sensitive to drought. We raised the hypothesis that, in drought-stressed nodules, SNF inhibition is partly correlated to hypoxia resulting from nodule structure compaction and an increased O2 diffusion barrier, and that the nodule energy regeneration involves phytoglobin-nitric oxide (Pgb-NO) respiration. To test this hypothesis, we subjected faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants nodulated with a Rhizobium laguerreae strain to either drought or osmotic stress. We monitored the N2-fixation activity, the energy state (ATP/ADP ratio), the expression of hypoxia marker genes (alcohol dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase), and the functioning of the Pgb-NO respiration in the nodules. The collected data confirmed our hypothesis and showed that (1) drought-stressed nodules were subject to more intense hypoxia than control nodules and (2) NO production increased and contributed via Pgb-NO respiration to the maintenance of the energy state of drought-stressed nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Chammakhi
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie Pacoud
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroecology, INRAE, Agro Institute, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - Haythem Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Pande A, Mun BG, Methela NJ, Rahim W, Lee DS, Lee GM, Hong JK, Hussain A, Loake G, Yun BW. Heavy metal toxicity in plants and the potential NO-releasing novel techniques as the impending mitigation alternatives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019647. [PMID: 36267943 PMCID: PMC9578046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants like heavy metals are toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative in nature. Contamination of agricultural fields with heavy metals not only hampers the quality and yield of crops but also poses a serious threat to human health by entering the food chain. Plants generally cope with heavy metal stress by regulating their redox machinery. In this context, nitric oxide (NO) plays a potent role in combating heavy metal toxicity in plants. Studies have shown that the exogenous application of NO donors protects plants against the deleterious effects of heavy metals by enhancing their antioxidative defense system. Most of the studies have used sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a NO donor for combating heavy metal stress despite the associated concerns related to cyanide release. Recently, NO-releasing nanoparticles have been tested for their efficacy in a few plants and other biomedical research applications suggesting their use as an alternative to chemical NO donors with the advantage of safe, slow and prolonged release of NO. This suggests that they may also serve as potential candidates in mitigating heavy metal stress in plants. Therefore, this review presents the role of NO, the application of chemical NO donors, potential advantages of NO-releasing nanoparticles, and other NO-release strategies in biomedical research that may be useful in mitigating heavy metal stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Pande
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Nusrat Jahan Methela
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Waqas Rahim
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Da-Sol Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Geun-Mo Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Protection, Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Gary Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Atanasov KE, Díaz-Narváez LC, Alcázar R. Ammonium and nitric oxide condition the establishment of Arabidopsis Ler/Kas-2 immune-related hybrid incompatibility. PLANTA 2022; 256:76. [PMID: 36087170 PMCID: PMC9464153 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High ammonium suppresses hybrid incompatibility between Ler and Kas-2 accessions through lowering nitric oxide levels and nitrate reductase activity required for autoimmunity. The immune-related hybrid incompatibility (HI) between Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Kashmir-2 (Kas-2) accessions is due to a deleterious genetic interaction between the RPP1 (RECOGNITION OF PERONOSPORA PARASITICA1)-like Ler locus and Kas-2 alleles of the receptor-like kinase SRF3 (STRUBBELIG RECEPTOR FAMILY 3). The genetic incompatibility is temperature-dependent and leads to constitutive activation of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, dwarfism and cell death at 14-16 °C. Here we investigated the effect of nutrition on the occurrence of Ler/Kas-2 HI and found that high ammonium suppresses Ler/Kas-2 incompatible phenotypes independently of the ammonium/nitrate ratio. Ammonium feeding leads to compromised disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, lower total SA, nitric oxide and nitrate reductase activity in Ler/Kas-2 incompatible hybrids. In addition, we find that Ler/Kas-2 incompatibility is dependent on NPR1 (NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1) and nitric oxide production. Overall, this work highlights the effect of nutrition on the expression of incompatible phenotypes independently of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin Evgeniev Atanasov
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía C Díaz-Narváez
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Nitric oxide mediated alleviation of abiotic challenges in plants. Nitric Oxide 2022; 128:37-49. [PMID: 35981689 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture and ecosystem are negatively influenced by the abiotic stresses which create solemn pressures on plants as they are sessile in nature leading to excessive losses in economy. For maintenance of sustainable agriculture and to fulfil the cumulative call of food for rapidly growing population worldwide, it becomes crucial to protects the crop plants from climate fluctuations. Plants fight back against these challenges by generation of redox molecules comprising reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and cause modulation at cellular, physiological and molecular levels. Nitric oxide (NO) deliver tolerance to several biotic and abiotic stresses in plants by acting as signalling molecule or free radicals. It is also intricated in several developmental processes in plants using different mechanisms. Supplementation of exogenous NO reduce toxicity of abiotic stresses and provide resistance. In this review article, we summarize the recent research studies (five years) depicting the functional role of NO in alleviation of abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, heat, heavy metals and flooding. Moreover, by investigating studies found that among heavy metals works associated with Hg, Pb, and Cr is limited comparatively. Additionally, role of NO in abiotic stress resistance such as cold, freezing and heat stress less/poorly investigated. Consequently, further emphasis should be diverted towards how NO can facilitate protection against these stresses. In recent studies mostly beneficial role of NO against abiotic challenges have been elucidated by observing physiological/biochemical parameters but relatively inadequate research done at the transcripts level or gene regulation subsequently researchers should include it in future. Lastly, brief outline and an evaluative discussion on the present information and future prospective provided. Altogether, these inclusive experimental agendas could facilitate in future to produce climate tolerant plants. This will help to confront the constant fluctuations in the environment and to reduce the challenges in way of agriculture productivity and global food demands.
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Zhu L, Huang J, Lu X, Zhou C. Development of plant systemic resistance by beneficial rhizobacteria: Recognition, initiation, elicitation and regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952397. [PMID: 36017257 PMCID: PMC9396261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A plant growing in nature is not an individual, but it holds an intricate community of plants and microbes with relatively stable partnerships. The microbial community has recently been demonstrated to be closely linked with plants since their earliest evolution, to help early land plants adapt to environmental threats. Mounting evidence has indicated that plants can release diverse kinds of signal molecules to attract beneficial bacteria for mediating the activities of their genetics and biochemistry. Several rhizobacterial strains can promote plant growth and enhance the ability of plants to withstand pathogenic attacks causing various diseases and loss in crop productivity. Beneficial rhizobacteria are generally called as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that induce systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogen infection. These ISR-eliciting microbes can mediate the morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants. In the last decade, the mechanisms of microbial signals, plant receptors, and hormone signaling pathways involved in the process of PGPR-induced ISR in plants have been well investigated. In this review, plant recognition, microbial elicitors, and the related pathways during plant-microbe interactions are discussed, with highlights on the roles of root hair-specific syntaxins and small RNAs in the regulation of the PGPR-induced ISR in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiameng Huang
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Bioactive Nitrosylated and Nitrated N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamides and Derived Oligomers: An Alternative Pathway to 2-Amidophenol-Derived Phytotoxic Metabolites. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154786. [PMID: 35897961 PMCID: PMC9330447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Incubation of Aminobacter aminovorans, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and Arthrobacter MPI764 with the microbial 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA)-degradation-product 2-acetamido-phenol, produced from 2-aminophenol, led to the recently identified N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) acetamide, to the hitherto unknown N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrosophenyl)acetamide, and to N-(2-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide. As an alternative to the formation of phenoxazinone derived from aminophenol, dimers- and trimers-transformation products have been found. Identification of the compounds was carried out by LC/HRMS and MS/MS and, for the new structure N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrosophenyl)acetamide, additionally by 1D- and 2D-NMR. Incubation of microorganisms, such as the soil bacteria Pseudomonas laurentiana, Arthrobacter MPI763, the yeast Papiliotrema baii and Pantoea ananatis, and the plants Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L. (kohlrabi) and Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0, with N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) acetamide, led to its glucoside derivative as a prominent detoxification product; in the case of Pantoea ananatis, this was together with the corresponding glucoside succinic acid ester. In contrast, Actinomucor elegans consortium synthesized 2-acetamido-4-nitrophenyl sulfate. 1 mM bioactive N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) acetamide elicits alterations in the Arabidopsis thaliana expression profile of several genes. The most responsive upregulated gene was pathogen-inducible terpene synthase TPS04. The bioactivity of the compound is rapidly annihilated by glucosylation.
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Activation of plant immunity by exposure to dinitrogen pentoxide gas generated from air using plasma technology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269863. [PMID: 35749435 PMCID: PMC9231731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play an important role in plant immunity as signaling factors. We previously developed a plasma technology to partially convert air molecules into dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), an RNS whose physiological action is poorly understood. To reveal the function of N2O5 gas in plant immunity, Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to plasma-generated N2O5 gas once (20 s) per day for 3 days, and inoculated with Botrytis cinerea, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), or cucumber mosaic virus strain yellow (CMV(Y)) at 24 h after the final N2O5 gas exposure. Lesion size with B. cinerea infection was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by exposure to N2O5 gas. Propagation of CMV(Y) was suppressed in plants exposed to N2O5 gas compared with plants exposed to the air control. However, proliferation of Pst in the N2O5-gas-exposed plants was almost the same as in the air control plants. These results suggested that N2O5 gas exposure could control plant disease depending on the type of pathogen. Furthermore, changes in gene expression at 24 h after the final N2O5 gas exposure were analyzed by RNA-Seq. Based on the gene ontology analysis, jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were activated by exposure of Arabidopsis plants to N2O5 gas. A time course experiment with qRT-PCR revealed that the mRNA expression of the transcription factor genes, WRKY25, WRKY26, WRKY33, and genes for tryptophan metabolic enzymes, CYP71A12, CYP71A13, PEN2, and PAD3, was transiently induced by exposure to N2O5 gas once for 20 s peaking at 1–3 h post-exposure. However, the expression of PDF1.2 was enhanced beginning from 6 h after exposure and its high expression was maintained until 24–48 h later. Thus, enhanced tryptophan metabolism leading to the synthesis of antimicrobial substances such as camalexin and antimicrobial peptides might have contributed to the N2O5-gas-induced disease resistance.
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Martínez-Lorente SE, Pardo-Hernández M, Martí-Guillén JM, López-Delacalle M, Rivero RM. Interaction between Melatonin and NO: Action Mechanisms, Main Targets, and Putative Roles of the Emerging Molecule NOmela. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126646. [PMID: 35743084 PMCID: PMC9223470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL), a ubiquitous indolamine molecule, has gained interest in the last few decades due to its regulatory role in plant metabolism. Likewise, nitric oxide (NO), a gasotransmitter, can also affect plant molecular pathways due to its function as a signaling molecule. Both MEL and NO can interact at multiple levels under abiotic stress, starting with their own biosynthetic pathways and inducing a particular signaling response in plants. Moreover, their interaction can result in the formation of NOmela, a very recently discovered nitrosated form of MEL with promising roles in plant physiology. This review summarizes the role of NO and MEL molecules during plant development and fruit ripening, as well as their interactions. Due to the impact of climate-change-related abiotic stresses on agriculture, this review also focuses on the role of these molecules in mediating abiotic stress tolerance and the main mechanisms by which they operate, from the upregulation of the entire antioxidant defense system to the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of important molecules. Their individual interaction and crosstalk with phytohormones and H2S are also discussed. Finally, we introduce and summarize the little information available about NOmela, an emerging and still very unknown molecule, but that seems to have a stronger potential than MEL and NO separately in mediating plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Martínez-Lorente
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
| | - Miriam Pardo-Hernández
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
| | - José M. Martí-Guillén
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María López-Delacalle
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
| | - Rosa M. Rivero
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968396200 (ext. 445379)
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Ji Y, Xu M, Liu Z, Yuan H, Lv T, Li H, Xu Y, Si Y, Wang A. NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC shuttling of ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 5 mediated by nitric oxide suppresses ethylene biosynthesis in apple fruit. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1714-1734. [PMID: 35254663 PMCID: PMC9313842 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is known to modulate the action of several phytohormones. This includes the gaseous hormone ethylene, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of NO on ethylene biosynthesis are unclear. Here, we observed a decrease in endogenous NO abundance during apple (Malus domestica) fruit development and exogenous treatment of apple fruit with a NO donor suppressed ethylene production, suggesting that NO is a ripening suppressor. Expression of the transcription factor MdERF5 was activated by NO donor treatment. NO induced the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of MdERF5 by modulating its interaction with the protein phosphatase, MdPP2C57. MdPP2C57-induced dephosphorylation of MdERF5 at Ser260 is sufficient to promote nuclear export of MdERF5. As a consequence of this export, MdERF5 proteins in the cytoplasm interacted with and suppressed the activity of MdACO1, an enzyme that converts 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene. The NO-activated MdERF5 was observed to increase in abundance in the nucleus and bind to the promoter of the ACC synthase gene MdACS1 and directly suppress its transcription. Together, these results suggest that NO-activated nucleocytoplasmic MdERF5 suppresses the action of ethylene biosynthetic genes, thereby suppressing ethylene biosynthesis and limiting fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province)Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education)National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang110866China
| | - Mingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province)Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education)National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang110866China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Liaoning Institute of PomologyXiongyue115009China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province)Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education)National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang110866China
| | - Tianxing Lv
- Liaoning Institute of PomologyXiongyue115009China
| | - Hongjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province)Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education)National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang110866China
- Liaoning Institute of PomologyXiongyue115009China
| | - Yaxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province)Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education)National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang110866China
| | - Yajing Si
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province)Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education)National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang110866China
| | - Aide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province)Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education)National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang110866China
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Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide-Induced Low-Temperature Tolerance in Cucumber by Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105615. [PMID: 35628425 PMCID: PMC9146554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular cultivated vegetable crops but it is intrinsically sensitive to cold stress due to its thermophilic nature. To explore the molecular mechanism of plant response to low temperature (LT) and the mitigation effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on LT stress in cucumber, transcriptome changes in cucumber leaves were compared. The results showed that LT stress regulated the transcript level of genes related to the cell cycle, photosynthesis, flavonoid accumulation, lignin synthesis, active gibberellin (GA), phenylalanine metabolism, phytohormone ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) signaling in cucumber seedlings. Exogenous NO improved the LT tolerance of cucumber as reflected by increased maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and decreased chilling damage index (CI), electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and altered transcript levels of genes related to phenylalanine metabolism, lignin synthesis, plant hormone (SA and ethylene) signal transduction, and cell cycle. In addition, we found four differentially expressed transcription factors (MYB63, WRKY21, HD-ZIP, and b-ZIP) and their target genes such as the light-harvesting complex I chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 gene (LHCA1), light-harvesting complex II chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1, 3, and 5 genes (LHCB1, LHCB3, and LHCB5), chalcone synthase gene (CSH), ethylene-insensitive protein 3 gene (EIN3), peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL), DNA replication licensing factor gene (MCM5 and MCM6), gibberellin 3 beta-dioxygenase gene (GA3ox), and regulatory protein gene (NPRI), which are potentially associated with plant responses to NO and LT stress. Notably, HD-ZIP and b-ZIP specifically responded to exogenous NO under LT stress. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cucumber seedlings respond to LT stress and exogenous NO by modulating the transcription of some key transcription factors and their downstream genes, thereby regulating photosynthesis, lignin synthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylalanine metabolism, cell cycle, and GA synthesis. Our study unveiled potential molecular mechanisms of plant response to LT stress and indicated the possibility of NO application in cucumber production under LT stress, particularly in winter and early spring.
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He NY, Chen LS, Sun AZ, Zhao Y, Yin SN, Guo FQ. A nitric oxide burst at the shoot apex triggers a heat-responsive pathway in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:434-450. [PMID: 35437002 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When confronted with heat stress, plants depend on the timely activation of cellular defences to survive by perceiving the rising temperature. However, how plants sense heat at the whole-plant level has remained unanswered. Here we demonstrate that shoot apical nitric oxide (NO) bursting under heat stress as a signal triggers cellular heat responses at the whole-plant level on the basis of our studies mainly using live-imaging of transgenic plants harbouring pHsfA2::LUC, micrografting, NO accumulation mutants and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we validate that S-nitrosylation of the trihelix transcription factor GT-1 by S-nitrosoglutathione promotes its binding to NO-responsive elements in the HsfA2 promoter and that loss of function of GT-1 disrupts the activation of HsfA2 and heat tolerance, revealing that GT-1 is the long-sought mediator linking signal perception to the activation of cellular heat responses. These findings uncover a heat-responsive mechanism that determines the timing and execution of cellular heat responses at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Sha Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Zhen Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Ning Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Chen L, Sun S, Song CP, Zhou JM, Li J, Zuo J. Nitric oxide negatively regulates gibberellin signaling to coordinate growth and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:756-765. [PMID: 35276388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In response to dynamically altered environments, plants must finely coordinate the balance between growth and stress responses for their survival. However, the underpinning regulatory mechanisms remain largely elusive. The phytohormone gibberellin promotes growth via a derepression mechanism by proteasomal degradation of the DELLA transcription repressors. Conversely, the stress-induced burst of nitric oxide (NO) enhances stress tolerance, largely relaying on NO-mediated S-nitrosylation, a redox-based posttranslational modification. Here, we show that S-nitrosylation of Cys-374 in the Arabidopsis RGA protein, a key member of DELLAs, inhibits its interaction with the F-box protein SLY1, thereby preventing its proteasomal degradation under salinity condition. The accumulation of RGA consequently retards growth but enhances salt tolerance. We propose that NO negatively regulates gibberellin signaling via S-nitrosylation of RGA to coordinate the balance of growth and stress responses when challenged by adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shuhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henang 475001, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.
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Nitric Oxide and Abscisic Acid Mediate Heat Stress Tolerance through Regulation of Osmolytes and Antioxidants to Protect Photosynthesis and Growth in Wheat Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020372. [PMID: 35204254 PMCID: PMC8869392 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and abscisic acid (ABA) play a significant role to combat abiotic stress. Application of 100 µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) or ABA alleviated heat stress effects on photosynthesis and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants exposed to 40 °C for 6 h every day for 15 days. We have shown that ABA and NO synergistically interact to reduce the heat stress effects on photosynthesis and growth via reducing the content of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as maximizing osmolytes production and the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes. The inhibition of NO and ABA using c-PTIO (2-4 carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) and fluridone (Flu), respectively, reduced the osmolyte and antioxidant metabolism and heat stress tolerance. The inhibition of NO significantly reduced the ABA-induced osmolytes and antioxidant metabolism, exhibiting that the function of ABA in the alleviation of heat stress was NO dependent and can be enhanced with NO supplementation.Thus, regulating the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes together with osmolytes production could act as a possible strategy for heat tolerance.
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Gupta KJ, Kaladhar VC, Fitzpatrick TB, Fernie AR, Møller IM, Loake GJ. Nitric oxide regulation of plant metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:228-242. [PMID: 34971792 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important signal molecule in plants, having myriad roles in plant development. In addition, NO also orchestrates both biotic and abiotic stress responses, during which intensive cellular metabolic reprogramming occurs. Integral to these responses is the location of NO biosynthetic and scavenging pathways in diverse cellular compartments, enabling plants to effectively organize signal transduction pathways. NO regulates plant metabolism and, in turn, metabolic pathways reciprocally regulate NO accumulation and function. Thus, these diverse cellular processes are inextricably linked. This review addresses the numerous redox pathways, located in the various subcellular compartments that produce NO, in addition to the mechanisms underpinning NO scavenging. We focus on how this molecular dance is integrated into the metabolic state of the cell. Within this context, a reciprocal relationship between NO accumulation and metabolite production is often apparent. We also showcase cellular pathways, including those associated with nitrate reduction, that provide evidence for this integration of NO function and metabolism. Finally, we discuss the potential importance of the biochemical reactions governing NO levels in determining plant responses to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067 India.
| | - Vemula Chandra Kaladhar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067 India
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211 Switzerland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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