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Jia J, Qu G, Jia P, Li D, Yao Y. The contest between artificial management and natural environment determines the adaptive strategies of leaf morphogenesis in Sabina chinensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae060. [PMID: 38832722 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Sabina chinensis is a typically heteromorphic leaf evergreen tree worldwide with both ornamental and ecological value. However, the shaping mechanism of heteromorphic leaves of S. chinensis and its adaptability to environment are important factors determining its morphology. The morphological change of S. chinensis under different habitats (tree around) and treatments (light, pruning and nutrients) was investigated. Our findings suggested that the prickle leaves proportion was associated with low light intensity and soil nutrient scarcity. Stems and leaves are pruned together to form clusters of large prickle leaves, while only pruning leaves often form alternately growing small prickle leaves and scale leaves, and the length of the prickle leaves is between 0.5 cm and 1 cm. The gene expression of prickle leaves is higher than that of scale leaves under adverse environmental conditions, and the gene expression correlations between small prickle leaf and scale leaf were the highest. Homologous and heterologous mutants of gene structure in prickle leaves were larger than those in scale leaves. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway showed that phenylpropanone and flavonoid biosynthesis were common enrichment pathways, and that the enrichment genes were mainly related to metabolism, genetic information processing and organismal systems. Therefore, we concluded that the occurrence of the heteromorphic leaf phenomenon was related to the changes in photosynthesis, mechanical damage and nutrient supplementation. The organic matter in the S. chinensis prickle leaves was reduced under environmental stresses, and it will be allocated to the expression of prickle leaf or protective cuticles formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jia
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guojuan Qu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peng Jia
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou district, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration of Shanghai, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Cuiniao Road 20, Chongming district, Shanghai 202162, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhongshan Road 3633, Zhongbei district, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yifei Yao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
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2
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Lim-Hing S, Gandhi KJK, Villari C. The role of Manganese in tree defenses against pests and pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108641. [PMID: 38663267 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) deficiency is a widespread occurrence across different landscapes, including agricultural systems and managed forests, and causes interruptions in the normal metabolic functioning of plants. The microelement is well-characterized for its role in the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II and maintenance of photosynthetic structures. Mn is also required for a variety of enzymatic reactions in secondary metabolism, which play a crucial role in defense strategies for trees. Despite the strong relationship between Mn availability and the biosynthesis of defense-related compounds, there are few studies addressing how Mn deficiency can impact tree defense mechanisms and the ensuing ecological patterns and processes. Understanding this relationship and highlighting the potentially deleterious effects of Mn deficiency in trees can also inform silvicultural and management decisions to build more robust forests. In this review, we address this relationship, focusing on forest trees. We describe Mn availability in forest soils, characterize the known impacts of Mn deficiency in plant susceptibility, and discuss the relationship between Mn and defense-related compounds by secondary metabolite class. In our review, we find several lines of evidence that low Mn availability is linked with lowered or altered secondary metabolite activity. Additionally, we compile documented instances where Mn limitation has altered the defense capabilities of the host plant and propose potential ecological repercussions when studies are not available. Ultimately, this review aims to highlight the importance of untangling the effects of Mn limitation on the ecophysiology of plants, with a focus on forest trees in both managed and natural stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lim-Hing
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA.
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA
| | - Caterina Villari
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA.
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3
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Kou L, Yang N, Yan H, Niklas KJ, Sun S. Insect root feeders incur negative density-dependent damage across plant species in an alpine meadow. Ecology 2024; 105:e4285. [PMID: 38523437 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Although herbivores are well known to incur positive density-dependent damage and mortality, thereby likely shaping plant community assembly, the response of belowground root feeders to changes in plant density has seldom been addressed. Locally rare plant species (with lower plant biomass per area) are often smaller with shallower roots than common species (with higher plant biomass per area) in competition-intensive grasslands. Likewise, root feeders are often distributed in the upper soil layers. We hypothesized, therefore, that root feeders would incur negative density (biomass)-dependent damage across plant species. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the diversity and abundance of plant and root feeder species in an alpine meadow and determined the diet of the root feeders using metabarcoding. Across all species, root feeder load decreased with increasing aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, and total plant biomass per area, indicating a negative density dependence of damage across plant species. Aboveground plant biomass per area increased with increasing individual plant biomass and root depth per area across species, suggesting that rare plant species were smaller in size and had shallower root systems compared to common plant species. Both root biomass per area and root feeder biomass per area decreased with soil depth, but the root feeder biomass decreased disproportionately faster compared to root biomass with increasing root depth. Root feeder load decreased with increasing root depth but was not correlated with the feeding preference of root feeder species. Moreover, the prediction derived from a random process incorporating vertical distributions of root biomass and root feeder biomass significantly accounted for interspecific variation in root feeder load. In conclusion, the data indicate that root feeders incur negative density-dependent damage across plant species. On this basis, we suggest that manipulative experiments should be conducted to determine the effect of the negative density-dependent damage on plant community structure and that different types of plant-animal interactions should be concurrently examined to fully understand the effect of plant density on overall herbivore damage across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Kou
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Robinson ML, Hahn PG, Inouye BD, Underwood N, Whitehead SR, Abbott KC, Bruna EM, Cacho NI, Dyer LA, Abdala-Roberts L, Allen WJ, Andrade JF, Angulo DF, Anjos D, Anstett DN, Bagchi R, Bagchi S, Barbosa M, Barrett S, Baskett CA, Ben-Simchon E, Bloodworth KJ, Bronstein JL, Buckley YM, Burghardt KT, Bustos-Segura C, Calixto ES, Carvalho RL, Castagneyrol B, Chiuffo MC, Cinoğlu D, Cinto Mejía E, Cock MC, Cogni R, Cope OL, Cornelissen T, Cortez DR, Crowder DW, Dallstream C, Dáttilo W, Davis JK, Dimarco RD, Dole HE, Egbon IN, Eisenring M, Ejomah A, Elderd BD, Endara MJ, Eubanks MD, Everingham SE, Farah KN, Farias RP, Fernandes AP, Fernandes GW, Ferrante M, Finn A, Florjancic GA, Forister ML, Fox QN, Frago E, França FM, Getman-Pickering AS, Getman-Pickering Z, Gianoli E, Gooden B, Gossner MM, Greig KA, Gripenberg S, Groenteman R, Grof-Tisza P, Haack N, Hahn L, Haq SM, Helms AM, Hennecke J, Hermann SL, Holeski LM, Holm S, Hutchinson MC, Jackson EE, Kagiya S, Kalske A, Kalwajtys M, Karban R, Kariyat R, Keasar T, Kersch-Becker MF, Kharouba HM, Kim TN, Kimuyu DM, Kluse J, Koerner SE, Komatsu KJ, Krishnan S, Laihonen M, Lamelas-López L, LaScaleia MC, Lecomte N, Lehn CR, Li X, Lindroth RL, LoPresti EF, Losada M, Louthan AM, Luizzi VJ, Lynch SC, Lynn JS, Lyon NJ, Maia LF, Maia RA, Mannall TL, Martin BS, Massad TJ, McCall AC, McGurrin K, Merwin AC, Mijango-Ramos Z, Mills CH, Moles AT, Moore CM, Moreira X, Morrison CR, Moshobane MC, Muola A, Nakadai R, Nakajima K, Novais S, Ogbebor CO, Ohsaki H, Pan VS, Pardikes NA, Pareja M, Parthasarathy N, Pawar RR, Paynter Q, Pearse IS, Penczykowski RM, Pepi AA, Pereira CC, Phartyal SS, Piper FI, Poveda K, Pringle EG, Puy J, Quijano T, Quintero C, Rasmann S, Rosche C, Rosenheim LY, Rosenheim JA, Runyon JB, Sadeh A, Sakata Y, Salcido DM, Salgado-Luarte C, Santos BA, Sapir Y, Sasal Y, Sato Y, Sawant M, Schroeder H, Schumann I, Segoli M, Segre H, Shelef O, Shinohara N, Singh RP, Smith DS, Sobral M, Stotz GC, Tack AJM, Tayal M, Tooker JF, Torrico-Bazoberry D, Tougeron K, Trowbridge AM, Utsumi S, Uyi O, Vaca-Uribe JL, Valtonen A, van Dijk LJA, Vandvik V, Villellas J, Waller LP, Weber MG, Yamawo A, Yim S, Zarnetske PL, Zehr LN, Zhong Z, Wetzel WC. Plant size, latitude, and phylogeny explain within-population variability in herbivory. Science 2023; 382:679-683. [PMID: 37943897 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and herbivores are central in most ecosystems, but their strength is highly variable. The amount of variability within a system is thought to influence most aspects of plant-herbivore biology, from ecological stability to plant defense evolution. Our understanding of what influences variability, however, is limited by sparse data. We collected standardized surveys of herbivory for 503 plant species at 790 sites across 116° of latitude. With these data, we show that within-population variability in herbivory increases with latitude, decreases with plant size, and is phylogenetically structured. Differences in the magnitude of variability are thus central to how plant-herbivore biology varies across macroscale gradients. We argue that increased focus on interaction variability will advance understanding of patterns of life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Robinson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - P G Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - B D Inouye
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - N Underwood
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - S R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - K C Abbott
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E M Bruna
- Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - N I Cacho
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L A Dyer
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - L Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - W J Allen
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J F Andrade
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - D F Angulo
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Departamento de Recursos Naturales, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - D Anjos
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - D N Anstett
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - R Bagchi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - S Bagchi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - M Barbosa
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - S Barrett
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation & Attractions Western Australia, Albany, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C A Baskett
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - E Ben-Simchon
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Institute, Rishon Le Tzion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - K J Bloodworth
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - J L Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Y M Buckley
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K T Burghardt
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - C Bustos-Segura
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - E S Calixto
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R L Carvalho
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - M C Chiuffo
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - D Cinoğlu
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - E Cinto Mejía
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M C Cock
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - R Cogni
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - O L Cope
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, Whitworth University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - T Cornelissen
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - D R Cortez
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - D W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - C Dallstream
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - W Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - J K Davis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R D Dimarco
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, IFAB, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - H E Dole
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I N Egbon
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - M Eisenring
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - A Ejomah
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - B D Elderd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M-J Endara
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Evolución en los Trópicos-EETROP, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M D Eubanks
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - S E Everingham
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K N Farah
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - R P Farias
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - A P Fernandes
- Department of Botany, Ganpat Parsekar College of Education Harmal, Pernem, Goa, India
| | - G W Fernandes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Knowledge Center for Biodiversity, Brazil
| | - M Ferrante
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Finn
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G A Florjancic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M L Forister
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Q N Fox
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - E Frago
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - F M França
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | | | - Z Getman-Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - E Gianoli
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - B Gooden
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australia
| | - M M Gossner
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K A Greig
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Gripenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - R Groenteman
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - P Grof-Tisza
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - N Haack
- Independent Institute for Environmental Issues, Halle, Germany
| | - L Hahn
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S M Haq
- Wildlife Crime Control Division, Wildlife Trust of India, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A M Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J Hennecke
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - S L Hermann
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - L M Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptive Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - S Holm
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M C Hutchinson
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - E E Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - S Kagiya
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - A Kalske
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Kalwajtys
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - R Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - T Keasar
- Department of Biology and the Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - M F Kersch-Becker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - H M Kharouba
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - T N Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - D M Kimuyu
- Department of Natural Resources, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - J Kluse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - S E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - K J Komatsu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - S Krishnan
- Center for Sustainable Future, Amrita University and EIACP RP, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Laihonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Lamelas-López
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - M C LaScaleia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - N Lecomte
- Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology, Department of Biology and Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada
| | - C R Lehn
- Biological Sciences Course, Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Panambi, RS, Brazil
| | - X Li
- College of Resources and Environmental sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - R L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E F LoPresti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - M Losada
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - A M Louthan
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - V J Luizzi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S C Lynch
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J S Lynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N J Lyon
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - L F Maia
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R A Maia
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - T L Mannall
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B S Martin
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - T J Massad
- Department of Scientific Services, Gorongosa National Park, Sofala, Mozambique
| | - A C McCall
- Biology Department, Denison University, Granville, OH, USA
| | - K McGurrin
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - A C Merwin
- Department of Biology and Geology, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
| | - Z Mijango-Ramos
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - C H Mills
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C M Moore
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
| | - X Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - C R Morrison
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M C Moshobane
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria National Botanical Garden, Brummeria, Silverton, South Africa
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - A Muola
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - R Nakadai
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Nakajima
- Insitute of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Cave Research, Shimohei-guun, Iwate Prefecture, Japan
| | - S Novais
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - C O Ogbebor
- Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - H Ohsaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - V S Pan
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - N A Pardikes
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - M Pareja
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - N Parthasarathy
- Department of Ecology and Evironmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Q Paynter
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - I S Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - R M Penczykowski
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A A Pepi
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - C C Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - S S Phartyal
- School of Ecology & Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, India
| | - F I Piper
- Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life and Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Ñuñoa, Santiago
| | - K Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - E G Pringle
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - J Puy
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - T Quijano
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - C Quintero
- INIBIOMA, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - S Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - C Rosche
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - L Y Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J B Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - A Sadeh
- Department of Natural Resources, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Y Sakata
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - D M Salcido
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C Salgado-Luarte
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - B A Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Y Sapir
- The Botanic Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Y Sasal
- INIBIOMA, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Y Sato
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Sawant
- Department of Ecology, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - H Schroeder
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - I Schumann
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Segoli
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - H Segre
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Institute, Rishon Le Tzion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Natural Resources, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Volcani Institute, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - O Shelef
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Institute, Rishon Le Tzion, Israel
| | - N Shinohara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - R P Singh
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D S Smith
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - M Sobral
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - G C Stotz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - A J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Tayal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - J F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - D Torrico-Bazoberry
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Las Condes, Chile
| | - K Tougeron
- Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR 7058 CNRS, Amiens, France
- Ecology of Interactions and Global Change, Institut de Recherche en Biosciences, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - A M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Utsumi
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - O Uyi
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - J L Vaca-Uribe
- Programa de ingeniría agroecológica, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A Valtonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - L J A van Dijk
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - J Villellas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - L P Waller
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - M G Weber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Yamawo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | - S Yim
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - P L Zarnetske
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - L N Zehr
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Z Zhong
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education/Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - W C Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
- Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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5
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Bürli S, Ensslin A, Kempel A, Fischer M. Are rare plant species less resistant than common ones to herbivores? A multi-plant species study using above- and below-ground generalist herbivores. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10482. [PMID: 37674652 PMCID: PMC10480044 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare plant species are suggested to be less resistant to herbivores than common species. Their lower apparency and the fact that they often live in isolated populations, resulting in fewer herbivore encounters, might have led to the evolution of reduced defences. Moreover, their frequent lower levels of genetic diversity compared with common species could negatively affect their resistance against enemies. However, the hypothesis that plant resistance depends on plant regional and local rarity, independently of habitat and competitive and growth strategy, lacks evidence. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the performance and preference of one belowground and three aboveground generalist invertebrate herbivores from different taxonomic groups as indicators of plant resistance. Herbivores were fed a total of 62 regionally and locally rare and common plant species from Switzerland. We accounted for differences in a plant's growth and competitive strategy and habitat resource availability. We found that regionally and locally rare and common plant species did not generally differ in their resistance to most generalist herbivores. However, one herbivore species even performed better and preferred locally and regionally common plant species over rarer ones, indicating that common species are not more resistant, but tend to be less resistant. We also found that all herbivore species consistently performed better on competitive and large plant species, although different herbivore species generally preferred and performed better on different plant species. The latter indicates that the use of generalist herbivores as indicators of plant-resistance levels can be misleading. Synthesis: Our results show that rare plant species are not inherently less resistant than common ones to herbivores. Instead, our results suggest that the ability of plants to allocate resources away from defence towards enhancing their competitive ability might have allowed plants to tolerate herbivory, and to become locally and regionally common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bürli
- Botanical Garden of the University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Faculty of Health and Environmental SciencesAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andreas Ensslin
- Botanical Garden of the University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Conservatory and Botanic Garden of the City of GenevaChambésySwitzerland
| | - Anne Kempel
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavosSwitzerland
- Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERCDavosSwitzerland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Botanical Garden of the University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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6
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Zhou Y, Chen C, Xiong Y, Xiao F, Wang Y. Heavy metal induced resistance to herbivore of invasive plant: implications from inter- and intraspecific comparisons. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1222867. [PMID: 37649994 PMCID: PMC10464952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1222867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Heavy metals can affect the content of secondary metabolites in plants, which are one of the important defenses of plants against herbivores. However, studies on the effects of heavy metals on secondary metabolites of invasive plants are scarce. Phytolacca americana is an invasive plant in China, which can hyperaccumulate the heavy metal Mn. Methods This study used two Mn treatments (control and treatment group) and four species from Phytolacca (including the native and introduced populations of P. americana, its native and exotic congeners in China) to investigate the impact of heavy metal Mn on the invasive ability of P. americana. Results The results show that heavy metal Mn can enhance the inhibitory effect of the introduced populations of P. americana on the growth of herbivore (the weight of herbivore has decreased by 66%), and altered the feeding preferences of herbivore. We also found that heavy metal Mn can significantly increase the content of quantitative resistance in the leaves of the introduced populations of P. americana and is higher than its native populations, native and exotic congeners. In addition, heavy metal Mn caused the quantitative resistance of the exotic congener significantly higher than that of the native congeners. Discussion In summary, the heavy metal Mn can increase the content of secondary metabolites in leaves to enhance the interspecific competitive advantage of P. americana and promote its invasion, and also increase the invasion risk of exotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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7
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Glassmire AE, Carson WP, Smilanich AM, Richards LA, Jeffrey CS, Dodson CD, Philbin CS, Humberto GL, Dyer LA. Multiple and contrasting pressures determine intraspecific phytochemical variation in a tropical shrub. Oecologia 2023; 201:991-1003. [PMID: 37042994 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific phytochemical variation across a landscape can cascade up trophic levels, potentially mediating the composition of entire insect communities. Surprisingly, we have little understanding of the processes that regulate and maintain phytochemical variation within species, likely because these processes are complex and operate simultaneously both temporally and spatially. To assess how phytochemistry varies within species, we tested the degree to which resource availability, contrasting soil type, and herbivory generate intraspecific chemical variation in growth and defense of the tropical shrub, Piper imperiale (Piperaceae). We quantified changes in both growth (e.g., nutritional protein, above- and below-ground biomass) and defense (e.g., imide chemicals) of individual plants using a well-replicated fully factorial shade-house experiment in Costa Rica. We found that plants grown in high light, nutrient- and richer old alluvial soil had increased biomass. High light was also important for increasing foliar protein. Thus, investment into growth was determined by resource availability and soil composition. Surprisingly, we found that chemical defenses decreased in response to herbivory. We also found that changes in plant protein were more plastic compared to plant defense, indicating that constitutive defenses may be relatively fixed, and thus an adaptation to chronic herbivory that is common in tropical forests. We demonstrate that intraspecific phytochemical variation of P. imperiale is shaped by resource availability from light and soil type. Because environmental heterogeneity occurs over small spatial scales (tens of meters), herbivores may be faced with a complex phytochemical landscape that may regulate how much damage any individual plant sustains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Glassmire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Walter P Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lora A Richards
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Christopher S Jeffrey
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Craig D Dodson
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Casey S Philbin
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Garcia L Humberto
- Organization for Tropical Studies, La Selva Research Station, Costa Rica, USA
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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8
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Luo D, Song MS, Xu B, Zhang Y, Zhang JW, Ma XG, Hao XJ, Sun H. A clue to the evolutionary history of modern East Asian flora: insights from phylogeography and diterpenoid alkaloid distribution pattern of the Spiraea japonica complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 184:107772. [PMID: 36977458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Each subkingdom of East Asian flora (EAF) has a unique evolutionary history, but which has rarely been described based on phylogeographic studies of EAF species. The Spiraea japonica L. complex, which is widespread in East Asia (EA), has received considerable attention because of the presence of diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs). It provides a proxy for understanding the genetic diversity and DA distribution patterns of species under various environmental conditions associated with the geological background in EA. In the present study, the plastome and chloroplast/nuclear DNA of 71 populations belonging to the S. japonica complex and its congeners were sequenced, combined with DA identification, environmental analyses, and ecological niche modelling, to investigate their phylogenetic relationships, genetic and DAs distribution patterns, biogeography, and demographic dynamics. An "ampliative" S. japonica complex was put forward, comprising all species of Sect. Calospira Ser. Japonicae, of which three evolutionary units carrying their respective unique types of DAs were identified and associated with the regionalization of EAF (referring to the Hengduan Mountains, central China, and east China). Moreover, a transition belt in central China with its biogeographic significance was revealed by genetic and DA distribution patterns from the perspective of ecological adaptation. The origin and onset differentiation of the "ampliative" S. japonica complex was estimated in the early Miocene (22.01/19.44 Ma). The formation of Japanese populations (6.75 Ma) was facilitated by the land bridge, which subsequently had a fairly stable demographic history. The populations in east China have undergone a founder effect after the Last Glacial Maximum, which may have been promoted by the expansion potential of polyploidization. Overall, the in-situ origin and diversification of the "ampliative" S. japonica complex since the early Miocene is a vertical section of the formation and development of modern EAF and was shaped by the geological history of each subkingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Min-Shu Song
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jian-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiang-Guang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China.
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9
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Robinson ML, Weber MG, Freedman MG, Jordan E, Ashlock SR, Yonenaga J, Strauss SY. Macroevolution of protective coloration across caterpillars reflects relationships with host plants. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222293. [PMID: 36651051 PMCID: PMC9845978 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical function of animal coloration is avoiding attack, either by warning predators or reducing detectability. Evolution of these divergent strategies may depend on prey palatability and apparency to predators: conspicuous coloration may be favoured if species are distasteful, or habitats make hiding difficult; by contrast, camouflage may be effective if prey lack defences or environments are visually complex. For insect herbivores, host plants provide both chemical defence and the background against which they are detected or obscured; thus, plant traits may be key to coloration in these foundational terrestrial organisms. We use 1808 species of larval Lepidoptera to explore macroevolution of protective coloration strategy. We find that colour and pattern evolve jointly in caterpillars, similar to an array of species across the animal kingdom, while individual elements of coloration evolve closely with diet ecology. Consistent with key tenets of plant defence and plant-herbivore coevolutionary theory, conspicuous colours are associated with herbaceous host plants-thought to be defended by toxins-while camouflage colours and patterns are associated with woody plants and grasses. Contrary to theory, dietary specialization is not associated with conspicuous coloration. Our results add valuable insights into the evolutionary forces shaping colour and pattern in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria L. Robinson
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Micah G. Freedman
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Evan Jordan
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah R. Ashlock
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jenna Yonenaga
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, 14193, Germany,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, CA 95616, USA
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10
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Watts S, Kaur S, Kariyat R. Revisiting plant defense-fitness trade-off hypotheses using Solanum as a model genus. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess physical and chemical defenses which have been found to deter herbivores that feed and oviposit on them. Despite having wide variety of defenses which can be constitutive or induced, plants are attacked and damaged by insects associated with different mouthparts and feeding habits. Since these defenses are costly, trade-offs for growth and defense traits play an important role in warding off the herbivores, with consequences for plant and herbivore growth, development and fitness. Solanum is a diverse and rich genus comprising of over 1,500 species with economic and ecological importance. Although a large number of studies on Solanum species with different herbivores have been carried out to understand plant defenses and herbivore counter defenses, they have primarily focused on pairwise interactions, and a few species of economic and ecological importance. Therefore, a detailed and updated understanding of the integrated defense system (sum of total defenses and trade-offs) is still lacking. Through this review, we take a closer look at the most common plant defense hypotheses, their assumptions and trade-offs and also a comprehensive evaluation of studies that use the genus Solanum as their host plant, and their generalist and specialist herbivores from different feeding guilds. Overall, review emphasizes on using ubiquitous Solanum genus and working toward building an integrated model which can predict defense-fitness-trade-offs in various systems with maximum accuracy and minimum deviations from realistic results.
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11
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Mo C, Smilanich AM. Feeding on an exotic host plant enhances plasma levels of phenoloxidase by modulating feeding efficiency in a specialist insect herbivore. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1127670. [PMID: 36909228 PMCID: PMC9998540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1127670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exotic plant species represent a novel resource for invertebrates and many herbivorous insects have incorporated exotic plants into their diet. Using a new host plant can have physiological repercussions for these herbivores that may be beneficial or detrimental. In this study, we compared how using an exotic versus native host plant affected the immune system response and feeding efficiency of a specialist lepidopteran, the common buckeye (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae, Hübner 1822). Materials and Methods: In a lab experiment, larvae were reared on either the exotic host plant, Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), or the native host plant, Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae). Beginning at second instar feeding efficiency data were collected every 2 days until fifth instar when immune assays were performed. Immune assays consisted of standing phenoloxidase activity, total phenoloxidase activity, and melanization. Results: Interestingly, we found that all three immune system parameters were higher on the exotic host plant compared to the native host plant. The exotic host plant also supported higher pupal weights, faster development time, greater consumption, and more efficient approximate digestibility. In contrast, the native host plant supported higher efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food. The relationship between immunity and feeding efficiency was more complex but showed a large positive effect of greater host plant consumption on all immune parameters, particularly for the exotic host plant. While not as strong, the efficiency of conversion of digested food tended to show a negative effect on the three immune parameters. Conclusion: Overall, the exotic host plant proved to be beneficial for this specialist insect with regard to immunity and many of the feeding efficiency parameters and continued use of this host plant is predicted for populations already using it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mo
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Angela M Smilanich
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.,Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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12
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Gibb H, Bishop TR, Leahy L, Parr CL, Lessard J, Sanders NJ, Shik JZ, Ibarra‐Isassi J, Narendra A, Dunn RR, Wright IJ. Ecological strategies of (pl)ants: Towards a world-wide worker economic spectrum for ants. Funct Ecol 2023; 37:13-25. [PMID: 37056633 PMCID: PMC10084388 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current global challenges call for a rigorously predictive ecology. Our understanding of ecological strategies, imputed through suites of measurable functional traits, comes from decades of work that largely focussed on plants. However, a key question is whether plant ecological strategies resemble those of other organisms.Among animals, ants have long been recognised to possess similarities with plants: as (largely) central place foragers. For example, individual ant workers play similar foraging roles to plant leaves and roots and are similarly expendable. Frameworks that aim to understand plant ecological strategies through key functional traits, such as the 'leaf economics spectrum', offer the potential for significant parallels with ant ecological strategies.Here, we explore these parallels across several proposed ecological strategy dimensions, including an 'economic spectrum', propagule size-number trade-offs, apparency-defence trade-offs, resource acquisition trade-offs and stress-tolerance trade-offs. We also highlight where ecological strategies may differ between plants and ants. Furthermore, we consider how these strategies play out among the different modules of eusocial organisms, where selective forces act on the worker and reproductive castes, as well as the colony.Finally, we suggest future directions for ecological strategy research, including highlighting the availability of data and traits that may be more difficult to measure, but should receive more attention in future to better understand the ecological strategies of ants. The unique biology of eusocial organisms provides an unrivalled opportunity to bridge the gap in our understanding of ecological strategies in plants and animals and we hope that this perspective will ignite further interest. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloise Gibb
- Department of Environment and Genetics and Centre for Future LandscapesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVic.Australia
| | - Tom R. Bishop
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Lily Leahy
- Department of Environment and Genetics and Centre for Future LandscapesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVic.Australia
| | - Catherine L. Parr
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Nathan J. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jonathan Z. Shik
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Ajay Narendra
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNSWAustralia
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNSWAustralia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
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13
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Mattila ALK, Jiggins CD, Saastamoinen M. Condition dependence in biosynthesized chemical defenses of an aposematic and mimetic
Heliconius
butterfly. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9041. [PMID: 35784031 PMCID: PMC9227709 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aposematic animals advertise their toxicity or unpalatability with bright warning coloration. However, acquiring and maintaining chemical defenses can be energetically costly, and consequent associations with other important traits could shape chemical defense evolution. Here, we have tested whether chemical defenses are involved in energetic trade‐offs with other traits, or whether the levels of chemical defenses are condition dependent, by studying associations between biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity and a suite of key life‐history and fitness traits in a Heliconius butterfly under a controlled laboratory setting. Heliconius butterflies are well known for the diversity of their warning color patterns and widespread mimicry and can both sequester the cyanogenic glucosides of their Passiflora host plants and biosynthesize these toxins de novo. We find energetically costly life‐history traits to be either unassociated or to show a general positive association with biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity. More toxic individuals developed faster and had higher mass as adults and a tendency for increased lifespan and fecundity. These results thus indicate that toxicity level of adult butterflies may be dependent on individual condition, influenced by genetic background or earlier conditions, with maternal effects as one strong candidate mechanism. Additionally, toxicity was higher in older individuals, consistent with previous studies indicating accumulation of toxins with age. As toxicity level at death was independent of lifespan, cyanogenic glucoside compounds may have been recycled to release resources relevant for longevity in these long‐living butterflies. Understanding the origins and maintenance of variation in defenses is necessary in building a more complete picture of factors shaping the evolution of aposematic and mimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina L. K. Mattila
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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14
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Amasifuen Guerra CA, Patel K, Delprete PG, Spina AP, Grados J, Vásquez-Ocmín P, Gadea A, Rojas R, Guzmán J, Sauvain M. Patterns of Plumericin Concentration in Leaves of Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) and Its Interactions with Herbivory in the Peruvian Amazon. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1011. [PMID: 35448739 PMCID: PMC9027084 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explored the concentration patterns of the bioactive metabolite plumericin produced by Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) under different edaphic conditions and variations in rainfall intensity, as well as its potential role in the chemical defense against insect herbivores. Values of plumericin concentration from leaves were obtained by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and evaluated as a function of differences in soil types, variation of precipitation, and variation of the abundance of insect herbivores, using first a Repeated Measures Correlation (rmcorr) and then a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analysis. Plumericin concentration is highly variable among plants, but with a significantly higher concentration in plants growing on clay soil compared to that of the white-sand soil habitat (p < 0.001). Plumericin concentration is not affected by precipitation. The caterpillar of Isognathus leachii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is the most conspicuous herbivore of H. tarapotensis, and its presence is continuous but not related to plumericin concentration, probably because of its capacity to elude the chemical defense of this plant. Nevertheless, our multivariate model revealed that plumericin concentration is related to the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), and this relationship is significantly influenced by the soil parameters of carbon percentage, clay percentage, and phosphorous percentage (p < 0.001). Plumericin is a mediating agent in the interaction between H. tarapotensis and its natural environment. Variation in plumericin concentration would be induced by the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), probably as a chemical response against these insects, and by differences in soil nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Amasifuen Guerra
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología (DRGB), Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Avenida La Molina N° 1981, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Kirti Patel
- Unidad de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 439, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (K.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Piero G. Delprete
- AMAP, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, TA A51/PS2, CEDEX 5, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- AMAP, IRD, Herbier de Guyane, Cité Rebard, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Andréa P. Spina
- Rua Capitão Leônidas Marques 894, Curitiba 81540-470, Brazil;
| | - Juan Grados
- Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Gral. Antonio Alvarez de Arenales 1256, Jesús María, Lima 15072, Peru;
| | - Pedro Vásquez-Ocmín
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Alice Gadea
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, IRD, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosario Rojas
- Unidad de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 439, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (K.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Jesús Guzmán
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Michel Sauvain
- Laboratorio Mixto Internacional de Química de la Vida, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru; (P.V.-O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (M.S.)
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, IRD, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratorio Centinela de Helicobacter pylori, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, San Martín de Porres 34, Lima 15024, Peru
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15
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Valdés-Correcher E, Popova A, Galmán A, Prinzing A, Selikhovkin AV, Howe AG, Mrazova A, Dulaurent AM, Hampe A, Tack AJM, Bouget C, Lupaștean D, Harvey D, Musolin DL, Lövei GL, Centenaro G, Halder IV, Hagge J, Dobrosavljević J, Pitkänen JM, Koricheva J, Sam K, Barbaro L, Branco M, Ferrante M, Faticov M, Tahadlová M, Gossner M, Cauchoix M, Bogdziewicz M, Duduman ML, Kozlov MV, Bjoern MC, Mamaev NA, Fernandez-Conradi P, Thomas RL, Wetherbee R, Green S, Milanović S, Moreira X, Mellerin Y, Kadiri Y, Castagneyrol B. Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8709. [PMID: 35342614 PMCID: PMC8928871 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that-just like in non-urban areas-plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Popova
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Andrea Galmán
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Research Unit ECOBIO (Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution) UMR 6553 University of Rennes/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Rennes France
| | - Andrey V Selikhovkin
- Department of Forest Protection, Wood Science and Game Management Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Andy G Howe
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C Denmark.,Forest Industries Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Australia
| | - Anna Mrazova
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Entomology Institute Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Bouget
- Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit Biodiversity Team Domaine des Barres INRAE Nogent-sur-Vernisson France
| | - Daniela Lupaștean
- Applied Ecology Lab Forestry Faculty "Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava Suceava Romania
| | - Deborah Harvey
- Department of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
| | - Dmitry L Musolin
- Department of Forest Protection, Wood Science and Game Management Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Gábor L Lövei
- Department of Agroecology Flakkebjerg Research Centre Aarhus University Slagelse Denmark
| | - Giada Centenaro
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Hagge
- Forest Nature Conservation Northwest German Forest Research Institute Hann. Münden Germany.,Forest Nature Conservation Georg-August-University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Jovan Dobrosavljević
- Department of Forest Protection Faculty of Forestry University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Juha-Matti Pitkänen
- Forest Health and Biodiversity Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) Helsinki Finland.,Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Entomology Institute Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Luc Barbaro
- Dynafor Univ. Toulouse INRAE Castanet-Tolosan France.,CESCO, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne-Univ. Paris France
| | - Manuela Branco
- Centro de Estudos Florestais Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Marco Ferrante
- Department of Agroecology Flakkebjerg Research Centre Aarhus University Slagelse Denmark.,Azorean Biodiversity Group cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes University of the Azores Azores Portugal
| | - Maria Faticov
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markéta Tahadlová
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Entomology Institute Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Martin Gossner
- Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Maxime Cauchoix
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS Moulis France
| | - Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan Poland.,Laboratoire EcoSystèmes et Sociétés En Montagne INRAE Univ Grenoble Alpes Saint-Martin-d'Hères cedex France
| | - Mihai-Leonard Duduman
- Applied Ecology Lab Forestry Faculty "Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava Suceava Romania
| | | | - Mona C Bjoern
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Nikita A Mamaev
- Department of Forest Protection, Wood Science and Game Management Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University St. Petersburg Russia
| | | | - Rebecca L Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
| | - Ross Wetherbee
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Aas Norway
| | - Samantha Green
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience Coventry University Coventry UK
| | - Slobodan Milanović
- Department of Forest Protection Faculty of Forestry University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia.,Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic
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16
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Anti-Herbivore Resistance Changes in Tomato with Elevation. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:196-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Boaventura MG, Villamil N, Teixido AL, Tito R, Vasconcelos HL, Silveira FAO, Cornelissen T. Revisiting florivory: an integrative review and global patterns of a neglected interaction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:132-144. [PMID: 34363707 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Florivory is an ancient interaction which has rarely been quantified due to a lack of standardized protocols, thus impairing biogeographical and phylogenetic comparisons. We created a global, continuously updated, open-access database comprising 180 species and 64 families to compare floral damage between tropical and temperate plants, to examine the effects of plant traits on floral damage, and to explore the eco-evolutionary dynamics of flower-florivore interactions. Flower damage is widespread across angiosperms, but was two-fold higher in tropical vs temperate species, suggesting stronger fitness impacts in the tropics. Flowers were mostly damaged by chewers, but neither flower color nor symmetry explained differences in florivory. Herbivory and florivory levels were positively correlated within species, even though the richness of the florivore community does not affect florivory levels. We show that florivory impacts plant fitness via multiple pathways and that ignoring this interaction makes it more difficult to obtain a broad understanding of the ecology and evolution of angiosperms. Finally, we propose a standardized protocol for florivory measurements, and identify key research avenues that will help fill persistent knowledge gaps. Florivory is expected to be a central research topic in an epoch characterized by widespread decreases in insect populations that comprise both pollinators and florivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Boaventura
- Center for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, CP 486, Brazil
| | - Nora Villamil
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alberto L Teixido
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa 2367, Cuiabá, MT, E-78060-900, Brazil
| | - Richard Tito
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, 15088, Peru
| | - Heraldo L Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Center for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, CP 486, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Cornelissen
- Center for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, CP 486, Brazil
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18
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Paudel S, Kandel P, Bhatta D, Pandit V, Felton GW, Rajotte EG. Insect Herbivore Populations and Plant Damage Increase at Higher Elevations. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121129. [PMID: 34940217 PMCID: PMC8708097 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is vitally important to understand the effects of climate change on insect pest populations and crop losses. Using elevation as a proxy for climate change, a field study was conducted in farmer’s fields in Nepal at various elevations in the Himalayan Mountains. At higher elevations, natural herbivore populations and plant damage from herbivory were significantly higher compared to their low-elevation counterparts. Temperature varied with elevation in the field and significantly affected both insect populations and plant damage. A geographical shift of insect pests towards higher elevations is predicated, so it is important to better understand how biotic and abiotic ecological factors and evolutionary processes will act together to affect ecosystem dynamics to reliably predict future pest problems. Abstract Elevation gradients are used as a proxy to simulate climate change effects. A field study was conducted along an elevational gradient in Nepal to understand the effects of abiotic conditions on agriculturally important insect herbivore populations (tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura, tomato fruit worm: Helicoverpa armigera, and South American leaf miner, Tuta absoluta) and herbivory damage on tomatoes. Elevation ranged from 100 m to 1400 m above sea level, representing different climatic zones where tomatoes are grown. Contrary to our hypothesis, natural herbivore populations and herbivory damage significantly increased at higher elevations. Individual insect species responses were variable. Populations of S. litura and T. absoluta increased at higher elevations, whereas the H. armigera population was highest at the mid-elevational range. Temperature variations with elevation also affected insect catch numbers and the level of plant damage from herbivory. In the context of climate warming, our results demonstrate that the interactive effects of elevation and climatic factors (e.g., temperature) will play an important role in determining the changes in insect pest populations and the extent of crop losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Paudel
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (G.W.F.); (E.G.R.)
- Microbial Solutions Team, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 7674, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-20-4097-1625
| | - Pragya Kandel
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Dependra Bhatta
- Louisiana Department of Health, Northeast Delta Human Services Authority, Monroe, LA 71201, USA;
| | - Vinod Pandit
- Plantwise, Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), South Asia Office, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Gary W. Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (G.W.F.); (E.G.R.)
| | - Edwin G. Rajotte
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (G.W.F.); (E.G.R.)
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19
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Pokharel P, Steppuhn A, Petschenka G. Dietary cardenolides enhance growth and change the direction of the fecundity-longevity trade-off in milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18042-18054. [PMID: 35003656 PMCID: PMC8717354 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration, that is, the accumulation of plant toxins into body tissues for defense, was predicted to incur physiological costs and may require resistance traits different from those of non-sequestering insects. Alternatively, sequestering species could experience a cost in the absence of toxins due to selection on physiological homeostasis under permanent exposure of sequestered toxins in body tissues. Milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae) sequester high amounts of plant-derived cardenolides. Although being potent inhibitors of the ubiquitous animal enzyme Na+/K+-ATPase, milkweed bugs can tolerate cardenolides by means of resistant Na+/K+-ATPases. Both adaptations, resistance and sequestration, are ancestral traits of the Lygaeinae. Using four milkweed bug species (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae: Lygaeinae) and the related European firebug (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae: Pyrrhocoris apterus) showing different combinations of the traits "cardenolide resistance" and "cardenolide sequestration," we tested how the two traits affect larval growth upon exposure to dietary cardenolides in an artificial diet system. While cardenolides impaired the growth of P. apterus nymphs neither possessing a resistant Na+/K+-ATPase nor sequestering cardenolides, growth was not affected in the non-sequestering milkweed bug Arocatus longiceps, which possesses a resistant Na+/K+-ATPase. Remarkably, cardenolides increased growth in the sequestering dietary specialists Caenocoris nerii and Oncopeltus fasciatus but not in the sequestering dietary generalist Spilostethus pandurus, which all possess a resistant Na+/K+-ATPase. We furthermore assessed the effect of dietary cardenolides on additional life history parameters, including developmental speed, longevity of adults, and reproductive success in O. fasciatus. Unexpectedly, nymphs under cardenolide exposure developed substantially faster and lived longer as adults. However, fecundity of adults was reduced when maintained on cardenolide-containing diet for their entire lifetime but not when adults were transferred to non-toxic sunflower seeds. We speculate that the resistant Na+/K+-ATPase of milkweed bugs is selected for working optimally in a "toxic environment," that is, when sequestered cardenolides are stored in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied EntomologyInstitute of PhytomedicineUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular BotanyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied EntomologyInstitute of PhytomedicineUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
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20
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Strutzenberger P, Fiedler K. Central and Northern European caterpillar assemblages show strong phylogenetic structure. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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21
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Zhang Y, Deng T, Sun L, Landis JB, Moore MJ, Wang H, Wang Y, Hao X, Chen J, Li S, Xu M, Puno PT, Raven PH, Sun H. Phylogenetic patterns suggest frequent multiple origins of secondary metabolites across the seed-plant 'tree of life'. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa105. [PMID: 34691607 PMCID: PMC8288438 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the phylogenetic patterns of the distribution and evolution of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), we selected 8 classes of PSMs and mapped them onto an updated phylogenetic tree including 437 families of seed plants. A significant phylogenetic signal was detected in 17 of the 18 tested seed-plant clades for at least 1 of the 8 PSM classes using the D statistic. The phylogenetic signal, nevertheless, indicated weak clustering of PSMs compared to a random distribution across all seed plants. The observed signal suggests strong diversifying selection during seed-plant evolution and/or relatively weak evolutionary constraints on the evolution of PSMs. In the survey of the current phylogenetic distributions of PSMs, we found that multiple origins of PSM biosynthesis due to external selective forces for diverse genetic pathways may have played important roles. In contrast, a single origin of PSMs seems rather uncommon. The distribution patterns for PSMs observed in this study may also be useful in the search for natural compounds for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jacob B Landis
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Hengchang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Maonian Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | | | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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22
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Kalyebi A, Macfadyen S, Hulthen A, Ocitti P, Jacomb F, Tay WT, Colvin J, De Barro P. Within-Season Changes in Land-Use Impact Pest Abundance in Smallholder African Cassava Production Systems. INSECTS 2021; 12:269. [PMID: 33810012 PMCID: PMC8005198 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), an important commercial and food security crop in East and Central Africa, continues to be adversely affected by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. In Uganda, changes in smallholder farming landscapes due to crop rotations can impact pest populations but how these changes affect pest outbreak risk is unknown. We investigated how seasonal changes in land-use have affected B. tabaci population dynamics and its parasitoids. We used a large-scale field experiment to standardize the focal field in terms of cassava age and cultivar, then measured how Bemisia populations responded to surrounding land-use change. Bemisia tabaci Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) was identified using molecular diagnostics as the most prevalent species and the same species was also found on surrounding soybean, groundnut, and sesame crops. We found that an increase in the area of cassava in the 3-7-month age range in the landscape resulted in an increase in the abundance of the B. tabaci SSA1 on cassava. There was a negative relationship between the extent of non-crop vegetation in the landscape and parasitism of nymphs suggesting that these parasitoids do not rely on resources in the non-crop patches. The highest abundance of B. tabaci SSA1 nymphs in cassava fields occurred at times when landscapes had large areas of weeds, low to moderate areas of maize, and low areas of banana. Our results can guide the development of land-use strategies that smallholder farmers can employ to manage these pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kalyebi
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda;
- Mikocheni Agricultural Institute, Dares Salaam 6226, Tanzania
| | - Sarina Macfadyen
- CSIRO, Clunnies Ross Street, Acton 2601, Australia; (S.M.); (F.J.); (W.T.T.)
| | - Andrew Hulthen
- CSIRO, Ecosciences Preceinct, Dutton Park QLD, Brisbane 4001, Australia; (A.H.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Patrick Ocitti
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Frances Jacomb
- CSIRO, Clunnies Ross Street, Acton 2601, Australia; (S.M.); (F.J.); (W.T.T.)
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO, Clunnies Ross Street, Acton 2601, Australia; (S.M.); (F.J.); (W.T.T.)
| | - John Colvin
- NRI, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Paul De Barro
- CSIRO, Ecosciences Preceinct, Dutton Park QLD, Brisbane 4001, Australia; (A.H.); (P.D.B.)
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23
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Holeski LM, Keefover-Ring K, Sobel JM, Kooyers NJ. Evolutionary history and ecology shape the diversity and abundance of phytochemical arsenals across monkeyflowers. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:571-583. [PMID: 33484000 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examine the extent to which phylogenetic effects and ecology are associated with macroevolutionary patterns of phytochemical defence production across the Mimulus phylogeny. We grew plants from 21 species representing the five major sections of the Mimulus phylogeny in a common garden to assess how the arsenals (NMDS groupings) and abundances (concentrations) of a phytochemical defence, phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs), vary across the phylogeny. Very few PPGs are widespread across the genus, but many are common to multiple sections of the genus. Phytochemical arsenals cluster among sections in an NMDS and are not associated with total concentration of PPGs. There is a strong phylogenetic signal for phytochemical arsenal composition across the Mimulus genus, whereas ecological variables such as growing season length, latitude, and elevation do not significantly influence arsenal. In contrast, there is little phylogenetic signal for total PPG concentration, and this trait is significantly influenced by several ecological factors. Phytochemical arsenals and abundances are influenced by plant life history form. Both phylogenetic effects and ecology are related to phytochemical patterns across species, albeit in different ways. The independence of phytochemical defence concentrations from arsenal compositions indicates that these aspects of defence may continue to evolve independently of one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza M Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James M Sobel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
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24
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Crossley MS, Snyder WE, Hardy NB. Insect-plant relationships predict the speed of insecticide adaptation. Evol Appl 2021; 14:290-296. [PMID: 33664776 PMCID: PMC7896708 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects must circumvent the chemical defenses of their host plants and, in cropping systems, must also circumvent synthetic insecticides. The pre-adaptation hypothesis posits that when herbivorous insects evolve resistance to insecticides, they co-opt adaptations against host plant defenses. Despite its intuitive appeal, few predictions of this hypothesis have been tested systematically. Here, with survival analysis of more than 17,000 herbivore-insecticide interactions, we show that resistance evolution tends to be faster when herbivorous insect diets are broad (but not too broad) and when insecticides and plant defensive chemicals are similar (but not too similar). These general relations suggest a complex interplay between macro-evolutionary contingencies and contemporary population genetic processes, and provide a predictive framework to forecast which pest species are most likely to develop resistance to particular insecticide chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
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25
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Hardy NB, Kaczvinsky C, Bird G, Normark BB. What We Don't Know About Diet-Breadth Evolution in Herbivorous Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-023322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Half a million species of herbivorous insects have been described. Most of them are diet specialists, using only a few plant species as hosts. Biologists suspect that their specificity is key to their diversity. But why do herbivorous insects tend to be diet specialists? In this review, we catalog a broad range of explanations. We review the evidence for each and suggest lines of research to obtain the evidence we lack. We then draw attention to a second major question, namely how changes in diet breadth affect the rest of a species’ biology. In particular, we know little about how changes in diet breadth feed back on genetic architecture, the population genetic environment, and other aspects of a species’ ecology. Knowing more about how generalists and specialists differ should go a long way toward sorting out potential explanations of specificity, and yield a deeper understanding of herbivorous insect diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Chloe Kaczvinsky
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Bird
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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26
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Glassmire AE, Zehr LN, Wetzel WC. Disentangling dimensions of phytochemical diversity: alpha and beta have contrasting effects on an insect herbivore. Ecology 2020; 101:e03158. [PMID: 32745232 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical diversity is comprised of two main dimensions-the average (alpha) within-plant neighbors or the difference (beta) in the composition of chemicals between plant neighbors. Research, however, has primarily examined the consequences of phytochemical diversity on herbivore performance through a single dimension, even though diversity is multidimensional. Furthermore, the ecological role of phytochemical diversity is not well understood because each of these dimensions exhibits unique biological effects on herbivore performance. Therefore, it has been difficult to tease apart the relative importance of alpha and beta chemical diversities on plant-herbivore interactions. We experimentally manipulated alpha and beta diversities along a chemical gradient to disentangle the relative effects of these dimensions on the performance of a mobile generalist herbivore, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), using 16 genotypes from the Solanum pennellii introgression lines. First, we found contrasting effects of alpha and beta diversities on herbivore performance. Second, when comparing diversity across and within chemical classes, herbivore performance was reduced when plant neighbors had greater diversity within chemical classes that are biologically inhibiting at higher quantities (i.e., quantitative defenses such as phenolics and acyl sugars). However, herbivore performance was enhanced when plant neighbors had higher levels of chemical classes that are biologically toxic (i.e., qualitative defenses such as alkaloids). Finally, herbivores performed better on plant dicultures compared to monocultures, and performance was positively associated with plant dicultures only when there were high levels of average alpha diversity within plant neighbors. Our results suggest T. ni generalist caterpillars do better when plant neighbors are chemically different because differences provide options for them to choose or to switch between plants to balance chemical uptake. Overall, herbivores interact with a large diversity of plant chemicals at multiple scales, and our results indicate that not all chemical diversity is equal: specific dimensions of phytochemical diversity have unique effects on the dynamics of herbivore performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Glassmire
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.,Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, Michigan, 49060, USA
| | - Luke N Zehr
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - William C Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.,Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, Michigan, 49060, USA.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, & Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.,AgBioResearch, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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27
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De La Pascua DR, Smith-Winterscheidt C, Dowell JA, Goolsby EW, Mason CM. Evolutionary trade-offs in the chemical defense of floral and fruit tissues across genus Cornus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1260-1273. [PMID: 32984956 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Defense investment in plant reproductive structures is relatively understudied compared to the defense of vegetative organs. Here the evolution of chemical defenses in reproductive structures is examined in light of the optimal defense, apparency, and resource availability hypotheses within the genus Cornus using a phylogenetic comparative approach in relation to phenology and native habitat environmental data. METHODS Individuals representing 25 Cornus species were tracked for reproductive phenology over a full growing season at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Floral, fruit, and leaf tissue was sampled to quantify defensive chemistry as well as fruit nutritional traits relevant to bird dispersal. Native habitat environmental characteristics were estimated using locality data from digitized herbarium records coupled with global soil and climate data sets. RESULTS The evolution of later flowering was correlated with increased floral tannins, and the evolution of later fruiting was correlated with increased total phenolics. Leaves were found to contain the highest tannin activity, while inflorescences contained the highest total flavonoids. Multiple aspects of fruit defensive chemistry were correlated with fruit nutritional traits. Floral and fruit defensive chemistry were evolutionarily correlated with aspects of native habitat temperature, precipitation, and soil characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Results provide tentative support for the apparency hypothesis with respect to both flower and fruit phenology, while relative concentrations of secondary metabolites across organs provide mixed support for the optimal defense hypothesis. The evolution of reproductive defense with native habitat provides, at best, mixed support for the resource availability hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordan A Dowell
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Eric W Goolsby
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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28
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Forister ML, Yoon SA, Philbin CS, Dodson CD, Hart B, Harrison JG, Shelef O, Fordyce JA, Marion ZH, Nice CC, Richards LA, Buerkle CA, Gompert Z. Caterpillars on a phytochemical landscape: The case of alfalfa and the Melissa blue butterfly. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4362-4374. [PMID: 32489603 PMCID: PMC7246198 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern metabolomic approaches that generate more comprehensive phytochemical profiles than were previously available are providing new opportunities for understanding plant-animal interactions. Specifically, we can characterize the phytochemical landscape by asking how a larger number of individual compounds affect herbivores and how compounds covary among plants. Here we use the recent colonization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by the Melissa blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa) to investigate the effects of indivdiual compounds and suites of covarying phytochemicals on caterpillar performance. We find that survival, development time, and adult weight are all associated with variation in nutrition and toxicity, including biomolecules associated with plant cell function as well as putative anti-herbivore action. The plant-insect interface is complex, with clusters of covarying compounds in many cases encompassing divergent effects on different aspects of caterpillar performance. Individual compounds with the strongest associations are largely specialized metabolites, including alkaloids, phenolic glycosides, and saponins. The saponins are represented in our data by more than 25 individual compounds with beneficial and detrimental effects on L. melissa caterpillars, which highlights the value of metabolomic data as opposed to approaches that rely on total concentrations within broad defensive classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Forister
- Department of BiologyProgram in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical EcologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| | - Su'ad A. Yoon
- Department of BiologyProgram in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical EcologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| | - Casey S. Philbin
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical EcologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| | - Craig D. Dodson
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical EcologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| | - Bret Hart
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| | - Joshua G. Harrison
- Department of Botany and Program in EcologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
| | - Oren Shelef
- Department of Natural ResourcesInstitute of Plant SciencesVolcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - James A. Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Chris C. Nice
- Department of Biology, Population and Conservation BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTXUSA
| | - Lora A. Richards
- Department of BiologyProgram in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical EcologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| | - C. Alex Buerkle
- Department of Botany and Program in EcologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
| | - Zach Gompert
- Department of BiologyUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
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29
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Xi X, Yang Y, Tylianakis JM, Yang S, Dong Y, Sun S. Asymmetric interactions of seed-predation network contribute to rare-species advantage. Ecology 2020; 101:e03050. [PMID: 32233082 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the asymmetry of species linkage within ecological networks is now well recognized, its effect on communities has scarcely been empirically investigated. Based on theory, we predicted that an asymmetric architecture of antagonistic plant-herbivore networks would emerge at the community level and that this asymmetry would negatively affect community-common plants more than rare ones. We tested this prediction by analyzing the architectural properties of an alpine plant and pre-dispersal seed-predator network and its effect on seed loss rate of plants in the Tibetan Plateau. This network showed an asymmetric architecture, where the common plant species (with a larger aboveground biomass per area) were infested by a higher number of predator species. Moreover, they asymmetrically interacted with specialized herbivores, presumably because of greater seed resource abundance. In turn, the asymmetric interactions led to a higher proportion of seed loss in the common plants at the species level. Our results suggest that asymmetric antagonistic networks may improve species coexistence by contributing to a mechanism of rare-species advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Xi
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yangheshan Yang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Research Centre and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sihai Yang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuran Dong
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renminnan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
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30
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Martinez-Swatson K, Kjøller R, Cozzi F, Simonsen HT, Rønsted N, Barnes C. Exploring evolutionary theories of plant defence investment using field populations of the deadly carrot. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:737-750. [PMID: 31563960 PMCID: PMC7182587 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are a number of disparate models predicting variation in plant chemical defences between species, and within a single species over space and time. These can give conflicting predictions. Here we review a number of these theories, before assessing their power to predict the spatial-temporal variation of thapsigargins between and within populations of the deadly carrot (Thapsia garganica). By utilizing multiple models simultaneously (optimum defence theory, growth rate hypothesis, growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, intra-specific framework and resource exchange model of plant defence), we will highlight gaps in their predictions and evaluate the performance of each. METHODS Thapsigargins are potent anti-herbivore compounds that occur in limited richness across the different plant tissues of T. garganica, and therefore represent an ideal system for exploring these models. Thapsia garganica plants were collected from six locations on the island of Ibiza, Spain, and the thapsigargins quantified within reproductive, vegetative and below-ground tissues. The effects of sampling time, location, mammalian herbivory, soil nutrition and changing root-associated fungal communities on the concentrations of thapsigargins within these in situ observations were analysed, and the results were compared with our model predictions. KEY RESULTS The models performed well in predicting the general defence strategy of T. garganica and the above-ground distribution of thapsigargins, but failed to predict the considerable proportion of defences found below ground. Models predicting variation over environmental gradients gave conflicting and less specific predictions, with intraspecific variation remaining less understood. CONCLUSION Here we found that multiple models predicting the general defence strategy of plant species could likely be integrated into a single model, while also finding a clear need to better incorporate below-ground defences into models of plant chemical defences. We found that constitutive and induced thapsigargins differed in their regulation, and suggest that models predicting intraspecific defences should consider them separately. Finally, we suggest that in situ studies be supplemented with experiments in controlled environments to identify specific environmental parameters that regulate variation in defences within species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Kjøller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christopher Barnes
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Briscoe Runquist RD, Gorton AJ, Yoder JB, Deacon NJ, Grossman JJ, Kothari S, Lyons MP, Sheth SN, Tiffin P, Moeller DA. Context Dependence of Local Adaptation to Abiotic and Biotic Environments: A Quantitative and Qualitative Synthesis. Am Nat 2020; 195:412-431. [PMID: 32097038 DOI: 10.1086/707322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how spatially variable selection shapes adaptation is an area of long-standing interest in evolutionary ecology. Recent meta-analyses have quantified the extent of local adaptation, but the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in driving population divergence remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we combined a quantitative meta-analysis and a qualitative metasynthesis to (1) quantify the magnitude of local adaptation to abiotic and biotic factors and (2) characterize major themes that influence the motivation and design of experiments that seek to test for local adaptation. Using local-foreign contrasts as a metric of local adaptation (or maladaptation), we found that local adaptation was greater in the presence than in the absence of a biotic interactor, especially for plants. We also found that biotic environments had stronger effects on fitness than abiotic environments when ignoring whether those environments were local versus foreign. Finally, biotic effects were stronger at low latitudes, and abiotic effects were stronger at high latitudes. Our qualitative analysis revealed that the lens through which local adaptation has been examined differs for abiotic and biotic factors. It also revealed biases in the design and implementation of experiments that make quantitative results challenging to interpret and provided directions for future research.
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32
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Visakorpi K, Riutta T, Malhi Y, Salminen JP, Salinas N, Gripenberg S. Changes in oak (Quercus robur) photosynthesis after winter moth (Operophtera brumata) herbivory are not explained by changes in chemical or structural leaf traits. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228157. [PMID: 31978155 PMCID: PMC6980561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores have the potential to change both physical and chemical traits of their host plant. Although the impacts of herbivores on their hosts have been widely studied, experiments assessing changes in multiple leaf traits or functions simultaneously are still rare. We experimentally tested whether herbivory by winter moth (Operophtera brumata) caterpillars and mechanical leaf wounding changed leaf mass per area, leaf area, leaf carbon and nitrogen content, and the concentrations of 27 polyphenol compounds on oak (Quercus robur) leaves. To investigate how potential changes in the studied traits affect leaf functioning, we related the traits to the rates of leaf photosynthesis and respiration. Overall, we did not detect any clear effects of herbivory or mechanical leaf damage on the chemical or physical leaf traits, despite clear effect of herbivory on photosynthesis. Rather, the trait variation was primarily driven by variation between individual trees. Only leaf nitrogen content and a subset of the studied polyphenol compounds correlated with photosynthesis and leaf respiration. Our results suggest that in our study system, abiotic conditions related to the growth location, variation between tree individuals, and seasonal trends in plant physiology are more important than herbivory in determining the distribution and composition of leaf chemical and structural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Visakorpi
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI Turku, Finland
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Seccion Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Sofia Gripenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
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33
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Falkowski M, Jahn-Oyac A, Odonne G, Flora C, Estevez Y, Touré S, Boulogne I, Robinson JC, Béreau D, Petit P, Azam D, Coke M, Issaly J, Gaborit P, Stien D, Eparvier V, Dusfour I, Houël E. Towards the optimization of botanical insecticides research: Aedes aegypti larvicidal natural products in French Guiana. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105179. [PMID: 31539525 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have proven to be an immeasurable source of bioactive compounds. The exceptional biodiversity encountered in Amazonia, alongside a rich entomofauna and frequent interactions with various herbivores is the crucible of a promising chemodiversity. This prompted us to search for novel botanical insecticides in French Guiana. As this French overseas department faces severe issues linked to insects, notably the strong incidence of vector-borne infectious diseases, we decided to focus our research on products able to control the mosquito Aedes aegypti. We tested 452 extracts obtained from 85 species originating from 36 botanical families and collected in contrasted environments against an Ae. aegypti laboratory strain susceptible to all insecticides, and a natural population resistant to both pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides collected in Cayenne for the most active of them. Eight species (Maytenus oblongata Reissek, Celastraceae; Costus erythrothyrsus Loes., Costaceae; Humiria balsamifera Aubl., Humiriaceae; Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff, Lauraceae; Piper hispidum Sw., Piperaceae; Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichl., Salicaceae; Matayba arborescens (Aubl.) Radlk., Sapindaceae; and Cupania scrobitulata Rich., Sapindaceae) led to extracts exhibiting more than 50% larval mortality after 48 h of exposition at 100 µg/mL against the natural population and were considered active. Selectivity and phytochemistry of these extracts were therefore investigated and discussed, and some active compounds highlighted. Multivariate analysis highlighted that solvents, plant tissues, plant family and location had a significant effect on mortality while light, available resources and vegetation type did not. Through this case study we highlighted that plant defensive chemistry mechanisms are crucial while searching for novel insecticidal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Falkowski
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Claudiane Flora
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Yannick Estevez
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Seindé Touré
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France; CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France; Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France; Université de ROUEN, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie Végétal » FED 4277, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean-Charles Robinson
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Didier Béreau
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Petit
- Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Didier Azam
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Maïra Coke
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France; INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Groupe recherche en écologie microbienne, 531 boulevard des prairies, Laval H7V 1B7, QC, Canada.
| | - Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France.
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Martinez J, Bruner-Montero G, Arunkumar R, Smith SCL, Day JP, Longdon B, Jiggins FM. Virus evolution in Wolbachia-infected Drosophila. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192117. [PMID: 31662085 PMCID: PMC6823055 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia, a common vertically transmitted symbiont, can protect insects against viral infection and prevent mosquitoes from transmitting viral pathogens. For this reason, Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes are being released to prevent the transmission of dengue and other arboviruses. An important question for the long-term success of these programmes is whether viruses can evolve to escape the antiviral effects of Wolbachia. We have found that Wolbachia altered the outcome of competition between strains of the DCV virus in Drosophila. However, Wolbachia still effectively blocked the virus genotypes that were favoured in the presence of the symbiont. We conclude that Wolbachia did cause an evolutionary response in viruses, but this has little or no impact on the effectiveness of virus blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Martinez
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan P. Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Longdon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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35
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Barton KE, Edwards KF, Koricheva J. Shifts in woody plant defence syndromes during leaf development. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasey E. Barton
- Department of Botany University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawai'I USA
| | - Kyle F. Edwards
- Department of Oceanography University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawai'I USA
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
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36
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Visakorpi K, Riutta T, Martínez-Bauer AE, Salminen JP, Gripenberg S. Insect community structure covaries with host plant chemistry but is not affected by prior herbivory. Ecology 2019; 100:e02739. [PMID: 31006108 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
By feeding on plant tissue, insect herbivores can change several characteristics of their hosts. These changes have the potential to alter the quality of the plant for other herbivore species, potentially altering the structure of the community of species attacking the plant at a later point in time. We tested whether herbivory early in the season changes host plant performance, polyphenol chemistry, and the community structure of sessile herbivores later in the season. We experimentally manipulated densities of early-season moth caterpillars on a set of young oak trees and measured tree growth, reproduction, leaf chemistry, and the abundance and community composition of leafmining and galling species later in the season. The experimental manipulations of early-season herbivores did not affect late-season leaf chemistry or tree performance. Early-season herbivores had a weak negative effect on the abundance of gallers and a positive, tree-dependent effect on the overall diversity of late-season sessile herbivores. The chemical composition of leaves covaried with the species composition of the late-season leafmining and galling community. Both the chemical composition of the host tree and the late-season insect community structure were strongly affected by the growth location of the tree. Our results suggest that plant-mediated indirect effects between herbivores might play a limited role in this system, whereas the underlying variation in plant chemistry is an important factor structuring the associated insect community. Our results emphasize that factors other than prior herbivory can be important determinants of plant chemistry and the community composition of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Visakorpi
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.,Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20500, Finland
| | - Sofia Gripenberg
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AS, United Kingdom
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37
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Lowry DB, Popovic D, Brennan DJ, Holeski LM. Mechanisms of a locally adaptive shift in allocation among growth, reproduction, and herbivore resistance in
Mimulus guttatus
*. Evolution 2019; 73:1168-1181. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Lowry
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and BehaviorMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute,Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Damian Popovic
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and BehaviorMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Darlene J. Brennan
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Liza M. Holeski
- Department of Biological SciencesNorthern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011
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Dai X, Long C, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Bater. Are dominant plant species more susceptible to leaf-mining insects? A case study at Saihanwula Nature Reserve, China. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7633-7648. [PMID: 30151177 PMCID: PMC6106163 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant species significantly affect interspecific relationships, community structure, and ecosystem function. In the field, dominant species are often identified by their high importance values. Selective foraging on dominant species is a common phenomenon in ecology. Our hypothesis is that dominant plant groups with high importance values are more susceptible to leaf-mining insects at the regional level. Here, we used the Saihanwula National Nature Reserve as a case study to examine the presence-absence patterns of leaf-mining insects on different plants in a forest-grassland ecotone in Northeast China. We identified the following patterns: (1) After phylogenetic correction, plants with high importance values are more likely to host leafminers at the species, genus, or family level. (2) Other factors including phylogenetic isolation, life form, water ecotype, and phytogeographical type of plants have different influences on the relationship between plant dominance and leafminer presence. In summary, the importance value is a valid predictor of the presence of consumers, even when we consider the effects of plant phylogeny and other plant attributes. Dominant plant groups are large and susceptible targets of leaf-mining insects. The consistent leaf-mining distribution pattern across different countries, vegetation types, and plant taxa can be explained by the "species-area relationship" or the "plant apparency hypothesis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research CenterGanzhouChina
| | - Chengpeng Long
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Bater
- Saihanwula National Nature Reserve AdministrationDabanChina
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39
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Slinn HL, Richards LA, Dyer LA, Hurtado PJ, Smilanich AM. Across Multiple Species, Phytochemical Diversity and Herbivore Diet Breadth Have Cascading Effects on Herbivore Immunity and Parasitism in a Tropical Model System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:656. [PMID: 29942320 PMCID: PMC6004389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial tri-trophic interactions account for a large part of biodiversity, with approximately 75% represented in plant-insect-parasitoid interactions. Herbivore diet breadth is an important factor mediating these tri-trophic interactions, as specialisation can influence how herbivore fitness is affected by plant traits. We investigated how phytochemistry, herbivore immunity, and herbivore diet breadth mediate plant-caterpillar-parasitoid interactions on the tropical plant genus Piper (Piperaceae) at La Selva Biological station in Costa Rica and at Yanayacu Biological Station in Ecuador. We collected larval stages of one Piper generalist species, Quadrus cerealis, (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and 4 specialist species in the genus Eois (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from 15 different species of Piper, reared them on host leaf material, and assayed phenoloxidase activity as a measure of potential larval immunity. We combined these data with parasitism and caterpillar species diet breadth calculated from a 19-year database, as well as established values of phytochemical diversity calculated for each plant species, in order to test specific hypotheses about how these variables are related. We found that phytochemical diversity was an important predictor for herbivore immunity, herbivore parasitism, and diet breadth for specialist caterpillars, but that the direction and magnitude of these relationships differed between sites. In Costa Rica, specialist herbivore immune function was negatively associated with the phytochemical diversity of the Piper host plants, and rates of parasitism decreased with higher immune function. The same was true for Ecuador with the exception that there was a positive association between immune function and phytochemical diversity. Furthermore, phytochemical diversity did not affect herbivore immunity and parasitism for the more generalised herbivore. Results also indicated that small differences in herbivore diet breadth are an important factor mediating herbivore immunity and parasitism success for Eois at both sites. These patterns contribute to a growing body of literature that demonstrate strong cascading effects of phytochemistry on higher trophic levels that are dependent on herbivore specialisation and that can vary in space and time. Investigating the interface between herbivore immunity, plant chemical defence, and parasitoids is an important facet of tri-trophic interactions that can help to explain the enormous amount of biodiversity found in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Slinn
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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40
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Dyer LA, Philbin CS, Ochsenrider KM, Richards LA, Massad TJ, Smilanich AM, Forister ML, Parchman TL, Galland LM, Hurtado PJ, Espeset AE, Glassmire AE, Harrison JG, Mo C, Yoon S, Pardikes NA, Muchoney ND, Jahner JP, Slinn HL, Shelef O, Dodson CD, Kato MJ, Yamaguchi LF, Jeffrey CS. Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Haber AI, Rivera Sustache J, Carr DE. A generalist and a specialist herbivore are differentially affected by inbreeding and trichomes in
Mimulus guttatus. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariela I. Haber
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | | | - David E. Carr
- Blandy Experimental Farm University of Virginia Boyce Virginia 22620 USA
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42
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Holm S, Javoiš J, Õunap E, Davis RB, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Tasane T, Tammaru T. Reproductive behaviour indicates specificity in resource use: phylogenetic examples from temperate and tropical insects. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Holm
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Juhan Javoiš
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Erki Õunap
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Inst. of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univ. of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert B. Davis
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Dept of Systematic Zoology; Inst. of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz Univ.; Poznań Poland
| | - Tõnis Tasane
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
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43
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Zhang Z, Pan X, Blumenthal D, van Kleunen M, Liu M, Li B. Contrasting effects of specialist and generalist herbivores on resistance evolution in invasive plants. Ecology 2018; 99:866-875. [PMID: 29352479 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien plants are likely to be released from specialist herbivores and at the same time encounter biotic resistance from resident generalist herbivores in their new ranges. The Shifting Defense hypothesis predicts that this will result in evolution of decreased defense against specialist herbivores and increased defense against generalist herbivores. To test this, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of 61 common garden studies that provide data on resistance and/or tolerance for both introduced and native populations of 32 invasive plant species. We demonstrate that introduced populations, relative to native populations, decreased their resistance against specialists, and increased their resistance against generalists. These differences were significant when resistance was measured in terms of damage caused by the herbivore, but not in terms of performance of the herbivore. Furthermore, we found the first evidence that the magnitude of resistance differences between introduced and native populations depended significantly on herbivore origin (i.e., whether the test herbivore was collected from the native or non-native range of the invasive plant). Finally, tolerance to generalists was found to be higher in introduced populations, while neither tolerance to specialists nor that to simulated herbivory differed between introduced and native plant populations. We conclude that enemy release from specialist herbivores and biotic resistance from generalist herbivores have contrasting effects on resistance evolution in invasive plants. Our results thus provide strong support for the Shifting Defense hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science & Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Xiaoyun Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science & Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dana Blumenthal
- USDA-ARS Rangeland Resource Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Mu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science & Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science & Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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44
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Wieners PC, Bilger W, Gauslaa Y. Carbon-based secondary compounds in the lichen Hypogymnia physodes deter detrivorous woodlice. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Host plant associated enhancement of immunity and survival in virus infected caterpillars. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 151:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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46
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Birnbaum SSL, Rinker DC, Gerardo NM, Abbot P. Transcriptional profile and differential fitness in a specialist milkweed insect across host plants varying in toxicity. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6742-6761. [PMID: 29110382 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and herbivorous insects have been models for theories of specialization and co-evolution for over a century. Phytochemicals govern many aspects of these interactions and have fostered the evolution of adaptations by insects to tolerate or even specialize on plant defensive chemistry. While genomic approaches are providing new insights into the genes and mechanisms insect specialists employ to tolerate plant secondary metabolites, open questions remain about the evolution and conservation of insect counterdefences, how insects respond to the diversity defences mounted by their host plants, and the costs and benefits of resistance and tolerance to plant defences in natural ecological communities. Using a milkweed-specialist aphid (Aphis nerii) model, we test the effects of host plant species with increased toxicity, likely driven primarily by increased secondary metabolites, on aphid life history traits and whole-body gene expression. We show that more toxic plant species have a negative effect on aphid development and lifetime fecundity. When feeding on more toxic host plants with higher levels of secondary metabolites, aphids regulate a narrow, targeted set of genes, including those involved in canonical detoxification processes (e.g., cytochrome P450s, hydrolases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and ABC transporters). These results indicate that A. nerii marshal a variety of metabolic detoxification mechanisms to circumvent milkweed toxicity and facilitate host plant specialization, yet, despite these detoxification mechanisms, aphids experience reduced fitness when feeding on more toxic host plants. Disentangling how specialist insects respond to challenging host plants is a pivotal step in understanding the evolution of specialized diet breadths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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47
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Vidal MC, Murphy SM. Bottom‐up vs. top‐down effects on terrestrial insect herbivores: a meta‐analysis. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:138-150. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra C. Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Denver Denver CO USA
| | - Shannon M. Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Denver Denver CO USA
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48
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Ferrenberg S, Langenhan JM, Loskot SA, Rozal LM, Mitton JB. Resin monoterpene defenses decline within three widespread species of pine (Pinus) along a 1530-m elevational gradient. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Biology; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | | | - Steven A. Loskot
- Department of Chemistry; Seattle University; Seattle Washington 98122 USA
| | - Leonardo M. Rozal
- Department of Chemistry; Seattle University; Seattle Washington 98122 USA
| | - Jeffry B. Mitton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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Abstract
Plant ontogenetic stage and features of surrounding plant neighbourhoods can strongly influence herbivory and defences on focal plants. However, the effects of both factors have been assessed independently in previous studies. Here we tested for the independent and interactive effects of neighbourhood type (low vs. high frequency of our focal plant species in heterospecific stands) and ontogeny on leaf herbivory, physical traits and chemical defences of the English oak Quercus robur. We further tested whether plant traits were associated with neighbourhood and ontogenetic effects on herbivory. We found that leaf herbivory decreased in stands with a low frequency of Q. robur, and that saplings received less herbivory than adult trees. Interestingly, we also found interactive effects of these factors where a difference in damage between saplings and adult trees was only observed in stands with a high frequency of Q. robur. We also found strong ontogenetic differences in leaf traits where saplings had more defended leaves than adult trees, and this difference in turn explained ontogenetic differences in herbivory. Plant trait variation did not explain the neighbourhood effect on herbivory. This study builds towards a better understanding of the concurrent effects of plant individual- and community-level characteristics influencing plant-herbivore interactions.
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Dai X, Zhang W, Xu J, Duffy KJ, Guo Q. Global pattern of plant utilization across different organisms: Does plant apparency or plant phylogeny matter? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2535-2545. [PMID: 28428845 PMCID: PMC5395452 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is the first to consider human and nonhuman consumers together to reveal several general patterns of plant utilization. We provide evidence that at a global scale, plant apparency and phylogenetic isolation can be important predictors of plant utilization and consumer diversity. Using the number of species or genera or the distribution area of each plant family as the island "area" and the minimum phylogenetic distance to common plant families as the island "distance", we fitted presence-area relationships and presence-distance relationships with a binomial GLM (generalized linear model) with a logit link. The presence-absence of consumers among each plant family strongly depended on plant apparency (family size and distribution area); the diversity of consumers increased with plant apparency but decreased with phylogenetic isolation. When consumers extended their host breadth, unapparent plants became more likely to be used. Common uses occurred more often on common plants and their relatives, showing higher host phylogenetic clustering than uncommon uses. On the contrary, highly specialized uses might be related to the rarity of plant chemicals and were therefore very species-specific. In summary, our results provide a global illustration of plant-consumer combinations and reveal several general patterns of plant utilization across humans, insects and microbes. First, plant apparency and plant phylogenetic isolation generally govern plant utilization value, with uncommon and isolated plants suffering fewer parasites. Second, extension of the breadth of utilized hosts helps explain the presence of consumers on unapparent plants. Finally, the phylogenetic clustering structure of host plants is different between common uses and uncommon uses. The strength of such consistent plant utilization patterns across a diverse set of usage types suggests that the persistence and accumulation of consumer diversity and use value for plant species are determined by similar ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China.,National Navel Orange Engineering Research Centre Ganzhou China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Kevin J Duffy
- Institute of Systems Science Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa.,School of Mathematics Statistics and Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
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