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Ben-Dor E, Dag A, Perelberg A, Chen T, Ben Dor Y, Low Ramati D, Tietel Z, Galili E, Heinze B, Barazani O. Genetic and phenotypic evidence suggest the existence of indigenous olive population of wild var. sylvestris in the Carmel coast, southern Levant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:896. [PMID: 39343909 PMCID: PMC11441108 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populations of Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris, the ancestor of cultivated olives, are scattered across the Mediterranean Basin. However, after millennia of possible hybridization with cultivated varieties, the genetic identity of many of these populations remain questionable. In the southern Levant, the plausible primary domestication center of olives, many of the naturally growing olive (NGOs) are considered feral, having developed from nearby olive groves. Here, we investigated the genetic identity of NGOs population in the Carmel region, hypothesizing that their specific location, which limit anemophily, provided an opportunity for the persistence of genuine var. sylvestris. RESULTS We mapped more than 1,000 NGOs on the Kurkar ridge along the Carmel coast, within and outside the residential area of Atlit and used simple sequence repeats of 14 loci to assess the spatial genetic structure of 129 NGOs. Genetic diversity parameters and genetic distances between NGO and cultivated olives, as well as phenotypic and morphometric analyses of their oil content and pits, respectively, indicated the presence of a genuine var. sylvestris population. However, NGOs within the residential area of Atlit and old settlements showed an intermediate admix genetic structure, indicating on hybridization with local varieties, a consequence of their proximity to cultivated trees. CONCLUSIONS Integrating the results of genetic and phenotypic analyses we provide crucial evidence of the presence of a genuine var. sylvestris population in the southern Levant, in close geographical proximity to archaeological sites with the earliest evidence of olive exploitation in the ancient world. We supplement the results with recommendations for a conservation program that combines municipal requirements and the urgent need to preserve the largest population of var. sylvestris in the southern Levant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Ben-Dor
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Arnon Dag
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Gilat, 85280, Israel
| | - Amir Perelberg
- Open Landscape Institute, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Yoav Ben Dor
- Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, 9692100, Israel
| | - Dvora Low Ramati
- Open Landscape Institute, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Zipora Tietel
- Department of Food Science, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Gilat, 85280, Israel
| | - Ehud Galili
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology and the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Berthold Heinze
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics, Austrian Federal Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, 1131, Austria
| | - Oz Barazani
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Miho H, Atallah M, Trapero C, Koubouris G, Valverde P. Parental Effect on Agronomic and Olive Oil Traits in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2467. [PMID: 39273951 PMCID: PMC11396948 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Olive growing is undergoing a transition from traditional cultivation systems to a more technological model characterized by increased mechanization and a higher density of plants per hectare. This shift implies the use of less vigorous varieties that can adapt to the new system. Most traditional varieties are highly vigorous, and breeding programs can provide solutions to this challenge. This study investigates the parental effect on different agronomic and olive oil characteristics and its role in breeding programs. The objectives were to evaluate and characterize different agronomic and olive oil traits in the progenies from 'Arbosana' × 'Sikitita' cross and its reciprocal cross 'Sikitita' × 'Arbosana'. The results showed a high variability of the characters evaluated in the progenitors of the reciprocal crosses. The highest coefficients of variation were observed in traits related to ripening index, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Δ5-avenasterol, with phenolic content exhibiting the greatest variability. No statistically significant maternal effect was detected for any of the evaluated traits, although a slight positive maternal effect was systematically observed in the mean values of the evaluated traits. These results suggest that the maternal effect on olive is quite subtle, although due to a slight tendency of the maternal effect in the descriptive analyses, future studies are suggested to understand in depth the possible maternal effect on olive breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristofor Miho
- Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba (UCO), 14005 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mihad Atallah
- Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba (UCO), 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Santa Cruz Ingeniería S.L., 41018 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos Trapero
- Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba (UCO), 14005 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Georgios Koubouris
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization ELGO-DIMITRA, Institute for Olive Tree Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, 73134 Chania, Greece
| | - Pedro Valverde
- Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba (UCO), 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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Spangenberg JE, Lantos I. Fingerprinting of monovarietal olive oils from Argentina and Uruguay via stable isotope, fatty acid profile, and chemometric analyses. Food Chem 2024; 449:139194. [PMID: 38574525 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Tracing methods of non-European EVOOs commercialized worldwide are becoming crucial for effective authenticity controls. Limited analytical studies of these oils are available on a global scale, similar to those of European EVOOs. We report for the first time the fatty acid concentrations, bulk-oil 2H/1H, 13C/12C, and 18O/16O ratios and fatty acid 13C/12C ratios of 43 authentic monovarietal EVOOs from different geographical regions in Argentina and Uruguay. The samples were obtained from a wide range of latitudes and altitudes along an E-W profile, from lowlands near the Atlantic Ocean to the pre-Andean highlands near the Pacific Ocean. Principal component scores were used to cluster EVOOs into three groups- central-western Argentina, central Argentina, and Uruguay-based on nine stable isotope ratios and the oleic-linoleic acid concentration ratio. The bulk 2H/1H and 18O/16O values and 13C/12C of palmitoleic and linoleic acids provide good tools for differentiating these oils via linear discriminant analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Lantos
- Instituto de las Culturas (IDECU), Universidad de Buenos Aires & Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Moreno 350, C1091AAH Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Al-Kilani MA, Taranto F, D’Agostino N, Montemurro C, Belaj A, Ayoub S, Albdaiwi R, Hasan S, Al-Abdallat AM. Evaluation of genetic diversity among olive trees ( Olea europaea L.) from Jordan. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1437055. [PMID: 39166249 PMCID: PMC11333458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1437055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and evaluate the genetic diversity of olive trees in Jordan, a country located in the eastern Mediterranean, where olive domestication originated. For this purpose, a total of 386 olive trees were analyzed, including 338 collected from two surveys (JOCC-1 and JOCC-2) across seven regions, and 48 selected accessions from the Olive Germplasm Bank of Jordan (JGBOC). These trees underwent comprehensive phenotypic and molecular characterization using different tools. Significant differences in morphological traits were detected among tested regions using the Chi-square test. Principal components analysis revealed that fruit color change and growth habit as the most discriminating traits, segregating the trees into two groups, with the first group including the Kanabisi cultivar and the second group including the Kfari Baladi cultivar. Utilizing Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR assay, two sets of informative SNPs were used for the genetic diversity analysis. Cladograms were constructed using the maximum likelihood method, revealing a consistent pattern where two clades containing identical genotypes were observed to cluster with the Kfari Baladi or Kanabisi. In addition, the SNP data was used to perform a comparative analysis with the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba, which revealed 73 unreported olive genotypes from Jordan. Genetic structure analyses using Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) identified four clusters with distinctive patterns of relatedness among 149 unique accessions, including 52 olive accessions from various Mediterranean countries (IOCC-3). ADMIXTURE analysis revealed four genetic clusters, consistent with the clustering observed in DAPC and cladogram analysis, indicating a high level of genetic admixture among Jordanian olive germplasm. In conclusion, the results show that olive trees in Jordan are highly diverse, providing valuable information for future conservation and management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Taranto
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio D’Agostino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Cinzia Montemurro
- Department of Soil: Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Centro “Alameda del Obispo”, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Salam Ayoub
- National Center for Agriculture Research (NARC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Randa Albdaiwi
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Shireen Hasan
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayed M. Al-Abdallat
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Massenti R, Ioppolo A, Carella A, Imperiale V, Lo Bianco R, Servili M, Selvaggini R, Caruso T. Growth, yield and oil quality of adult pedestrian olive orchards grown at four different planting systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1416548. [PMID: 39100086 PMCID: PMC11294250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1416548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated growth, yield and olive oil quality of mature pedestrian olive orchards. Trees of three Sicilian cultivars Calatina, Nocellara del Belice and Abunara were planted at four combinations of planting densities and training forms. Trees at 2 × 5 m were trained to central leader (CLx2), those at 3 × 5 m to free palmette (FPx3), those at 4 x 5 to globe vase (GVx4), and those at 5 x 5 to poly-conic vase (PVx5). 'Calatina' had the smallest trees in terms of trunk size in all growing systems, while canopy size of trees at higher densities was similar for all three cultivars. 'Calatina' was also the most growth efficient (m3 of canopy per cm2 of TCSA) and produced the least amount of pruning wood in the hedgerow systems (CLx2 and FPx3). Fruit yield per tree tended to be higher in more vigorous cultivars (Abunara and Nocellara) grown to 3D systems (GVx4 and PVx5), while 'Calatina' was the most yield efficient (kg of fruit per cm2 of TCSA) especially in the hedgerow growing systems. Fruit and oil yield per ha and average production value tended to be highest in CLx2 trees and lowest in GVx4 trees, with 'Calatina' showing the sharpest changes and 'Nocellara' the smallest changes among growing systems. According to the Jaen index, CLx2 tended to induce earlier fruit maturation, followed by PVx5, GVx4, and FPx3. The growing system did not affect oil fatty acid composition, while 'Calatina' had the highest amount of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids. 'Abunara' oils exhibited the highest amount of total phenols in CLx2, while 'Calatina' and 'Nocellara' oils exhibited the highest amount in FPx3 and PVx5. Both, trans-2-hexenal ("cut grass" sensory note) and hexenyl acetate ("floral" sensory note) tended to be lowest in oils from trees grown at CLx2 and highest in those from trees grown at GVx4, showing a somewhat inverse relationship with fruit ripening degree. The outcome of the present study on mature pedestrian orchards shows that proper combinations of cultivars, planting densities, and training forms (canopy shape) may result in efficient intensive systems for growing olive in areas where super-high density systems cannot be profitable due to agronomic and environmental limitations (water shortage, steep sloping sites, small farm size, etc.). Pedestrian growing systems can also be used to exploit olive biodiversity by allowing the use of available local genotypes. For this reason, they may represent an effective and sustainable solution against unexpected climate changes and associated emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Massenti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Ioppolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Imperiale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lo Bianco
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Selvaggini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tiziano Caruso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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6
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Valverde P, Lodolini EM, Giorgi V, Garcia-Lopez MT, Neri D. An easy methodology for frost tolerance assessment in olive cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1397534. [PMID: 39040509 PMCID: PMC11260825 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Olive cultivation, like other evergreen fruit crops worldwide, is limited by the occurrence of frost episodes in different times of the year, mainly in winter or early spring. Some contradictory results are reported about cultivars' response to frost, which depends on the physiological stage of the tissues (acclimated or not acclimated) when the cold or frost episode occurs. This work aimed to implement a user-friendly and reliable lab method for discerning frost tolerance. Methods Our methodology considered both detached leaves and potted plantlets. The optimal temperature at which damage differentiated between cultivars was evaluated, as well as the time of exposure to cold and the recovery time for the correct evaluation of the symptoms. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of damage on both young and mature leaves was conducted. To validate the efficacy of the methodology, assessments were conducted on the cultivars 'Arbequina' (tolerant), 'Picual' (moderately tolerant), and 'Frantoio' (susceptible) under acclimated and non-acclimated conditions. Results and discussion The results indicated that, when detached leaves were used for frost evaluation, a temperature of -10°C ± 1°C for 30 min and a recovery time at 26°C for 24-48 h after exposure to cold are enough to induce damages on the leaves and discriminate between cultivar susceptibility. Under these conditions, a precise assessment of symptoms can be made, facilitating the categorization of frost tolerance level in various olive cultivars. Notably, no significant differences were observed between young and mature leaves during the evaluation process. On the other hand, the critical temperature to assess damages on potted plantlets was determined to be -7°C ± 1°C. In addition, it was observed that acclimated plants exhibited fewer symptoms compared to non-acclimated ones, with 'Frantoio' being the most affected alongside 'Picual' and 'Arbequina'. Conclusion The implemented methodology will allow the assessment of frost tolerance in several olive cultivars within a short timeframe, and it is proven to be user-friendly and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Valverde
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
- Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos y de Montes (ETSIAM), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Enrico Maria Lodolini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Giorgi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Garcia-Lopez
- Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos y de Montes (ETSIAM), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Davide Neri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Arévalo-Marín E, Casas A, Alvarado-Sizzo H, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Castellanos-Morales G, Jardón-Barbolla L, Fermin G, Padilla-Ramírez JS, Clement CR. Genetic analyses and dispersal patterns unveil the Amazonian origin of guava domestication. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15755. [PMID: 38977809 PMCID: PMC11231237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a semi-domesticated fruit tree of moderate importance in the Neotropics, utilized for millennia due to its nutritional and medicinal benefits, but its origin of domestication remains unknown. In this study, we examine genetic diversity and population structure in 215 plants from 11 countries in Mesoamerica, the Andes, and Amazonia using 25 nuclear microsatellite loci to propose an origin of domestication. Genetic analyses reveal one gene pool in Mesoamerica (Mexico) and four in South America (Brazilian Amazonia, Peruvian Amazonia and Andes, and Colombia), indicating greater differentiation among localities, possibly due to isolation between guava populations, particularly in the Amazonian and Andean regions. Moreover, Mesoamerican populations show high genetic diversity, with moderate genetic structure due to gene flow from northern South American populations. Dispersal scenarios suggest that Brazilian Amazonia is the probable origin of guava domestication, spreading from there to the Peruvian Andes, northern South America, Central America, and Mexico. These findings present the first evidence of guava domestication in the Americas, contributing to a deeper understanding of its evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Arévalo-Marín
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad-IIES, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad-IIES, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Hernán Alvarado-Sizzo
- Laboratorio de Biogeografía y Sistemática, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Castellanos-Morales
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa (ECOSUR-Villahermosa), Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Lev Jardón-Barbolla
- Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Fermin
- Instituto Jardín Botánico de Mérida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - José S Padilla-Ramírez
- Campo Experimental Pabellón, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Charles R Clement
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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Gagour J, Hallouch O, Asbbane A, Bijla L, Laknifli A, Lee LH, Zengin G, Bouyahya A, Sakar EH, Gharby S. A Review of Recent Progresses on Olive Oil Chemical Profiling, Extraction Technology, Shelf-life, and Quality Control. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301697. [PMID: 38345352 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Olive oil (OO) is widely recognized as a main component in the Mediterranean diet owing to its unique chemical composition and associated health-promoting properties. This review aimed at providing readers with recent results on OO physicochemical profiling, extraction technology, and quality parameters specified by regulations to ensure authentic products for consumers. Recent research progress on OO adulteration were outlined through a bibliometric analysis mapping using Vosviewer software. As revealed by bibliometric analysis, richness in terms of fatty acids, pigments, polar phenolic compounds, tocopherols, squalene, sterols, and triterpenic compounds justify OO health-promoting properties and increasing demand on its global consumption. OO storage is a critical post-processing operation that must be optimized to avoid oxidation. Owing to its great commercial value on markets, OO is a target to adulteration with other vegetable oils. In this context, different chemometric tools were developed to deal with this problem. To conclude, increasing demand and consumption of OO on the global market is justified by its unique composition. Challenges such as oxidation and adulteration stand out as the main issues affecting the OO market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Gagour
- Biotechnology Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn-Zohr University, 83000, Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Otmane Hallouch
- Biotechnology Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn-Zohr University, 83000, Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Asbbane
- Biotechnology Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn-Zohr University, 83000, Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Laila Bijla
- Biotechnology Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn-Zohr University, 83000, Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Laknifli
- Biotechnology Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn-Zohr University, 83000, Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Research Center for Life Science and Healthcare, Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute (CBI), University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100>, China
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 >, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, 10090>, Morocco
| | - El Hassan Sakar
- Laboratory of Biology, Ecology, and Health, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Said Gharby
- Biotechnology Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn-Zohr University, 83000, Taroudant, Morocco
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9
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Wentzien NM, Fernández-González AJ, Valverde-Corredor A, Lasa AV, Villadas PJ, Wicaksono WA, Cernava T, Berg G, Fernández-López M, Mercado-Blanco J. Pitting the olive seed microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2024; 19:17. [PMID: 38491515 PMCID: PMC10943921 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex and co-evolved interplay between plants and their microbiota is crucial for the health and fitness of the plant holobiont. However, the microbiota of the seeds is still relatively unexplored and no studies have been conducted with olive trees so far. In this study, we aimed to characterize the bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities present in seeds of ten olive genotypes growing in the same orchard through amplicon sequencing to test whether the olive genotype is a major driver in shaping the seed microbial community, and to identify the origin of the latter. Therefore, we have developed a methodology for obtaining samples from the olive seed's endosphere under sterile conditions. RESULTS A diverse microbiota was uncovered in olive seeds, the plant genotype being an important factor influencing the structure and composition of the microbial communities. The most abundant bacterial phylum was Actinobacteria, accounting for an average relative abundance of 41%. At genus level, Streptomyces stood out because of its potential influence on community structure. Within the fungal community, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the most abundant phyla, including the genera Malassezia, Cladosporium, and Mycosphaerella. The shared microbiome was composed of four bacterial (Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Promicromonospora and Acidipropionibacterium) and three fungal (Malassezia, Cladosporium and Mycosphaerella) genera. Furthermore, a comparison between findings obtained here and earlier results from the root endosphere of the same trees indicated that genera such as Streptomyces and Malassezia were present in both olive compartments. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first insights into the composition of the olive seed microbiota. The highly abundant fungal genus Malassezia and the bacterial genus Streptomyces reflect a unique signature of the olive seed microbiota. The genotype clearly shaped the composition of the seed's microbial community, although a shared microbiome was found. We identified genera that may translocate from the roots to the seeds, as they were present in both organs of the same trees. These findings set the stage for future research into potential vertical transmission of olive endophytes and the role of specific microbial taxa in seed germination, development, and seedling survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria M Wentzien
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J Fernández-González
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ana V Lasa
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo J Villadas
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Wisnu Adi Wicaksono
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Fernández-López
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
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10
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Li MM, Meegahakumbura MK, Wambulwa MC, Burgess KS, Möller M, Shen ZF, Li DZ, Gao LM. Genetic analyses of ancient tea trees provide insights into the breeding history and dissemination of Chinese Assam tea ( Camellia sinensis var. assamica). PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:229-237. [PMID: 38807909 PMCID: PMC11128837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Chinese Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is an important tea crop with a long history of cultivation in Yunnan, China. Despite its potential value as a genetic resource, its genetic diversity and domestication/breeding history remain unclear. To address this issue, we genotyped 469 ancient tea plant trees representing 26 C. sinensis var. assamica populations, plus two of its wild relatives (six and three populations of C. taliensis and C. crassicolumna, respectively) using 16 nuclear microsatellite loci. Results showed that Chinese Assam tea has a relatively high, but comparatively lower gene diversity (HS = 0.638) than the wild relative C. crassicolumna (HS = 0.658). Clustering in STRUCTURE indicated that Chinese Assam tea and its two wild relatives formed distinct genetic groups, with considerable interspecific introgression. The Chinese Assam tea accessions clustered into three gene pools, corresponding well with their geographic distribution. However, NewHybrids analysis indicated that 68.48% of ancient Chinese Assam tea plants from Xishuangbanna were genetic intermediates between the Puer and Lincang gene pools. In addition, 10% of the ancient Chinese Assam tea individuals were found to be hybrids between Chinese Assam tea and C. taliensis. Our results suggest that Chinese Assam tea was domesticated separately in three gene pools (Puer, Lincang and Xishuangbanna) in the Mekong River valley and that the hybrids were subsequently selected during the domestication process. Although the domestication history of Chinese Assam tea in southwestern Yunnan remains complex, our results will help to identify valuable genetic resources that may be useful in future tea breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Muditha K. Meegahakumbura
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Moses C. Wambulwa
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Computing, South Eastern Kenya University, 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Kevin S. Burgess
- Department of Biology, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA, 31907-5645, USA
| | - Michael Möller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK
| | - Zong-Fang Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, 674100, Yunnan, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, 674100, Yunnan, China
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11
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Guerrero C, Cerezo S, Feito I, Rodríguez L, Samach A, Mercado JA, Pliego-Alfaro F, Palomo-Ríos E. Effect of heterologous expression of FT gene from Medicago truncatula in growth and flowering behavior of olive plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1323087. [PMID: 38455727 PMCID: PMC10917891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1323087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) is one of the most important crops of the Mediterranean Basin and temperate areas worldwide. Obtaining new olive varieties adapted to climatic changing conditions and to modern agricultural practices, as well as other traits such as biotic and abiotic stress resistance and increased oil quality, is currently required; however, the long juvenile phase, as in most woody plants, is the bottleneck in olive breeding programs. Overexpression of genes encoding the 'florigen' Flowering Locus T (FT), can cause the loss of the juvenile phase in many perennials including olives. In this investigation, further characterization of three transgenic olive lines containing an FT encoding gene from Medicago truncatula, MtFTa1, under the 35S CaMV promoter, was carried out. While all three lines flowered under in vitro conditions, one of the lines stopped flowering after acclimatisation. In soil, all three lines exhibited a modified plant architecture; e.g., a continuous branching behaviour and a dwarfing growth habit. Gene expression and hormone content in shoot tips, containing the meristems from which this phenotype emerged, were examined. Higher levels of OeTFL1, a gene encoding the flowering repressor TERMINAL FLOWER 1, correlated with lack of flowering. The branching phenotype correlated with higher content of salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and isopentenyl adenosine, and lower content of abscisic acid. The results obtained confirm that heterologous expression of MtFTa1 in olive induced continuous flowering independently of environmental factors, but also modified plant architecture. These phenotypical changes could be related to the altered hormonal content in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Guerrero
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Cerezo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Feito
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario de Asturias, Finca Experimental “La Mata”, Grado, Spain
| | - Lucía Rodríguez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario de Asturias, Finca Experimental “La Mata”, Grado, Spain
| | - Alon Samach
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - José A. Mercado
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Pliego-Alfaro
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Palomo-Ríos
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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12
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Valverde P, Diez CM, Deger RE, Barranco D, Trapero C. Genotypic influence in the juvenile to adult transition in olive seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1343589. [PMID: 38379947 PMCID: PMC10877029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Olive breeding is a long process and any improvement in shortening the juvenile phase is highly desirable. In the present study, the effect of olive tree parents in different agronomic characteristics have been evaluated during four years in 520 olive genotypes generated from three different crosses in three different experimental fields, all located in Andalusia region, Spain. The crosses evaluated are 'Arbosana' x 'Sikitita' and its reciprocal, whose parents are characterized by being early bearers; and 'Frantoio' free pollinated, whose mother variety is characterized by having a long unproductive period. We studied plant height, distance and time to the first flowering, plant vigor and percentage of olive oil in the fruits. The findings reveal that progeny from 'Arbosana' and 'Sikitita' crosses, irrespective of the direction of the cross, exhibited a lower distance to flower, early bearing, reduced vigor and a lower percentage of olive oil in fruit compared to 'Frantoio' seedlings obtained from free pollination. Furthermore, no discernible differences were observed in the evaluated characteristics when comparing reciprocal crosses across the three fields in the four-years assessment period. Therefore, these results highlight the significance of planting height in reducing the evaluation period required in an olive breeding program and support the hypothesis that there is no maternal effect in the inheritance of the evaluated agronomic characteristics in olive trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Valverde
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
- Department of Agronomy (Excellence Unit ‘María de Maeztu’ 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Concepción Munoz Diez
- Department of Agronomy (Excellence Unit ‘María de Maeztu’ 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rustu Efe Deger
- Department of Agronomy (Excellence Unit ‘María de Maeztu’ 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Barranco
- Department of Agronomy (Excellence Unit ‘María de Maeztu’ 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Trapero
- Department of Agronomy (Excellence Unit ‘María de Maeztu’ 2020-23), ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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13
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Zunino L, Cubry P, Sarah G, Mournet P, El Bakkali A, Aqbouch L, Sidibé-Bocs S, Costes E, Khadari B. Genomic evidence of genuine wild versus admixed olive populations evolving in the same natural environments in western Mediterranean Basin. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295043. [PMID: 38232071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Crop-to-wild gene flow is a mechanism process widely documented, both in plants and animals. This can have positive or negative impacts on the evolution of admixed populations in natural environments, yet the phenomenon is still misunderstood in long-lived woody species, contrary to short-lived crops. Wild olive Olea europaea L. occurs in the same eco-geographical range as domesticated olive, i.e. the Mediterranean Basin (MB). Moreover, it is an allogamous and anemophilous species whose seeds are disseminated by birds, i.e. factors that drive gene flow between crops and their wild relatives. Here we investigated the genetic structure of western MB wild olive populations in natural environments assuming a homogenous gene pool with limited impact of cultivated alleles, as previously suggested. We used a target sequencing method based on annotated genes from the Farga reference genome to analyze 27 western MB olive tree populations sampled in natural environments in France, Spain and Morocco. We also target sequenced cultivated olive tree accessions from the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Marrakech and Porquerolles and from an eastern MB wild olive tree population. We combined PCA, sNMF, pairwise FST and TreeMix and clearly identified genuine wild olive trees throughout their natural distribution range along a north-south gradient including, for the first time, in southern France. However, contrary to our assumption, we highlighted more admixed than genuine wild olive trees. Our results raise questions regarding the admixed population evolution pattern in this environment, which might be facilitated by crop-to-wild gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lison Zunino
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- DIADE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Cubry
- DIADE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Gautier Sarah
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Mournet
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed El Bakkali
- INRA, UR Amélioration des Plantes et Conservation des Ressources Phytogénétiques, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Laila Aqbouch
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Sidibé-Bocs
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Bouchaib Khadari
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen (CBNMed), UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
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14
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Gómez-Gálvez FJ, Ninot A, Rodríguez JC, Compañ SP, Andreva JU, Rubio JAG, Aragón IP, Viñuales-Andreu J, Casanova-Gascón J, Šatović Z, Lorite IJ, De la Rosa-Navarro R, Belaj A. New insights in the Spanish gene pool of olive ( Olea europaea L.) preserved ex situ and in situ based on high-throughput molecular markers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1267601. [PMID: 38250447 PMCID: PMC10796691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1267601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In Spain, several local studies have highlighted the likely presence of unknown olive cultivars distinct from the approximately 260 ones previously described in the literature. Furthermore, recent advancements in identification techniques have significantly enhanced in terms of efficacy and precision. This scenario motivated a new nationwide prospecting effort aimed at recovering and characterizing new cultivated germplasm using high-throughput molecular markers. In the present study, the use of 96 EST-SNP markers allowed the identification of a considerable amount of new material (173 new genotypes) coming from areas with low intensification of production in different regions of Spain. As a result, the number of distinct national genotypes documented in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA, Córdoba (WOGBC-ESP046) increased to 427. Likewise, 65 and 24 new synonymy and homonymy cases were identified, respectively. This rise in the number of different national cultivars allowed to deepen the knowledge about the underlying genetic structure. The great genetic variability of Spanish germplasm was confirmed, and a new hot spot of diversity was identified in the northern regions of La Rioja and Aragon. Analysis of the genetic structure showed a clear separation between the germplasm of southern and northern-northeastern Spain and indicated a significantly higher level of admixture in the latter. Given the expansion of modern olive cultivation with only a few cultivars, this cryptic germplasm is in great danger of disappearing. This underlines the fact that maintaining as many cultivars as possible will increase the genetic variability of the olive gene pool to meet the future challenges of olive cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jesús Gómez-Gálvez
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antònia Ninot
- Fruticultura, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Mas Bové, Constantí, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Cano Rodríguez
- Ingeniería y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Venta del Llano, Mengíbar, Jaén, Spain
| | - Sergio Paz Compañ
- Olivicultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Ugarte Andreva
- Servicio de Investigación Agraria y Sanidad Vegetal, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Isis Pinilla Aragón
- Servicio de Investigación Agraria y Sanidad Vegetal, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | - Zlatko Šatović
- Department of Plant Biodiversity, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CroP-BioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ignacio Jesús Lorite
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl De la Rosa-Navarro
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (IAS-CSIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
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15
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Rojas-Gómez M, Moral J, López-Orozco R, Cabello D, Oteros J, Barranco D, Galán C, Díez CM. Pollen production in olive cultivars and its interannual variability. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1145-1158. [PMID: 37856076 PMCID: PMC10809056 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea) is the most extensively cultivated fruit crop worldwide. It is considered a wind-pollinated and strictly outcrossing crop. Thus, elevated pollen production is crucial to guarantee optimum fruit set and yield. Despite these facts, the variability of pollen production within the cultivated olive has been scarcely studied. This study aimed to characterize this feature by analysing a representative set of worldwide olive cultivars. METHODS We evaluated the average number of pollen grains per anther in 57 principal cultivars over three consecutive years. We applied a standard generalized linear model (GLM) approach to study the influence of cultivar, year and the previous year's fruit load on the amount of pollen per anther. Additionally, the K-means method was used for cluster analysis to group cultivars based on their pollen production capacity. KEY RESULTS Pollen production per anther was highly variable among olive cultivars. The cultivar significantly accounted for 51.3 % of the variance in pollen production and the year for 0.3 %. The interaction between the two factors explained 8.4 % of the variance, indicating that not all cultivars were equally stable in producing pollen across the years. The previous year's fruit load and its interaction with the year were significant, but barely accounted for 1.5 % of the variance. Olive cultivars were classified into four clusters according to their capacity to produce pollen. Interestingly, the fourth cluster was composed of male-sterile cultivars, which presumably share this character by inheritance. CONCLUSIONS Pollen production per anther varied extensively within the cultivated olive. This variation was mainly driven by the cultivar and its interaction with the year. The differential capacity of olive cultivars to produce pollen should be considered not only for designing new orchards but also gardens where this species is used as an ornamental.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rojas-Gómez
- Department of Agronomy, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Moral
- Department of Agronomy, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - R López-Orozco
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Andalusian Inter-University Institute for Earth System IISTA, University of Cordoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Cabello
- Department of Agronomy, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Oteros
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Andalusian Inter-University Institute for Earth System IISTA, University of Cordoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Barranco
- Department of Agronomy, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Galán
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Andalusian Inter-University Institute for Earth System IISTA, University of Cordoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C M Díez
- Department of Agronomy, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CeiA3, University of Cordoba, Rabanales Campus, Celestino Mutis Building, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Tourvas N, Ganopoulos I, Koubouris G, Kostelenos G, Manthos I, Bazakos C, Stournaras V, Molassiotis A, Aravanopoulos F. Wild and cultivated olive tree genetic diversity in Greece: a diverse resource in danger of erosion. Front Genet 2023; 14:1298565. [PMID: 38111682 PMCID: PMC10725918 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1298565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic relationships between Greek wild olive tree populations and cultivars were investigated. A total of 219 wild genotypes and 67 cultivar genotypes were analyzed by employing 10 SSR markers. Data evidenced that the wild populations exhibited high levels of genetic diversity and exclusively host 40% of the total number of alleles detected. Inbreeding was observed within populations, probably as a consequence of their fragmented spatial distribution. The genetic differentiation between cultivars and wild individuals, as well as within wild populations, was low. Nevertheless, three gene pools of wild trees were detected, corresponding to the geographical areas of Northeastern Greece, Peloponnese-Crete and Epirus. Most cultivars clustered in a separate group, while the rest of them formed a heterogenous group with membership coefficients akin to the three wild olive clusters. Regarding the history of olive cultivation in Greece, bidirectional gene flow was detected between populations of Peloponnese-Crete and the gene pool that composes some of Greece's most important cultivars, such as "Koroneiki" and "Mastoidis", which is inferred as an indication of a minor domestication event in the area. A strategy for the protection of Greek-oriented olive genetic resources is proposed, along with suggestions for the utilization of the genetically diverse wild resources with regard to the introgression of traits of agronomical interest to cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tourvas
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO) DIMITRA, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece
| | - Georgios Koubouris
- Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO) DIMITRA, Chania, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Manthos
- Department of Nut Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO) DIMITRA, Neo Krikello-Lamia, Greece
| | - Christos Bazakos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO) DIMITRA, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vasileios Stournaras
- Department of Olive and Horticultural Crops, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO) DIMITRA, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece
| | - Filippos Aravanopoulos
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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17
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Huang L, Zeng Y, Li J, Deng Y, Su G, Zhang J. One hundred single-copy nuclear sequence markers for olive variety identification: a case of fingerprinting database construction in China. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:86. [PMID: 38028815 PMCID: PMC10678893 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Olive is an ancient oil-producing tree, widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries, and now spread to other areas of the world, including China. Recently, several molecular databases were constructed in different countries and platforms for olive identification using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, comparing their results across laboratories was difficult. Herein, hundreds of polymorphic single-copy nuclear sequence markers were developed from the olive genome. Using the advantage of multiplex PCR amplification and high-throughput sequencing, a fingerprint database was constructed for the majority of olives cultivated in China. We used 100 high-quality sequence loci and estimated the genetic diversity and structure among all these varieties. We found that compared with that based on SSRs, the constructed fingerprint database based on these 100 sequences or a few of them, could provide a reliable olive variety identification platform in China, with high discrimination among different varieties using the principle of BLAST algorithm. An example of such identification platform based on this study was displayed on the web for the olive database in China (http://olivedb.cn/jianding). After resolving redundant genotypes, we identified 126 olive varieties with distinct genotypes in China. These varieties could be divided into two clusters, and it was revealed that the grouping of the varieties has a certain relationship with their origin. Herein, it is concluded that these single-copy orthologous nuclear sequences could be used to construct a universal fingerprint database of olives across different laboratories and platforms inexpensively. Based on such a database, variety identification can be performed easily by any laboratory, which would further facilitate olive breeding and variety exchange globally. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01434-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yanfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Jinhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Yu Deng
- Institute of Olive, Longnan Academy of Economic Forestry, Longnan, 746000 Gansu China
| | - Guangcan Su
- Liangshan Zhongze New Technology Development Co. Ltd., Xichang, 615042 Sichuan China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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Mariotti R, Belaj A, de la Rosa R, Muleo R, Cirilli M, Forgione I, Valeri MC, Mousavi S. Genealogical tracing of Olea europaea species and pedigree relationships of var. europaea using chloroplast and nuclear markers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:452. [PMID: 37749509 PMCID: PMC10521521 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive is one of the most cultivated species in the Mediterranean Basin and beyond. Despite being extensively studied for its commercial relevance, the origin of cultivated olive and the history of its domestication remain open questions. Here, we present a genealogical and kinship relationships analysis by mean of chloroplast and nuclear markers of different genera, subgenus, species, subspecies, ecotypes, cultivated, ancient and wild types, which constitutes one of the most inclusive research to date on the diversity within Olea europaea species. A complete survey of the variability across the nuclear and plastid genomes of different genotypes was studied through single nucleotide polymorphisms, indels (insertions and deletions), and length variation. RESULTS Fifty-six different chlorotypes were identified among the Oleaceae family including Olea europaea, other species and genera. The chloroplast genome evolution, within Olea europaea subspecies, probably started from subsp. cuspidata, which likely represents the ancestor of all the other subspecies and therefore of wild types and cultivars. Our study allows us to hypothesize that, inside the subspecies europaea containing cultivars and the wild types, the ancestral selection from var. sylvestris occurred both in the eastern side of the Mediterranean and in the central-western part of Basin. Moreover, it was elucidated the origin of several cultivars, which depends on the introduction of eastern cultivars, belonging to the lineage E1, followed by crossing and replacement of the autochthonous olive germplasm of central-western Mediterranean Basin. In fact, our study highlighted that two main 'founders' gave the origin to more than 60% of analyzed olive cultivars. Other secondary founders, which strongly contributed to give origin to the actual olive cultivar diversity, were already detected. CONCLUSIONS The application of comparative genomics not only paves the way for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within the Olea europaea species but also provides original insights into other elusive evolutionary processes, such as chloroplast inheritance and parentage inside olive cultivars, opening new scenarios for further research such as the association studies and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
| | | | | | - Rosario Muleo
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Marco Cirilli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Forgione
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Valeri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
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19
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Chen X, Avia K, Forler A, Remoué C, Venon A, Rousselet A, Lucas G, Kwarteng AO, Rover R, Le Guilloux M, Belcram H, Combes V, Corti H, Olverà-Vazquez S, Falque M, Alins G, Kirisits T, Ursu TM, Roman A, Volk GM, Bazot S, Cornille A. Ecological and evolutionary drivers of phenotypic and genetic variation in the European crabapple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.], a wild relative of the cultivated apple. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:1025-1037. [PMID: 37148364 PMCID: PMC10332392 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studying the relationship between phenotypic and genetic variation in populations distributed across environmental gradients can help us to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes involved in population divergence. We investigated the patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity in the European crabapple, Malus sylvestris, a wild relative of the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) that occurs naturally across Europe in areas subjected to different climatic conditions, to test for divergence among populations. METHODS Growth rates and traits related to carbon uptake in seedlings collected across Europe were measured in controlled conditions and associated with the genetic status of the seedlings, which was assessed using 13 microsatellite loci and the Bayesian clustering method. Isolation-by-distance, isolation-by-climate and isolation-by-adaptation patterns, which can explain genetic and phenotypic differentiation among M. sylvestris populations, were also tested. KEY RESULTS A total of 11.6 % of seedlings were introgressed by M. domestica, indicating that crop-wild gene flow is ongoing in Europe. The remaining seedlings (88.4 %) belonged to seven M. sylvestris populations. Significant phenotypic trait variation among M. sylvestris populations was observed. We did not observe significant isolation by adaptation; however, the significant association between genetic variation and the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum suggests that there has been local adaptation of M. sylvestris to past climates. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the phenotypic and genetic differentiation among populations of a wild relative of the cultivated apple. This might help us to make better use of its diversity and provide options for mitigating the impact of climate change on the cultivated apple through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - K Avia
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - A Forler
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C Remoué
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Venon
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Rousselet
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G Lucas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - A O Kwarteng
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - R Rover
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Le Guilloux
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Belcram
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - V Combes
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Corti
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Olverà-Vazquez
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Falque
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G Alins
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA-Fruit Production, PCiTAL, Parc 21 de Gardeny, edifici Fruitcentre, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - T Kirisits
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Straße 82 (Franz Schwackhöfer-Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - T M Ursu
- NIRDBS, Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca, 48 Republicii St., Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Roman
- NIRDBS, Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca, 48 Republicii St., Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - G M Volk
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - S Bazot
- Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - A Cornille
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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20
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Slobodova N, Sharko F, Gladysheva-Azgari M, Petrova K, Tsiupka S, Tsiupka V, Boulygina E, Rastorguev S, Tsygankova S. Genetic Diversity of Common Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Cultivars from Nikita Botanical Gardens Collection Revealed Using RAD-Seq Method. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1323. [PMID: 37510228 PMCID: PMC10379327 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In different countries, interest in the commercial cultivation of the olive has recently greatly increased, which has led to the expansion of its range. The Crimean Peninsula is the northern limit of the common olive (Olea europaea L.) range. A unique collection of common olive's cultivars and hybrids has been collected in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens (NBG). The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of 151 samples (total of several biological replicates of 46 olive cultivars including 29 introduced and 11 indigenous genotypes) using the ddRAD sequencing method. Structural analysis showed that the studied samples are divided into ten groups, each of which mainly includes cultivars of the same origin. Cultivars introduced to the Crimean Peninsula from different regions formed separate groups, while local cultivars joined different groups depending on their origin. Cultivars of Crimean origin contain admixtures of mainly Italian and Caucasian cultivars' genotypes. Our study showed that the significant number of Crimean cultivars contains an admixture of the Italian cultivar "Coreggiolo". Genetic analysis confirmed the synonymy for the cv. "Otur" and "Nikitskaya 2", but not for the other four putative synonyms. Our results revealed the genetic diversity of the olive collection of NBG and provided references for future research studies, especially in selection studies for breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Slobodova
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Fedor Sharko
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey Tsiupka
- Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Russia
| | - Valentina Tsiupka
- Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Russia
| | - Eugenia Boulygina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Sergey Rastorguev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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21
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Xiao H, Liu Z, Wang N, Long Q, Cao S, Huang G, Liu W, Peng Y, Riaz S, Walker AM, Gaut BS, Zhou Y. Adaptive and maladaptive introgression in grapevine domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222041120. [PMID: 37276420 PMCID: PMC10268302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222041120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Domesticated grapevines spread to Europe around 3,000 years ago. Previous studies have revealed genomic signals of introgression from wild to cultivated grapes in Europe, but the time, mode, genomic pattern, and biological effects of these introgression events have not been investigated. Here, we studied resequencing data from 345 samples spanning the distributional range of wild (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) and cultivated (V. vinifera ssp. vinifera) grapes. Based on machine learning-based population genetic analyses, we detected evidence for a single domestication of grapevine, followed by continuous gene flow between European wild grapes (EU) and cultivated grapes over the past ~2,000 y, especially from EU to wine grapes. We also inferred that soft-selective sweeps were the dominant signals of artificial selection. Gene pathways associated with the synthesis of aromatic compounds were enriched in regions that were both selected and introgressed, suggesting EU wild grapes were an important resource for improving the flavor of cultivated grapes. Despite the potential benefits of introgression in grape improvement, the introgressed fragments introduced a higher deleterious burden, with most deleterious SNPs and structural variants hidden in a heterozygous state. Cultivated wine grapes have benefited from adaptive introgression with wild grapes, but introgression has also increased the genetic load. In general, our study of beneficial and harmful effects of introgression is critical for genomic breeding of grapevine to take advantage of wild resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi830091, China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Qiming Long
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Shuo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Guizhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Summaira Riaz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Andrew M. Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Brandon S. Gaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou571101, China
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22
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Julca I, Vargas P, Gabaldón T. Phylogenomics of the Olea europaea complex using 15 whole genomes supports recurrent genetic admixture together with differentiation into seven subspecies. BMC Biol 2023; 21:85. [PMID: 37069619 PMCID: PMC10111821 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last taxonomic account of Olea recognises six subspecies within Olea europaea L., including the Mediterranean olive tree (subsp. europaea) and five other subspecies (laperrinei, guanchica, maroccana, cerasiformis, and cuspidata) distributed across the Old World, including Macaronesian islands. The evolutionary history of this monophyletic group (O. europaea complex) has revealed a reticulated scenario involving hybridization and polyploidization events, leading to the presence of a polyploid series associated with the subspecies. However, how the polyploids originated, and how the different subspecies contributed to the domestication of the cultivated olive are questions still debated. Tracing the recent evolution and genetic diversification of the species is key for the management and preservation of its genetic resources. To study the recent history of the O. europaea complex, we compared newly sequenced and available genomes for 27 individuals representing the six subspecies. RESULTS Our results show discordance between current subspecies distributions and phylogenomic patterns, which support intricate biogeographic patterns. The subspecies guanchica, restricted to the Canary Islands, is closely related to subsp. europaea, and shows a high genetic diversity. The subsp. laperrinei, restricted now to high mountains of the Sahara desert, and the Canarian subsp. guanchica contributed to the formation of the allotetraploid subsp. cerasiformis (Madeira islands) and the allohexaploid subsp. maroccana (western Sahara region). Our phylogenomic data support the recognition of one more taxon (subsp. ferruginea) for the Asian populations, which is clearly segregated from the African subsp. cuspidata. CONCLUSIONS In sum, the O. europaea complex underwent several processes of hybridization, polyploidy, and geographical isolation resulting in seven independent lineages with certain morphological traits recognised into subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Julca
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Garcia-Lopez MT, Serrano MS, Camiletti BX, Gordon A, Estudillo C, Trapero A, Diez CM, Moral J. Study of the competition between Colletotrichum godetiae and C. nymphaeae, two pathogenic species in olive. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5344. [PMID: 37005485 PMCID: PMC10067957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive anthracnose, a critical olive fruit disease that adversely impacts oil quality, is caused by Colletotrichum species. A dominant Colletotrichum species and several secondary species have been identified in each olive-growing region. This study surveys the interspecific competition between C. godetiae, dominant in Spain, and C. nymphaeae, prevalent in Portugal, to shed light on the cause of this disparity. When Petri-dishes of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and diluted PDA were co-inoculated with spore mixes produced by both species, C. godetiae displaced C. nymphaeae, even if the percentage of spores in the initial spore mix inoculation was just 5 and 95%, respectively. The C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae species showed similar fruit virulence in separate inoculations in both cultivars, the Portuguese cv. Galega Vulgar and the Spanish cv. Hojiblanca, and no cultivar specialization was observed. However, when olive fruits were co-inoculated, the C. godetiae species showed a higher competitive ability and partially displaced the C. nymphaeae species. Furthermore, both Colletotrichum species showed a similar leaf survival rate. Lastly, C. godetiae was more resistant to metallic copper than C. nymphaeae. The work developed here allows a deeper understanding of the competition between C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae, which could lead to developing strategies for more efficient disease risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - M Socorro Serrano
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Boris X Camiletti
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Ana Gordon
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cristina Estudillo
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Diez
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Moral
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
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The Combined Impact of Ni-Based Catalysts and a Binary Carbonate Salts Mixture on the CO2 Gasification Performance of Olive Kernel Biomass Fuel. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the individual or synergistic effect of Ni-based catalysts (Ni/CeO2, Ni/Al2O3) and an eutectic carbonate salt mixture (MS) on the CO2 gasification performance of olive kernels was investigated. It was found that the Ni/CeO2 catalyst presented a relatively superior instant gasification reaction rate (Rco) compared to Ni/Al2O3, in line with the significant redox capability of CeO2. On the other hand, the use of the binary eutectic carbonate salt mixture (MS) lowered the onset and maximum CO2 gasification temperatures, resulting in a notably higher carbon conversion efficiency (81%) compared to the individual Ni-based catalysts and non-catalytic gasification tests (60%). Interestingly, a synergetic catalyst-carbonate salt mixture effect was revealed in the low and intermediate CO2 gasification temperature regimes, boosting the instant gasification reaction rate (Rco). In fact, in the temperature range of 300 to 550 °C, the maximum Rco value for both MS-Ni/Al2O3 and MS-Ni/CeO2 systems were four times higher (4 × 10−3 min−1 at 460 °C) compared to the individual counterparts. The present results demonstrated for the first time the combined effect of two different Ni-based catalysts and an eutectic carbonate salt mixture towards enhancing the CO production rate during CO2 gasification of olive kernel biomass fuel, especially in the devolatilization and tar cracking/reforming zones. On the basis of a systematic characterization study and lab-scale gasification experiments, the beneficial role of catalysts and molten carbonate salts on the gasification process was revealed, which can be ascribed to the catalytic activity as well as the improved mass and heat transport properties offered by the molten carbonate salts.
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Bullones A, Castro AJ, Lima-Cabello E, Alché JDD, Luque F, Claros MG, Fernandez-Pozo N. OliveAtlas: A Gene Expression Atlas Tool for Olea europaea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1274. [PMID: 36986964 PMCID: PMC10053119 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The olive (Olea europaea L.) is an ancient crop of great importance in the Mediterranean basin due to the production of olive oil and table olives, which are important sources of fat and have benefits for human health. This crop is expanding and increasing its production worldwide and five olive genomes have recently been sequenced, representing a wild olive and important cultivars in terms of olive oil production, intensive agriculture, and adaptation to the East Asian climate. However, few bioinformatic and genomic resources are available to assist olive research and breeding, and there are no platforms to query olive gene expression data. Here, we present OliveAtlas, an interactive gene expression atlas for olive with multiple bioinformatics tools and visualization methods, enabling multiple gene comparison, replicate inspection, gene set enrichment, and data downloading. It contains 70 RNA-seq experiments, organized in 10 data sets representing the main olive plant organs, the pollen germination and pollen tube elongation process, and the response to a collection of biotic and abiotic stresses, among other experimental conditions. OliveAtlas is a web tool based on easyGDB with expression data based on the 'Picual' genome reference and gene annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bullones
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Castro
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory (BReMAP), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Lima-Cabello
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory (BReMAP), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory (BReMAP), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Luque
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén (UJA), 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel Gonzalo Claros
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), IBIMA-RARE, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Barazani O, Dag A, Dunseth Z. The history of olive cultivation in the southern Levant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1131557. [PMID: 36909452 PMCID: PMC9996078 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1131557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is one of the most important crops across the Mediterranean, particularly the southern Levant. Its regional economic importance dates at least to the Early Bronze Age (~3600 BCE) and its cultivation contributed significantly to the culture and heritage of ancient civilizations in the region. In the southern Levant, pollen, pits and wood remains of wild olives (O. europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) has been found in Middle Pleistocene sediments dating to approximately 780 kya, and are present in numerous palynological sequences throughout the Pleistocene and into the Holocene. Archeological evidence indicates the olive oil production from at least the Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic transition (~7600-7000 BP), and clear evidence for cultivation by, 7000 BP. It is hypothesized that olive cultivation began through the selection of local genotypes of the wild var. sylvestris. Local populations of naturally growing trees today have thus been considered wild relatives of the olive. However, millennia of cultivation raises questions about whether genuine populations of var. sylvestris remain in the region. Ancient olive landraces might thus represent an ancient genetic stock closer to the ancestor gene pool. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the theory that olives were first cultivated in the southern Levant and reviews our genetic work characterizing local ancient cultivars. The significance and importance of old cultivars and wild populations are discussed, given the immediate need to adapt agricultural practices and crops to environmental degradation and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oz Barazani
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arnon Dag
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Gilat, Israel
| | - Zachary Dunseth
- Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Valverde P, Barranco D, López-Escudero FJ, Díez CM, Trapero C. Efficiency of breeding olives for resistance to Verticillium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1149570. [PMID: 36909426 PMCID: PMC9994353 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1149570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Olive trees are the most cultivated evergreen trees in the Mediterranean Basin, where they have deep historical and socioeconomic roots. The fungus Verticillium dahliae develops inside the vascular bundles of the host, and there are no effective applicable treatments, making it difficult to control the disease. In this sense, the use of integrated disease management, specifically the use of resistant cultivars, is the most effective means to alleviate the serious damage that these diseases are causing and reduce the expansion of this pathogen. In 2008, the University of Cordoba started a project under the UCO Olive Breeding Program whose main objective has been to develop new olive cultivars with high resistance to Verticillium wilt. Since 2008, more than 18,000 genotypes from 154 progenies have been evaluated. Only 19.9% have shown some resistance to the disease in controlled conditions and only 28 have been preselected due to their resistance in field condition and remarkable agronomic characteristics. The results of this study represent an important advancement in the generation of resistant olive genotypes that will become commercial cultivars currently demanded by the olive growing sector. Our breeding program has proven successful, allowing the selection of several new genotypes with high resistance to the disease and agronomical performance. It also highlights the need for long-term field evaluations for the evaluation of resistance and characterization of olive genotypes.
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Bina H, Yousefzadeh H, Venon A, Remoué C, Rousselet A, Falque M, Faramarzi S, Chen X, Samanchina J, Gill D, Kabaeva A, Giraud T, Hosseinpour B, Abdollahi H, Gabrielyan I, Nersesyan A, Cornille A. Evidence of an additional centre of apple domestication in Iran, with contributions from the Caucasian crab apple Malus orientalis Uglitzk. to the cultivated apple gene pool. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5581-5601. [PMID: 35984725 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Divergence processes in crop-wild fruit tree complexes in pivotal regions for plant domestication such as the Caucasus and Iran remain little studied. We investigated anthropogenic and natural divergence processes in apples in these regions using 26 microsatellite markers amplified in 550 wild and cultivated samples. We found two genetically distinct cultivated populations in Iran that are differentiated from Malus domestica, the standard cultivated apple worldwide. Coalescent-based inferences showed that these two cultivated populations originated from specific domestication events of Malus orientalis in Iran. We found evidence of substantial wild-crop and crop-crop gene flow in the Caucasus and Iran, as has been described in apple in Europe. In addition, we identified seven genetically differentiated populations of wild apple (M. orientalis), not introgressed by the cultivated apple. Niche modelling combined with genetic diversity estimates indicated that these wild populations likely resulted from range changes during past glaciations. This study identifies Iran as a key region in the domestication of apple and M. orientalis as an additional contributor to the cultivated apple gene pool. Domestication of the apple tree therefore involved multiple origins of domestication in different geographic locations and substantial crop-wild hybridization, as found in other fruit trees. This study also highlights the impact of climate change on the natural divergence of a wild fruit tree and provides a starting point for apple conservation and breeding programmes in the Caucasus and Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Bina
- Department of Forestry, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Hamed Yousefzadeh
- Department of Environmental Science, Biodiversity Branch, Natural Resources Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Anthony Venon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carine Remoué
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Agnès Rousselet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Matthieu Falque
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shadab Faramarzi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Xilong Chen
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - David Gill
- Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Batool Hosseinpour
- Department of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Institute of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Temperate Fruits Research Centre, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ivan Gabrielyan
- Department of Palaeobotany, A. Takhtajyan Institute of Botany, Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anush Nersesyan
- Department of Conservation of Genetic Resources of Armenian Flora, A. Takhtajyan Institute of Botany, Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Vita F, Sabbatini L, Sillo F, Ghignone S, Vergine M, Guidi Nissim W, Fortunato S, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Luvisi A, Balestrini R, De Bellis L, Mancuso S. Salt stress in olive tree shapes resident endophytic microbiota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992395. [PMID: 36247634 PMCID: PMC9556989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Olea europaea L. is a glycophyte representing one of the most important plants in the Mediterranean area, both from an economic and agricultural point of view. Its adaptability to different environmental conditions enables its cultivation in numerous agricultural scenarios, even on marginal areas, characterized by soils unsuitable for other crops. Salt stress represents one current major threats to crop production, including olive tree. In order to overcome this constraint, several cultivars have been evaluated over the years using biochemical and physiological methods to select the most suitable ones for cultivation in harsh environments. Thus the development of novel methodologies have provided useful tools for evaluating the adaptive capacity of cultivars, among which the evaluation of the plant-microbiota ratio, which is important for the maintenance of plant homeostasis. In the present study, four olive tree cultivars (two traditional and two for intensive cultivation) were subjected to saline stress using two concentrations of salt, 100 mM and 200 mM. The effects of stress on diverse cultivars were assessed by using biochemical analyses (i.e., proline, carotenoid and chlorophyll content), showing a cultivar-dependent response. Additionally, the olive tree response to stress was correlated with the leaf endophytic bacterial community. Results of the metabarcoding analyses showed a significant shift in the resident microbiome for plants subjected to moderate salt stress, which did not occur under extreme salt-stress conditions. In the whole, these results showed that the integration of stress markers and endophytic community represents a suitable approach to evaluate the adaptation of cultivars to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vita
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sabbatini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (CNR-ISPAAM), Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (CNR-ISPAAM), Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Fondazione per il futuro delle città (FFC), Florence, Italy
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Niu E, Gao S, Hu W, Zhang C, Liu D, Shen G, Zhu S. Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Differentiation of Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes in Olea europaea L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111415. [PMID: 35684188 PMCID: PMC9182961 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a world-famous woody oil tree and popular for redundant unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes are responsible for fatty acid desaturation and stress regulation but have not yet been identified in olive at the whole genome level. This study identified 40 and 27 FAD genes in the cultivated olive O. europaea cv. Farga and the wild olive O. europaea var. Sylvestris, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the FAD genes could be classified into the soluble FAB2/SAD clade and membrane-bound clade, including ADS/FAD5, DES, FAD4, SLD, ω-6 and ω-3, with the high consistency of subcellular localization, motif composition and exon-intron organization in each group. FAD genes in olive showed the diverse functional differentiation in morphology of different tissues, fruit development and stress responses. Among them, OeFAB2.8 and OeFAD2.3 were up-regulated and OeADS.1, OeFAD4.1 and OeFAD8.2 were down-regulated under the wound, Verticillium dahliae and cold stresses. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the FAD genes at the whole-genome level in olives and will provide guidance for the improvement of oil quality or stress tolerance of olive trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erli Niu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (E.N.); (S.G.); (W.H.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (G.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Song Gao
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (E.N.); (S.G.); (W.H.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (G.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (E.N.); (S.G.); (W.H.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (E.N.); (S.G.); (W.H.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Daqun Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (E.N.); (S.G.); (W.H.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (E.N.); (S.G.); (W.H.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Shenlong Zhu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (E.N.); (S.G.); (W.H.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (G.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
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31
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Petruccelli R, Bartolini G, Ganino T, Zelasco S, Lombardo L, Perri E, Durante M, Bernardi R. Cold Stress, Freezing Adaptation, Varietal Susceptibility of Olea europaea L.: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1367. [PMID: 35631792 PMCID: PMC9144808 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen xerophytic tree characterizing vegetative landscape and historical-cultural identity of the Mediterranean Basin. More than 2600 cultivars constitute the rich genetic patrimony of the species cultivated in approximately 60 countries. As a subtropical species, the olive tree is quite sensitive to low temperatures, and air temperature is the most critical environmental factor limiting olive tree growth and production. In this present review, we explored the detrimental effects caused of low temperatures on olive cultivars, and analyzed the most frequently experimental procedures used to evaluate cold stress. Then, current findings freezing stress physiology and gene are summarized in olive tree, with an emphasis on adaptive mechanisms for cold tolerance. This review might clear the way for new research on adaptive mechanisms for cold acclimation and for improvement of olive growing management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Petruccelli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR/IBE), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Giorgio Bartolini
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR/IBE), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Tommaso Ganino
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR/IBE), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.P.); (G.B.)
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Samanta Zelasco
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Luca Lombardo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Enzo Perri
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Mauro Durante
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (R.B.)
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (R.B.)
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Wang L, Zhang J, Peng D, Tian Y, Zhao D, Ni W, Long J, Li J, Zeng Y, Wu Z, Tang Y, Wang Z. High-Quality Genome Assembly of Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata Provides Insights Into Its Resistance to Fungal Diseases in the Summer Rain Belt in East Asia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:879822. [PMID: 35656016 PMCID: PMC9152427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.879822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is the most iconic fruit crop of the Mediterranean Basin. Since the plant was introduced to China in the 1960s, the summer rain climate makes it susceptible to pathogens, leading to some olive diseases. Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata is natively distributed in the Yunnan province of China. It has a smaller fruit size, lower oil content, and higher resistance compared to subsp. europaea, which makes subsp. cuspidata a critical germplasm resource to be investigated. Here, a high-quality genome of subsp. cuspidata with 1.38 Gb in size was assembled and anchored onto 23 pseudochromosomes with a mounting rate of 85.57%. It represents 96.6% completeness [benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs (BUSCO)] with a contig N50 of 14.72 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 52.68 Mb, which shows a significant improvement compared with other olive genomes assembled. The evaluation of the genome assembly showed that 92.31% of resequencing reads and an average of 96.52% of assembled transcripts could be aligned to the assembled genome. We found that a positively selected gene, evm.model.Chr16.1133, was shared with the results of transcriptome analysis. This gene belongs to the susceptible gene and negatively regulates the disease resistance process. Furthermore, we identified the Cercospora genus which causes the leaf spot disease in the infected leaves. The high-quality chromosome-level genomic information presented here may facilitate the conservation and utilization of germplasm resources of this subspecies and provide an essential genetic basis for further research into the differences in oil content and resistance between subsp. cuspidata and europaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Wanning Ni
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Long
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yiyun Tang
- Ecological Restoration and Industrial Development Workstation, Nujiang State Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Negral L, Aznar F, Galera MD, Costa-Gómez I, Moreno-Grau S, Moreno JM. Phenological and seismological impacts on airborne pollen types: A case study of Olea pollen in the Region of Murcia, Mediterranean Spanish climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152686. [PMID: 34973329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rationale of this paper was to investigate whether earthquakes impact airborne pollen concentrations, considering some meteorological parameters. Atmospheric pollen concentrations in the Region of Murcia Aerobiological Network (Spain) were studied in relation to the occurrence of earthquakes of moment magnitude (up to Mw = 5.1) and intensity (intensity up to grade VII on the European Macroseismic Scale). In this study, a decade (2010-2019) was considered across the cities of the network. Earthquakes were detected in 12 out of 1535 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Cartagena, 49 out of 1481 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Lorca, and 39 out of 1441 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Murcia. The Olea pollen grains in this network were attributed to the species Olea europaea, i.e., the olive tree, a taxon that appears widely in the Mediterranean basin, in both cultivated and wild subspecies. Differences between the Olea concentration on days with and without earthquakes were only found in Lorca (Kruskal-Wallis: p-value = 0.026). The low frequency and intensity of the earthquakes explained these results. The most catastrophic earthquake felt in Lorca on May 11th, 2011 (IVII, Mw = 5.1, 9 casualties) did not result in clear variations in pollen concentrations, while meteorology (e.g., African Dust Outbreak) might have conditioned these pollen concentrations. The research should be broadened to other active seismological areas to reinforce the hypothesis of seismological impact on airborne pollen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - F Aznar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - M D Galera
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - I Costa-Gómez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - S Moreno-Grau
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - J M Moreno
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
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Bioactive Compound Profiling of Olive Fruit: The Contribution of Genotype. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040672. [PMID: 35453357 PMCID: PMC9032303 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The health, therapeutic, and organoleptic characteristics of olive oil depend on functional bioactive compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, squalene, and sterols. Genotype plays a key role in the diversity and concentration of secondary compounds peculiar to olive. In this study, the most important bioactive compounds of olive fruit were studied in numerous international olive cultivars during two consecutive seasons. A large variability was measured for each studied metabolite in all 61 olive cultivars. Total phenol content varied on a scale of 1–10 (3831–39,252 mg kg−1) in the studied cultivars. Squalene values fluctuated over an even wider range (1–15), with values of 274 to 4351 mg kg−1. Total sterols ranged from 119 to 969 mg kg−1, and total tocopherols varied from 135 to 579 mg kg−1 in fruit pulp. In the present study, the linkage among the most important quality traits highlighted the scarcity of cultivars with high content of at least three traits together. This work provided sound information on the fruit metabolite profile of a wide range of cultivars, which will facilitate the studies on the genomic regulation of plant metabolites and development of new olive genotypes through genomics-assisted breeding.
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Optimization and Validation of a Method Based on QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Olive Fruits Irrigated with Treated Wastewaters. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The wastewater reuse is an important measure to face water shortage, thus improving the resilience of agricultural production chains. However, treated wastewater can contain residual organic micropollutants residues that may result in crop contamination. Among edible crops, olive is the most important agricultural product in the Mediterranean region. Methods to assess the contamination of organic micropollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in olives are poorly investigated. Given the complexity of olives, this study focused on the development and validation of a method for the simultaneous extraction of PAHs and PCBs from olives, and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection. Extraction was optimized through a QuEChERS protocol, studying the effect of the extraction solvent (CH2Cl2, cyclohexane, CH3CN) and of the dispersive-solid phase extraction (d-SPE) sorbent (octadecyl silica, Florisil, primary secondary amine, Z-Sep) on the recovery of micropollutants. The best recoveries (94–122%, relative standard deviations below 5%) were obtained using CH3CN/H2O and a double purification step with Z-Sep and Florisil. The method developed for PAHs and PCBs, which showed good intra-day (<2.7%) and inter-day (<2.9%) precision and low matrix effect (|ME| < 14%), was applied to the analysis of olives grown by irrigation with reclaimed wastewaters.
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Fanelli V, Mascio I, Falek W, Miazzi MM, Montemurro C. Current Status of Biodiversity Assessment and Conservation of Wild Olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. sylvestris). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040480. [PMID: 35214813 PMCID: PMC8877956 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oleaster (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) is the ancestor of cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) and it is spread through the whole Mediterranean Basin, showing an overlapping distribution with cultivated olive trees. Climate change and new emerging diseases are expected to severely affect the cultivations of olive in the future. Oleaster presents a higher genetic variability compared to the cultivated olive and some wild trees were found adapted to particularly harsh conditions; therefore, the role of oleaster in the future of olive cultivation may be crucial. Despite the great potential, only recently the need to deeply characterize and adequately preserve the wild olive resources drew the attention of researchers. In this review, we summarized the most important morphological and genetic studies performed on oleaster trees collected in different countries of the Mediterranean Basin. Moreover, we reviewed the strategies introduced so far to preserve and manage the oleaster germplasm collections, giving a future perspective on their role in facing the future agricultural challenges posed by climatic changes and new emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fanelli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (V.F.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Isabella Mascio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Wahiba Falek
- Ecole Nationale Superieure de Biotechnologie, Constantine 251000, Algeria;
| | - Monica Marilena Miazzi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (V.F.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Cinzia Montemurro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
- Spin Off Sinagri s.r.l., University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Support Unit Bari, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70125 Bari, Italy
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Genome-wide exploration of oil biosynthesis genes in cultivated olive tree varieties (Olea europaea): insights into regulation of oil biosynthesis. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:171-178. [PMID: 34997394 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide oil biosynthesis was explored by de novo sequencing two cultivated olive tree (Olea europaea) varieties (cv. Ayvalik and Picual). This is the first report of the former variety sequencing. As outgroups, raw reads of cv. Leccino and scaffold-level assembly of cv. Farga were also retrieved. Each of these four cultivars was chromosome-scale assembled into 23 pseudochromosomes, with 1.31 Gbp (Farga), 0.93 Gbp (Ayvalik), 0.7 Gbp (Picual), and 0.54 Gbp (Leccino) in size. Ab initio gene finding was performed on these assemblies, using wild olive tree (oleaster)-trained parameters. High numbers of gene models were predicted and anchored to the pseudochromosomes: 69,028 (Ayvalik), 55,073 (Picual), 63,785 (Farga), and 40,449 (Leccino). Using previously reported oil biosynthesis genes from wild olive tree genome project, the following homologous sequences were identified: 1,355 (Ayvalik), 1,269 (Farga), 812 (Leccino), and 774 (Picual). Of these, 358 sequences were commonly shared by all cultivars. Besides, some sequences were cultivar unique: Ayvalik (126), Farga (118), Leccino (46), and Picual (52). These putative sequences were assigned to various GO terms, ranging from lipid metabolism to stress tolerance, from signal transactions to development, and to many others, implicating that oil biosynthesis is synergistically regulated with involvement of various other pathways.
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Characterization of Differentially Expressed Genes under Salt Stress in Olive. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010154. [PMID: 35008580 PMCID: PMC8745295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change, currently taking place worldwide and also in the Mediterranean area, is leading to a reduction in water availability and to groundwater salinization. Olive represents one of the most efficient tree crops to face these scenarios, thanks to its natural ability to tolerate moderate salinity and drought. In the present work, four olive cultivars (Koroneiki, Picual, Royal de Cazorla and Fadak86) were exposed to high salt stress conditions (200 mM of NaCl) in greenhouse, in order to evaluate their tolerance level and to identify key genes involved in salt stress response. Molecular and physiological parameters, as well as plant growth and leaves’ ions Na+ and K+ content were measured. Results of the physiological measurements showed Royal de Cazorla as the most tolerant cultivar, and Fadak86 and Picual as the most susceptible ones. Ten candidate genes were analyzed and their complete genomic, CDS and protein sequences were identified. The expression analysis of their transcripts through reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) demonstrated that only OeNHX7, OeP5CS, OeRD19A and OePetD were upregulated in tolerant cultivars, thus suggesting their key role in the activation of a salt tolerance mechanism.
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Integrated Analysis of Fatty Acid Metabolism and Transcriptome Involved in Olive Fruit Development to Improve Oil Composition. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Olea europaea L. is an important oil crop with excellent nutritional properties. In this study, a full-length transcriptome combined with fatty acid composition was used to investigate the molecular mechanism of fatty acid (FA) metabolism of olive fruits at various stages of development (S1–S5). A total of 34 fatty acids (FAs) were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All transcripts of FA metabolism during olive fruit development were studied, including glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, triacylglycerol synthesis, and FA degradation. A total of 100 transcripts of 11 gene families, 68 transcripts of 12 gene families, 55 transcripts of 7 gene families, and 28 transcripts of 7 gene families were identified as encoding for enzymes involved in FA metabolism. Furthermore, one of the critical reactions in TAG metabolism is the activation of fatty acyl chains to fatty acyl CoA, which is catalyzed by long-chain acyl CoA synthetases (LACS). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 13 putative LACS-encoding genes clustered into five groups, of which two putative transcripts encoding LACS6/7 may participate in FA degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid from synthesis to degradation pathways during olive fruit development to provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of FA metabolism during olive fruit maturation and provide information to improve the synthesis of oil components that are beneficial to human health.
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Assessment of population structure, genetic diversity and relationship of Mediterranean olive accessions using SSR markers and computational tools. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 44:113-127. [PMID: 34761348 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Olive tree is an emblematic crop of the Mediterranean region, mainly renowned for its fruit oil, although the species provides several industrial purposes. The Mediterranean basin constitutes the origin of olive species diversification and represents a valuable source of genetic variability of olive germplasm. Therefore, the evaluation of the diversity and the population structure of this Mediterranean germplasm is a challenge for olive species preservation, crop breeding and genetic improvement. In this context, our study aims to analyze the genetic diversity and the population structure of 79 Mediterranean olive accessions using 15 genomic SSRs and by applying computational model-based approaches. The used SSRs revealed a total number of 225 alleles with a mean of 15 alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho = 0.79, He = 0.805) with a Polymorphism Information Content value of 0.775 indicate high level of genetic diversity. All results of the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic (UPGMA), Jaccard similarity index, Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and the Bayesian analyses supported the separation of the Mediterranean varieties in two sub-populations, one of which mainly composed by Spanish accessions.
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41
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Elucidation of the Origin of the Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves in Crete, Greece. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112374. [PMID: 34834737 PMCID: PMC8620074 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The olive tree of Vouves in Crete, is considered the oldest producing olive tree in the world with an estimated age exceeding 4000 years. In the present study, we sequenced two samples (from the bottom and the top of the tree) to elucidate the genetic relation of this ancient tree with other olive cvs as well as to gain some insights about its origin. Our results showed that both samples have different genetic origins, proving that this ancient tree has been grafted at least one time. On the basis of whole genome sequences the sample from the top of the Vouves tree showed relation of the same order than half-siblings to one accession corresponding to the present-day Greek cv ‘Mastoidis’. Nevertheless, in the framework of a microsatellite analysis it was found to cluster with the ‘Mastoidis’ samples. The Vouves rootstock (bottom sample) showed a clear grouping with the oleaster samples in a similar way to that of ‘Megaritiki’ Greek cv although it does not show any signal of introgression from them. The genomic analyses did not show a strong relation of this sample with the present-day Greek cvs analyzed in this study so it cannot be proved that it has been used as a source for cultivated olive tree populations represented by available genome sequences. Nevertheless, on the basis of microsatellite analyses, the Vouves rootstock showed affinity with two present-day Greek cvs, one “ancient” rootstock from continental Greece as well as monumental trees from Cyprus. The analysis of the impact of the variants in the gene space revealed an enrichment of genes associated to pathways related with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. This is in agreement with what has been found before in the sweep regions related with the process of domestication. The absence of oleaster gene flow, its old age and its variant profile, similar to other cultivated populations, makes it an excellent reference point for domestication studies.
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43
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How to Choose a Good Marker to Analyze the Olive Germplasm ( Olea europaea L.) and Derived Products. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101474. [PMID: 34680869 PMCID: PMC8535536 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most cultivated crops in the Mediterranean basin. Its economic importance is mainly due to the intense production of table olives and oil. Cultivated varieties are characterized by high morphological and genetic variability and present a large number of synonyms and homonyms. This necessitates the introduction of a rapid and accurate system for varietal identification. In the past, the recognition of olive cultivars was based solely on analysis of the morphological traits, however, these are highly influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, over the years, several methods based on DNA analysis were developed, allowing a more accurate and reliable varietal identification. This review aims to investigate the evolving history of olive tree characterization approaches, starting from the earlier morphological methods to the latest technologies based on molecular markers, focusing on the main applications of each approach. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of the advent of next generation sequencing and the recent sequencing of the olive genome on the strategies used for the development of new molecular markers.
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44
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Kates HR, Anido FL, Sánchez-de la Vega G, Eguiarte LE, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Targeted Sequencing Suggests Wild-Crop Gene Flow Is Central to Different Genetic Consequences of Two Independent Pumpkin Domestications. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.618380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of domestication genetics enrich our understanding of how domestication shapes genetic and morphological diversity. We characterized patterns of genetic variation in two independently domesticated pumpkins and their wild progenitors to assess and compare genetic consequences of domestication. To compare genetic diversity pre- and post-domestication and to identify genes targeted by selection during domestication, we analyzed ∼15,000 SNPs of 48 unrelated accessions, including wild, landrace, and improved lines for each of two pumpkin species, Cucurbita argyrosperma and Cucurbita maxima. Genetic diversity relative to its wild progenitor was reduced in only one domesticated subspecies, C. argyrosperma ssp. argyrosperma. The two species have different patterns of genetic structure across domestication status. Only 1.5% of the domestication features identified for both species were shared between species. These findings suggest that ancestral genetic diversity, wild-crop gene flow, and domestication practices shaped the genetic diversity of two similar Cucurbita crops in different ways, adding to our understanding of how genetic diversity changes during the processes of domestication and how trait improvement impacts the breeding potential of modern crops.
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45
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Pincot DDA, Ledda M, Feldmann MJ, Hardigan MA, Poorten TJ, Runcie DE, Heffelfinger C, Dellaporta SL, Cole GS, Knapp SJ. Social network analysis of the genealogy of strawberry: retracing the wild roots of heirloom and modern cultivars. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6117203. [PMID: 33772307 PMCID: PMC8022721 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The widely recounted story of the origin of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) oversimplifies the complex interspecific hybrid ancestry of the highly admixed populations from which heirloom and modern cultivars have emerged. To develop deeper insights into the three-century-long domestication history of strawberry, we reconstructed the genealogy as deeply as possible—pedigree records were assembled for 8,851 individuals, including 2,656 cultivars developed since 1775. The parents of individuals with unverified or missing pedigree records were accurately identified by applying an exclusion analysis to array-genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We identified 187 wild octoploid and 1,171 F. × ananassa founders in the genealogy, from the earliest hybrids to modern cultivars. The pedigree networks for cultivated strawberry are exceedingly complex labyrinths of ancestral interconnections formed by diverse hybrid ancestry, directional selection, migration, admixture, bottlenecks, overlapping generations, and recurrent hybridization with common ancestors that have unequally contributed allelic diversity to heirloom and modern cultivars. Fifteen to 333 ancestors were predicted to have transmitted 90% of the alleles found in country-, region-, and continent-specific populations. Using parent–offspring edges in the global pedigree network, we found that selection cycle lengths over the past 200 years of breeding have been extraordinarily long (16.0-16.9 years/generation), but decreased to a present-day range of 6.0-10.0 years/generation. Our analyses uncovered conspicuous differences in the ancestry and structure of North American and European populations, and shed light on forces that have shaped phenotypic diversity in F. × ananassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique D A Pincot
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mirko Ledda
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell J Feldmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael A Hardigan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas J Poorten
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel E Runcie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher Heffelfinger
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen L Dellaporta
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Glenn S Cole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steven J Knapp
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Bioactive Potential of Minor Italian Olive Genotypes from Apulia, Sardinia and Abruzzo. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061371. [PMID: 34198514 PMCID: PMC8231923 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This research focuses on the exploration, recovery and valorization of some minor Italian olive cultivars, about which little information is currently available. Autochthonous and unexplored germplasm has the potential to face unforeseen changes and thus to improve the sustainability of the whole olive system. A pattern of nine minor genotypes cultivated in three Italian regions has been molecularly fingerprinted with 12 nuclear microsatellites (SSRs), that were able to unequivocally identify all genotypes. Moreover, some of the principal phenolic compounds were determined and quantified in monovarietal oils and the expression levels of related genes were also investigated at different fruit developmental stages. Genotypes differed to the greatest extent in the content of oleacein (3,4-DHPEA-EDA) and total phenols. Thereby, minor local genotypes, characterized by stable production and resilience in a low-input agro-system, can provide a remarkable contribution to the improvement of the Italian olive production chain and can become very profitable from a socio-economic point of view.
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Atrouz K, Bousba R, Marra FP, Marchese A, Conforti FL, Perrone B, Harkat H, Salimonti A, Zelasco S. Algerian Olive Germplasm and Its Relationships with the Central-Western Mediterranean Varieties Contributes to Clarify Cultivated Olive Diversification. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:678. [PMID: 33916098 PMCID: PMC8066573 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Olive tree with its main final product, olive oil, is an important element of Mediterranean history, considered the emblematic fruit of a civilization. Despite its wide diffusion and economic and cultural importance, its evolutionary and phylogenetic history is still difficult to clarify. As part of the Mediterranean basin, Algeria was indicated as a secondary diversification center. However, genetic characterization studies from Maghreb area, are currently underrepresented. In this context, we characterized 119 endemic Algerian accessions by using 12 microsatellite markers with the main goal to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure. In order to provide new insights about the history of olive diversification events in the Central-Western Mediterranean basin, we included and analyzed a sample of 103 Italian accessions from Sicily and, a set of molecular profiles of cultivars from the Central-Western Mediterranean area. The phylogenetic investigation let us to evaluate genetic relationships among Central-Mediterranean basin olive germplasm, highlight new synonymy cases to support the importance of vegetative propagation in the cultivated olive diffusion and consolidate the hypothesis of more recent admixture events occurrence. This work provided new information about Algerian germplasm biodiversity and contributed to clarify olive diversification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Atrouz
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (K.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Frères, Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria; (R.B.); (H.H.)
| | - Ratiba Bousba
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Frères, Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria; (R.B.); (H.H.)
| | | | - Annalisa Marchese
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Luisa Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.L.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Benedetta Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.L.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Hamza Harkat
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Frères, Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria; (R.B.); (H.H.)
| | - Amelia Salimonti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (K.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Samanta Zelasco
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (K.A.); (A.S.)
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48
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Recent Large-Scale Genotyping and Phenotyping of Plant Genetic Resources of Vegetatively Propagated Crops. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020415. [PMID: 33672381 PMCID: PMC7926561 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several recent national and international projects have focused on large-scale genotyping of plant genetic resources in vegetatively propagated crops like fruit and berries, potatoes and woody ornamentals. The primary goal is usually to identify true-to-type plant material, detect possible synonyms, and investigate genetic diversity and relatedness among accessions. A secondary goal may be to create sustainable databases that can be utilized in research and breeding for several years ahead. Commonly applied DNA markers (like microsatellite DNA and SNPs) and next-generation sequencing each have their pros and cons for these purposes. Methods for large-scale phenotyping have lagged behind, which is unfortunate since many commercially important traits (yield, growth habit, storability, and disease resistance) are difficult to score. Nevertheless, the analysis of gene action and development of robust DNA markers depends on environmentally controlled screening of very large sets of plant material. Although more time-consuming, co-operative projects with broad-scale data collection are likely to produce more reliable results. In this review, we will describe some of the approaches taken in genotyping and/or phenotyping projects concerning a wide variety of vegetatively propagated crops.
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Early production of table olives at a mid-7th millennium BP submerged site off the Carmel coast (Israel). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2218. [PMID: 33500447 PMCID: PMC7838305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here the earliest evidence for large-scale table olive production from the mid-7th millennium BP inundated site of Hishuley Carmel on the northern Mediterranean coast of Israel. Olive pit size and fragmentation patterns, pollen as well as the architecture of installations associated with pits from this site, were compared to finds from the nearby and slightly earlier submerged Kfar Samir site. Results indicate that at Kfar Samir olive oil was extracted, while at Hishuley Carmel the data showed that large quantities of table olives, the oldest reported to date, were prepared. This process was most probably facilitated by the site’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, which served as a source of both sea water and salt required for debittering/pickling/salting the fruit, as experimentally demonstrated in this study. Comparison of pit morphometry from modern cultivars, wild-growing trees and the archaeological sites, intimates that in pit morphology the ancient pits resemble wild olives, but we cannot totally exclude the possibility that they derive from early cultivated trees. Our findings demonstrate that in this region, olive oil production may have predated table olive preparation, with each development serving as a milestone in the early exploitation of the olive.
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50
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Sales H, Šatović Z, Alves ML, Fevereiro P, Nunes J, Vaz Patto MC. Accessing Ancestral Origin and Diversity Evolution by Net Divergence of an Ongoing Domestication Mediterranean Olive Tree Variety. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:688214. [PMID: 34249057 PMCID: PMC8265600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.688214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Olea europaea 'Galega vulgar' variety is a blend of West and Central Mediterranean germplasm with cultivated-wild admixture characteristics. 'Galega vulgar' is known for its high rusticity and superior-quality olive oil, being the main Portuguese variety with high impact for bioeconomy. Nevertheless, it has been replaced by higher-yielding and more adapted to intensive production foreign varieties. To clarify the potential ancestral origin, genetic diversity evolution, and existing genetic relationships within the national heritage of 'Galega vulgar', 595 trees, belonging to ancient and centenary age groups and prospected among ten traditional production regions, were characterized using 14 SSR markers after variety validation by endocarp measurements. Ninety-five distinguishable genets were identified, revealing the presence of a reasonable amount of intra-genetic and morphological variability. A minimum spanning tree, depicting the complete genealogy of all identified genets, represented the 'Galega vulgar' intra-varietal diversity, with 94% of the trees showing only a two-allele difference from the most frequent genet (C001). Strong correlations between the number of differentiating alleles from C001, the clonal size, and their net divergence suggested an ancestral monoclonal origin of the 'Galega vulgar', with the most frequent genet identified as the most likely origin of all the genets and phenotypic diversification occurring through somatic mutations. Genetic erosion was detected through the loss of some allele combinations across time. This work highlights the need to recover the lost diversity in this traditional olive variety by including ancient private genets (associated with potential adaptation traits) in future breeding programs and investing in the protection of these valuable resources in situ by safeguarding the defined region of origin and dispersion of 'Galega vulgar'. Furthermore, this approach proved useful on a highly diverse olive variety and thus applicable to other diverse varieties due either to their intermediate nature between different gene pools or to the presence of a mixture of cultivated and wild traits (as is the case of 'Galega vulgar').
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélia Sales
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centre Bio R&D Unit, Association BLC3 – Technology and Innovation Campus, Lagares, Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Hélia Sales
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mara Lisa Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fevereiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- InnovPlantProtect - Collaborative Laboratory, Estrada de Gil Vaz, Elvas, Portugal
| | - João Nunes
- Centre Bio R&D Unit, Association BLC3 – Technology and Innovation Campus, Lagares, Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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