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Chen Q, Zhou S, Qu M, Yang Y, Chen Q, Meng X, Fan H. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) translationally controlled tumor protein interacts with CsRab11A and promotes activation of target of rapamycin in response to Podosphaera xanthii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:332-347. [PMID: 38700955 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase serves as a central regulator that integrates nutrient and energy signals to orchestrate cellular and organismal physiology in both animals and plants. Despite significant advancements having been made in understanding the molecular and cellular functions of plant TOR kinases, the upstream regulators that modulate TOR activity are not yet fully elucidated. In animals, the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is recognized as a key player in TOR signaling. This study reveals that two TCTP isoforms from Cucumis sativus, when introduced into Arabidopsis, are instrumental in balancing growth and defense mechanisms against the fungal pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. We hypothesize that plant TCTPs act as upstream regulators of TOR in response to powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii in Cucumis. Our research further uncovers a stable interaction between CsTCTP and a small GTPase, CsRab11A. Transient transformation assays indicate that CsRab11A is involved in the defense against P. xanthii and promotes the activation of TOR signaling through CsTCTP. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that the critical role of TOR in plant disease resistance is contingent upon its regulated activity; pretreatment with a TOR inhibitor (AZD-8055) enhances cucumber plant resistance to P. xanthii, while pretreatment with a TOR activator (MHY-1485) increases susceptibility. These results suggest a sophisticated adaptive response mechanism in which upstream regulators, CsTCTP and CsRab11A, coordinate to modulate TOR function in response to P. xanthii, highlighting a novel aspect of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumin Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengqi Qu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinglei Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangnan Meng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Aghdam MS, Razavi F, Jia H. TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation for improving postharvest fruits and vegetables marketability. Food Chem 2024; 456:139987. [PMID: 38852461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During postharvest life, intracellular sugar insufficiency accompanied by insufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH supply, intracellular ROS overaccumulation along with intracellular ABA accumulation arising from water shortage could be responsible for accelerating fruits and vegetables deterioration through promoting SnRK1 and SnRK2 signaling pathways while preventing TOR signaling pathway. By TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation, sufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH providing, supporting phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins accumulation accompanied by improving DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS scavenging capacity by enhancing phenylpropanoid pathway activity, stimulating endogenous salicylic acid accumulation and NPR1-TGA-PRs signaling pathway, enhancing fatty acids biosynthesis, elongation and unsaturation, suppressing intracellular ROS overaccumulation, and promoting endogenous sucrose accumulation could be responsible for chilling injury palliating, fungal decay alleviating, senescence delaying and sensory and nutritional quality preservation in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation during postharvest shelf life by employing eco-friendly approaches such as exogenous trehalose and ATP application or engaging biotechnological approaches such as genome editing CRISPR-Cas9 or sprayable double-stranded RNA-based RNA interference would be applicable for improving fruits and vegetables marketability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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Luo K, Guo Z, Liu Y, Li C, Ma Z, Tian X. Responses of growth performance, immunity, disease resistance of shrimp and microbiota in Penaeus vannamei culture system to Bacillus subtilis BSXE-1601 administration: Dietary supplementation versus water addition. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127693. [PMID: 38490029 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus subtilis BSXE-1601, applied either as dietary supplementation or water addition, on growth performance, immune responses, disease resistance of Penaeus vannamei, and microbiota in shrimp gut and rearing water. During the 42-day feeding experiment, shrimp were fed with basal diet (CO and BW group), basal diet supplemented with live strain BSXE-1601 at the dose of 1 × 109 CFU kg-1 feed (BD group) and 15 mg kg-1 florfenicol (FL group), and basal diet with strain BSXE-1601 added to water at the concentration of 1 × 107 CFU L-1 every five days (BW group). Results showed that dietary supplementation of strain BSXE-1601 significantly promoted growth performance of shrimp, both in the diet and water, enhanced disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (P < 0.05). The BD and BW groups exhibited significant increases in acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities, phenonoloxidase content in the serum of shrimp compared to the control (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of immune-related genes proPO, LZM, SOD, LGBP, HSP70, Imd, Toll, Relish, TOR, 4E-BP, eIF4E1α, eIF4E2 were significantly up-regulated compared to the control (P < 0.05). When added in rearing water, strain BSXE-1601 induced greater immune responses in shrimp than the dietary supplement (P < 0.05). Chao1 and Shannon indices of microbiota in rearing water were significantly lower in BD group than in the control. The microbiota in rearing water were significantly altered in BD, BW and FL groups compared to the control, while no significant impacts were observed on the microbiota of shrimp gut. When supplemented into the feed, strain BSXE-1601 obviously reduced the number of nodes, edges, modules in the ecological network of rearing water. The results suggested that dietary supplementation of BSXE-1601 could be more suitable than water addition in the practice of shrimp rearing when growth performance, non-specific immunity, disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp were collectively considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zeyang Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Tropical Fisheries Research Institute of Sanya, Sanya 572018, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Changlin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Tropical Fisheries Research Institute of Sanya, Sanya 572018, PR China.
| | - Xiangli Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Yang H, Jia X, Gao T, Gong S, Xia L, Zhang P, Qi Y, Liu S, Yu Y, Wang W. The CsmiR397a- CsLAC17 module regulates lignin biosynthesis to balance the tenderness and gray blight resistance in young tea shoots. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae085. [PMID: 38799128 PMCID: PMC11116903 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Lignin accumulation can enhance the disease resistance of young tea shoots (Camellia sinensis). It also greatly reduces their tenderness, which indirectly affects the quality and yield of tea. Therefore, the regulation of lignin biosynthesis appears to be an effective way to balance tenderness and disease resistance in young tea shoots. In this study, we identified a laccase gene, CsLAC17, that is induced during tenderness reduction and gray blight infection in young tea shoots. Overexpression of CsLAC17 significantly increased the lignin content in transgenic Arabidopsis, enhancing their resistance to gray blight and decreasing stem tenderness. In addition, we found that CsLAC17 was negatively regulated by the upstream CsmiR397a by 5'-RLM-RACE, dual-luciferase assay, and transient expression in young tea shoots. Interestingly, the expression of CsmiR397a was inhibited during tenderness reduction and gray blight infection of young tea shoots. Overexpression of CsmiR397a reduced lignin accumulation, resulting in decreased resistance to gray blight and increased stem tenderness in transgenic Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the transient overexpression of CsmiR397a and CsLAC17 in tea leaves directly confirms the function of the CsmiR397a-CsLAC17 module in lignin biosynthesis and its effect on disease resistance. These results suggest that the CsmiR397a-CsLAC17 module is involved in balancing tenderness and gray blight resistance in young tea shoots by regulating lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyue Jia
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyu Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linxuan Xia
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiling Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuying Qi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Rabeh K, Oubohssaine M, Hnini M. TOR in plants: Multidimensional regulators of plant growth and signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154186. [PMID: 38330538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) represents a ubiquitous kinase complex that has emerged as a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism in nearly all eukaryotic organisms. TOR is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase, functioning as a central signaling hub that integrates diverse internal and external cues to regulate a multitude of biological processes. These processes collectively exert significant influence on plant growth, development, nutrient assimilation, photosynthesis, fruit ripening, and interactions with microorganisms. Within the plant domain, the TOR complex comprises three integral components: TOR, RAPTOR, and LST8. This comprehensive review provides insights into various facets of the TOR protein, encompassing its origin, structure, function, and the regulatory and signaling pathways operative in photosynthetic organisms. Additionally, we explore future perspectives related to this pivotal protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rabeh
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Malika Oubohssaine
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hnini
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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6
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Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Caldana C. Impact of the TOR pathway on plant growth via cell wall remodeling. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154202. [PMID: 38422631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth is intimately linked to the availability of carbon and energy status. The Target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway is a highly relevant metabolic sensor and integrator of plant-assimilated C into development and growth. The cell wall accounts for around a third of the cell biomass, and the investment of C into this structure should be finely tuned for optimal growth. The plant C status plays a significant role in controlling the rate of cell wall synthesis. TOR signaling regulates cell growth and expansion, which are fundamental processes for plant development. The availability of nutrients and energy, sensed and integrated by TOR, influences cell division and elongation, ultimately impacting the synthesis and deposition of cell wall components. The plant cell wall is crucial in environmental adaptation and stress responses. TOR senses and internalizes various environmental cues, such as nutrient availability and stresses. These environmental factors influence TOR activity, which modulates cell wall remodeling to cope with changing conditions. Plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, also regulate TOR signaling and cell wall-related processes. The connection between nutrients and cell wall pathways modulated by TOR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Juliana Calderan-Rodrigues
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Marash I, Gupta R, Anand G, Leibman-Markus M, Lindner N, Israeli A, Nir D, Avni A, Bar M. TOR coordinates cytokinin and gibberellin signals mediating development and defense. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:629-650. [PMID: 37904283 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly perceive and process environmental signals and balance between the energetic demands of growth and defense. Growth arrest upon pathogen attack was previously suggested to result from a redirection of the plants' metabolic resources towards the activation of plant defense. The energy sensor Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved master coordinator of growth and development in all eukaryotes. Although TOR is positioned at the interface between development and defense, little is known about the mechanisms by which TOR may potentially regulate the relationship between these two modalities. The plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and gibberellin (GA) execute various aspects of plant development and defense. The ratio between CK and GA was reported to determine the outcome of developmental programmes. Here, investigating the interplay between TOR-mediated development and TOR-mediated defense in tomato, we found that TOR silencing resulted in rescue of several different aberrant developmental phenotypes, demonstrating that TOR is required for the execution of developmental cues. In parallel, TOR inhibition enhanced immunity in genotypes with a low CK/GA ratio but not in genotypes with a high CK/GA ratio. TOR-inhibition mediated disease resistance was found to depend on developmental status, and was abolished in strongly morphogenetic leaves, while being strongest in mature, differentiated leaves. CK repressed TOR activity, suggesting that CK-mediated immunity may rely on TOR downregulation. At the same time, TOR activity was promoted by GA, and TOR silencing reduced GA sensitivity, indicating that GA signalling requires normal TOR activity. Our results demonstrate that TOR likely acts in concert with CK and GA signalling, executing signalling cues in both defense and development. Thus, differential regulation of TOR or TOR-mediated processes could regulate the required outcome of development-defense prioritisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Naomi Lindner
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Israeli
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dov Nir
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Zou P, Wang L, Liu F, Yan Z, Chen X. Effect of interfering TOR signaling pathway on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2199644. [PMID: 37039834 PMCID: PMC10101657 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2199644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The TOR (Target of Rapamycin) signaling pathway, which takes TOR kinase as the core, regulates the absorption, distribution, and recycling of nutrients by integrating metabolic network and other signaling pathways, thus participating in the plant growth-defense trade-off. While terpenoids play an important role in plant growth, development, stress response, and signal transduction. The effect of the TOR signaling pathway on terpenoid biosynthesis in plants has yet to be studied in detail. In this study, the tissue culture seedlings of Salvia miltiorrhiza were treated with the TOR inhibitor AZD8055. The results show that the roots of the control group had begun to grow on the 8th day, while the seedlings treated with AZD8055 had no rooting signs. Combined with the expression changes of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in the first 8 days, samples on the 3rd, 6th, and 8th days were selected for RNA-Seq analysis. Through RNA-Seq analysis, a total of 50,689 unigenes were obtained from the samples of these three periods, of which 4088 unigenes showed differential expression. The function enrichment and time-series analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the main influence of the TOR signal pathway on plant growth-related processes was gradually transmitted with treatment time after TOR was inhibited. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that the genes in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, such as diterpenoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, could be regulated. Compared with other stages, DEGs related to terpenoid biosynthesis were mainly regulated in the S2 stage. In addition, the genes involved in terpenoid skeleton biosynthesis was also considerably enriched in the S2 stage, according to the results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of unigenes. Inhibition of the TOR signaling pathway may affect the biosynthesis of terpenoid signaling molecules, inhibit gibberellin's biosynthesis, and promote abscisic acid's biosynthesis. This study has discussed the effect of interfering with the TOR pathway on terpenoid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza from the perspective of omics and provides new insight into the interaction between the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway and the growth-defense trade-off of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijin Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicinal Resources in Southwest, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicinal Resources in Southwest, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicinal Resources in Southwest, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuyun Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicinal Resources in Southwest, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicinal Resources in Southwest, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- CONTACT Xin Chen School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan611171, China
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Zhang Z, Zhong Z, Xiong Y. Sailing in complex nutrient signaling networks: Where I am, where to go, and how to go? MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1635-1660. [PMID: 37740490 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
To ensure survival and promote growth, sessile plants have developed intricate internal signaling networks tailored in diverse cells and organs with both shared and specialized functions that respond to various internal and external cues. A fascinating question arises: how can a plant cell or organ diagnose the spatial and temporal information it is experiencing to know "where I am," and then is able to make the accurate specific responses to decide "where to go" and "how to go," despite the absence of neuronal systems found in mammals. Drawing inspiration from recent comprehensive investigations into diverse nutrient signaling pathways in plants, this review focuses on the interactive nutrient signaling networks mediated by various nutrient sensors and transducers. We assess and illustrate examples of how cells and organs exhibit specific responses to changing spatial and temporal information within these interactive plant nutrient networks. In addition, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which plants employ posttranslational modification codes to integrate different upstream nutrient signals, thereby conferring response specificities to the signaling hub proteins. Furthermore, we discuss recent breakthrough studies that demonstrate the potential of modulating nutrient sensing and signaling as promising strategies to enhance crop yield, even with reduced fertilizer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhaochen Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Guo J, Liu S, Jing D, He K, Zhang Y, Li M, Qi J, Wang Z. Genotypic variation in field-grown maize eliminates trade-offs between resistance, tolerance and growth in response to high pressure from the Asian corn borer. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3072-3089. [PMID: 36207806 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivory challenges plant survival, and coordination of the interactions between growth, herbivore resistance/tolerance is a key problem faced by plants. Based on field experiments into resistance to the Asian corn borer (ACB, Ostrinia furnacalis), we selected 10 inbred maize lines, of which five were resistant and five were susceptible to ACB. We conducted ACB larval bioassays, analysed defensive chemicals, phytohormones, and relative gene expression using RNA-seq and qPCR as well as agronomic traits, and found resistant lines had weaker inducibility, but were more resistant after ACB attack than susceptible lines. Resistance was related to high levels of major benzoxazinoids, but was not related to induced levels of JA or JA-Ile. Following combination analyses of transcriptome, metabolome and larval performance data, we discovered three benzoxazinoids biosynthesis-related transcription factors, NAC60, WRKY1 and WRKY46. Protoplast transformation analysis suggested that these may regulate maize defence-growth trade-offs by increasing levels of benzoxazinoids, JA and SA but decreasing IAA. Moreover, the resistance/tolerance-growth trade-offs were not observed in the 10 lines, and genotype-specific metabolic and genetic features probably eliminated the trade-offs. This study highlights the possibility of breeding maize varieties simultaneously with improved defences and higher yield under complex field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshun Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Horvath DP, Clay SA, Swanton CJ, Anderson JV, Chao WS. Weed-induced crop yield loss: a new paradigm and new challenges. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:567-582. [PMID: 36610818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Direct competition for resources is generally considered the primary mechanism for weed-induced yield loss. A re-evaluation of physiological evidence suggests weeds initially impact crop growth and development through resource-independent interference. We suggest weed perception by crops induce a shift in crop development, before resources become limited, which ultimately reduce crop yield, even if weeds are subsequently removed. We present the mechanisms by which crops perceive and respond to weeds and discuss the technologies used to identify these mechanisms. These data lead to a fundamental paradigm shift in our understanding of how weeds reduce crop yield and suggest new research directions and opportunities to manipulate or engineer crops and cropping systems to reduce weed-induced yield losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Horvath
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | | | | | - James V Anderson
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Wun S Chao
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, USA
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12
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Chen Q, Qu M, Chen Q, Meng X, Fan H. Phosphoproteomics analysis of the effect of target of rapamycin kinase inhibition on Cucumis sativus in response to Podosphaera xanthii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107641. [PMID: 36940522 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved sensor of cell growth in yeasts, plants, and mammals. Despite the extensive research on the TOR complex in various biological processes, large-scale phosphoproteomics analysis of TOR phosphorylation events upon environmental stress are scarce. Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii poses a major threat to the quality and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Previous studies concluded that TOR participated in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Hence, studying the underlying mechanism of TOR-P. xanthii infection is particularly important. In this study, we performed a quantitative phosphoproteomics studies of Cucumis against P. xanthii attack under AZD-8055 (TOR inhibitor) pretreatment. A total of 3384 phosphopeptides were identified from the 1699 phosphoproteins. The Motif-X analysis showed high sensitivity and specificity of serine sites under AZD-8055-treatment or P. xanthii stress, and TOR exhibited a unique preference for proline at +1 position and glycine at -1 position to enhance the phosphorylation response to P. xanthii. The functional analysis suggested that the unique responses were attributed to proteins related to plant hormone signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade signaling, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and circadian rhythm; and calcium signaling- and defense response-related proteins. Our results provided rich resources for understanding the molecular mechanism of how the TOR kinase controlled plant growth and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Mengqi Qu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qinglei Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiangnan Meng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Fruit Vegetables of Shenyang, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Fruit Vegetables of Shenyang, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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13
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Tian Y, Zhong D, Li X, Shen R, Han H, Dai Y, Yao Q, Zhang X, Deng Q, Cao X, Zhu JK, Lu Y. High-throughput genome editing in rice with a virus-based surrogate system. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:646-655. [PMID: 36218268 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) technologies in plants, large-scale genome editing is increasingly needed. Here, we developed a geminivirus-mediated surrogate system, called Wheat Dwarf Virus-Gate (WDV-surrogate), to facilitate high-throughput genome editing. WDV-Gate has two parts: one is the recipient callus from a transgenic rice line expressing Cas9 and a mutated hygromycin-resistant gene (HygM) for surrogate selection; the other is a WDV-based construct expressing two single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting HygM and a gene of interest, respectively. We evaluated WDV-Gate on six rice loci by producing a total of 874 T0 plants. Compared with the conventional method, the WDV-Gate system, which was characterized by a transient and high level of sgRNA expression, significantly increased editing frequency (66.8% vs. 90.1%), plantlet regeneration efficiency (2.31-fold increase), and numbers of homozygous-edited plants (36.3% vs. 70.7%). Large-scale editing using pooled sgRNAs targeting the SLR1 gene resulted in a high editing frequency of 94.4%, further demonstrating its feasibility. We also tested WDV-Gate on sequence knock-in for protein tagging. By co-delivering a chemically modified donor DNA with the WDV-Gate plasmid, 3xFLAG peptides were successfully fused to three loci with an efficiency of up to 13%. Thus, by combining transiently expressed sgRNAs and a surrogate selection system, WDV-Gate could be useful for high-throughput gene knock-out and sequence knock-in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Tian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Dating Zhong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinbo Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Rundong Shen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Han Han
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuqin Dai
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Qi Yao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuening Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qi Deng
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572024, China
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuming Lu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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14
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Méteignier LV, Nützmann HW, Papon N, Osbourn A, Courdavault V. Emerging mechanistic insights into the regulation of specialized metabolism in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:22-30. [PMID: 36564633 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants biosynthesize a broad range of natural products through specialized and species-specific metabolic pathways that are fuelled by core metabolism, together forming a metabolic network. Specialized metabolites have important roles in development and adaptation to external cues, and they also have invaluable pharmacological properties. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the impact of translational, transcriptional, epigenetic and chromatin-based regulation and evolution of specialized metabolism genes and metabolic networks. Here we review the forefront of this research field and extrapolate to medicinal plants that synthetize rare molecules. We also discuss how this new knowledge could help in improving strategies to produce useful plant-derived pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Nicolas Papon
- IRF, SFR ICAT, Université Angers and Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Angers, France
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
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15
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Jamsheer K M, Awasthi P, Laxmi A. The social network of target of rapamycin complex 1 in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7026-7040. [PMID: 35781571 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a highly conserved serine-threonine protein kinase crucial for coordinating growth according to nutrient availability in eukaryotes. It works as a central integrator of multiple nutrient inputs such as sugar, nitrogen, and phosphate and promotes growth and biomass accumulation in response to nutrient sufficiency. Studies, especially in the past decade, have identified the central role of TORC1 in regulating growth through interaction with hormones, photoreceptors, and stress signaling machinery in plants. In this review, we comprehensively analyse the interactome and phosphoproteome of the Arabidopsis TORC1 signaling network. Our analysis highlights the role of TORC1 as a central hub kinase communicating with the transcriptional and translational apparatus, ribosomes, chaperones, protein kinases, metabolic enzymes, and autophagy and stress response machinery to orchestrate growth in response to nutrient signals. This analysis also suggests that along with the conserved downstream components shared with other eukaryotic lineages, plant TORC1 signaling underwent several evolutionary innovations and co-opted many lineage-specific components during. Based on the protein-protein interaction and phosphoproteome data, we also discuss several uncharacterized and unexplored components of the TORC1 signaling network, highlighting potential links for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Prakhar Awasthi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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16
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Pierroz G. Stress management: how NOD and LGN coordinate growth-defence tradeoffs in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:879-880. [PMID: 36415090 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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17
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Montes C, Wang P, Liao C, Nolan TM, Song G, Clark NM, Elmore JM, Guo H, Bassham DC, Yin Y, Walley JW. Integration of multi-omics data reveals interplay between brassinosteroid and Target of Rapamycin Complex signaling in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:893-910. [PMID: 35892179 PMCID: PMC9804314 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) and Target of Rapamycin Complex (TORC) are two major actors coordinating plant growth and stress responses. Brassinosteroids function through a signaling pathway to extensively regulate gene expression and TORC is known to regulate translation and autophagy. Recent studies have revealed connections between these two pathways, but a system-wide view of their interplay is still missing. We quantified the level of 23 975 transcripts, 11 183 proteins, and 27 887 phosphorylation sites in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and in mutants with altered levels of either BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) or REGULATORY ASSOCIATED PROTEIN OF TOR 1B (RAPTOR1B), two key players in BR and TORC signaling, respectively. We found that perturbation of BIN2 or RAPTOR1B levels affects a common set of gene-products involved in growth and stress responses. Furthermore, we used the multi-omic data to reconstruct an integrated signaling network. We screened 41 candidate genes identified from the reconstructed network and found that loss of function mutants of many of these proteins led to an altered BR response and/or modulated autophagy activity. Altogether, these results establish a predictive network that defines different layers of molecular interactions between BR- or TORC-regulated growth and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montes
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Ching‐Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Trevor M. Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Gaoyuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Natalie M. Clark
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - J. Mitch Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
- USDA‐ARS Cereal Disease LaboratoryUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Hongqing Guo
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
- Plant Sciences InstituteIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Justin W. Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
- Plant Sciences InstituteIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
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18
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Zhang Y, Xing H, Wang H, Yu L, Yang Z, Meng X, Hu P, Fan H, Yu Y, Cui N. SlMYC2 interacted with the SlTOR promoter and mediated JA signaling to regulate growth and fruit quality in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1013445. [PMID: 36388521 PMCID: PMC9647163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1013445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a major vegetable crop cultivated worldwide. The regulation of tomato growth and fruit quality has long been a popular research topic. MYC2 is a key regulator of the interaction between jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and other signaling pathways, and MYC2 can integrate the interaction between JA signaling and other hormone signals to regulate plant growth and development. TOR signaling is also an essential regulator of plant growth and development. However, it is unclear whether MYC2 can integrate JA signaling and TOR signaling during growth and development in tomato. Here, MeJA treatment and SlMYC2 overexpression inhibited the growth and development of tomato seedlings and photosynthesis, but increased the sugar-acid ratio and the contents of lycopene, carotenoid, soluble sugar, total phenol and flavonoids, indicating that JA signaling inhibited the growth of tomato seedlings and altered fruit quality. When TOR signaling was inhibited by RAP, the JA content increased, and the growth and photosynthesis of tomato seedlings decreased, indicating that TOR signaling positively regulated the growth and development of tomato seedlings. Further yeast one-hybrid assays showed that SlMYC2 could bind directly to the SlTOR promoter. Based on GUS staining analysis, SlMYC2 regulated the transcription of SlTOR, indicating that SlMYC2 mediated the interaction between JA and TOR signaling by acting on the promoter of SlTOR. This study provides a new strategy and some theoretical basis for tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyun Xing
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangnan Meng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengpeng Hu
- Department of Foreign Language Teaching, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Cui
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Solis-Ortiz CS, Gonzalez-Bernal J, Kido-Díaz HA, Peña-Uribe CA, López-Bucio JS, López-Bucio J, Guevara-García ÁA, García-Pineda E, Villegas J, Campos-García J, Reyes de La Cruz H. Bacterial cyclodipeptides elicit Arabidopsis thaliana immune responses reducing the pathogenic effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strains on plant development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 275:153738. [PMID: 35690030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile organisms are exposed to various biotic and abiotic factors, thus causing stress. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen for animals, insects, and plants. Direct exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain induces plant death by producing a wide variety of virulence factors, which are regulated mainly by quorum sensing systems. Besides virulence factors, P. aeruginosa PAO1 also produces cyclodipeptides (CDPs), which possess auxin-like activity and promote plant growth through activation of the target of the rapamycin (AtTOR) pathway. On the other hand, plant defense mechanisms are regulated through the production of phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which are induced in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), activating defense genes associated with SA and JA such as PATHOGENESIS-RELATED-1 (PR-1) and LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2), respectively. PR proteins are suggested to play critical roles in coordinating the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). In contrast, LOX proteins (LOX2, LOX3, and LOX4) have been associated with the production of JA by producing its precursors, oxylipins. The activation of defense mechanisms involves signaling cascades such as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) or the TOR pathway as a switch for re-directing energy towards defense or growth. In this work, we challenged A. thaliana (wild type, mpk6 or mpk3 mutants, and overexpressing TOR) seedlings with P. aeruginosa PAO1 strains to identify the role of bacterial CDPs in the plant immune response. Results showed that the pre-exposure of these Arabidopsis seedlings to CDPs significantly reduced plant infection of the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PAO1 strains, indicating that plants that over-express AtTOR or lack MPK3/MPK6 protein-kinases are more susceptible to the pathogenic effects. In addition, CDPs induced the GUS activity only in the LOX2::GUS plants, indicative of JA-signaling activation. Our findings indicate that the CDPs are molecules that trigger SA-independent and JA-dependent defense responses in A. thaliana; hence, bacterial CDPs may be considered elicitors of the Arabidopsis immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhian Said Solis-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Bernal
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Héctor Antonio Kido-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Cesar Artuto Peña-Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Salvador López-Bucio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto García-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Villegas
- Laboratorio de Interacción Suelo Planta Microorganismo, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Campos-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Homero Reyes de La Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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20
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Marash I, Leibman‐Markus M, Gupta R, Avni A, Bar M. TOR inhibition primes immunity and pathogen resistance in tomato in a salicylic acid-dependent manner. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1035-1047. [PMID: 35441436 PMCID: PMC9190978 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
All organisms need to sense and process information about the availability of nutrients, energy status, and environmental cues to determine the best time for growth and development. The conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase has a central role in sensing and perceiving nutritional information. TOR connects environmental information about nutrient availability to developmental and metabolic processes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Under favourable energy conditions, TOR is activated and promotes anabolic processes such as cell division, while suppressing catabolic processes. Conversely, when nutrients are limited or environmental stresses are present, TOR is inactivated, and catabolic processes are promoted. Given the central role of TOR in regulating metabolism, several previous works have examined whether TOR is wired to plant defence. To date, the mechanisms by which TOR influences plant defence are not entirely clear. Here, we addressed this question by testing the effect of inhibiting TOR on immunity and pathogen resistance in tomato. Examining which hormonal defence pathways are influenced by TOR, we show that tomato immune responses and disease resistance to several pathogens increase on TOR inhibition, and that TOR inhibition-mediated resistance probably requires a functional salicylic acid, but not jasmonic acid, pathway. Our results support the notion that TOR is a master regulator of the development-defence switch in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationVolcani InstituteBet DaganIsrael
- School of Plant Science and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Meirav Leibman‐Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationVolcani InstituteBet DaganIsrael
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationVolcani InstituteBet DaganIsrael
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationVolcani InstituteBet DaganIsrael
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21
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Li D, Ding Y, Cheng L, Zhang X, Cheng S, Ye Y, Gao Y, Qin Y, Liu Z, Li C, Ma F, Gong X. Target of rapamycin (TOR) regulates the response to low nitrogen stress via autophagy and hormone pathways in Malus hupehensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac143. [PMID: 36072834 PMCID: PMC9437726 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved master regulator in eukaryotes; it regulates cell proliferation and growth by integrating different signals. However, little is known about the function of TOR in perennial woody plants. Different concentrations of AZD8055 (an inhibitor of TOR) were used in this study to investigate the role of TOR in the response to low nitrogen (N) stress in the wild apple species Malus hupehensis. Low N stress inhibited the growth of M. hupehensis plants, and 1 μM AZD alleviated this effect. Plants supplied with 1 μM AZD had higher photosynthetic capacity, which promoted the accumulation of biomass, as well as higher contents of N and anthocyanins and lower content of starch. Exogenous application of 1 μM AZD also promoted the development of the root system. Plants supplied with at least 5 μM AZD displayed early leaf senescence. RNA-seq analysis indicated that TOR altered the expression of genes related to the low N stress response, such as genes involved in photosystem, starch metabolism, autophagy, and hormone metabolism. Further analysis revealed altered autophagy in plants supplied with AZD under low N stress; the metabolism of plant hormones also changed following AZD supplementation. In sum, our findings revealed that appropriate inhibition of TOR activated autophagy and jasmonic acid signaling in M. hupehensis, which allowed plants to cope with low N stress. Severe TOR inhibition resulted in the excessive accumulation of salicylic acid, which probably led to programmed cell death in M. hupehensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongchen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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22
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Nguyen TH, Goossens A, Lacchini E. Jasmonate: A hormone of primary importance for plant metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102197. [PMID: 35248983 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, jasmonates (JAs) have become recognized as one of the main plant hormones that regulate stress responses by activating defense programs and the production of specialized metabolites. High JA levels have been associated with reduced plant growth, supposedly as a result of the reallocation of carbon sources from primary growth to the biosynthesis of defense compounds. Recent advances suggest however that tight regulatory networks integrate several sensing pathways to steer plant metabolism, and thereby drive the trade-off between growth and defense. In this review, we discuss how JA influences primary metabolism and how it is connected to light-regulated processes, nutrient sensing and energy metabolism. Finally, we speculate that JA, in a conceptual parallelism with adrenaline for humans, overall boosts cellular processes to keep up with an increased metabolic demand during harsh times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hieu Nguyen
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Elia Lacchini
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Pathak B, Maurya C, Faria MC, Alizada Z, Nandy S, Zhao S, Jamsheer K M, Srivastava V. Targeting TOR and SnRK1 Genes in Rice with CRISPR/Cas9. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111453. [PMID: 35684226 PMCID: PMC9183148 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome targeting with CRISPR/Cas9 is a popular method for introducing mutations and creating knock-out effects. However, limited information is currently available on the mutagenesis of essential genes. This study investigated the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 in targeting rice essential genes: the singleton TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (OsTOR) and the three paralogs of the Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (OsSnRK1α), OsSnRK1αA, OsSnRK1αB and OsSnRK1αC. Strong activity of constitutively expressed CRISPR/Cas9 was effective in creating mutations in OsTOR and OsSnRK1α genes, but inducible CRISPR/Cas9 failed to generate detectable mutations. The rate of OsTOR mutagenesis was relatively lower and only the kinase domain of OsTOR could be targeted, while mutations in the HEAT region were unrecoverable. OsSnRK1α paralogs could be targeted at higher rates; however, sterility or early senescence was observed in >50% of the primary mutants. Additionally, OsSnRK1αB and OsSnRK1αC, which bear high sequence homologies, could be targeted simultaneously to generate double-mutants. Further, although limited types of mutations were found in the surviving mutants, the recovered lines displayed loss-of-function or knockdown tor or snrk1 phenotypes. Overall, our data show that mutations in these essential genes can be created by CRISPR/Cas9 to facilitate investigations on their roles in plant development and environmental response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvan Pathak
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chandan Maurya
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Maria C. Faria
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zahra Alizada
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Soumen Nandy
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
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24
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Khan A, Khan V, Pandey K, Sopory SK, Sanan-Mishra N. Thermo-Priming Mediated Cellular Networks for Abiotic Stress Management in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:866409. [PMID: 35646001 PMCID: PMC9136941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants can adapt to different environmental conditions and can survive even under very harsh conditions. They have developed elaborate networks of receptors and signaling components, which modulate their biochemistry and physiology by regulating the genetic information. Plants also have the abilities to transmit information between their different parts to ensure a holistic response to any adverse environmental challenge. One such phenomenon that has received greater attention in recent years is called stress priming. Any milder exposure to stress is used by plants to prime themselves by modifying various cellular and molecular parameters. These changes seem to stay as memory and prepare the plants to better tolerate subsequent exposure to severe stress. In this review, we have discussed the various ways in which plants can be primed and illustrate the biochemical and molecular changes, including chromatin modification leading to stress memory, with major focus on thermo-priming. Alteration in various hormones and their subsequent role during and after priming under various stress conditions imposed by changing climate conditions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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25
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McCready K, Spencer V, Jácome-Blásquez F, Burnett J, Viveros Sánchez IM, Riches Z, Kim M. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN is essential for asexual vegetative reproduction in Kalanchoë. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:248-263. [PMID: 34935983 PMCID: PMC9070829 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The unique mechanism by which leaf margin cells regain potency and then form a plantlet in Kalanchoë spp. remains elusive but involves organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to age, day length, nutrient availability, and drought stress. In light of this, we investigated whether TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR), a conserved protein kinase in eukaryotes that controls cell growth and metabolism in response to nutrient and energy availability, may regulate plantlet formation. Kalanchoë daigremontiana TOR (KdTOR) was expressed in the leaf margin at the site of plantlet initiation, in the early plantlet cotyledons, and in the root tip of the developed plantlet. Both chemical and genetic inhibition of TOR Kinase activity in Kalanchoë daigremontiana leaves disrupted plantlet formation. Furthermore, downregulation of KdTOR in transgenic plants led to wide-ranging transcriptional changes, including decreased K. daigremontiana SHOOTMERISTEMLESS and K. daigremontiana LEAFYCOTYLEDON1 expression, whereas auxin treatments induced KdTOR expression in the plantlet roots. These results suggest that the KdTOR pathway controls plantlet development in cooperation with auxin, organogenesis, and embryogenesis pathways. The ancient and highly conserved TOR Kinase therefore controls diverse and unique developmental pathways, such as asexual reproduction within the land plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Jácome-Blásquez
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jamie Burnett
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Zara Riches
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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26
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Sharma M, Sharma M, Jamsheer K M, Laxmi A. Jasmonic acid coordinates with light, glucose and auxin signalling in regulating branching angle of Arabidopsis lateral roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1554-1572. [PMID: 35147228 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of jasmonates (JAs) in primary root growth and development and in plant response to external stimuli is already known. However, its role in lateral root (LR) development remains to be explored. Our work identified methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as a key phytohormone in determining the branching angle of Arabidopsis LRs. MeJA inclines the LRs to a more vertical orientation, which was dependent on the canonical JAR1-COI1-MYC2,3,4 signalling. Our work also highlights the dual roles of light in governing LR angle. Light signalling enhances JA biosynthesis, leading to erect root architecture; whereas, glucose (Glc) induces wider branching angles. Combining physiological and molecular assays, we revealed that Glc antagonises the MeJA response via TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) signalling. Moreover, physiological assays using auxin mutants, MYC2-mediated transcriptional activation of LAZY2, LAZY4 and auxin biosynthetic gene CYP79B2, and asymmetric distribution of DR5::GFP and PIN2::GFP pinpointed the role of an intact auxin machinery required by MeJA for vertical growth of LRs. We also demonstrated that light perception and signalling are indispensable for inducing vertical angles by MeJA. Thus, our investigation highlights antagonism between light and Glc signalling and how they interact with JA-auxin signals to optimise the branching angle of LRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohan Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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27
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Jamsheer K M, Jindal S, Sharma M, Awasthi P, S S, Sharma M, Mannully CT, Laxmi A. A negative feedback loop of TOR signaling balances growth and stress-response trade-offs in plants. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110631. [PMID: 35385724 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TOR kinase is a central coordinator of nutrient-dependent growth in eukaryotes. Maintaining optimal TOR signaling is critical for the normal development of organisms. In this study, we describe a negative feedback loop of TOR signaling helping in the adaptability of plants in changing environmental conditions. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we show that the plant-specific zinc finger protein FLZ8 acts as a regulator of TOR signaling in Arabidopsis. In sugar sufficiency, TOR-dependent and -independent histone modifications upregulate the expression of FLZ8. FLZ8 negatively regulates TOR signaling by promoting antagonistic SnRK1α1 signaling and bridging the interaction of SnRK1α1 with RAPTOR1B, a crucial accessory protein of TOR. This negative feedback loop moderates the TOR-growth signaling axis in the favorable condition and helps in the activation of stress signaling in unfavorable conditions, establishing its importance in the adaptability of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sunita Jindal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohan Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prakhar Awasthi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sreejath S
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Manvi Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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28
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Shields A, Shivnauth V, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid at the Fulcrum of the Plant Immunity-Growth Equilibrium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841688. [PMID: 35360332 PMCID: PMC8960316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) are two central plant immune signals involved in both resistance at local sites of pathogen infection (basal resistance) and at distal uninfected sites after primary infection (systemic acquired resistance). Major discoveries and advances have led to deeper understanding of their biosynthesis and signaling during plant defense responses. In addition to their well-defined roles in immunity, recent research is emerging on their direct mechanistic impacts on plant growth and development. In this review, we will first provide an overview of how SA and NHP regulate local and systemic immune responses in plants. We will emphasize how these two signals are mutually potentiated and are convergent on multiple aspects-from biosynthesis to homeostasis, and from signaling to gene expression and phenotypic responses. We will then highlight how SA and NHP are emerging to be crucial regulators of the growth-defense balance, showcasing recent multi-faceted studies on their metabolism, receptor signaling and direct growth/development-related host targets. Overall, this article reflects current advances and provides future outlooks on SA/NHP biology and their functional significance as central signals for plant immunity and growth. Because global climate change will increasingly influence plant health and resilience, it is paramount to fundamentally understand how these two tightly linked plant signals are at the nexus of the growth-defense balance.
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29
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Monson RK, Trowbridge AM, Lindroth RL, Lerdau MT. Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth-defense tradeoffs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1051-1066. [PMID: 34614214 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant resource allocation patterns often reveal tradeoffs that favor growth (G) over defense (D), or vice versa. Ecologists most often explain G-D tradeoffs through principles of economic optimality, in which negative trait correlations are attributed to the reconciliation of fitness costs. Recently, researchers in molecular biology have developed 'big data' resources including multi-omic (e.g. transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic) studies that describe the cellular processes controlling gene expression in model species. In this synthesis, we bridge ecological theory with discoveries in multi-omics biology to better understand how selection has shaped the mechanisms of G-D tradeoffs. Multi-omic studies reveal strategically coordinated patterns in resource allocation that are enabled by phytohormone crosstalk and transcriptional signal cascades. Coordinated resource allocation justifies the framework of optimality theory, while providing mechanistic insight into the feedbacks and control hubs that calibrate G-D tradeoff commitments. We use the existing literature to describe the coordinated resource allocation hypothesis (CoRAH) that accounts for balanced cellular controls during the expression of G-D tradeoffs, while sustaining stored resource pools to buffer the impacts of future stresses. The integrative mechanisms of the CoRAH unify the supply- and demand-side perspectives of previous G-D tradeoff theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Manuel T Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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30
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Hu Y, Xiong J, Shalby N, Zhuo C, Jia Y, Yang QY, Tu J. Comparison of dynamic 3D chromatin architecture uncovers heterosis for leaf size in Brassica napus. J Adv Res 2022; 42:289-301. [PMID: 36513419 PMCID: PMC9788941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterosis is the major event driving plant development and promoting crop breeding, but the molecular bases for this phenomenon remain elusive. OBJECTIVES We aim to explore the effect of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture on the underlying mechanism of heterosis. METHODS Here, we constructed the North Carolina II (NC-II) population to select superior and inferior heterosis sets by comparing mid-parent heterosis (MPH) in Brassica napus. To decipher the impact of 3D chromatin architecture on the underlying mechanism of heterosis, we combined genetics, transcriptomics and 3D genomics approaches. RESULTS We suggest that F1 hybrids with superior heterosis tend to contain more transcriptionally active A compartments compared with F1 hybrids with inferior heterosis, and approximately 19-21% compartment significantly altered in the F1 hybrids relative to the parental lines. Further analyses show that chromatin compartments correlate with genetic variance among parents, which may form the basis for differentially active chromatin compartments. Having more A compartments in F1 hybrids confers a more accessible chromatin circumstance, which promotes a higher proportion of highly expressed ELD (expression level dominance) genes in superior heterosis F1 hybrids (46-64%) compared with inferior heterosis F1 hybrids (22-31%). Moreover, genes related to hormones which affect plant growth, are more up-regulated with changes of 3D genome architecture, and we validate that increased hormone content contributes to cell proliferation and expansion by influencing the key genes of cell cycle thereby promoting leaf size. CONCLUSION Dynamic 3D chromatin architecture correlates with genetic variance among parents and contributes to heterosis in Brassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Nesma Shalby
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Chenjian Zhuo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yupeng Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China,Corresponding authors at: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China (Q.-Y. Yang).
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China,Corresponding authors at: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China (Q.-Y. Yang).
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31
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Xie X, Wang Y, Datla R, Ren M. Auxin and Target of Rapamycin Spatiotemporally Regulate Root Organogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111357. [PMID: 34768785 PMCID: PMC8583787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The programs associated with embryonic roots (ERs), primary roots (PRs), lateral roots (LRs), and adventitious roots (ARs) play crucial roles in the growth and development of roots in plants. The root functions are involved in diverse processes such as water and nutrient absorption and their utilization, the storage of photosynthetic products, and stress tolerance. Hormones and signaling pathways play regulatory roles during root development. Among these, auxin is the most important hormone regulating root development. The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway has also been shown to play a key role in root developmental programs. In this article, the milestones and influential progress of studying crosstalk between auxin and TOR during the development of ERs, PRs, LRs and ARs, as well as their functional implications in root morphogenesis, development, and architecture, are systematically summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Xie
- Labarotary of Space Biology, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Labarotary of Space Biology, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security in Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Labarotary of Space Biology, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (M.R.)
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32
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Chan C, Liao YY, Chiou TJ. The Impact of Phosphorus on Plant Immunity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:582-589. [PMID: 33399863 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is the second most essential macronutrient in terms of limiting plant growth. The genes involved in P acquisition, transport, storage, utilization and respective regulation have been extensively studied. In addition, significant attention has been given to the crosstalk between P and other environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries pertaining to the emerging function of P in plant immunity. The roles of external soil P availability, internal cellular P in plants, P starvation signaling machinery and phosphate transporters in biotic interactions are discussed. We also highlight the impact of several phytohormones on the signaling convergence between cellular P and immune responses. This information may serve as a foundation for dissecting the molecular interaction between nutrient responses and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yun Liao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
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33
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Song Y, Alyafei MS, Masmoudi K, Jaleel A, Ren M. Contributions of TOR Signaling on Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168959. [PMID: 34445664 PMCID: PMC8396432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase is an atypical Ser/Thr protein kinase and evolutionally conserved among yeasts, plants, and mammals. TOR has been established as a central hub for integrating nutrient, energy, hormone, and environmental signals in all the eukaryotes. Despite the conserved functions across eukaryotes, recent research has shed light on the multifaceted roles of TOR signaling in plant-specific functional and mechanistic features. One of the most specific features is the involvement of TOR in plant photosynthesis. The recent development of tools for the functional analysis of plant TOR has helped to uncover the involvement of TOR signaling in several steps preceding photoautotrophy and maintenance of photosynthesis. Here, we present recent novel findings relating to TOR signaling and its roles in regulating plant photosynthesis, including carbon nutrient sense, light absorptions, and leaf and chloroplast development. We also provide some gaps in our understanding of TOR function in photosynthesis that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Mohammed Salem Alyafei
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.S.A.); (K.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.S.A.); (K.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.S.A.); (K.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13527313471
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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35
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Target of rapamycin, PvTOR, is a key regulator of arbuscule development during mycorrhizal symbiosis in Phaseolus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11319. [PMID: 34059696 PMCID: PMC8166948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved central growth regulator in eukaryotes that has a key role in maintaining cellular nutrient and energy status. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mutualistic symbionts that assist the plant in increasing nutrient absorption from the rhizosphere. However, the role of legume TOR in AM fungal symbiosis development has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the function of legume TOR in the development and formation of AM fungal symbiosis. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of TOR transcripts in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hairy roots notably suppressed AM fungus-induced lateral root formation by altering the expression of root meristem regulatory genes, i.e., UPB1, RGFs, and sulfur assimilation and S-phase genes. Mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots had significantly more extraradical hyphae and hyphopodia than the control (empty vector) roots. Strong promoter activity of PvTOR was observed at the site of hyphal penetration and colonization. Colonization along the root length was affected in mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots and the arbuscules were stunted. Furthermore, the expression of genes induced by AM symbiosis such as SWEET1, VPY, VAMP713, and STR was repressed under mycorrhized conditions in PvTOR-knockdown roots. Based on these observations, we conclude that PvTOR is a key player in regulating arbuscule development during AM symbiosis in P. vulgaris. These results provide insight into legume TOR as a potential regulatory factor influencing the symbiotic associations of P. vulgaris and other legumes.
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36
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Pacheco JM, Canal MV, Pereyra CM, Welchen E, Martínez-Noël GMA, Estevez JM. The tip of the iceberg: emerging roles of TORC1, and its regulatory functions in plant cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4085-4101. [PMID: 33462577 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that plays a central role in coordinating cell growth with light availability, the diurnal cycle, energy availability, and hormonal pathways. TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) controls cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, and defense in plants. Sugar availability is the main signal for activation of TOR in plants, as it also is in mammals and yeast. Specific regulators of the TOR kinase pathway in plants are inorganic compounds in the form of major nutrients in the soils, and light inputs via their impact on autotrophic metabolism. The lack of TOR is embryo-lethal in plants, whilst dysregulation of TOR signaling causes major alterations in growth and development. TOR exerts control as a regulator of protein translation via the action of proteins such as S6K, RPS6, and TAP46. Phytohormones are central players in the downstream systemic physiological TOR effects. TOR has recently been attributed to have roles in the control of DNA methylation, in the abundance of mRNA splicing variants, and in the variety of regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in the plant TOR signaling pathway in the context of our current knowledge of mammalian and yeast cells, and highlight the most important gaps in our understanding of plants that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Victoria Canal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas,, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Cintia M Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas,, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Giselle M A Martínez-Noël
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires CP, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCsV), Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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Zhang S, Khalid AR, Guo D, Zhang J, Xiong F, Ren M. TOR Inhibitors Synergistically Suppress the Growth and Development of Phytophthora infestans, a Highly Destructive Pathogenic Oomycete. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:596874. [PMID: 33935983 PMCID: PMC8086431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.596874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, one of most famous pathogenic oomycetes, triggered the Great Irish Famine from 1845 to 1852. The target of rapamycin (TOR) is well known as a key gene in eukaryotes that controls cell growth, survival and development. However, it is unclear about its function in controlling the mycelial growth, sporulation capacity, spore germination and virulence of Phytophthora infestans. In this study, key components of the TOR signaling pathway are analyzed in detail. TOR inhibitors, including rapamycin (RAP), AZD8055 (AZD), KU-0063794 (KU), and Torin1, inhibit the mycelial growth, sporulation capacity, spore germination, and virulence of Phytophthora infestans with AZD showing the best inhibitory effects on Phytophthora infestans. Importantly, compared with a combination of RAP + KU or RAP + Torin1, the co-application of RAP and AZD show the best synergistic inhibitory effects on P. infestans, resulting in the reduced dosage and increased efficacy of drugs. Transcriptome analysis supports the synergistic effects of the combination of RAP and AZD on gene expression, functions and pathways related to the TOR signaling pathway. Thus, TOR is an important target for controlling Phytophthora infestans, and synergism based on the application of TOR inhibitors exhibit the potential for controlling the growth of Phytophthora infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Rehman Khalid
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalkot, Pakistan
| | - Dongmei Guo
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Fangjie Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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da Silva VCH, Martins MCM, Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Artins A, Monte Bello CC, Gupta S, Sobreira TJP, Riaño-Pachón DM, Mafra V, Caldana C. Shedding Light on the Dynamic Role of the "Target of Rapamycin" Kinase in the Fast-Growing C 4 Species Setaria viridis, a Suitable Model for Biomass Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637508. [PMID: 33927734 PMCID: PMC8078139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase pathway integrates energy and nutrient availability into metabolism promoting growth in eukaryotes. The overall higher efficiency on nutrient use translated into faster growth rates in C4 grass plants led to the investigation of differential transcriptional and metabolic responses to short-term chemical TOR complex (TORC) suppression in the model Setaria viridis. In addition to previously described responses to TORC inhibition (i.e., general growth arrest, translational repression, and primary metabolism reprogramming) in Arabidopsis thaliana (C3), the magnitude of changes was smaller in S. viridis, particularly regarding nutrient use efficiency and C allocation and partitioning that promote biosynthetic growth. Besides photosynthetic differences, S. viridis and A. thaliana present several specificities that classify them into distinct lineages, which also contribute to the observed alterations mediated by TOR. Indeed, cell wall metabolism seems to be distinctly regulated according to each cell wall type, as synthesis of non-pectic polysaccharides were affected in S. viridis, whilst assembly and structure in A. thaliana. Our results indicate that the metabolic network needed to achieve faster growth seems to be less stringently controlled by TORC in S. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony Artins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Saurabh Gupta
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | | | - Valéria Mafra
- National Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- National Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
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39
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Sharma M, Jamsheer K. M, Shukla BN, Sharma M, Awasthi P, Mahtha SK, Yadav G, Laxmi A. Arabidopsis Target of Rapamycin Coordinates With Transcriptional and Epigenetic Machinery to Regulate Thermotolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741965. [PMID: 34777423 PMCID: PMC8581614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Global warming exhibits profound effects on plant fitness and productivity. To withstand stress, plants sacrifice their growth and activate protective stress responses for ensuring survival. However, the switch between growth and stress is largely elusive. In the past decade, the role of the target of rapamycin (TOR) linking energy and stress signalling is emerging. Here, we have identified an important role of Glucose (Glc)-TOR signalling in plant adaptation to heat stress (HS). Glc via TOR governs the transcriptome reprogramming of a large number of genes involved in heat stress protection. Downstream to Glc-TOR, the E2Fa signalling module regulates the transcription of heat shock factors through direct recruitment of E2Fa onto their promoter regions. Also, Glc epigenetically regulates the transcription of core HS signalling genes in a TOR-dependent manner. TOR acts in concert with p300/CREB HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 (HAC1) and dictates the epigenetic landscape of HS loci to regulate thermotolerance. Arabidopsis plants defective in TOR and HAC1 exhibited reduced thermotolerance with a decrease in the expression of core HS signalling genes. Together, our findings reveal a mechanistic framework in which Glc-TOR signalling through different modules integrates stress and energy signalling to regulate thermotolerance.
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40
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Smailov B, Alybayev S, Smekenov I, Mursalimov A, Saparbaev M, Sarbassov D, Bissenbaev A. Wheat Germination Is Dependent on Plant Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:606685. [PMID: 33330509 PMCID: PMC7719826 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.606685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Germination is a process of seed sprouting that facilitates embryo growth. The breakdown of reserved starch in the endosperm into simple sugars is essential for seed germination and subsequent seedling growth. At the early stage of germination, gibberellic acid (GA) activates transcription factor GAMYB to promote de novo synthesis of isoforms of α-amylase in the aleurone layer and scutellar epithelium of the embryo. Here, we demonstrate that wheat germination is regulated by plant target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. TOR is a central component of the essential-nutrient–dependent pathway controlling cell growth in all eukaryotes. It is known that rapamycin, a highly specific allosteric inhibitor of TOR, is effective in yeast and animal cells but ineffective in most of higher plants likely owing to structural differences in ubiquitous rapamycin receptor FKBP12. The action of rapamycin on wheat growth has not been studied. Our data show that rapamycin inhibits germination of wheat seeds and of their isolated embryos in a dose-dependent manner. The involvement of Triticum aestivum TOR (TaTOR) in wheat germination was consistent with the suppression of wheat embryo growth by specific inhibitors of the TOR kinase: pp242 or torin1. Rapamycin or torin1 interfered with GA function in germination because of a potent inhibitory effect on α-amylase and GAMYB gene expression. The TOR inhibitors selectively targeted the GA-dependent gene expression, whereas expression of the abscisic acid-dependent ABI5 gene was not affected by either rapamycin or torin1. To determine whether the TaTOR kinase activation takes place during wheat germination, we examined phosphorylation of a ribosomal protein, T. aestivum S6 kinase 1 (TaS6K1; a substrate of TOR). The phosphorylation of serine 467 (S467) in a hydrophobic motif on TaS6K1 was induced in a process of germination triggered by GA. Moreover, the germination-induced phosphorylation of TaS6K1 on S467 was dependent on TaTOR and was inhibited by rapamycin or torin1. Besides, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor (paclobutrazol; PBZ) blocked not only α-amylase gene expression but also TaS6K1 phosphorylation in wheat embryos. Thus, a hormonal action of GA turns on the synthesis of α-amylase in wheat germination via activation of the TaTOR–S6K1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Smailov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Scientific Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Problems, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Sanzhar Alybayev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Scientific Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Problems, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Izat Smekenov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Scientific Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Problems, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aibek Mursalimov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Scientific Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Problems, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Murat Saparbaev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Groupe «Mechanisms of DNA Repair and Carcinogenesis», Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2016, CNRS UMR 9019, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Dos Sarbassov
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Amangeldy Bissenbaev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Scientific Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Problems, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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41
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A Tour of TOR Complex Signaling in Plants. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:417-428. [PMID: 33309324 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify the appropriate times for growth and development, organisms must sense and process information about the availability of nutrients, energy status, and environmental cues. For sessile eukaryotes such as plants, integrating such information can be critical in life or death decisions. For nearly 30 years, the conserved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs) target of rapamycin (TOR) has been established as a central hub for integrating external and internal metabolic cues. Despite the functional conservation across eukaryotes, the TOR complex has evolved specific functional and mechanistic features in plants. Here, we present recent findings on the plant TOR complex that highlight the conserved and unique nature of this critical growth regulator and its role in multiple aspects of plant life.
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42
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Mugume Y, Kazibwe Z, Bassham DC. Target of Rapamycin in Control of Autophagy: Puppet Master and Signal Integrator. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218259. [PMID: 33158137 PMCID: PMC7672647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate developmental and metabolic processes. TOR senses nutrients, hormones, metabolites, and stress signals to promote cell and organ growth when conditions are favorable. However, TOR is inhibited when conditions are unfavorable, promoting catabolic processes such as autophagy. Autophagy is a macromolecular degradation pathway by which cells degrade and recycle cytoplasmic materials. TOR negatively regulates autophagy through phosphorylation of ATG13, preventing activation of the autophagy-initiating ATG1-ATG13 kinase complex. Here we review TOR complex composition and function in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms. We also review recent developments in the identification of upstream TOR activators and downstream effectors of TOR. Finally, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of the regulation of autophagy by TOR in photosynthetic organisms.
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43
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Li T, Gonzalez N, Inzé D, Dubois M. Emerging Connections between Small RNAs and Phytohormones. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:912-929. [PMID: 32381482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs), mainly including miRNAs and siRNAs, are ubiquitous in eukaryotes. sRNAs mostly negatively regulate gene expression via (post-)transcriptional gene silencing through DNA methylation, mRNA cleavage, or translation inhibition. The mechanisms of sRNA biogenesis and function in diverse biological processes, as well as the interactions between sRNAs and environmental factors, like (a)biotic stress, have been deeply explored. Phytohormones are central in the plant's response to stress, and multiple recent studies highlight an emerging role for sRNAs in the direct response to, or the regulation of, plant hormonal pathways. In this review, we discuss recent progress on the unraveling of crossregulation between sRNAs and nine plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marieke Dubois
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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44
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Kumar A, Daware A, Kumar A, Kumar V, Gopala Krishnan S, Mondal S, Patra BC, Singh AK, Tyagi AK, Parida SK, Thakur JK. Genome-wide analysis of polymorphisms identified domestication-associated long low-diversity region carrying important rice grain size/weight quantitative trait loci. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1525-1547. [PMID: 32432802 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rice grain size and weight are major determinants of grain quality and yield and so have been under rigorous selection since domestication. However, the genetic basis for contrasting grain size/weight trait among Indian germplasms and their association with domestication-driven evolution is not well understood. In this study, two long (LGG) and two short grain (SGG) genotypes were resequenced. LGG (LGR and PB 1121) differentiated from SGG (Sonasal and Bindli) by 504 439 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 78 166 insertion-and-deletion polymorphisms. The LRK gene cluster was different and a truncation mutation in the LRK8 kinase domain was associated with LGG. Phylogeny with 3000 diverse rice accessions revealed that the four sequenced genotypes belonged to the japonica group and were at the edge of the clades indicating them to be the potential source of genetic diversity available in Indian rice germplasm. Six SNPs were significantly associated with grain size/weight and the top four of these could be validated in mapping a population, suggesting this study as a valuable resource for high-throughput genotyping. A contiguous long low-diversity region (LDR) of approximately 6 Mb carrying a major grain weight quantitative trait loci (harbouring OsTOR gene) was identified on Chromosome 5. This LDR was identified as an evolutionary important site with significant positive selection and multiple selection sweeps, and showed association with many domestication-related traits, including grain size/weight. The aus population retained more allelic variations in the LDR than the japonica and indica populations, suggesting it to be one of the divergence loci. All the data and analyses can be accessed from the RiceSzWtBase database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angad Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anurag Daware
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - S Gopala Krishnan
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Subhasish Mondal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Bhaskar C Patra
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra K Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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45
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Han X, Zhang L, Zhao L, Xue P, Qi T, Zhang C, Yuan H, Zhou L, Wang D, Qiu J, Shen QH. SnRK1 Phosphorylates and Destabilizes WRKY3 to Enhance Barley Immunity to Powdery Mildew. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100083. [PMID: 33367247 PMCID: PMC7747994 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize pathogens and activate immune responses, which usually involve massive transcriptional reprogramming. The evolutionarily conserved kinase, Sucrose non-fermenting-related kinase 1 (SnRK1), functions as a metabolic regulator that is essential for plant growth and stress responses. Here, we identify barley SnRK1 and a WRKY3 transcription factor by screening a cDNA library. SnRK1 interacts with WRKY3 in yeast, as confirmed by pull-down and luciferase complementation assays. Förster resonance energy transfer combined with noninvasive fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis indicates that the interaction occurs in the barley nucleus. Transient expression and virus-induced gene silencing analyses indicate that WRKY3 acts as a repressor of disease resistance to the Bgh fungus. Barley plants overexpressing WRKY3 have enhanced fungal microcolony formation and sporulation. Phosphorylation assays show that SnRK1 phosphorylates WRKY3 mainly at Ser83 and Ser112 to destabilize the repressor, and WRKY3 non-phosphorylation-null mutants at these two sites are more stable than the wild-type protein. SnRK1-overexpressing barley plants display enhanced disease resistance to Bgh. Transient expression of SnRK1 reduces fungal haustorium formation in barley cells, which probably requires SnRK1 nuclear localization and kinase activity. Together, these findings suggest that SnRK1 is directly involved in plant immunity through phosphorylation and destabilization of the WRKY3 repressor, revealing a new regulatory mechanism of immune derepression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengya Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinlong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author
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van Butselaar T, Van den Ackerveken G. Salicylic Acid Steers the Growth-Immunity Tradeoff. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:566-576. [PMID: 32407696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an effective immune system to combat most microbial attackers. The activation of immune responses to biotrophic pathogens requires the hormone salicylic acid (SA). Accumulation of SA triggers a plethora of immune responses (like massive transcriptional reprogramming, cell wall strengthening, and production of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial proteins). A tradeoff of strong immune responses is the active suppression of plant growth and development. The tradeoff also works the opposite way, where active growth and developmental processes suppress SA production and immune responses. Here, we review research on the role of SA in the growth-immunity tradeoff and examples of how the tradeoff can be bypassed. This knowledge will be instrumental in resistance breeding of crops with optimal growth and effective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen van Butselaar
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Méndez-Gómez M, Castro-Mercado E, Peña-Uribe CA, Reyes-de la Cruz H, López-Bucio J, García-Pineda E. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN signaling plays a role in Arabidopsis growth promotion by Azospirillum brasilense Sp245. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110416. [PMID: 32081264 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum brasilense colonizes plant roots and improves productivity, but the molecular mechanisms behind its phytostimulation properties remain mostly unknown. Here, we uncover an important role of TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) signaling on the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to A. brasilense Sp245. The effect of the bacterium on TOR expression was analyzed in the transgenic line TOR/tor-1, which carries a translational fusion with the GUS reporter protein, and the activity of TOR was assayed thought the phosphorylation of its downstream signaling target S6K protein. Besides, the role of TOR on plant growth in inoculated plants was assessed using the ATP-competitive inhibitor AZD-8055. A decrease in growth of the primary root correlates with an improved branching and absorptive capacity via lateral root and root hair proliferation 6 days after transplant to different concentrations of the bacterium (103 or 105 CFU/mL). Bacterization increased the expression of TOR in shoot and root apexes and promoted phosphorylation of S6K 3 days after transplant. The TOR inhibitor AZD-8055 (1 μM) inhibited plant growth and cell division in root meristems and in lateral root primordia, interfering with the phytostimulation by A. brasilense. In addition, the role of auxin produced by the bacterium to stimulate TOR expression was explored. Noteworthy, the A. brasilense mutant FAJ009, impaired in auxin production, was unable to elicit TOR signaling to the level observed for the wild-type strain, showing the importance of this phyhormone to stimulate TOR signaling. Together, our findings establish an important role of TOR signaling for the probiotic traits elicited by A. brasilense in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - Elda Castro-Mercado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - César Arturo Peña-Uribe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - Homero Reyes-de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - Ernesto García-Pineda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico.
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O'Leary BM, Oh GGK, Lee CP, Millar AH. Metabolite Regulatory Interactions Control Plant Respiratory Metabolism via Target of Rapamycin (TOR) Kinase Activation. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:666-682. [PMID: 31888967 PMCID: PMC7054028 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiration rate measurements provide an important readout of energy expenditure and mitochondrial activity in plant cells during the night. As plants inhabit a changing environment, regulatory mechanisms must ensure that respiratory metabolism rapidly and effectively adjusts to the metabolic and environmental conditions of the cell. Using a high-throughput approach, we have directly identified specific metabolites that exert transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational control over the nighttime O2 consumption rate (RN) in mature leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Multi-hour RN measurements following leaf disc exposure to a wide array of primary carbon metabolites (carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids) identified phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), Pro, and Ala as the most potent stimulators of plant leaf RN Using metabolite combinations, we discovered metabolite-metabolite regulatory interactions controlling RN Many amino acids, as well as Glc analogs, were found to potently inhibit the RN stimulation by Pro and Ala but not PEP. The inhibitory effects of amino acids on Pro- and Ala-stimulated RN were mitigated by inhibition of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase signaling pathway. Supporting the involvement of TOR, these inhibitory amino acids were also shown to be activators of TOR kinase. This work provides direct evidence that the TOR signaling pathway in plants responds to amino acid levels by eliciting regulatory effects on respiratory energy metabolism at night, uniting a hallmark mechanism of TOR regulation across eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M O'Leary
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - Glenda Guek Khim Oh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - Chun Pong Lee
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
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The versatile functions of OsALDH2B1 provide a genic basis for growth-defense trade-offs in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3867-3873. [PMID: 32024752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918994117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, enhanced defense often compromises growth and development, which is regarded as trade-offs between growth and defense. Here we identified a gene, OsALDH2B1, that functions as a master regulator of the growth-defense trade-off in rice. OsALDH2B1 has its primary function as an aldehyde dehydrogenase and a moonlight function as a transcriptional regulator. Loss of function of OsALDH2B1 greatly enhanced resistance to broad-spectrum pathogens, including fungal blast, bacterial leaf blight, and leaf streak, but caused severe phenotypic changes such as male sterility and reduced plant size, grain size, and number. We showed that its primary function as a mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase conditions male fertility. Its moonlight function of transcriptional regulation, featuring both repressing and activating activities, regulates a diverse range of biological processes involving brassinolide, G protein, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid signaling pathways. Such regulations cause large impacts on the morphology and immunity of rice plants. The versatile functions of OsALDH2B1 provide an example of the genic basis of growth-defense trade-offs in plants.
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