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MacColl KA, Tosi M, Chagnon PL, MacDougall AS, Dunfield KE, Maherali H. Prairie restoration promotes the abundance and diversity of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2981. [PMID: 38738945 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Predicting how biological communities assemble in restored ecosystems can assist in conservation efforts, but most research has focused on plants, with relatively little attention paid to soil microbial organisms that plants interact with. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an ecologically significant functional group of soil microbes that form mutualistic symbioses with plants and could therefore respond positively to plant community restoration. To evaluate the effects of plant community restoration on AM fungi, we compared AM fungal abundance, species richness, and community composition of five annually cultivated, conventionally managed agricultural fields with paired adjacent retired agricultural fields that had undergone prairie restoration 5-9 years prior to sampling. We hypothesized that restoration stimulates AM fungal abundance and species richness, particularly for disturbance-sensitive taxa, and that gains of new taxa would not displace AM fungal species present prior to restoration due to legacy effects. AM fungal abundance was quantified by measuring soil spore density and root colonization. AM fungal species richness and community composition were determined in soils and plant roots using DNA high-throughput sequencing. Soil spore density was 2.3 times higher in restored prairies compared to agricultural fields, but AM fungal root colonization did not differ between land use types. AM fungal species richness was 2.7 and 1.4 times higher in restored prairies versus agricultural fields for soil and roots, respectively. The abundance of Glomeraceae, a disturbance-tolerant family, decreased by 25% from agricultural to restored prairie soils but did not differ in plant roots. The abundance of Claroideoglomeraceae and Diversisporaceae, both disturbance-sensitive families, was 4.6 and 3.2 times higher in restored prairie versus agricultural soils, respectively. Species turnover was higher than expected relative to a null model, indicating that AM fungal species were gained by replacement. Our findings demonstrate that restoration can promote a relatively rapid increase in the abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities that had been degraded by decades of intensive land use, and community compositional change can be predicted by the disturbance tolerance of soil microbial taxonomic and functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A MacColl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Micaela Tosi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Chagnon
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari E Dunfield
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Li HH, Chen XW, Zhai FH, Li YT, Zhao HM, Mo CH, Luo Y, Xing B, Li H. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Alleviates Charged Nanoplastic Stress in Host Plants via Enhanced Defense-Related Gene Expressions and Hyphal Capture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6258-6273. [PMID: 38450439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Contamination of small-sized plastics is recognized as a factor of global change. Nanoplastics (NPs) can readily enter organisms and pose significant ecological risks. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are the most ubiquitous and impactful plant symbiotic fungi, regulating essential ecological functions. Here, we first found that an AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, increased lettuce shoot biomass by 25-100% when exposed to positively and negatively charged NPs vs control, although it did not increase that grown without NPs. The stress alleviation was attributed to the upregulation of gene expressions involving phytohormone signaling, cell wall metabolism, and oxidant scavenging. Using a root organ-fungus axenic growth system treated with fluorescence-labeled NPs, we subsequently revealed that the hyphae captured NPs and further delivered them to roots. NPs were observed at the hyphal cell walls, membranes, and spore walls. NPs mediated by the hyphae were localized at the root epidermis, cortex, and stele. Hyphal exudates aggregated positively charged NPs, thereby reducing their uptake due to NP aggregate formation (up to 5000 nm). This work demonstrates the critical roles of AM fungus in regulating NP behaviors and provides a potential strategy for NP risk mitigation in terrestrial ecosystems. Consequent NP-induced ecological impacts due to the affected AM fungi require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xun Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Hua Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Tao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hai Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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3
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Cui N, Veresoglou S, Tian Y, Guo R, Zhang L, Jiang L, Kang F, Yuan W, Hou D, Shi L, Guo J, Sun M, Zhang T. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi offset NH 3 emissions in temperate meadow soil under simulated warming and nitrogen deposition. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120239. [PMID: 38354607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Most soil ammonia (NH3) emissions originate from soil nitrogen (N) that has been in the form of exchangeable ammonium. Emitted NH3 not only induces nutrient loss but also has adverse effects on the cycling of N and accelerates global warming. There is evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can alleviate N loss by reducing N2O emissions in N-limited ecosystems, however, some studies have also found that global changes, such as warming and N deposition, can affect the growth and development of AM fungi and alter their functionality. Up to now, the impact of AM fungi on NH3 emissions, and whether global changes reduce the AM fungi's contribution to NH3 emissions reduction, has remained unclear. In this study, we examined how warming, N addition, and AM fungi alter NH3 emissions from high pH saline soils typical of a temperate meadow through a controlled microscopic experiment. The results showed that warming significantly increased soil NH3 emissions, but N addition and combined warming plus N addition had no impact. Inoculations with AM fungi strongly reduced NH3 emissions both under warming and N addition, but AM fungi effects were more pronounced under warming than following N addition. Inoculation with AM fungi reduced soil NH4+-N content and soil pH, and increased plant N content and soil net N mineralization rate while increasing the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) gene. Structural equation modeling (SEM) shows that the regulation of NH3 emissions by AM fungi may be related to soil NH4+-N content and soil pH. These findings highlight that AM fungi can reduce N loss in the form of NH3 by increasing N turnover and uptake under global changes; thus, AM fungi play a vital role in alleviating the aggravation of N loss caused by global changes and in mitigating environmental pollution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Stavros Veresoglou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yibo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Furong Kang
- Alashan Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Alashan 750306, China
| | - Weizhe Yuan
- Jilin Institute of Geological Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dan Hou
- Jilin Institute of Geological Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lianxuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jixun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mingzhou Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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4
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Liu Z, Fang J, He Y, Bending GD, Song B, Guo Y, Wang X, Fang Z, Adams JM. Distinct biogeographic patterns in Glomeromycotinian and Mucoromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across China: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168907. [PMID: 38061652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Fine root endophytes, recently reclassified as Mucoromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M-AMF), are now recognized as functionally important as Glomeromycotinian AMF (G-AMF). However, little is known about the biogeography and ecology of M-AMF and G-AMF communities, particularly on a large scale, preventing a systematic assessment of ecosystem diversity and functioning. Here, we investigated the biogeographic assemblies and ecological diversity patterns of both G-AMF and M-AMF, using published 18S rDNA amplicon datasets and associated metadata from 575 soil samples in six ecosystems across China. Contrasting with G-AMF, putative M-AMF were rare in natural/semi-natural sites, where their communities were a subset of those in agricultural sites characterized by intensive disturbances, suggesting different ecological niches that they could occupy. Spatial and environmental factors (e.g., vegetation type) significantly influenced both fungal communities, with soil total‑nitrogen and mean-annual-precipitation being the strongest predictors for G-AMF and M-AMF richness, respectively. Both groups exhibited a strong spatial distance-decay relationship, shaped more by environmental filtering than spatial effects for M-AMF, and the opposite for G-AMF, presumably because stochasticity (e.g., drift) dominantly structured G-AMF communities; while the narrower niche breadth (at community-level) of M-AMF compared to G-AMF suggested its more susceptibility to environmental differences. Furthermore, co-occurrence network links between G-AMF and M-AMF were prevalent across ecosystems, and were predicted to play a key role in stabilizing overall communities harboring both fungi. Based on the macroecological spatial scale datasets, this study provides solid evidence that the two AMF groups have distinct ecological preferences at the continental scale in China, and also highlights the potential impacts of anthropogenic activities on distributions of AMF. These results advance our knowledge of the ecological differences between the two fungal groups in terrestrial ecosystems, suggesting the need for further field-based investigation that may lead to a more sophisticated understanding of ecosystem function and sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Liu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jie Fang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yucheng He
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bin Song
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yaping Guo
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Masebo N, Birhane E, Takele S, Belay Z, Lucena JJ, Pérez-Sanz A, Anjulo A. Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi under different agroforestry practices in the drylands of Southern Ethiopia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:634. [PMID: 38066451 PMCID: PMC10709898 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of an agroforestry based agricultural system to a monocropping farming system influences the distribution and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The aim of this paper was to analyze AMF species diversity, spore density, and root colonization across different agroforestry practices (AFP) in southern Ethiopia. Soil and root samples were collected from homegarden, cropland, woodlot, and trees on soil and water conservation-based AFP. AMF spores were extracted from the soil and species diversity was evaluated using morphological analysis and root colonization from root samples. The AMF spore density, root colonization and composition were significantly different among the AFP (P < 0.05). In this study, 43 AMF morphotypes belonging to eleven genera were found, dominated by Acaulospora (32.56%), followed by Claroideoglomus (18.60%). Home gardens had the highest spore density (7641.5 spore100 g- 1 dry soil) and the lowest was recorded in croplands (683.6 spore100 g- 1 dry soil). Woodlot had the highest root colonization (54.75%), followed by homegarden (48.25%). The highest isolation frequency (63.63%) was recorded for Acaulospora scrobiculata. The distribution of AMF species and diversity were significantly related to soil total nitrogen and organic carbon. The homegarden and woodlot AFP were suitable for soil AMF reserve and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyou Masebo
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, P.O. Box 128, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, P.O. Box 138, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Emiru Birhane
- Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Tigray, Ethiopia.
- Institute of Climate and Society, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Serekebirhan Takele
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, P.O. Box 138, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Belay
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 231, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Juan J Lucena
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Araceli Pérez-Sanz
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Agena Anjulo
- Environment and Forest Research Institute, Addis Ababa, P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia
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Větrovský T, Kolaříková Z, Lepinay C, Awokunle Hollá S, Davison J, Fleyberková A, Gromyko A, Jelínková B, Kolařík M, Krüger M, Lejsková R, Michalčíková L, Michalová T, Moora M, Moravcová A, Moulíková Š, Odriozola I, Öpik M, Pappová M, Piché-Choquette S, Skřivánek J, Vlk L, Zobel M, Baldrian P, Kohout P. GlobalAMFungi: a global database of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal occurrences from high-throughput sequencing metabarcoding studies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2151-2163. [PMID: 37781910 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial mutualistic symbionts of the majority of plant species, with essential roles in plant nutrient uptake and stress mitigation. The importance of AM fungi in ecosystems contrasts with our limited understanding of the patterns of AM fungal biogeography and the environmental factors that drive those patterns. This article presents a release of a newly developed global AM fungal dataset (GlobalAMFungi database, https://globalamfungi.com) that aims to reduce this knowledge gap. It contains almost 50 million observations of Glomeromycotinian AM fungal amplicon DNA sequences across almost 8500 samples with geographical locations and additional metadata obtained from 100 original studies. The GlobalAMFungi database is built on sequencing data originating from AM fungal taxon barcoding regions in: i) the small subunit rRNA (SSU) gene; ii) the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region; and iii) the large subunit rRNA (LSU) gene. The GlobalAMFungi database is an open source and open access initiative that compiles the most comprehensive atlas of AM fungal distribution. It is designed as a permanent effort that will be continuously updated by its creators and through the collaboration of the scientific community. This study also documented applicability of the dataset to better understand ecology of AM fungal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Větrovský
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Kolaříková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Clémentine Lepinay
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sandra Awokunle Hollá
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna Fleyberková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anastasiia Gromyko
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Renata Lejsková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Michalčíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Michalová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrea Moravcová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štěpánka Moulíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Monika Pappová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sarah Piché-Choquette
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Skřivánek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Vlk
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
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Liu S, Vasar M, Öpik M, Koorem K. Disturbance induces similar shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities from grassland and arable field soils. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:153-164. [PMID: 36930376 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances play an increasingly important role in structuring the diversity and functioning of soil organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Frequently, multiple land-use practices, which may represent disturbances for AM fungal communities, operate simultaneously in different habitats. It is not known, however, how previous land-use history and specific habitat type influence AM fungal community response to disturbances. We applied mechanical (cutting to stimulate tillage) and chemical (herbicide addition) disturbances to AM fungal communities from meadow and arable field soils. Our results indicated that AM fungal communities from meadows, which previously had experienced mowing, were more species rich than communities from fields that had experienced intensive land-use practices. There were no significant differences, however, in the responses to disturbance of the AM fungal communities from field and meadow soils. We expected mechanical disturbance to promote taxa from the family Glomeraceae which are expected to exhibit a ruderal life-history strategy; instead, the abundance of this family increased in response to chemical disturbance. Simultaneous application of mechanical disturbance and herbicide decreased only the abundance of Diversisporaceae. No AM fungal families increased in abundance when both mechanical and chemical disturbances were applied simultaneously, but all disturbances increased the abundance of culturable AM fungi. Our study demonstrates that although chemical and mechanical forms of disturbance favor different AM fungal families, existing information about family-level characteristics may not adequately characterize the life history strategies of AM fungus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 2 J. Liivi Street, 50409, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Martti Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 2 J. Liivi Street, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 2 J. Liivi Street, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 2 J. Liivi Street, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
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Mi Y, Bai X, Li X, Zhou M, Liu X, Wang F, Su H, Chen H, Wei Y. Soil Mercury Pollution Changes Soil Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Composition. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040395. [PMID: 37108850 PMCID: PMC10143163 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Remediation of mercury (Hg)-contaminated soil by mycorrhizal technology has drawn increasing attention because of its environmental friendliness. However, the lack of systematic investigations on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community composition in Hg-polluted soil is an obstacle for AMF biotechnological applications. In this study, the AMF communities within rhizosphere soils from seven sites from three typical Hg mining areas were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 297 AMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected in the Hg mining area, of which Glomeraceae was the dominant family (66.96%, 175 OTUs). AMF diversity was significantly associated with soil total Hg content and water content in the Hg mining area. Soil total Hg showed a negative correlation with AMF richness and diversity. In addition, the soil properties including total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and pH also affected AMF diversity. Paraglomeraceae was found to be negatively correlated to Hg stress. The wide distribution of Glomeraceae in Hg-contaminated soil makes it a potential candidate for mycorrhizal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Mi
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Administration Service, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Xinru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fanfan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hailei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
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Effects of land-use type on soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi pathways. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
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10
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Zou G, Wu B, Chen B, Yang Y, Feng Y, Huang J, Liu Y, Murray PJ, Liu W. What Are the Effects of Moso Bamboo Expansion into Japanese Cedar on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Altering the Community Composition Rather than the Diversity. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020273. [PMID: 36836387 PMCID: PMC9967659 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The unbridled expansion of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) occurs throughout the world and has a series of consequences. However, the effect of bamboo expansion on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is still poorly understood. We assessed the changes in the AMF community during bamboo expansion into Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forests by analyzing AMF in three forest types-Japanese cedar (JC), bamboo-cedar mixed (BC) and moso bamboo (MB)-using 454 pyrosequencing technology. We found that the AMF community composition differed significantly among forest types. The relative abundance of Glomerales decreased from 74.0% in JC to 61.8% in BC and 42.5% in MB, whereas the relative abundance of Rhizophagus increased from 24.9% in JC to 35.9% in BC and 56.7% in MB. Further analysis showed that soil characteristics explained only 19.2% of the AMF community variation among forest types. Hence, vegetation is presumably the main driver of the alteration of the AMF community. The α diversity of AMF was similar between JC and MB, although it was higher in BC. Overall, this research sheds more light on AMF community dynamics during moso bamboo expansion. Our results highlight that the consequences of bamboo expansion in monoculture forests differ from those in mixed forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- School of Art and Landscape, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Binsheng Wu
- School of Art and Landscape, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Baodong Chen
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaying Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- School of Art and Landscape, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Administration of Lushan Natural Reserve, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Administration of Lushan Natural Reserve, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Yuanqiu Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- School of Art and Landscape, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Philip J. Murray
- School of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- School of Art and Landscape, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Jiujiang 332000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18679156807
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Feng Z, Liu X, Qin Y, Feng G, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Yao Q. Cooperation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria to facilitate the host plant growth dependent on soil pH. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116943. [PMID: 36891386 PMCID: PMC9986299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all plants grow well in their native soils. We hypothesized that soil microbes promote the growth of their hosts in native soils by the example of soil pH. Here, bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) indigenous to subtropical soils was grown in the native soil (the original pH = 4.85) or in pH-adjusted soils with sulfur (pH = 3.14 or 3.34) or calcium hydroxide (pH = 6.85, 8.34, 8.52 or 8.59). Plant growth, soil chemical property, and microbial community composition were characterized to reveal the microbial taxa promoting plant growth in the native soil. Results showed that shoot biomass was the highest in the native soil, while both the decrease and increase in the soil pH reduced the biomass. Compared with other soil chemical properties, soil pH was the top edaphic factor contributing to the differentiation in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal and bacterial communities. The top 3 most abundant AM fungal OTUs belonged to Glomus, Claroideoglomus, and Gigaspora, while the top 3 most abundant bacterial OTUs belonged to Clostridiales, Sphingomonas, and Acidothermus, respectively. Regression analyses between microbial abundances and shoot biomass revealed that the most abundant Gigaspora sp. and Sphingomonas sp. were the most promotive fungal and bacterial OTUs, respectively. The application of these two isolates to bahiagrass solely or in combination indicated that Gigaspora sp. was more promotive than Sphingomonas sp. across the soil pH gradient, and they positively interacted to enhance biomass only in the native soil. We demonstrate that microbes cooperate to facilitate host plants to grow well in their native soils with the original pH. Meanwhile, a high-throughput sequencing-guided pipeline to efficiently screen for beneficial microbes is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Qin
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangda Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Chen L, Wang M, Shi Y, Ma P, Xiao Y, Yu H, Ding J. Soil phosphorus form affects the advantages that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi confer on the invasive plant species, Solidago canadensis, over its congener. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160631. [PMID: 37125154 PMCID: PMC10140316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are strongly affected by soil phosphorus (P) availability. However, how P forms impact rhizosphere AMF diversity, community composition, and the co-occurrence network associated with native and invasive plants, and whether these changes in turn influence the invasiveness of alien species remain unclear. In this work, we performed a greenhouse experiment with the invasive species Solidago canadensis and its native congener S. decurrens to investigate how different forms of P altered the AMF community and evaluate how these changes were linked with the growth advantage of S. canadensis relative to S. decurrens. Plants were subjected to five different P treatments: no P addition (control), simple inorganic P (sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaP), complex inorganic P (hydroxyapatite, CaP), simple organic P (adenosine monophosphate, AMP) and complex organic P (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, PA). Overall, invasive S. canadensis grew larger than native S. decurrens across all P treatments, and this growth advantage was strengthened when these species were grown in CaP and AMP treatments. The two Solidago species harbored divergent AMF communities, and soil P treatments significantly shifted AMF community composition. In particular, the differences in AMF diversity, community composition, topological features and keystone taxa of the co-occurrence networks between S. canadensis and S. decurrens were amplified when the dominant form of soil P was altered. Despite significant correlations between AMF alpha diversity, community structure, co-occurrence network composition and plant performance, we found that alpha diversity and keystone taxa of the AMF co-occurrence networks were the primary factors influencing plant growth and the growth advantage of invasive S. canadensis between soil P treatments. These results suggest that AMF could confer invasive plants with greater advantages over native congeners, depending on the forms of P in the soil, and emphasize the important roles of multiple AMF traits in plant invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Pinpin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yali Xiao
- School of Life Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Hongwei Yu, ; Jianqing Ding,
| | - Jianqing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Hongwei Yu, ; Jianqing Ding,
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13
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Chen Y, Yang X, Fu W, Chen B, Hu H, Feng K, Geisen S. Conversion of natural grassland to cropland alters microbial community assembly across northern China. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5630-5642. [PMID: 35880696 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To feed the growing human population, natural grasslands are being converted to agricultural use at a massive scale. This conversion may have negative consequences for soil biodiversity, but its impact on the community assembly of differentially microbial groups remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the diversity and community compositions of bacteria, archaea, fungi and protists, using a paired sampling of grassland and cropland soils across the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. Land-use conversion decreased α diversity of bacteria, fungi and protists, and altered the structures of the entire soil microbial community (archaea, bacteria, fungi and protists). The community assembly of archaea and bacteria was dominated by stochastic processes, and that of protists dominated by deterministic processes in both land-use types. By contrast, the fungal community was governed more strongly by stochastic processes in grassland soil, than by deterministic processes in cropland soil. Our findings support the 'size-plasticity' hypothesis that smaller body-sized microorganisms (archaea and bacteria) are more structured by stochastic processes, and larger one (protist) is more influenced by deterministic processes. Our study demonstrates that distinct ecological processes govern microbial community assembly, and land-use change regulates the balance between determinism and stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hangwei Hu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Edy N, Barus HN, Finkeldey R, Polle A. Host plant richness and environment in tropical forest transformation systems shape arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal richness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1004097. [PMID: 36311137 PMCID: PMC9606760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of tropical lowland rain forests into rubber tree and oil palm plantations is the cause of massive loss of vegetation diversity. The consequences for associated mycorrhizal fungi are not fully understood. We hypothesized that generalist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are resistant to removal of host species richness and that forest conversion to oil palm and rubber leads to loss of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species with host preferences. Plant identities and AMF species were determined by molecular barcoding of 112 roots collected in three land-use systems (rain forest, rubber tree and oil palm plantation) in two landscapes on Sumatra (Indonesia), a world hotspot of forest transformation. The collected roots were from 43 forest plant species, in addition to rubber trees and oil palms. We detected 28 AMF species of which about 75% were present in forest trees and 25% shared among the land use systems. Only one AMF species present in plantation roots was not detected in the analyzed forest roots. Host specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was not detected. Oil palm and rubber tree roots exhibited a strong reduction in AMF richness compared with roots from rainforests and were differentiated by soil resources. On basis of an individual root, oil palm had a lower AMF species richness than forest or rubber tree roots. Our results demonstrate that tropical AMF communities are shaped by two mechanisms: (i) root habitat diversity as the result of plant diversity and (ii) habitat properties as the result of plant traits or environmental conditions and management. Collectively, deterioration of habitat diversity and properties exacerbates impoverishment of AMF assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Edy
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Agrotechnology, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Ge J, Qi Y, Li C, Ma J, Yi Y, Hu Q, Mostofa KMG, Volmer DA, Li SL. Fluorescence and molecular signatures of dissolved organic matter to monitor and assess its multiple sources from a polluted river in the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:154575. [PMID: 35302015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sources and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in rivers are critical to water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Studies on detailed composition of organic matter in rivers in the farming-pastoral ecotone are relatively limited in the research community. To better understand the characteristics and dynamics of DOM, Yang River in North China was selected as the study area because of its profound influences on the farming-pastoral ecotone nearby. A combination of fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) techniques revealed that the DOM composition of Yang River is driven by land use. DOM in Yang River is predominantly imported from allochthonous inputs, together with agricultural runoff, pastureland, and urban sewage, causing a comprehensive impact on DOM. In detail, DOM associated with cropland inputs was dominated by lignin-like species, with higher nitrogen content. In comparison, DOM related to grassland is more diverse and susceptible to degradation. An increase in urban areas led to an increase in sulfur-containing compounds, while their oxygen, nitrogen, and aromaticity contents were significantly lower than those in cropland. Interestingly, urban-influenced lignin-like compounds may be associated with the effluents from the pulp and paper mill. Additionally, synthetic surfactants from the lower section of the river were also structurally identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, this study could provide valuable insights into the DOM sources and their transformation dynamics at a molecular level, which could be an indicator for riverine water quality management and be applied to other farming-pastoral ecotones straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Ge
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Cai Li
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Huaiyin Normal Univerity, Huaiyin 223300, China
| | - Jifu Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanbi Yi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiaozhuan Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Khan M G Mostofa
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Si-Liang Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Mitra PK, Adhikary R, Mandal P, Kundu A, Mandal V. Assessment of mycorrhizal association of a threatened medicinal plant Clerodendrum indicum (L.) O. Kuntze (Verbenaceae) in different ecological variations. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2039-2050. [PMID: 35907141 PMCID: PMC9679132 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizae association is reported to enhance the survivability of the host plant under adverse environmental conditions. The present study aims to explore the mycorrhizal association in the roots of different ecotypes of a threatened medicinal plant, Clerodendrum indicum (L.) O. Kuntze (Verbenaceae), collected from W.B., India, which correlates the degree of root colonization to the nutritional status of the native soil. Ten ecotypes of C. indicum having diverse morphological variations were collected. The mycorrhizae were characterized by both morphological and molecular methods. The nutritional status of the native soils was estimated. The study revealed that all the ecotypes have an association with mycorrhizal forms like hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles. The molecular analysis showed Glomus intraradices and Rhizophagus irregularis as the associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A significant variation in arbuscule and vesicle formation was found growing in the varied nutritional statuses concerning soil parameters. The arbuscule was found negatively correlated with pH, conductivity, and potassium and positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The vesicle was found positively correlated with pH, organic carbon, and potassium and negatively correlated with conductivity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The interaction between conductivity: nitrogen, conductivity: phosphorus, organic-carbon: nitrogen, and pH: conductivity was significant in influencing vesicle formation. However, none of the interactions between parameters was found significant in influencing arbuscule formation. Thus, the study concludes that G. intraradices and R. irregularis are the principle mycorrhizae forming the symbiotic association with the threatened medicinal plant, C. indicum. They form vesicles and arbuscules based on their soil nutritive factors. Therefore, a large-scale propagation through a selective AMF association would help in the conservation of this threatened species from extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Kumar Mitra
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, P.O. Mokdumpur, Malda, W.B. 732103 India ,Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Nadia, W.B. 741235 India
| | - Rajsekhar Adhikary
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, P.O. Mokdumpur, Malda, W.B. 732103 India
| | - Prithwish Mandal
- Department of Botany, Kaliachak College, Malda, W.B. 732 103 India
| | - Ashutosh Kundu
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, P.O. Mokdumpur, Malda, W.B. 732103 India
| | - Vivekananda Mandal
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, P.O. Mokdumpur, Malda, W.B. 732103 India
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Agricultural management and pesticide use reduce the functioning of beneficial plant symbionts. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1145-1154. [PMID: 35798840 PMCID: PMC7613230 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) acquisition is key for plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help plants acquire P from soil. Understanding which factors drive AMF-supported nutrient uptake is essential to develop more sustainable agroecosystems. Here we collected soils from 150 cereal fields and 60 non-cropped grassland sites across a 3,000 km trans-European gradient. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the ability of AMF in these soils to forage for the radioisotope 33P from a hyphal compartment. AMF communities in grassland soils were much more efficient in acquiring 33P and transferred 64% more 33P to plants compared with AMF in cropland soils. Fungicide application best explained hyphal 33P transfer in cropland soils. The use of fungicides and subsequent decline in AMF richness in croplands reduced 33P uptake by 43%. Our results suggest that land-use intensity and fungicide use are major deterrents to the functioning and natural nutrient uptake capacity of AMF in agroecosystems.
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18
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Chen K, Huang G, Li Y, Zhang X, Lei Y, Li Y, Xiong J, Sun Y. Illumina MiSeq Sequencing Reveals Correlations among Fruit Ingredients, Environmental Factors, and AMF Communities in Three Lycium Barbarum Producing Regions of China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0229321. [PMID: 35234495 PMCID: PMC8941938 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02293-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is important for Lycium barbarum, a highly nutritious and medicinal crop. However, the influence of environmental factors on AMF communities remains largely elusive. Based on MiSeq sequencing, we analyzed AMF communities in rhizosphere soils of L. barbarum with growth synchronization in three typical L. barbarum cultivation sites in China. The Zhongning region has poor soils with a high richness of AMF communities. Geographical environmental variances lead to differences in AMF communities which in turn affects the active ingredients of L. barbarum fruit. Furthermore, different genera of AMF showed significant correlations with environmental factors and fruit ingredients. The three genera, Claroideoglomus, Dominikia, and Funneliformis correlated to environmental factors and fruits ingredients in a similar manner affecting the whole sugar (TS) and flavonoids (FLA) contents in the fruits of L. barbarum. Also, these showed a significantly positive correlation with soil pH. This fact was unknown so far due to different soil acidity/alkalinity in different studies. IMPORTANCE The climatic and ecological environment is a complex phenomenon, involving various environmental factors that regulate the diversity and population distribution structure of AMF communities affecting plant growth, crop composition, and yield. Current studies on the effects of environmental factors on AMF communities have mainly focused on soil conditions and host plants. Fewer studies have been conducted on the correlation between temperature, enzyme activity, plant fruiting, and AMF communities. The present study investigated the diversity of AMF communities and the influence of environmental factors on their distribution patterns, which showed similar effects on some AMF species. The results suggest that screening AMF fungicides that meet the target may significantly help soil restoration reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and a large amount of human and material resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Chen
- College of Life Sciences/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gang Huang
- College of Life Sciences/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuekun Li
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yonghui Lei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Sciences/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- College of Life Sciences/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- College of Life Sciences/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Thanni B, Merckx R, De Bauw P, Boeraeve M, Peeters G, Hauser S, Honnay O. Spatial variability and environmental drivers of cassava-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) associations across Southern Nigeria. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:1-13. [PMID: 34981190 PMCID: PMC8786768 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cassava, forming starch-rich, tuberous roots, is an important staple crop in smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Its relatively good tolerance to drought and nutrient-poor soils may be partly attributed to the crop's association with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF). Yet insights into AMF-community composition and richness of cassava, and knowledge of its environmental drivers are still limited. Here, we sampled 60 cassava fields across three major cassava-growing agro-ecological zones in Nigeria and used a DNA meta-barcoding approach to quantify large-scale spatial variation and evaluate the effects of soil characteristics and common agricultural practices on AMF community composition, richness and Shannon diversity. We identified 515 AMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs), dominated by Glomus, with large variation across agro-ecological zones, and with soil pH explaining most of the variation in AMF community composition. High levels of soil available phosphorus reduced OTU richness without affecting Shannon diversity. Long fallow periods (> 5 years) reduced AMF richness compared with short fallows, whereas both zero tillage and tractor tillage reduced AMF diversity compared with hoe tillage. This study reveals that the symbiotic relationship between cassava and AMF is strongly influenced by soil characteristics and agricultural management and that it is possible to adjust cassava cultivation practices to modify AMF diversity and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolaji Thanni
- Division Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box-3001, 3001, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium.
- Root and Tuber Agronomy, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Roel Merckx
- Division Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box-3001, 3001, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieterjan De Bauw
- Division Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box-3001, 3001, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Margaux Boeraeve
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Peeters
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Root and Tuber Agronomy, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Ceola G, Goss-Souza D, Alves J, Alves da Silva A, Stürmer SL, Baretta D, Sousa JP, Klauberg-Filho O. Biogeographic Patterns of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities Along a Land-Use Intensification Gradient in the Subtropical Atlantic Forest Biome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:942-960. [PMID: 33656687 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Information concerning arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal geographical distribution in tropical and subtropical soils from the Atlantic Forest (a global hotspot of biodiversity) are scarce and often restricted to the evaluation of richness and abundance of AM fungal species at specific ecosystems or local landscapes. In this study, we hypothesized that AM fungal diversity and community composition in subtropical soils would display fundamental differences in their geographical patterns, shaped by spatial distance and land-use change, at local and regional scales. AM fungal community composition was examined by spore-based taxonomic analysis, using soil trap cultures. Acaulospora koskei and Glomus were found as generalists, regardless of mesoregions and land uses. Other Acaulospora species were also found generalists within mesoregions. Land-use change and intensification did not influence AM fungal composition, partially rejecting our first hypothesis. We then calculated the distance-decay of similarities among pairs of AM fungal communities and the distance-decay relationship within and over mesoregions. We also performed the Mantel test and redundancy analysis to discriminate the main environmental drivers of AM fungal diversity and composition turnover. Overall, we found significant distance-decays for all land uses. We also observed a distance-decay relationship within the mesoregion scale (< 104 km) and these changes were correlated mainly to soil type (not land use), with the secondary influence of both total organic carbon and clay contents. AM fungal species distribution presented significant distance-decays, regardless of land uses, which was indicative of dispersal limitation, a stochastic neutral process. Although, we found evidence that, coupled with dispersal limitation, niche differentiation also played a role in structuring AM fungal communities, driven by long-term historical contingencies, as represented by soil type, resulting from different soil origin and mineralogy across mesoregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessiane Ceola
- Department of Soils and Natural Resources, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Dennis Goss-Souza
- Department of Soils and Natural Resources, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Joana Alves
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - António Alves da Silva
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Sidney Luiz Stürmer
- Departament of Natural Sciences, Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, 89030-903, Brazil
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Department of Soils and Sustainability, Santa Catarina State University, Chapecó, SC, 89815-630, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Osmar Klauberg-Filho
- Department of Soils and Natural Resources, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
- Agroveterinary Centre, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
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Distinct Assembly Processes and Determinants of Soil Microbial Communities between Farmland and Grassland in Arid and Semiarid Areas. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0101021. [PMID: 34524892 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01010-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critical to identify the assembly processes and determinants of soil microbial communities to better predict soil microbial responses to environmental change in arid and semiarid areas. Here, soils from 16 grassland-only, 9 paired grassland and farmland, and 16 farmland-only sites were collected across the central Inner Mongolia Plateau, covering a steep environmental gradient. Through analyzing the paired samples, we discovered that land uses had strong effects on soil microbial communities but weak effects on their assembly processes. For all samples, although no environmental variables were significantly correlated with the net relatedness index (NRI), both the nearest taxon index (NTI) and the β-nearest taxon index (βNTI) were most related to mean annual precipitation (MAP). With the increase of MAP, soil microbial taxa at the tips of the phylogenetic tree were more clustered, and the contribution of determinism increased. Determinism (48.6%), especially variable selection (46.3%), and stochasticity (51.4%) were almost equal in farmland, while stochasticity (75.0%) was dominant in grassland. Additionally, Mantel tests and redundancy analyses (RDA) revealed that the main determinants of soil microbial community structure were MAP in grassland but mean annual temperature (MAT) in farmland. MAP and MAT were also good predictors of the community composition (the top 200 dominant operational taxonomic units) in grassland and farmland, respectively. Collectively, in arid and semiarid areas, soil microbial communities were more sensitive to environmental change in farmland than in grassland, and unlike the major impact of MAP on grassland microbial communities, MAT was the primary driver of farmland microbial communities. IMPORTANCE As one of the most diverse organisms, soil microbes play indispensable roles in many ecological processes in arid and semiarid areas with limited macrofaunal and plant diversity, yet the mechanisms underpinning soil microbial community are not fully understood. In this study, soil microbial communities were investigated along a 500-km transect covering a steep environmental gradient across farmland and grassland in the areas. The results showed that precipitation was the main factor mediating the assembly processes. Determinism was more influential in farmland, and variable selection of farmland was twice that of grassland. Temperature mainly drove farmland microbial communities, while precipitation mainly affected grassland microbial communities. These findings provide new information about the assembly processes and determinants of soil microbial communities in arid and semiarid areas, consequently improving the predictability of the community dynamics, which have implications for sustaining soil microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning, particularly under global climate change conditions.
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Xu Z, Lv Y, Fang M, Liu J, Zeng H, Ban Y. Diverse and abundant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in ecological floating beds used to treat eutrophic water. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6959-6975. [PMID: 34432133 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of investigations have shown the universal existence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about the accurate distribution and function of AMF inhabiting aquatic ecosystems, especially ecological floating beds (EFBs), which are constructed for the remediation of polluted water bodies. In this study, we collected root samples of Canna generalis, Cyperus alternifolius, and Eichhornia crassipes from three EFBs on two eutrophic lakes in Wuhan, China. We aimed to investigate the resources and distribution of AMF in EFBs using Illumina Mi-seq technology. A total of 229 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 21 taxa from 348,799 Glomeromycota sequences were detected. Glomus and Acaulospora were the most dominant and second most dominant genera of AMF in the three EFBs, respectively. Different aquatic plant species showed varying degrees of AMF colonization (3.83-71%), diversity (6-103 OTUs, 3-15 virtual taxa), and abundance (14-57,551 sequences). Low AMF abundance, but relatively high AMF diversity, was found in C. alternifolius, which is usually considered non-mycorrhizal. This finding indicated the high accuracy of Illumina sequencing. Our results also revealed a lognormal species abundance distribution that was observed across AMF taxa in the three plant species. The AMF community composition was closely related to nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Overall, our data show that EFBs harbor diverse and abundant AMF communities. Additionally, the AMF community composition is closely related to the water quality of eutrophic lakes treated by the EFBs, indicating the potential application of AMF in plant-based bioremediation of wastewater. KEYPOINTS: • Aquatic plants in EFBs harbor diverse (229 OTUs) and abundant (348,799 sequences) AMF. • Different plant species host different taxa of AMF. Cyperaceae, originally considered non-mycorrhizal, may in fact be a variable mycorrhizal plant family. • The AMF community composition in EFBs is closely related to nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and phosphorus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yichao Lv
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mingjing Fang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- POWERCHINA Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou, 311122, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- POWERCHINA Sinohydro Bureau 5 Corporation Limited, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihui Ban
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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23
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Yao Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Fu B. Greater increases in China's dryland ecosystem vulnerability in drier conditions than in wetter conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112689. [PMID: 33962289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dryland ecosystems are experiencing dramatic climate change, either drier or wetter. However, the differences in response amplitudes of dryland ecosystems to drier and wetter climates have not been frequently discussed, especially when using composite indicators at large scales. This study explores the changing patterns of ecosystem vulnerability in China's drylands by comprehensively considering exposure, sensitivity and resilience indicators using leaf area index (LAI) datasets and meteorological data within two periods from 1982 to 1999 (P1) and from 2000 to 2016 (P2). The results show that nearly 57% of China's drylands have experienced drier conditions in 2000-2016 based on the average aridity index (AI) values compared with the conditions in 1982-1999. Compared with the conditions in 1982-1999, ecosystem vulnerability has increased in 78% of dryland, and ecosystem resilience has decreased in 46% of the area in 2000-2016. The amplitudes of vulnerability increase are higher in drier conditions than in wetter conditions. Ecosystem resilience has obviously increased in wetter conditions but has decreased in drier conditions, especially in farming-pastoral ecotones with an obvious land use change. Consequently, vegetation-climate composite indicators provide a holistic pattern of China's dryland ecosystem response to climate change, and the decreased ecosystem resilience in drier conditions in northeast China should be a warning signal under the national vegetation greening background. This research highlights that the impact of drying on ecosystem resilience leads the response of ecosystems to drier environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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24
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Navarro-Noya YE, Montoya-Ciriaco N, Muñoz-Arenas LC, Hereira-Pacheco S, Estrada-Torres A, Dendooven L. Conversion of a High-Altitude Temperate Forest for Agriculture Reduced Alpha and Beta Diversity of the Soil Fungal Communities as Revealed by a Metabarcoding Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667566. [PMID: 34234759 PMCID: PMC8255801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-use change is one of the most important drivers of change in biodiversity. Deforestation for grazing or agriculture has transformed large areas of temperate forest in the central highlands of Mexico, but its impact on soil fungal communities is still largely unknown. In this study, we determined how deforestation of a high-altitude temperate forest for cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) or husbandry altered the taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional, and beta diversity of soil fungal communities using a 18S rRNA metabarcoding analysis. The true taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity at order q = 1, i.e., considering frequent operational taxonomic units, decreased significantly in the arable, but not in the pasture soil. The beta diversity decreased in the order forest > pasture > arable soil. The ordination analysis showed a clear effect of intensity of land-use as the forest soil clustered closer to pasture than to the arable soil. The most abundant fungal phyla in the studied soils were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota. Deforestation more than halved the relative abundance of Basidiomycota; mostly Agaricomycetes, such as Lactarius and Inocybe. The relative abundance of Glomeromycota decreased in the order pasture > forest > arable soil. Symbiotrophs, especially ectomycorrhizal fungi, were negatively affected by deforestation while pathotrophs, especially animal pathogens, were enriched in the pasture and arable soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were more abundant in the forest soil as they are usually associated with conifers. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant in the pasture than in the arable soil as the higher plant diversity provided more suitable hosts. Changes in fungal communities resulting from land-use change can provide important information for soil management and the assessment of the environmental impact of deforestation and conversion of vulnerable ecosystems such as high-altitude temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yendi E Navarro-Noya
- Laboratory of Biotic Interactions, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Nina Montoya-Ciriaco
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Ligia C Muñoz-Arenas
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico.,Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, UPAEP, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Arturo Estrada-Torres
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Luc Dendooven
- Laboratory of Soil Ecology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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25
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Zou G, Liu Y, Kong F, Liao L, Deng G, Jiang X, Cai J, Liu W. Depression of the soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community by the canopy gaps in a Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica) plantation on Lushan Mountain, subtropical China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10905. [PMID: 33777516 PMCID: PMC7971093 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both canopy gaps (CG) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play key roles in seedling establishment and increasing species diversity in forests. The response of AMF to canopy gaps is poorly understood. To assess the long-term effects of canopy gaps on soil AMF community, we sampled soil from plots in a 50-year Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don. plantation, located in Lushan Mountain, subtropical China. We analyzed the AMF community, identified through 454 pyrosequencing, in soil and edaphic characteristics. Both richness and diversity of AMF in CG decreased significantly compared to the closed canopy (CC). The differences of the AMF community composition between CG and CC was also significant. The sharp response of the AMF community appears to be largely driven by vegetation transformation. Soil nutrient content also influenced some taxa, e.g., the low availability of phosphorus increased the abundance of Acaulospora. These results demonstrated that the formation of canopy gaps can depress AMF richness and alter the AMF community, which supported the plant investment hypothesis and accentuated the vital role of AMF-plant symbioses in forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry/College of Art and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Lushan National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanqiu Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry/College of Art and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Lushan National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fanqian Kong
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Lushan National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liqin Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry/College of Art and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Lushan National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guanghua Deng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry/College of Art and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueru Jiang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry/College of Art and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junhuo Cai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry/College of Art and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry/College of Art and Landscape, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Positioning Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem in Lushan, Lushan National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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26
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Li C, Gu X, Wu Z, Qin T, Guo L, Wang T, Zhang L, Jiang G. Assessing the effects of elevated ozone on physiology, growth, yield and quality of soybean in the past 40 years: A meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111644. [PMID: 33396164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) production is seriously threatened by ground-level ozone (O3) pollution. The goal of our study is to summarize the impacts of O3 on physiology, growth, yield, and quality of soybean, as well as root parameters. We performed meta-analysis on the collated 48 peer-reviewed papers published between 1980 and 2019 to quantitatively summarize the response of soybean to elevated O3 concentrations ([O3]). Relative to charcoal-filtered air (CF), elevated [O3] significantly accelerated chlorophyll degradation, enhanced foliar injury, and inhibited growth of soybean, evidenced by great reductions in leaf area (-20.8%), biomass of leaves (-13.8%), shoot (-22.8%), and root (-16.9%). Shoot of soybean was more sensitive to O3 than root in case of biomass. Chronic ozone exposure of about 75.5 ppb posed pronounced decrease in seed yield of soybean (-28.3%). In addition, root environment in pot contributes to higher reduction in shoot biomass and yield of soybean. Negative linear relationships were observed between yield loss and intensity of O3 treatment, AOT40. The larger loss in seed yield was significantly associated with higher reduction in shoot biomass and other yield component. This meta-analysis demonstrates the effects of elevated O3 on soybean were pronounced, suggesting that O3 pollution is still a soaring threat to the productivity of soybean in regions with high ozone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Gaoming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Belay Z, Negash M, Kaseva J, Vestberg M, Kahiluoto H. Native forests but not agroforestry systems preserve arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species richness in southern Ethiopia. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:749-759. [PMID: 32909119 PMCID: PMC7591433 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid conversion of native forests to farmland in Ethiopia, the cradle of biodiversity, threatens the diversity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) pivotal to plant nutrition and carbon sequestration. This study aimed to investigate the impact of this land-use change on the AMF species composition and diversity in southern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from nine plots in each of three land-use types: native forest, agroforestry, and khat monocropping. The plots of the three land-use types were located adjacent to each other for each of the nine replicates. Three 10 × 10m subplots per plot were sampled. AMF spores were extracted from the soil samples, spore densities were determined, and species composition and diversity were evaluated through morphological analysis. Both spore density and species richness were statistically significantly higher in the native forest than in the agroforestry plots with no clear difference to khat, whereas the true diversity (exponential of Shannon-Wiener diversity index) did not differ among the three land-use types due to high evenness among the species in agroforestry. In total, 37 AMF morphotypes belonging to 12 genera in Glomeromycota were found, dominated by members of the genera Acaulospora and Glomus. The highest isolation frequency index (78%) was recorded for Acaulospora koskei from native forest. Consequently, the agroforestry system did not appear to aid in preserving the AMF species richness of native forests relative to perennial monocropping, such as khat cultivation. In contrast, the native forest areas can serve as in situ genetic reserves of mycorrhizal symbionts adapted to the local vegetative, edaphic, and microbial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Belay
- School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia.
| | - Mesele Negash
- Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Janne Kaseva
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
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Vogt-Schilb H, Těšitelová T, Kotilínek M, Sucháček P, Kohout P, Jersáková J. Altered rhizoctonia assemblages in grasslands on ex-arable land support germination of mycorrhizal generalist, not specialist orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1200-1212. [PMID: 32285948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Species-rich seminatural grasslands in Central Europe have suffered a dramatic loss of biodiversity due to conversion to arable land, but vast areas are being restored. Population recovery of orchids, which depend on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, is however limited. We hypothesised that ploughing and fertilisation caused shifts in orchid mycorrhizal communities in soil and restricted orchid germination. We examined edaphic conditions in 60 restored and seminatural grasslands, and germination success in 10 restored grasslands. Using a newly designed primer, we screened the composition of rhizoctonias in soil, seedlings and roots of seven orchid species. Seminatural and restored grasslands differed significantly in nutrient amounts and rhizoctonia assemblages in soil. While Serendipitaceae prevailed in seminatural grasslands with a higher organic matter content, Ceratobasidiaceae were more frequent in phosphorus-rich restored grasslands with increased abundance on younger restored sites. Tulasnellaceae displayed no preference. Germination success in restored grasslands differed significantly between orchid species; two mycorrhizal generalist species germinated with a broad range of rhizoctonias at most restored grasslands, while germination success of specialists was low. Past agricultural practices have a long-lasting effect on soil conditions and orchid mycorrhizal communities. Altered mycorrhizal availability may be the main reason for low germination success of specialist orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vogt-Schilb
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Tamara Těšitelová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kotilínek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sucháček
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4 - Krč, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Lin L, Chen Y, Qu L, Zhang Y, Ma K. Cd heavy metal and plants, rather than soil nutrient conditions, affect soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in green spaces during urbanization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138594. [PMID: 32320884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization accelerates pollution and habitat fragmentation, and the mechanism that shapes the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community in urban ecosystem still remains poorly understood. In this study, soil samples from 23 sites (from rural to urban), belonging to 4 green space types (country park, Co; urban park, Pa; roadside green space1, RoP1; and roadside green space2, RoP2), were collected to assess the effects of the urbanization on the AM fungal diversity. Using 454 pyrosequencing, a total of 79 AM fungal OTUs were uncovered. We found that urbanization showed a neutral effect on Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, Pielou diversity, and community composition of the AM fungi. Within urban areas, the composition of AM fungal community was significantly different between RoP1 and RoP2. The db-RDA analysis of RoP1 and RoP2 revealed that the soil Cd accounted for the largest community composition variation, with an explanation rate of 20.5%, followed by the SOC (15.1%). Across 23 sites, Cd may have an obvious ecological toxicity on AM fungi, with significantly negative correlations between the soil Cd content and the AM fungal species richness and evenness. The AM fungal community also indicated significantly Mantel correlation with the soil Cd contents. Additionally, high herbaceous richness promoted rich AM fungi. The herbaceous composition, not the richness, has a significant impact on the AM fungal community composition. This study suggests that the toxicity of Cd from traffic should receive more attention during urban green space construction and management, and reasonable plant configuration contributed to the maintenance of the AM fungal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Laiye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Keming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi along a land use gradient in Terceira Island (Azores). Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Wu S, You F, Wu Z, Bond P, Hall M, Huang L. Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities across the gradient of alkaline Fe ore tailings, revegetated waste rock to natural soil sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11968-11979. [PMID: 31983001 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important to the establishment of native vegetation for mined land rehabilitation, particularly in semi-arid and infertile landscapes. However, the information has been scarce about the colonization of AM fungal community in alkaline magnetite Fe ore tailing sites (without toxic metal (loid) contamination). The present study has characterized the diversity of AM fungi across typical domains of a magnetite Fe ore mine located in 200 km south-east of Geraldton, Western Australia, by adopting high throughput Illumina Miseq sequencing. The investigated domains included two tailing sites without top soil covering (T1 and T2), a rehabilitated area of tailings with top soil covering (R1), a revegetated waste rock area (R2), and two native undisturbed soil sites (S1 and S2). The results indicated that the T1/T2 sites had different AM fungal community structure, compared with R1/R2 and S1/S2 sites. The dominant families were Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Archaeosporaceae, Ambisporaceae, and Paraglomeraceae, with Paraglomeraceae (more than 50%) as the most abundant in the T1/T2 and R1/R2 sites. At genus level, Ambispora spp. and Archaeospora spp. were rich in T1/T2 sites (> 10%), while Glomus spp. were preferably dominant in S1/S2 sites (> 10%). Furthermore, amorphous Fe and available P were found to explain the variations associated with AM fungal community composition, particularly the abundance of Archaeosporaceae and Glomeraceae. The study revealed the AM fungal community composition shift across the gradient of Fe ore mine sites, as well as the effects of revegetation on AM fungal community development. The findings indicate the possible restoration of AM fungal community in the tailings undergoing revegetation, and potential adoption of indigenous AM fungi to rapid phytostabilization of the Fe ore tailings under semi-arid climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Wu
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Fang You
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhaoxiang Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollution, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Philip Bond
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Merinda Hall
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Longbin Huang
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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Li X, Xu M, Li X, Christie P, Wagg C, Zhang J. Linkages between changes in plant and mycorrhizal fungal community composition at high versus low elevation in alpine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:229-240. [PMID: 32052588 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in maintaining plant diversity and productivity in grassland ecosystems. However, very few studies have investigated how AMF and plant communities co-vary between contrasting environments in natural ecosystems. Intensive sampling (50 soil samples) was conducted in natural open grasslands at both 3570 and 4556 m on Mount Segrila on the Southeast Tibetan Plateau. We used 454-pyrosequencing to investigate soil AMF communities and to explore relationships between AMF diversity and plant richness, productivity and community composition. AMF diversity was negatively correlated with plant richness at 3570 m but positively at 4556 m. Differences in AMF community composition between elevations were attributable to plant community composition, soil pH and available phosphorus concentration. The AMF community was more phylogenetically clustered at the higher elevation than the lower elevation. However, greater phylogenetic clustering (under dispersion) of AMF communities at the two elevations was positively correlated with above-ground biomass. Our results indicate that plant community composition and environmental filtering are the primary drivers structuring the AMF community. Phylogenetic relatedness may be important in explaining the function of AMF communities in alpine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peter Christie
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Fredericton Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B4Z7, Canada
| | - Junling Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Slope Position Rather Than Thinning Intensity Affects Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Community in Chinese Fir Plantations. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in individual plant capability and whole ecosystem sustainability. Chinese fir, one of the most widely planted tree species in southern China, forms associations with AMF. However, it is still unclear what impacts thinning management applied to Chinese fir plantations has on the structure and diversity of soil AMF communities. This research attempts to bridge this knowledge gap. Materials and Methods: A thinning experiment was designed on different slope positions in Chinese fir plantations to examine the impacts of slope position and thinning intensity on colonization, diversity, and community composition of AMF. Results: Our research showed that the altitudinal slope position had significant effects on colonization, diversity, and community composition of AMF in Chinese fir plantations. In addition, the interaction between slope position and thinning intensity had significant effects on AMF diversity. Colonization by AMF on the lower slope position was significantly higher than on the upper slope position, while AMF diversity on the upper slope position was higher than on the middle and lower slope positions. Glomus was the most abundant genus in all slope positions, especially on the middle and lower slope positions. The relative abundance of Diversispora was significantly different among slope positions with absolute dominance on the upper slope position. Scutellospora was uniquely found on the upper slope position. Furthermore, soil Mg and Mn contents and soil temperature positively affected AMF community composition at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level. Conclusions: These findings suggested that slope position should be considered in the management of Chinese fir plantations. Furthermore, both chemical fertilization and AMF augmentation should be undertaken on upper hill slope positions as part of sustainable management practices for Chinese fir plantations.
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Lu N, Xu X, Wang P, Zhang P, Ji B, Wang X. Succession in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be attributed to a chronosequence of Cunninghamia lanceolata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18057. [PMID: 31792242 PMCID: PMC6889488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in plant-fungi communities. It remains a central question of how the AM fungal community changes as plants grow. To establish an understanding of AM fungal community dynamics associated with Chinese fir, Chinese fir with five different growth stages were studied and 60 root samples were collected at the Jiangle National Forestry Farm, Fujian Province. A total of 76 AM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by high-throughput sequencing on an Illumina Miseq platform. The genera covered by OTUs were Glomus, Archaeospora, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Diversispora. Glomus dominated the community in the whole stage. The number and composition of OTUs varied along with the host plant growth. The number of OTUs showed an inverted V-shaped change with the host plant age, and the maximum occurred in 23-year. Overall, the basic species diversity and richness in this study were stable. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis based on bray-curtis distance revealed that there were remarkable differentiations between the 9-year and other stages. Besides, AM fungal community in 32-year had a significant difference with that of 23-year, while no significant difference with that of 45-year, suggesting that 32-year may be a steady stage for AM fungi associated with Chinese fir. The cutting age in 32-year may be the most favorable for microbial community. The pH, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, available K, organic matter and Mg varied as the Chinese fir grows. According to Mantel test and redundancy analysis, available N, available P, K and Mg could exert significant influence on AM fungal communities, and these variables explained 31% of variance in the composition of AM fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Lu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuelei Xu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Experimental Forest Farm, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Baoming Ji
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Řezáčová V, Slavíková R, Konvalinková T, Zemková L, Řezáč M, Gryndler M, Šmilauer P, Gryndlerová H, Hršelová H, Bukovská P, Jansa J. Geography and habitat predominate over climate influences on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of mid-European meadows. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:567-579. [PMID: 31724087 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the crucial importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for numerous processes within terrestrial ecosystems, knowledge of the determinants of AMF community structure still is limited, mainly because of the limited scope of the available individual case studies which often only include a few environmental variables. Here, we describe the AMF diversity of mid-European meadows (mown or regularly cut grasslands, or recently abandoned lands where grasslands established spontaneously) within a considerably heterogeneous landscape over a scale of several hundred kilometers with regard to macroclimatic, microclimatic, and soil parameters. We include data describing the habitat (including vegetation type), geography, and climate, and test their contribution to the structure of the AMF communities at a regional scale. We amplified and sequenced the ITS 2 region of the ribosomal DNA operon of the AMF from soil samples using nested PCR and Illumina pair-end amplicon sequencing. Habitat (especially soil pH) and geographical parameters (spatial distance, altitude, and longitude) were the main determinants of the structure of the AMF communities in the meadows at a regional scale, with the abundance of genera Septoglomus, Paraglomus, Archaeospora, Funneliformis, and Dominikia driving the main response. The effects of climate and vegetation type were not significant and were mainly encompassed within the geography and/or soil pH effects. This study illustrates how important it is to have a large set of environmental metadata to compare the importance of different factors influencing the AMF community structure at large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Řezáčová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Biodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Renata Slavíková
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Konvalinková
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zemková
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Řezáč
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Gryndlerová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lüneberg K, Schneider D, Brinkmann N, Siebe C, Daniel R. Land Use Change and Water Quality Use for Irrigation Alters Drylands Soil Fungal Community in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1220. [PMID: 31258519 PMCID: PMC6587704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungal communities provide important ecosystem services, however, some soil borne representatives damage agricultural productivity. Composition under land-use change scenarios, especially in drylands, is rarely studied. Here, the soil fungal community composition and diversity of natural shrubland was analyzed and compared with agricultural systems irrigated with different water quality, namely rain, fresh water, dam-stored, and untreated wastewater. Superficial soil samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. Amplicon-based sequencing of the ITS2 region was performed on total DNA extractions and used the amplicon sequence variants to predict specific fungal trophic modes with FUNGuild. Additionally, we screened for potential pathogens of crops and humans and assessed potential risks. Fungal diversity and richness were highest in shrubland and least in the wastewater-irrigated soil. Soil moisture together with soil pH and exchangeable sodium were the strongest drivers of the fungal community. The abundance of saprophytic fungi remained constant among the land use systems, while symbiotic and pathogenic fungi of plants and animals had the lowest abundance in soil irrigated with untreated wastewater. We found lineage-specific adaptations to each land use system: fungal families associated to shrubland, rainfed and part of the freshwater were adapted to drought, hence sensitive to exchangeable sodium content and most of them to N and P content. Taxa associated to freshwater, dam wastewater and untreated wastewater irrigated systems show the opposite trend. Additionally, we identified potentially harmful human pathogens that might be a health risk for the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathia Lüneberg
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Brinkmann
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Siebe
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Higo M, Kang DJ, Isobe K. First report of community dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in radiocesium degradation lands after the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear disaster in Japan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8240. [PMID: 31160630 PMCID: PMC6546702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be beneficial for improving restoration of radioactive-cesium (137Cs)-contaminated soils through soil remediation. However, there has been no information on species diversity and the composition of AMF communities in 137Cs-contaminated soil after the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) disaster. We examined the community dynamics of indigenous AMF colonizing roots of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) in two different 137Cs-contaminated land-use fields (grassland and paddy field) by an Illumina MiSeq sequencing investigation within a 30-km radius around the Fukushima-Daiichi NPP in 2013 (sampling year 1) and 2014 (sampling year 2). We found nine AMF families, including Glomeraceae, Gigasporaceae, Paraglomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Acaulosporaceae, Archeosporaceae, Ambisporaceae, Diversisporaceae and uncultured Glomeromycotina in roots. Glomeraceae was the most abundant in both grassland and paddy field, followed by Paraglomeraceae. The diversity of AMF in grassland and paddy field was higher in 2014 than in 2013. Furthermore, the AMF community structure was impacted by sampling year and land-use type. The AMF community structures colonizing napiergrass roots were also significantly impacted by land-use type and year throughout the 2-year investigation. To our knowledge, our results are the first report to reveal the community dynamics of indigenous AMF in the 137Cs-contaminated fields around NPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Higo
- Department of Agricultural Bioscience, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- Teaching and Research Center for Bio-coexistence, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 037-0202, Gosyogawara, Aomori, Japan
| | - Katsunori Isobe
- Department of Agricultural Bioscience, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Mahmoudi N, Cruz C, Mahdhi M, Mars M, Caeiro MF. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil, roots and rhizosphere of Medicago truncatula: diversity and heterogeneity under semi-arid conditions. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6401. [PMID: 30842895 PMCID: PMC6398376 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbioses are considered indicators of ecosystem biodiversity. However, their diversity and relevance in arid and semi-arid ecosystems are poorly understood. This study addressed this subject, the main objective being to evaluate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity and heterogeneity in a semi-arid region. Samples of bulk and rhizosphere soil and fine roots of Medicago truncatula were collected at four different sites with the same aridity index (6.1), in Bou-Hedma National Park, Tunisia, a semi-arid ecosystem. AMF taxa were assessed by 454- pyrosequencing and identified by BLAST matching of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) against the MaarjAM database, targeting AMF SSU rRNA gene diversity. Roots were the hotspots of AMF diversity (107 OTUs out of a total of 138). Of the 138 OTUs, 113 found correspondence in the MaarjAM database, with 32 AMF virtual taxa (VTX),19 Site-exclusive (SE) and 13 common to at least two sites (Non-site exclusive, NSE); the remaining 25 OTUs grouped in 16 putative new AMF taxa (pNTX), each one consisting of OTUs sharing pairwise distances not higher than 3%. We found a high diversity and heterogeneity of AMF across the four sites, which showed, in a regression analysis, significant relation to six out of the eight environmental parameters evaluated: grazing activity and soil texture, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. AMF colonization of plants also presented significant differences among the four sites, as well as spore density, microbial biomass and several enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and phosphatase) evaluated in rhizosphere soils. The four sites clustered in two groups in a hierarchical clustering evaluation based on their AMF diversity (total numbers of OTU, VTX and pNTX) and the parameters referred above. The crucial role of abiotic factors, other than aridity index, on AMF community composition, was evidenced by the high heterogeneity found between AMF communities across sites under identical aridity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neji Mahmoudi
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, Unité de recherche, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources en Zones Arides (BVBZA), Erriadh Zrig, Tunisie
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mosbah Mahdhi
- Center for Environmental Research and Studies, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mars
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, Unité de recherche, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources en Zones Arides (BVBZA), Erriadh Zrig, Tunisie
| | - Maria F. Caeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Lisboa, Portugal
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Lu X, Lu X, Liao Y. Effect of Tillage Treatment on the Diversity of Soil Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal and Soil Aggregate-Associated Carbon Content. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2986. [PMID: 30574132 PMCID: PMC6291503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
No-tillage agriculture can sustain productivity and protect the environment. A comprehensive understanding of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity and soil carbon distribution within aggregate fractions is essential to the evaluation of no-tillage agriculture. The long-term field experiment included two tillage treatments (1) no tillage with straw returned to the soil (NTS), and (2) conventional mouldboard-plowing tillage without straw (CT), and was conducted on the Loess Plateau, north-western China, from October 2009. The soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) at the maturation stage of the summer maize (Zea mays L.) for analyzing aggregates separated by the dry-sieving method. The organic carbon content in the bulk soil and different particle size aggregates were measured using the dichromate oxidization method. The species compositions of soil AM fungi were compared by applying high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA. The results showed that the NTS had 9.1-12.2% higher percentage of soil macro-aggregates, resulting in 9.8% increase in mean weight diameter and 10.0% increase in bulk soil organic carbon content as compared with CT treatment. In addition, the NTS treatment had significantly higher percentages of Septoglomus and Glomus than the CT treatment. We also found some significant differences in the fungal communities of the soils of the two treatments. There was a strong positive relationship between bulk soil organic carbon and the percentages of Septoglomus and Glomus. Our results suggested that the NTS treatment had a protective effect on AM fungal community structures, which might play a key role in the development of agricultural sustainability in the Loess Plateau of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Lu
- College of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xingneng Lu
- Yinchuan Provincial Sub-branch, The People’s Bank of China, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuncheng Liao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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40
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Li X, Xu M, Christie P, Li X, Zhang J. Large elevation and small host plant differences in the arbuscular mycorrhizal communities of montane and alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:605-619. [PMID: 29961129 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the diversity and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in extreme conditions is fundamental to predict the occurrence and evolution of either symbiotic partner in alpine ecosystems. We investigated the AMF associations of three plant species at elevations ranging between 3105 and 4556 m a.s.l. on Mount Segrila on the Tibetan Plateau. Three of four locations were studied in two consecutive years. The AMF diversity and community composition in the roots of Carex pseudofoetida, Pennisetum centrasiaticum, and Fragaria moupinensis differed little. However, at high elevations, the abundance of members of Acaulosporaceae increased relative to that of Glomeraceae. Plants at lower elevation sites, where Glomeraceae predominated as root symbionts, had higher leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations than plants at higher elevation sites, where Acaulosporaceae predominated. The overall phylogenetic relatedness of the AMF increased with increasing elevation. This suggests that abiotic filtering may play an important role in the structuring of symbiotic AMF communities along elevational gradients. The functional role of Acaulosporaceae whose relative abundance was found to increase with elevation in alpine environments needs to be clarified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peter Christie
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Berruti A, Bianciotto V, Lumini E. Seasonal variation in winter wheat field soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus communities after non-mycorrhizal crop cultivation. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:535-548. [PMID: 29931405 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intensive farming practices that implement deep and frequent tillage, high input inorganic fertilization, cultivation with non-host species, and pesticide use are widely reported to be detrimental for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are one of the most important plant biofertilizers. The effect of the reduction of agricultural input on AMF community dynamics following conversion from conventional non-mycorrhizal to lower input mycorrhizal crop cultivation has not yet been fully elucidated. We investigated the effect of the reduction of agricultural input, rotation, and season on AMF communities in winter wheat field soil after conversion from long-term (more than 20 years) non-mycorrhizal (sugar beet) crop cultivation. We described AMF communities from bulk soil samples by specifically targeting the 18S ribosomal gene using a combination of AMF specific primers and 454 pyrosequencing. No effect was found after 3 years' reduction of agricultural input, and only marginal effects were due to rotation with specific crops preceding winter wheat. Instead, season and year of sampling had the most appreciable influence on the AMF community. We suggest that, after conversion from long-term non-mycorrhizal to mycorrhizal crop cultivation, AMF diversity is low if compared to similar agroecosystems. Seasonal and successional dynamics play an important role as determinants of community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Berruti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection -Turin unit, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Bianciotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection -Turin unit, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Lumini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection -Turin unit, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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García de León D, Davison J, Moora M, Öpik M, Feng H, Hiiesalu I, Jairus T, Koorem K, Liu Y, Phosri C, Sepp SK, Vasar M, Zobel M. Anthropogenic disturbance equalizes diversity levels in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2649-2659. [PMID: 29573508 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a key plant-microbe interaction in sustainable functioning ecosystems. Increasing anthropogenic disturbance poses a threat to AM fungal communities worldwide, but there is little empirical evidence about its potential negative consequences. In this global study, we sequenced AM fungal DNA in soil samples collected from pairs of natural (undisturbed) and anthropogenic (disturbed) plots in two ecosystem types (10 naturally wooded and six naturally unwooded ecosystems). We found that ecosystem type had stronger directional effects than anthropogenic disturbance on AM fungal alpha and beta diversity. However, disturbance increased alpha and beta diversity at sites where natural diversity was low and decreased diversity at sites where natural diversity was high. Cultured AM fungal taxa were more prevalent in anthropogenic than natural plots, probably due to their efficient colonization strategies and ability to recover from disturbance. We conclude that anthropogenic disturbance does not have a consistent directional effect on AM fungal diversity; rather, disturbance equalizes levels of diversity at large scales and causes changes in community functional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Huyuan Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Inga Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Siim-Kaarel Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Sepp SK, Jairus T, Vasar M, Zobel M, Öpik M. Effects of land use on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in Estonia. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:259-268. [PMID: 29387979 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities vary across habitat types, as well as across different land use types. Most relevant research, however, has focused on agricultural or other severely human-impacted ecosystems. Here, we compared AM fungal communities across six habitat types: calcareous grassland, overgrown ungrazed calcareous grassland, wooded meadow, farmyard lawn, boreonemoral forest, and boreonemoral forest clear-cut, exhibiting contrasting modes of land use. AM fungi in the roots of a single host plant species, Prunella vulgaris, and in its rhizosphere soil were identified using 454-sequencing from a total of 103 samples from 12 sites in Estonia. Mean AM fungal taxon richness per sample did not differ among habitats. AM fungal community composition, however, was significantly different among habitat types. Both abandonment and land use intensification (clearcutting; trampling combined with frequent mowing) changed AM fungal community composition. The AM fungal communities in different habitat types were most similar in the roots of the single host plant species and most distinct in soil samples, suggesting a non-random pattern in host-fungal taxon interactions. The results show that AM fungal taxon composition is driven by habitat type and land use intensity, while the plant host may act as an additional filter between the available and realized AM fungal species pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siim-Kaarel Sepp
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Teele Jairus
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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44
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore communities of a tropical dry forest ecosystem show resilience to land-use change. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Guo LD. Presidential address: recent advance of mycorrhizal research in China. Mycology 2018; 9:1-6. [PMID: 30123654 PMCID: PMC6059154 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1437838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
I am honoured to address as the seventh president of the Mycological Society of China. Mycorrhizal research has a long history in China, including taxonomy, diversity, ecology, molecular biology, and application. Particularly in the past four decades, great progress in mycorrhizal field has been made by Chinese mycologists and ecologists. In this paper, through my own experience, I summarised the main and important advance of recent mycorrhizal researches in terms of mycorrhizal fungal diversity, community, responses to global environmental changes, molecular biology, and function in China. Some perspectives are also proposed for future mycorrhizal studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Life Sciences of College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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46
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Yang M, Yang D, Yu X. Soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) plantation at different ages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190959. [PMID: 29324845 PMCID: PMC5764322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of forest age and season on the soil microbial community and enzyme activities in sea-buckthorn plantation system and to determine the relative contributions to soil microbial properties. Soil sampling was carried out in the dry season (April) and wet season (September) in four areas, including: abandoned farmland (NH), an 8-year- old plantation (young plantation, 8Y), a 13-year-old plantation (middle-aged plantation, 13Y), and an 18-year-old plantation (mature plantation, 18Y). The results showed that forest age and season have a significant effect on soil microbial community structure and enzyme activities. The total, bacterial, fungal, Gram-negative (G+), and Gram-positive (G-) PLFAs increased gradually with forest age, with the highest values detected in 18Y. All the detected enzyme activities showed the trend as a consequence of forest age. The microbial PLFAs and soil enzyme activities were higher in the wet season than the dry season. However, there were no significant interactions between forest age and season. A Correlation analysis suggested that soil microbial communities and enzyme activities were significantly and positively correlated with pH, total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP). Season had a stronger influence on soil microbial communities than forest age. In general, sea-buckthorn plantations establishment might be a potential tool for maintaining and increasing soil fertility in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
- * E-mail:
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47
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Mycorrhizal fungi show regular community compositions in natural ecosystems. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:380-385. [PMID: 28984847 PMCID: PMC5776451 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dissimilarity overlap curve analysis has shown that 'universality' is a common feature in many complex microbial communities, suggesting that the same taxa interact in a similar manner when shared between communities. We present evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, common plant root symbionts, show universal community compositions in natural ecosystems and that this pattern is conserved even at larger spatial scales. However, universality was not detected in agricultural ecosystems potentially implying that agricultural symbiont communities are formed in a different manner.
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48
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Xu M, Li X, Cai X, Li X, Christie P, Zhang J. Land use alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and their potential role in carbon sequestration on the Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3067. [PMID: 28596609 PMCID: PMC5465222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of belowground biodiversity by land-use change can have a great impact on ecosystem functions, yet appropriate investigations remain rare in high-elevation Tibetan ecosystems. We compared arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities in arable soils with those in native forest and grassland in southeast Tibet and investigated their potential contribution to carbon sequestration. The AM fungi were abundant and diverse. AM fungal diversity was significantly higher in grassland than in forest or arable land. Significant differences in AM fungal community composition were found among different land use types. The relative abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in forest and grassland were positively related to glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), soil organic carbon, macroaggregates, and the unprotected and physically protected carbon, while the AM fungal community in arable soils was dominated by a few OTUs which were positively linked to soil pH. Changes in GRSP content were closely related to water-stable macroaggregates and carbon storage in grassland and forest soils but not in arable soil. Given the inevitable trend toward agricultural management this study emphasizes the need to implement effective agricultural practices that can enhance AM fungal activity to maintain soil quality and carbon sequestration for the sustainable development of this fragile ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaobu Cai
- Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
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49
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Bouffaud ML, Bragalini C, Berruti A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Voyron S, Stockinger H, van Tuinen D, Lumini E, Wipf D, Plassart P, Lemanceau P, Bianciotto V, Redecker D, Girlanda M. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community differences among European long-term observatories. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:331-343. [PMID: 27942957 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities have been demonstrated to respond to a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, including various aspects of land management. Numerous studies have specifically addressed the impact of land use on AMF communities, but usually have been confined to one or a few sites. In this study, soil AMF assemblages were described in four different long-term observatories (LTOs) across Europe, each of which included a site-specific high-intensity and a low-intensity land use. AMF communities were characterized on the basis of 454 sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA region. The primary goals of this study were (i) to determine the main factors that shape AMF communities in differentially managed sites in Europe and (ii) to identify individual AMF taxa or combinations of taxa suitable for use as biomarkers of land use intensification. AMF communities were distinct among LTOs, and we detected significant effects of management type and soil properties within the sites, but not across all sites. Similarly, indicator species were identified for specific LTOs and land use types but not universally for high- or low-intensity land uses. Different subsets of soil properties, including several chemical and physical variables, were found to be able to explain an important fraction of AMF community variation alone or together with other examined factors in most sites. The important factors were different from those for other microorganisms studied in the same sites, highlighting particularities of AMF biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Bouffaud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Bragalini
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology (DBios), University of Torino, 25 Viale Mattioli, 10125, Torino, Italy
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - A Berruti
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Turin (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - M Peyret-Guzzon
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - S Voyron
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology (DBios), University of Torino, 25 Viale Mattioli, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - H Stockinger
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - D van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - E Lumini
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Turin (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - D Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - P Plassart
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - P Lemanceau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - V Bianciotto
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Turin (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - D Redecker
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - M Girlanda
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology (DBios), University of Torino, 25 Viale Mattioli, 10125, Torino, Italy.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France.
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50
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Egan CP, Callaway RM, Hart MM, Pither J, Klironomos J. Phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities along an elevation gradient. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:273-282. [PMID: 27909817 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi within terrestrial ecosystems, we know little about how natural AM fungal communities are structured. To date, the majority of studies examining AM fungal community diversity have focused on single habitats with similar environmental conditions, with relatively few studies having assessed the diversity of AM fungi over large-scale environmental gradients. In this study, we characterized AM fungal communities in the soil along a high-elevation gradient in the North American Rocky Mountains. We focused on phylogenetic patterns of AM fungal communities to gain insight into how AM fungal communities are naturally assembled. We found that alpine AM fungal communities had lower phylogenetic diversity relative to lower elevation communities, as well as being more heterogeneous in composition than either treeline or subalpine communities. AM fungal communities were phylogenetically clustered at all elevations sampled, suggesting that environmental filtering, either selection by host plants or fungal niches, is the primary ecological process structuring communities along the gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Egan
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jason Pither
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - John Klironomos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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