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Rosche C, Broennimann O, Novikov A, Mrázová V, Boiko GV, Danihelka J, Gastner MT, Guisan A, Kožić K, Lehnert M, Müller-Schärer H, Nagy DU, Remelgado R, Ronikier M, Selke JA, Shiyan NM, Suchan T, Thoma AE, Zdvořák P, Mráz P. Herbarium specimens reveal a cryptic invasion of polyploid Centaurea stoebe in Europe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39439296 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Numerous plant species are expanding their native ranges due to anthropogenic environmental change. Because cytotypes of polyploid complexes often show similar morphologies, there may be unnoticed range expansions (i.e. cryptic invasions) of one cytotype into regions where only the other cytotype is native. We critically revised herbarium specimens of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe, collected across Europe between 1790 and 2023. Based on their distribution in natural and relict habitats and phylogeographic data, we estimated the native ranges of both cytotypes. Diploids are native across their entire European range, whereas tetraploids are native only to South-Eastern Europe and have recently expanded their range toward Central Europe. The proportion of tetraploids has exponentially increased over time in their expanded but not in their native range. This cryptic invasion predominantly occurred in ruderal habitats and enlarged the climatic niche of tetraploids toward a more oceanic climate. We conclude that spatio-temporally explicit assessments of range shifts, habitat preferences and niche evolution can improve our understanding of cryptic invasions. We also emphasize the value of herbarium specimens for accurate estimation of species´ native ranges, with fundamental implications for the design of research studies and the assessment of biodiversity trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rosche
- Institute of Geobotany, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Olivier Broennimann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andriy Novikov
- State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, 79008, Ukraine
| | - Viera Mrázová
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna V Boiko
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Jiří Danihelka
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
| | - Michael T Gastner
- Information and Communication Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, 828608, Singapore
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kožić
- Institute of Geobotany, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnert
- Institute of Geobotany, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
- College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dávid U Nagy
- Institute of Geobotany, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Ruben Remelgado
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Michał Ronikier
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 31-512, Poland
| | - Julian A Selke
- Institute of Geobotany, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93040, Germany
| | - Natalia M Shiyan
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Tomasz Suchan
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 31-512, Poland
| | - Arpad E Thoma
- Institute of Geobotany, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Pavel Zdvořák
- Herbarium collections, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Mráz
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
- Herbarium collections, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
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Fitzgibbons E, Lastovich J, Scott S, Groth N, Grusz AL, Busta L. Herbarium specimens as tools for exploring the evolution of fatty acid-derived natural products in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 120:9-18. [PMID: 39171845 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants synthesize natural products via lineage-specific offshoots of their core metabolic pathways, including fatty acid synthesis. Recent studies have shed light on new fatty acid-derived natural products and their biosynthetic pathways in disparate plant species. Inspired by this progress, we set out to develop tools for exploring the evolution of fatty-acid derived products. We sampled multiple species from all major clades of euphyllophytes, including ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (monocots and eudicots), and we show that the compositional profiles (though not necessarily the total amounts) of fatty-acid derived surface waxes from preserved plant specimens are consistent with those obtained from freshly collected tissue in a semi-quantitative and sometimes quantitative manner. We then sampled herbarium specimens representing 57 monocot species to assess the phylogenetic distribution and evolution, of two fatty acid-derived natural products found in that clade: beta-diketones and alkylresorcinols. These chemical data, combined with analyses of 26 monocot genomes, revealed a co-occurrence (though not necessarily a causal relationship) between whole genome duplication and the evolution of diketone synthases from an ancestral alkylresorcinol synthase-like polyketide synthase. Limitations of using herbarium specimen wax profiles as proxies for those of fresh tissue seem likely to include effects from loss of epicuticular wax crystals, effects from preservation techniques, and variation in wax chemical profiles due to genotype or environment. Nevertheless, this work reinforces the widespread utility of herbarium specimens for studying leaf surface waxes (and possibly other chemical classes) and reveals some of the evolutionary history of fatty acid-derived natural products within monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fitzgibbons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacob Lastovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicole Groth
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda L Grusz
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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Lang PLM, Erberich JM, Lopez L, Weiß CL, Amador G, Fung HF, Latorre SM, Lasky JR, Burbano HA, Expósito-Alonso M, Bergmann DC. Century-long timelines of herbarium genomes predict plant stomatal response to climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1641-1653. [PMID: 39117952 PMCID: PMC11383800 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Dissecting plant responses to the environment is key to understanding whether and how plants adapt to anthropogenic climate change. Stomata, plants' pores for gas exchange, are expected to decrease in density following increased CO2 concentrations, a trend already observed in multiple plant species. However, it is unclear whether such responses are based on genetic changes and evolutionary adaptation. Here we make use of extensive knowledge of 43 genes in the stomatal development pathway and newly generated genome information of 191 Arabidopsis thaliana historical herbarium specimens collected over 193 years to directly link genetic variation with climate change. While we find that the essential transcription factors SPCH, MUTE and FAMA, central to stomatal development, are under strong evolutionary constraints, several regulators of stomatal development show signs of local adaptation in contemporary samples from different geographic regions. We then develop a functional score based on known effects of gene knock-out on stomatal development that recovers a classic pattern of stomatal density decrease over the past centuries, suggesting a genetic component contributing to this change. This approach combining historical genomics with functional experimental knowledge could allow further investigations of how different, even in historical samples unmeasurable, cellular plant phenotypes may have already responded to climate change through adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L M Lang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Joel M Erberich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lua Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah F Fung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergio M Latorre
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hernán A Burbano
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moisés Expósito-Alonso
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Eckert I, Bruneau A, Metsger DA, Joly S, Dickinson TA, Pollock LJ. Herbarium collections remain essential in the age of community science. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7586. [PMID: 39217174 PMCID: PMC11366035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The past decade has yielded more biodiversity observations from community science than the past century of traditional scientific collection. This rapid influx of data is promising for overcoming critical biodiversity data shortfalls, but we also have vast untapped resources held in undigitized natural history collections. Yet, the ability of these undigitized collections to fill data gaps, especially compared against the constant accumulation of community science data, remains unclear. Here, we compare how well community science (iNaturalist) observations and digitized herbarium specimens represent the diversity, distributions, and modeling needs of vascular plants in Canada. We find that, despite having only a third as many records, herbarium specimens capture more taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity and more efficiently capture species' environmental niches. As such, the digitization of Canada's 7.3M remaining specimens has the potential to more than quintuple our ability to model biodiversity. In contrast, it would require over 27M more iNaturalist observations to produce similar benefits. Our findings indicate that digitizing Earth's remaining herbarium specimens is likely an efficient, feasible, and potentially critical investment when it comes to improving our ability to predict and protect biodiversity into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eckert
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Anne Bruneau
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale & Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Deborah A Metsger
- Green Plant Herbarium, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale & Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - T A Dickinson
- Green Plant Herbarium, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Montréal, QC, Canada
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5
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Wróbel A, Klichowska E, Nobis M. Hybrids as mirrors of the past: genomic footprints reveal spatio-temporal dynamics and extinction risk of alpine extremophytes in the mountains of Central Asia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1369732. [PMID: 38693932 PMCID: PMC11061500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1369732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Hybridization is one of the key processes shaping lineage diversification, particularly in regions that experienced strong climate oscillations. The alpine biome with its rich history of glacial-interglacial cycles and complex patterns of species distribution shifts offers an excellent system to investigate the impact of gene flow on population dynamics and speciation, important issues for evolutionary biology and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we combined genomic data (DArTseq), chloroplast markers, and morphology to examine phylogenetic relationships and the permeability of species boundaries and their evolutionary outcomes among the alpine extremophilic species of Puccinellia (Poaceae) in the Pamir Mountains, a part of the Mountains of Central Asia biodiversity hotspot. We determined the occurrence of interspecific hybrids between P. himalaica and P. pamirica, which demonstrated almost symmetric ancestry from their parental species and did not show signals of introgression. According to our integrative revision, the natural hybrids between P. himalaica and P. pamirica should be classified as Puccinellia ×vachanica (pro species). Using approximate Bayesian computation for population history inference, we uncovered that P. himalaica hybridized with P. pamirica independently in multiple localities over the Holocene. Hybrids inherited the fine-scale genetic structure from their parental species, which developed these patterns earlier, during the Late Pleistocene. Hybridization had different consequences for the involved parental lineages, likely playing an important role in a continuing decline of P. himalaica in the Pamir Mountains over the Holocene. Our results show that P. himalaica should be considered a critically endangered species in the Pamir Mountains and could also be retreating across its entire range of distribution in High Mountain Asia. Using a comparative phylogeographic framework, we revealed the risk of extinction of a cold-adapted alpine species in a global biodiversity hotspot. This study highlights that genomics could unravel diversity trends under climate change and provides valuable evidence for conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wróbel
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Klichowska
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Nobis
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Bernatchez L, Ferchaud AL, Berger CS, Venney CJ, Xuereb A. Genomics for monitoring and understanding species responses to global climate change. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:165-183. [PMID: 37863940 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
All life forms across the globe are experiencing drastic changes in environmental conditions as a result of global climate change. These environmental changes are happening rapidly, incur substantial socioeconomic costs, pose threats to biodiversity and diminish a species' potential to adapt to future environments. Understanding and monitoring how organisms respond to human-driven climate change is therefore a major priority for the conservation of biodiversity in a rapidly changing environment. Recent developments in genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies are enabling unprecedented insights into the evolutionary processes and molecular bases of adaptation. This Review summarizes methods that apply and integrate omics tools to experimentally investigate, monitor and predict how species and communities in the wild cope with global climate change, which is by genetically adapting to new environmental conditions, through range shifts or through phenotypic plasticity. We identify advantages and limitations of each method and discuss future research avenues that would improve our understanding of species' evolutionary responses to global climate change, highlighting the need for holistic, multi-omics approaches to ecosystem monitoring during global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Ferchaud
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
- Parks Canada, Office of the Chief Ecosystem Scientist, Protected Areas Establishment, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Chloé Suzanne Berger
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clare J Venney
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda Xuereb
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Hightower AT, Chitwood DH, Josephs EB. Herbarium specimens reveal links between Capsella bursa-pastoris leaf shape and climate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580180. [PMID: 38405842 PMCID: PMC10888959 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Studies into the evolution and development of leaf shape have connected variation in plant form, function, and fitness. For species with consistent leaf margin features, patterns in leaf architecture are related to both biotic and abiotic factors. However, for species with inconsistent leaf margin features, quantifying leaf shape variation and the effects of environmental factors on leaf shape has proven challenging. To investigate leaf shape variation in species with inconsistent shapes, we analyzed approximately 500 digitized Capsella bursa-pastoris specimens collected throughout the continental U.S. over a 100-year period with geometric morphometric modeling and deterministic techniques. We generated a morphospace of C. bursa-pastoris leaf shapes and modeled leaf shape as a function of environment and time. Our results suggest C. bursa-pastoris leaf shape variation is strongly associated with temperature over the C. bursa-pastoris growing season, with lobing decreasing as temperature increases. While we expected to see changes in variation over time, our results show that level of leaf shape variation is consistent over the 100-year period. Our findings showed that species with inconsistent leaf shape variation can be quantified using geometric morphometric modeling techniques and that temperature is the main environmental factor influencing leaf shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia T Hightower
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
- Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
| | - Emily B Josephs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
- Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
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Benham PM, Walsh J, Bowie RCK. Spatial variation in population genomic responses to over a century of anthropogenic change within a tidal marsh songbird. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17126. [PMID: 38273486 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Combating the current biodiversity crisis requires the accurate documentation of population responses to human-induced ecological change. However, our ability to pinpoint population responses to human activities is often limited to the analysis of populations studied well after the fact. Museum collections preserve a record of population responses to anthropogenic change that can provide critical baseline data on patterns of genetic diversity, connectivity, and population structure prior to the onset of human perturbation. Here, we leverage a spatially replicated time series of specimens to document population genomic responses to the destruction of nearly 90% of coastal habitats occupied by the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) in California. We sequenced 219 sparrows collected from 1889 to 2017 across the state of California using an exome capture approach. Spatial-temporal analyses of genetic diversity found that the amount of habitat lost was not predictive of genetic diversity loss. Sparrow populations from southern California historically exhibited lower levels of genetic diversity and experienced the most significant temporal declines in genetic diversity. Despite experiencing the greatest levels of habitat loss, we found that genetic diversity in the San Francisco Bay area remained relatively high. This was potentially related to an observed increase in gene flow into the Bay Area from other populations. While gene flow may have minimized genetic diversity declines, we also found that immigration from inland freshwater-adapted populations into tidal marsh populations led to the erosion of divergence at loci associated with tidal marsh adaptation. Shifting patterns of gene flow through time in response to habitat loss may thus contribute to negative fitness consequences and outbreeding depression. Together, our results underscore the importance of tracing the genomic trajectories of multiple populations over time to address issues of fundamental conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phred M Benham
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Walsh
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rauri C K Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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9
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Mandrioli M. From Dormant Collections to Repositories for the Study of Habitat Changes: The Importance of Herbaria in Modern Life Sciences. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2310. [PMID: 38137911 PMCID: PMC10744909 DOI: 10.3390/life13122310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the advent of new technologies for massive and automatized digitization, together with the availability of new methods for DNA sequencing, strongly increased the interest and relevance of herbarium collections for the study of plant biodiversity and evolution. These new approaches prompted new projects aimed at the creation of a large dataset of molecular and phenological data. This review discusses new challenges and opportunities for herbaria in the context of the numerous national projects that are currently ongoing, prompting the study of herbarium specimens for the understanding of biodiversity loss and habitat shifts as a consequence of climate changes and habitat destruction due to human activities. With regard to this, the National Biodiversity Future Center (active in Italy since 2022) started a large-scale digitization project of the Herbarium Centrale Italicum in Florence (Italy), which is the most important Italian botanical collection, consisting of more than 4 million samples at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena, Italy
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10
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Ahmad M, Muhammad M, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Salih H, Zhang D. Climate change reshaping plant-fungal interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117282. [PMID: 37783329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases pose a severe threat to modern agriculture, necessitating effective and lasting control solutions. Environmental factors significantly shape plant ecology. Human-induced greenhouse gas emissions have led to global temperature rise, impacting various aspects, including carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, temperature, ozone (O3), and ultraviolet-B, all of which influence plant diseases. Altered pathogen ranges can accelerate disease transmission. This review explores environmental effects on plant diseases, with climate change affecting fungal biogeography, disease incidence, and severity, as well as agricultural production. Moreover, we have discussed how climate change influences pathogen development, host-fungal interactions, the emergence of new races of fungi, and the dissemination of emerging fungal diseases across the globe. The discussion about environment-mediated impact on pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and RNA interference (RNAi) is also part of this review. In conclusion, the review underscores the critical importance of understanding how climate change is reshaping plant-fungal interactions. It highlights the need for continuous research efforts to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes and their ecological consequences. As the global climate continues to evolve, it is imperative to develop innovative strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of fungal pathogens on plant health and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Yakoopjan Haxim
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | | | - Murad Muhammad
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Fatmah M Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haron Salih
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China.
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11
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Kim AS, Kreiner JM, Hernández F, Bock DG, Hodgins KA, Rieseberg LH. Temporal collections to study invasion biology. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6729-6742. [PMID: 37873879 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions represent an extraordinary opportunity to study evolution. This is because accidental or deliberate species introductions have taken place for centuries across large geographical scales, frequently prompting rapid evolutionary transitions in invasive populations. Until recently, however, the utility of invasions as evolutionary experiments has been hampered by limited information on the makeup of populations that were part of earlier invasion stages. Now, developments in ancient and historical DNA technologies, as well as the quickening pace of digitization for millions of specimens that are housed in herbaria and museums globally, promise to help overcome this obstacle. In this review, we first introduce the types of temporal data that can be used to study invasions, highlighting the timescale captured by each approach and their respective limitations. We then discuss how ancient and historical specimens as well as data available from prior invasion studies can be used to answer questions on mechanisms of (mal)adaptation, rates of evolution, or community-level changes during invasions. By bridging the gap between contemporary and historical invasive populations, temporal data can help us connect pattern to process in invasion science. These data will become increasingly important if invasions are to achieve their full potential as experiments of evolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Kim
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia M Kreiner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fernando Hernández
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dan G Bock
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Quatela AS, Cangren P, Jafari F, Michel T, de Boer HJ, Oxelman B. Retrieval of long DNA reads from herbarium specimens. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad074. [PMID: 38130422 PMCID: PMC10735254 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of herbarium specimens' DNA with short-read platforms has helped explore many biological questions. Here, for the first time, we investigate the potential of using herbarium specimens as a resource for long-read DNA sequencing technologies. We use target capture of 48 low-copy nuclear loci in 12 herbarium specimens of Silene as a basis for long-read sequencing using SMRT PacBio Sequel. The samples were collected between 1932 and 2019. A simple optimization of size selection protocol enabled the retrieval of both long DNA fragments (>1 kb) and long on-target reads for nine of them. The limited sampling size does not enable statistical evaluation of the influence of specimen age to the DNA fragmentation, but our results confirm that younger samples, that is, collected after 1990, are less fragmented and have better sequencing success than specimens collected before this date. Specimens collected between 1990 and 2019 yield between 167 and 3403 on-target reads > 1 kb. They enabled recovering between 34 loci and 48 (i.e. all loci recovered). Three samples from specimens collected before 1990 did not yield on-target reads > 1 kb. The four other samples collected before this date yielded up to 144 reads and recovered up to 25 loci. Young herbarium specimens seem promising for long-read sequencing. However, older ones have partly failed. Further exploration would be necessary to statistically test and understand the potential of older material in the quest for long reads. We would encourage greatly expanding the sampling size and comparing different taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Quatela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center, Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Patrik Cangren
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Farzaneh Jafari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lorestan University, P.O. BOX 6815144316, Khorramabad, Iran
- Department of Plant Science, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thibauld Michel
- Tropical Diversity Research Department, Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LRUK
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bengt Oxelman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center, Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Sweden
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13
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Roma-Marzio F, Maccioni S, Dolci D, Astuti G, Magrini N, Pierotti F, Vangelisti R, Amadei L, Peruzzi L. Digitization of the historical Herbarium of Michele Guadagno at Pisa (PI-GUAD). PHYTOKEYS 2023; 234:107-125. [PMID: 37868742 PMCID: PMC10587777 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.234.109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The herbarium digitization process is an essential first step in transforming the vast amount of data associated with a physical specimen into flexible digital data formats. In this framework, the Herbarium of the University of Pisa (international code PI), at the end of 2018 started a process of digitization focusing on one of its most relevant collections: the Herbarium of Michele Guadagno (1878-1930). This scholar studied flora and vegetation of different areas of southern Italy, building a large herbarium including specimens collected by himself, plus many specimens obtained through exchanges with Italian and foreign botanists. The Herbarium is composed by 547 packages of vascular plants. Metadata were entered into the online database Virtual Herbaria JACQ and mirrored into a personalized virtual Herbarium of the Botanic Museum. After the completion of the digitization process, the number of sheets preserved in the Herbarium amounts to 44,345. Besides Guadagno, who collected 42% of his specimens, a further 1,102 collectors are represented. Most specimens were collected in Europe (91%), but all the continents are represented. As expected, Italy is the most represented country (59%), followed by France, Spain, Germany, and Greece. The specimens cover a time span of 99 years, from 1830 to 1929, whereas the specimens collected by Guadagno range between 1889 and 1928. Furthermore, we traced 134 herbarium sheets associated with documents, among which 75 drawings handmade by Guadagno, 34 letters from various corresponding authors, 16 copies of publications, and 14 copies of published iconographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Roma-Marzio
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Simonetta Maccioni
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - David Dolci
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Giovanni Astuti
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Nicoletta Magrini
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Federica Pierotti
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Roberta Vangelisti
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Lucia Amadei
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Peruzzi
- Orto e Museo Botanico, Sistema Museale d’Ateneo, Università di Pisa, via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, ItalyUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
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14
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Jackson ST. Repurposing long-term ecological studies for climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2314444120. [PMID: 37756347 PMCID: PMC10576021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314444120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Jackson
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ85719
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15
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Burbano HA, Gutaker RM. Ancient DNA genomics and the renaissance of herbaria. Science 2023; 382:59-63. [PMID: 37797028 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbaria are undergoing a renaissance as valuable sources of genomic data for exploring plant evolution, ecology, and diversity. Ancient DNA retrieved from herbarium specimens can provide unprecedented glimpses into past plant communities, their interactions with biotic and abiotic factors, and the genetic changes that have occurred over time. Here, we highlight recent advances in the field of herbarium genomics and discuss the challenges and opportunities of combining data from modern and time-stamped historical specimens. We also describe how integrating herbarium genomics data with other data types can yield substantial insights into the evolutionary and ecological processes that shape plant communities. Herbarium genomic analysis is a tool for understanding plant life and informing conservation efforts in the face of dire environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán A Burbano
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rafal M Gutaker
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
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16
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López-Tobar R, Herrera-Feijoo RJ, Mateo RG, García-Robredo F, Torres B. Botanical Collection Patterns and Conservation Categories of the Most Traded Timber Species from the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Role of Protected Areas. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3327. [PMID: 37765489 PMCID: PMC10536464 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The Ecuadorian Amazon is home to a rich biodiversity of woody plant species. Nonetheless, their conservation remains difficult, as some areas remain poorly explored and lack georeferenced records. Therefore, the current study aims predominantly to analyze the collection patterns of timber species in the Amazon lowlands of Ecuador and to evaluate the conservation coverage of these species in protected areas. Furthermore, we try to determine the conservation category of the species according to the criteria of the IUCN Red List. We identified that one third of the timber species in the study area was concentrated in three provinces due to historical botanical expeditions. However, a worrying 22.0% of the species had less than five records of presence, and 29.9% had less than ten records, indicating a possible underestimation of their presence. In addition, almost half of the species evaluated were unprotected, exposing them to deforestation risks and threats. To improve knowledge and conservation of forest biodiversity in the Ecuadorian Amazon, it is recommended to perform new botanical samplings in little-explored areas and digitize data in national herbaria. It is critical to implement automated assessments of the conservation status of species with insufficient data. In addition, it is suggested to use species distribution models to identify optimal areas for forest restoration initiatives. Effective communication of results and collaboration between scientists, governments, and local communities are key to the protection and sustainable management of forest biodiversity in the Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando López-Tobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo Av. Quito km, 1 1/2 Vía a Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Quevedo 120550, Ecuador;
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo Av. Quito km, 1 1/2 Vía a Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Quevedo 120550, Ecuador
| | - Robinson J. Herrera-Feijoo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo Av. Quito km, 1 1/2 Vía a Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Quevedo 120550, Ecuador;
- Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo Av. Quito km, 1 1/2 Vía a Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Quevedo 120550, Ecuador
- Escuela de Doctorado, Centro de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, nº 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rubén G. Mateo
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Robredo
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Gestión Forestal y Ambiental, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Bolier Torres
- Facultad de Ciencia de la Vida, Universidad Estatal Amazónica (UEA), Puyo 160101, Ecuador;
- Ochroma Consulting and Services, Puerto Napo, Tena 150150, Ecuador
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17
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Zhu K, Song Y. Harnessing herbaria to advance plant phenology research under global change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2057-2059. [PMID: 37376722 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Park et al. (2023), 239: 2153–2165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yiluan Song
- Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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18
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Park DS, Feng X, Akiyama S, Ardiyani M, Avendaño N, Barina Z, Bärtschi B, Belgrano M, Betancur J, Bijmoer R, Bogaerts A, Cano A, Danihelka J, Garg A, Giblin DE, Gogoi R, Guggisberg A, Hyvärinen M, James SA, Sebola RJ, Katagiri T, Kennedy JA, Komil TS, Lee B, Lee SML, Magri D, Marcucci R, Masinde S, Melnikov D, Mráz P, Mulenko W, Musili P, Mwachala G, Nelson BE, Niezgoda C, Novoa Sepúlveda C, Orli S, Paton A, Payette S, Perkins KD, Ponce MJ, Rainer H, Rasingam L, Rustiami H, Shiyan NM, Bjorå CS, Solomon J, Stauffer F, Sumadijaya A, Thiébaut M, Thiers BM, Tsubota H, Vaughan A, Virtanen R, Whitfeld TJS, Zhang D, Zuloaga FO, Davis CC. The colonial legacy of herbaria. Nat Hum Behav 2023:10.1038/s41562-023-01616-7. [PMID: 37308536 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbarium collections shape our understanding of Earth's flora and are crucial for addressing global change issues. Their formation, however, is not free from sociopolitical issues of immediate relevance. Despite increasing efforts addressing issues of representation and colonialism in natural history collections, herbaria have received comparatively less attention. While it has been noted that the majority of plant specimens are housed in the Global North, the extent and magnitude of this disparity have not been quantified. Here we examine the colonial legacy of botanical collections, analysing 85,621,930 specimen records and assessing survey responses from 92 herbarium collections across 39 countries. We find an inverse relationship between where plant diversity exists in nature and where it is housed in herbaria. Such disparities persist across physical and digital realms despite overt colonialism ending over half a century ago. We emphasize the need for acknowledging the colonial history of herbarium collections and implementing a more equitable global paradigm for their collection, curation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shinobu Akiyama
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Marlina Ardiyani
- Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Neida Avendaño
- Instituto Experimental Jardin Botánico 'Dr. Tobías Lasser', Avenida Salvador Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Caracas, Venezuela
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Blandine Bärtschi
- Herbier LY, FR-BioEEnVis, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Roxali Bijmoer
- Botany Section, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Asunción Cano
- Herbario San Marcos, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Jiří Danihelka
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Arti Garg
- Central Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, India
| | - David E Giblin
- University of Washington Herbarium, Burke Museum, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rajib Gogoi
- Sikkim Himalayan Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok, India
| | | | - Marko Hyvärinen
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shelley A James
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Western Australian Herbarium, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ramagwai J Sebola
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tomoyuki Katagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
- Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan, Japan
| | | | - Tojibaev Sh Komil
- Institute of Botany, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Serena M L Lee
- National Parks Board, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donatella Magri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Siro Masinde
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Denis Melnikov
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Patrik Mráz
- Herbarium Collections & Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wieslaw Mulenko
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paul Musili
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Burrell E Nelson
- Rocky Mountain Herbarium, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - Carla Novoa Sepúlveda
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Botanische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany
| | - Sylvia Orli
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Serge Payette
- Herbier Louis-Marie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Kent D Perkins
- University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maria Jimena Ponce
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Heimo Rainer
- Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Rasingam
- Deccan Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, Hyderabad, India
| | - Himmah Rustiami
- Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Natalia M Shiyan
- National Herbarium of Ukraine, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Fred Stauffer
- Conservatory and Botanic Gardens of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alex Sumadijaya
- Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mélanie Thiébaut
- Herbier LY, FR-BioEEnVis, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Hiromi Tsubota
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Miyajima Natural Botanical Garden, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Alison Vaughan
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Risto Virtanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- University of Oulu Botanical Museum, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Dianxiang Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden Herbarium, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Exposito-Alonso M. Understanding local plant extinctions before it is too late: bridging evolutionary genomics with global ecology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2005-2011. [PMID: 36604850 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding evolutionary genomic and population processes within a species range is key to anticipating the extinction of plant species before it is too late. However, most models of biodiversity risk under global change do not account for the genetic variation and local adaptation of different populations. Population diversity is critical to understanding extinction because different populations may be more or less susceptible to global change and, if lost, would reduce the total diversity within a species. Two new modeling frameworks advance our understanding of extinction from a population and evolutionary angle: Rapid climate change-driven disruptions in population adaptation are predicted from associations between genomes and local climates. Furthermore, losses of population diversity from global land-use transformations are estimated by scaling relationships of species' genomic diversity with habitat area. Overall, these global eco-evolutionary methods advance the predictability - and possibly the preventability - of the ongoing extinction of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moi Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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20
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Barnes M, Sulé-Suso J, Millett J, Roach P. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive method for analysing herbarium specimens. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220546. [PMID: 36946131 PMCID: PMC10031417 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried plant specimens stored in herbaria are an untapped treasure chest of information on environmental conditions, plant evolution and change over many hundreds of years. Owing to their delicate nature and irreplaceability, there is limited access for analysis to these sensitive samples, particularly where chemical data are obtained using destructive techniques. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique which can be applied non-destructively to understand chemical bonding information and, therefore, functional groups within the sample. This provides the potential for understanding geographical, spatial and species-specific variation in plant biochemistry. Here, we demonstrate the use of mid-FTIR microspectroscopy for the chemical analysis of Drosera rotundifolia herbarium specimens, which were collected 100 years apart from different locations. Principal component and hierarchical clustering analysis enabled differentiation between three main regions on the plant (lamina, tentacle stalk and tentacle head), and between the different specimens. Lipids and protein spectral regions were particularly sensitive differentiators of plant tissues. Differences between the different sets of specimens were smaller. This study demonstrates that relevant information can be extracted from herbarium specimens using FTIR, with little impact on the specimens. FTIR, therefore, has the potential to be a powerful tool to unlock historic information within herbaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - J. Sulé-Suso
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Cancer Centre, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - J. Millett
- Department of Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - P. Roach
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Moi Exposito-Alonso. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1964-1965. [PMID: 36795476 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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Conti M, Nimis PL, Tretiach M, Muggia L, Moro A, Martellos S. The Italian lichens dataset from the TSB herbarium (University of Trieste). Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e96466. [PMID: 38327327 PMCID: PMC10848505 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e96466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The "Herbarium Universitatis Tergestinae" (TSB), with a total of ca. 50,000 specimens, includes the largest modern collection of lichens in Italy, with 25,796 samples collected from all over the country since 1984, representing 74% of all taxa known to occur in Italy. Almost all specimens have been georeferenced "a posteriori". The dataset is available through GBIF, as well as in ITALIC, the Information System of Italian Lichens. New information The TSB Herbarium hosts the largest modern lichen collection in Italy, with a total of ca. 50,000 specimens. This dataset contains all of the 25,796 specimens collected within the administrative borders of Italy. Amongst them, 98% are georeferenced and 87% have the date of collection. The dataset includes several type specimens (isotypes and holotypes) and exsiccata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Conti
- Dept. Of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyDept. Of Life Sciences, University of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Pier Luigi Nimis
- Dept. Of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyDept. Of Life Sciences, University of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Dept. Of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyDept. Of Life Sciences, University of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Lucia Muggia
- Dept. Of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyDept. Of Life Sciences, University of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Andrea Moro
- Dept. Of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyDept. Of Life Sciences, University of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Stefano Martellos
- Dept. Of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyDept. Of Life Sciences, University of TriesteTriesteItaly
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Jenny LA, Shapiro LR, Davis CC, Jonathan Davies T, Pierce NE, Meineke E. Herbarium specimens reveal herbivory patterns across the genus Cucurbita. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16126. [PMID: 36633920 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Quantifying how closely related plant species differ in susceptibility to insect herbivory is important for understanding the variation in evolutionary pressures on plant functional traits. However, empirically measuring in situ variation in herbivory spanning the geographic range of a plant-insect complex is logistically difficult. Recently, new methods have been developed using herbarium specimens to investigate patterns in plant-insect symbioses across large geographic scales. Such investigations provide insights into how accelerated anthropogenic changes may impact plant-insect interactions that are of ecological or agricultural importance. METHODS Here, we analyze 274 pressed herbarium samples to investigate variation in herbivory damage in 13 different species of the economically important plant genus Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). This collection is composed of specimens of wild, undomesticated Cucurbita that were collected from across their native range, and Cucurbita cultivars collected from both within their native range and from locations where they have been introduced for agriculture in temperate North America. RESULTS Herbivory is common on individuals of all Cucurbita species collected throughout their geographic ranges. However, estimates of herbivory varied considerably among individuals, with mesophytic species accruing more insect damage than xerophytic species, and wild specimens having more herbivory than specimens collected from human-managed habitats. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that long-term evolutionary changes in habitat from xeric to mesic climates and wild to human-managed habitats may mediate the levels of herbivory pressure from coevolved herbivores. Future investigations into the potential factors that contribute to herbivory may inform the management of domesticated crop plants and their insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Jenny
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States
| | - Charles C Davis
- Harvard University Herbaria, Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, and Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Emily Meineke
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
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Waselkov K, Olsen KM. Herbaria reveal cost of the Green Revolution. Science 2022; 378:1053-1054. [PMID: 36480609 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapid weed evolution is exposed by genome sequencing of natural history collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Waselkov
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Zettlemoyer MA, Wilson JE, DeMarche ML. Estimating phenological sensitivity in contemporary vs. historical data sets: Effects of climate resolution and spatial scale. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1981-1990. [PMID: 36321486 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Phenological sensitivity, or the degree to which a species' phenology shifts in response to warming, is an important parameter for comparing and predicting species' responses to climate change. Phenological sensitivity is often measured using herbarium specimens or local studies in natural populations. These approaches differ widely in spatiotemporal scales, yet few studies explicitly consider effects of the geographic extent and resolution of climate data when comparing phenological sensitivities quantified from different data sets for a given species. METHODS We compared sensitivity of flowering phenology to growing degree days of the alpine plant Silene acaulis using two data sets: herbarium specimens and a 6 yr observational study in four populations at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. We investigated differences in phenological sensitivity obtained using variable spatial scales and climate data sources. RESULTS Herbarium specimens underestimated phenological sensitivity compared to observational data, even when herbarium samples were limited geographically or to nearby weather station data. However, when observational data were paired with broader-scale climate data, as is typically used in herbarium data sets, estimates of phenological sensitivity were more similar. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential for variation in data source, geographic scale, and accuracy of macroclimate data to produce very different estimates of phenological responses to climate change. Accurately predicting phenological shifts would benefit from comparisons between methods that estimate climate variables and phenological sensitivity over a variety of spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Zettlemoyer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, Georgia, 30602-5004, USA
| | - Jill E Wilson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, Georgia, 30602-5004, USA
| | - Megan L DeMarche
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, Georgia, 30602-5004, USA
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The invasion history of Elodea canadensis and E. nuttallii (Hydrocharitaceae) in Italy from herbarium accessions, field records and historical literature. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe analysed the invasion history of two North American macrophytes (Elodea canadensis and E. nuttallii) in Italy, through an accurate census of all available herbarium and field records, dating between 1850 and 2019, and a rich literature collection describing the initial introduction and naturalisation phase that supports the results obtained by the occurrence records. Elodea canadensis arrived in Italy before 1866 and had two invasion phases, between the 1890s and 1920s and between the 1990s and 2000s; E. nuttallii, probably arrived in the 1970s, started invading in 2000 and the invasion is still ongoing. Botanical gardens and fish farming played a crucial role in dispersal and naturalisation of both species. The current invasion range of both species is centred in northern Italy, with scattered occurrences of E. canadensis in central and southern regions. River Po represents a dispersal barrier to the Mediterranean region and a strategic monitoring site to prevent the invasion in the peninsula. The study detects differences in the niches of the two species during the introduction and naturalisation phase and a habitat switch occurred after 1980 in E. canadensis and after 2000 in E. nuttallii, during their expansion phases. For E. canadensis the switch corresponds to the second invasion round. Further research can clarify whether the second invasion round is due to confusion of the recently introduced E. nuttallii with E. canadensis, to a cryptic introduction of a new genotype, to post-introduction evolution, or just to an increased scientific interest in biological invasions.
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Wilson OE, Pashkevich MD, Rookmaaker K, Turner EC. Image‐based analyses from an online repository provide rich information on long‐term changes in morphology and human perceptions of rhinos. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E. Wilson
- Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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Kothari S, Beauchamp‐Rioux R, Laliberté E, Cavender‐Bares J. Reflectance spectroscopy allows rapid, accurate and non‐destructive estimates of functional traits from pressed leaves. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Kothari
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Rosalie Beauchamp‐Rioux
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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Rosche C, Baasch A, Runge K, Brade P, Träger S, Parisod C, Hensen I. Tracking population genetic signatures of local extinction with herbarium specimens. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:857-868. [PMID: 35670810 PMCID: PMC9292615 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Habitat degradation and landscape fragmentation dramatically lower population sizes of rare plant species. Decreasing population sizes may, in turn, negatively affect genetic diversity and reproductive fitness, which can ultimately lead to local extinction of populations. Although such extinction vortex dynamics have been postulated in theory and modelling for decades, empirical evidence from local extinctions of plant populations is scarce. In particular, comparisons between current vs. historical genetic diversity and differentiation are lacking despite their potential to guide conservation management. METHODS We studied the population genetic signatures of the local extinction of Biscutella laevigata subsp. gracilis populations in Central Germany. We used microsatellites to genotype individuals from 15 current populations, one ex situ population, and 81 herbarium samples from five extant and 22 extinct populations. In the current populations, we recorded population size and fitness proxies, collected seeds for a germination trial and conducted a vegetation survey. The latter served as a surrogate for habitat conditions to study how habitat dissimilarity affects functional connectivity among the current populations. KEY RESULTS Bayesian clustering revealed similar gene pool distribution in current and historical samples but also indicated that a distinct genetic cluster was significantly associated with extinction probability. Gene flow was affected by both the spatial distance and floristic composition of population sites, highlighting the potential of floristic composition as a powerful predictor of functional connectivity which may promote decision-making for reintroduction measures. For an extinct population, we found a negative relationship between sampling year and heterozygosity. Inbreeding negatively affected germination. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrates the usefulness of historical DNA to study extinction vortices in threatened species. Our novel combination of classical population genetics together with data from herbarium specimens, an ex situ population and a germination trial underlines the need for genetic rescue measures to prevent extinction of B. laevigata in Central Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rosche
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Große Steinstraße 79/80, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annett Baasch
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406 Bernburg (Saale), Germany
| | - Karen Runge
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406 Bernburg (Saale), Germany
| | - Philipp Brade
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406 Bernburg (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabrina Träger
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Große Steinstraße 79/80, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Parisod
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Große Steinstraße 79/80, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Willems FM, Scheepens JF, Bossdorf O. Forest wildflowers bloom earlier as Europe warms: lessons from herbaria and spatial modelling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:52-65. [PMID: 35478407 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Today plants often flower earlier due to climate warming. Herbarium specimens are excellent witnesses of such long-term changes. However, the magnitude of phenological shifts may vary geographically, and the data are often clustered. Therefore, large-scale analyses of herbarium data are prone to pseudoreplication and geographical biases. We studied over 6000 herbarium specimens of 20 spring-flowering forest understory herbs from Europe to understand how their phenology had changed during the last century. We estimated phenology trends with or without taking spatial autocorrelation into account. On average plants now flowered over 6 d earlier than at the beginning of the last century. These changes were strongly associated with warmer spring temperatures. Flowering time advanced 3.6 d per 1°C warming. Spatial modelling showed that, in some parts of Europe, plants flowered earlier or later than expected. Without accounting for this, the estimates of phenological shifts were biased and model fits were poor. Our study indicates that forest wildflowers in Europe strongly advanced their phenology in response to climate change. However, these phenological shifts differ geographically. This shows that it is crucial to combine the analysis of herbarium data with spatial modelling when testing for long-term phenology trends across large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Willems
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - J F Scheepens
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Hussein BR, Malik OA, Ong WH, Slik JWF. Applications of computer vision and machine learning techniques for digitized herbarium specimens: A systematic literature review. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Evidence for continent-wide convergent evolution and stasis throughout 150 y of a biological invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107584119. [PMID: 35476511 PMCID: PMC9170017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107584119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive evolution can help species to persist and spread in new environments, but it is unclear how the rate and duration of adaptive evolution vary throughout species ranges and on the decadal timescales most relevant to managing biodiversity for the 21st century. Using herbarium records, we reconstruct 150 y of evolution in an invasive plant as it spread across North America. Flowering phenology evolves to adapt to local growing seasons throughout the range but stalls after about a century. This punctuated, convergent evolution recapitulates long-term dynamics in the fossil record, implicating limits to evolutionary rates that are not evident for the first century of spread. The extent to which evolution can rescue a species from extinction, or facilitate range expansion, depends critically on the rate, duration, and geographical extent of the evolutionary response to natural selection. Adaptive evolution can occur quickly, but the duration and geographical extent of contemporary evolution in natural systems remain poorly studied. This is particularly true for species with large geographical ranges and for timescales that lie between “long-term” field experiments and the fossil record. Here, we introduce the Virtual Common Garden (VCG) to investigate phenotypic evolution in natural history collections while controlling for phenotypic plasticity in response to local growing conditions. Reconstructing 150 y of evolution in Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) as it invaded North America, we analyze phenology measurements of 3,429 herbarium records, reconstruct growing conditions from more than 12 million local temperature records, and validate predictions across three common gardens spanning 10° of latitude. We find that phenological clines have evolved repeatedly throughout the range, during the first century of evolution. Thereafter, the rate of microevolution stalls, recapitulating macroevolutionary stasis observed in the fossil record. Our study demonstrates that preserved specimens are a critical resource for investigating limits to evolution in natural populations. Our results show how natural selection and trade-offs measured in field studies predict adaptive divergence observable in herbarium specimens over 15 decades at a continental scale.
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Marinček P, Wagner ND, Tomasello S. Ancient DNA extraction methods for herbarium specimens: When is it worth the effort? APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11477. [PMID: 35774991 PMCID: PMC9215277 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Premise Herbaria harbor a tremendous number of plant specimens that are rarely used for molecular systematic studies, largely due to the difficulty in extracting sufficient amounts of high-quality DNA from the preserved plant material. Methods We compared the standard Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit and a specific protocol for extracting ancient DNA (aDNA) (the N-phenacylthiazolium bromide and dithiothreitol [PTB-DTT] extraction method) from two different plant genera (Xanthium and Salix). The included herbarium materials covered about two centuries of plant collections. To analyze the success of DNA extraction using each method, a subset of samples was subjected to a standard library preparation as well as target-enrichment approaches. Results The PTB-DTT method produced a higher DNA yield of better quality than the Qiagen kit; however, extracts from the Qiagen kit over a certain DNA yield and quality threshold produced comparable sequencing results. The sequencing resulted in high proportions of endogenous reads. We were able to successfully sequence 200-year-old samples. Discussion This method comparison revealed that, for younger specimens, DNA extraction using a standard kit might be sufficient. For old and precious herbarium specimens, aDNA extraction methods are better suited to meet the requirements for next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Marinček
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 237073GöttingenGermany
| | - Natascha D. Wagner
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 237073GöttingenGermany
| | - Salvatore Tomasello
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 237073GöttingenGermany
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Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Primack RB, Tøttrup AP. A comparison of herbarium and citizen science phenology datasets for detecting response of flowering time to climate change in Denmark. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:849-862. [PMID: 35235036 PMCID: PMC9042978 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenology has emerged as a key metric to measure how species respond to changes in climate. Innovative means have been developed to extend the temporal and spatial range of phenological data by obtaining data from herbarium specimens, citizen science programs, and biodiversity data repositories. These different data types have seldom been compared for their effectiveness in detecting environmental impacts on phenology. To address this, we compare three separate phenology datasets from Denmark: (i) herbarium specimen data spanning 145 years, (ii) data collected from a citizen science phenology program over a single year observing first flowering, and (iii) data derived from incidental biodiversity observations in iNaturalist over a single year. Each dataset includes flowering day of year observed for three common spring-flowering plant species: Allium ursinum (ramsons), Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut), and Sambucus nigra (black elderberry). The incidental iNaturalist dataset provided the most extensive geographic coverage across Denmark and the largest sample size and recorded peak flowering in a way comparable to herbarium specimens. The directed citizen science dataset recorded much earlier flowering dates because the program objective was to report the first flowering, and so was less compared to the other two datasets. Herbarium data demonstrated the strongest effect of spring temperature on flowering in Denmark, possibly because it was the only dataset measuring temporal variation in phenology, while the other datasets measured spatial variation. Herbarium data predicted the mean flowering day of year recorded in our iNaturalist dataset for all three species. Combining herbarium data with iNaturalist data provides an even more effective method for detecting climatic effects on phenology. Phenology observations from directed and incidental citizen science initiatives will increase in value for climate change research in the coming years with the addition of data capturing the inter-annual variation in phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anders P Tøttrup
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Freimuth J, Bossdorf O, Scheepens JF, Willems FM. Climate warming changes synchrony of plants and pollinators. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212142. [PMID: 35350857 PMCID: PMC8965422 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming changes the phenology of many species. When interacting organisms respond differently, climate change may disrupt their interactions and affect the stability of ecosystems. Here, we used global biodiversity facility occurrence records to examine phenology trends in plants and their associated insect pollinators in Germany since the 1980s. We found strong phenological advances in plants but differences in the extent of shifts among pollinator groups. The temporal trends in plant and insect phenologies were generally associated with interannual temperature variation and thus probably driven by climate change. When examining the synchrony of species-level plant-pollinator interactions, their temporal trends differed among pollinator groups. Overall, plant-pollinator interactions become more synchronized, mainly because the phenology of plants, which historically lagged behind that of the pollinators, responded more strongly to climate change. However, if the observed trends continue, many interactions may become more asynchronous again in the future. Our study suggests that climate change affects the phenologies of both plants and insects and that it also influences the synchrony of plant-pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Freimuth
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. F. Scheepens
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska M. Willems
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tracing the invasion of a leaf-mining moth in the Palearctic through DNA barcoding of historical herbaria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5065. [PMID: 35332171 PMCID: PMC8948198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lime leaf-miner, Phyllonorycter issikii is an invasive micromoth with an unusually higher number of haplotypes in the invaded area (Europe, Western Siberia) compared to its putative native region (East Asia). The origin of the genetic diversity in the neocolonized region remains unclear. We surveyed over 15 thousand herbarium specimens of lime trees (Tilia spp.) collected across the Palearctic over a period of 252 years (1764-2016) looking for preserved larvae within the archival leaf mines. We found 203 herbarium specimens with leaf mines of Ph. issikii collected in East Asia, one of them dating back to 1830, i.e. 133 years before the description of the species. In contrast, only 22 herbarium specimens collected in the West Palearctic in the last three decades (1987-2015) carried leaf mines. DNA barcoding of archival specimens revealed 32 haplotypes out of which 23 were novel (not known from modern populations) and found exclusively in East Asia. Six haplotypes are shared between both native and invaded areas and only two were responsible for the recent invasion of the Western Palearctic. The remarkable number of newly discovered haplotypes in archival populations supports East Asia as the native region and the source area of invasion.
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Nobis M, Klichowska E, Wolanin M, Nobis A, Nowak A. Typification of five plant names described based on specimens collected by Józef Warszewicz in Central and South America. PHYTOKEYS 2022; 192:45-61. [PMID: 35437384 PMCID: PMC8930917 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.192.78409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Józef Warszewicz (1812-1864) was one of the first Polish naturalists to explore the flora of the tropical New World. During two expeditions to Central and South America (1844-1850 and 1850-1853) he collected and delivered to Europe up to twenty thousand plant specimens. To honour his service and his achievements in plant collections, different taxonomists described more than 100 taxa using the surname Warszewicz, for example in the genus name (Warszewiczia) and the species epithets (warszewiczii, warscewiczii, warszewicziana). Unfortunately, a large part of Warszewicz's collection of plant species deposited in the Berlin Herbarium (B), including many type specimens was destroyed during World War II. During digitisation of herbarium collections preserved in the Herbarium of the Jagiellonian University (KRA), we reviewed more than 650 herbarium sheets with plant specimens collected by Warszewicz and originating from his trips to Central and South America. In this paper, we present the typification of five names of species, described base on Warszewicz's plant material. We select lectotypes for Berberiswarszewiczii, Esenbeckiawarscewiczii, Psammisiaramiflora, Remijiainvolucrata and Rondeletiaorthoneura, and provide data on the presence of 17 specimens (isotypes) representing Esenbeckiacornuta, an extremely rare species, that to date is known only from the type locality in Peru. A list of all Warszewicz's specimens preserved at KRA herbarium is also presented. Additionally, in the result of the revision of syntypes of Berberismultiflora and Rondeletiareflexa we designated here the lectotypes for these taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Nobis
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30–387 Kraków, PolandJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Ewelina Klichowska
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30–387 Kraków, PolandJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Mateusz Wolanin
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Rzeszów University, Zelwerowicza 4, 35–601 Rzeszów, PolandRzeszów UniversityRzeszówPoland
| | - Agnieszka Nobis
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30–387 Kraków, PolandJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Arkadiusz Nowak
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, 45–052 Opole, PolandUniversity of OpoleOpolePoland
- Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02–976 Warszawa, PolandCenter for Biological Diversity Conservation, Polish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
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Alfonso B, Sansón M, Sangil C, Expósito FJ, Díaz JP, Hernández JC. Herbarium macroalgae specimens reveal a rapid reduction of thallus size and reproductive effort related with climate change. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 174:105546. [PMID: 34968841 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and forecasting the effects of climate changes on vulnerable species are leading concerns for ecologists and conservation biologists. Herbaria are invaluable for use in long-term data series, and one of the few available methods for quantifying biodiversity changes over large periods of time. Gelidium canariense is an endemic and habitat-forming macroalga of the Canary Islands that coexists with two other habitat-forming Gelidiales: G. arbuscula and Pterocladiella capillacea. This study assesses long-term changes in thallus size and reproductive effort of all specimens deposited in the Herbarium of Universidad de La Laguna of these three Gelidiales species. Also assessed were the effects of seawater temperature and increased incident light on net primary production (NPP), and the effects of extreme desiccation conditions on the relative water content and NPP of the three Gelidiales species. The length of the thallus of the endemic species G. canariense was halved during the past 40 years. The shortening of the thallus coincided with a significant decrease in the number of reproductive structures in both Gelidium species. These morphological changes coincide with a significant increase of the sea surface temperature, air temperature above sea surface and ultraviolet radiation in the studied area. The experiments have revealed the deleterious effects of extreme desiccation and extreme irradiance on all three species. Hence, these results suggest that air temperature and irradiance are related with these morphological changes over time in the habitat-forming Gelidium species and that are most likely compromising the survival of their populations which are already declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alfonso
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - M Sansón
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - C Sangil
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - F J Expósito
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - J P Díaz
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - J C Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
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Bianciotto V, Selosse MA, Martos F, Marmeisse R. Herbaria preserve plant microbiota responses to environmental changes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:120-123. [PMID: 34933781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between plants and their microbiota is a central theme to understand adaptation of plants to their environment. Considering herbaria as repositories of holobionts that preserved traces of ancient plant-associated microbial communities, we propose to explore these historical collections to evaluate the impact of long-lasting global changes on plant-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bianciotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Marmeisse
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy; Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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40
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Historical comparisons show evolutionary changes in drought responses in European plant species after two decades of climate change. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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de Lutio R, Park JY, Watson KA, D'Aronco S, Wegner JD, Wieringa JJ, Tulig M, Pyle RL, Gallaher TJ, Brown G, Guymer G, Franks A, Ranatunga D, Baba Y, Belongie SJ, Michelangeli FA, Ambrose BA, Little DP. The Herbarium 2021 Half-Earth Challenge Dataset and Machine Learning Competition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:787127. [PMID: 35178056 PMCID: PMC8846375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbarium sheets present a unique view of the world's botanical history, evolution, and biodiversity. This makes them an all-important data source for botanical research. With the increased digitization of herbaria worldwide and advances in the domain of fine-grained visual classification which can facilitate automatic identification of herbarium specimen images, there are many opportunities for supporting and expanding research in this field. However, existing datasets are either too small, or not diverse enough, in terms of represented taxa, geographic distribution, and imaging protocols. Furthermore, aggregating datasets is difficult as taxa are recognized under a multitude of names and must be aligned to a common reference. We introduce the Herbarium 2021 Half-Earth dataset: the largest and most diverse dataset of herbarium specimen images, to date, for automatic taxon recognition. We also present the results of the Herbarium 2021 Half-Earth challenge, a competition that was part of the Eighth Workshop on Fine-Grained Visual Categorization (FGVC8) and hosted by Kaggle to encourage the development of models to automatically identify taxa from herbarium sheet images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo de Lutio
- EcoVision Lab, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Y. Park
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Stefano D'Aronco
- EcoVision Lab, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan D. Wegner
- EcoVision Lab, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Gillian Brown
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, QLD, Australia
| | - Gordon Guymer
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Franks
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhahara Ranatunga
- Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yumiko Baba
- Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Serge J. Belongie
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, and Pioneer Centre for AI, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Canhos DAL, Almeida EAB, Assad AL, Cunha Bustamante MMD, Canhos VP, Chapman AD, Giovanni RD, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Lohmann LG, Maia LC, Miller JT, Nelson G, Peterson AT, Pirani JR, Souza SD, Stehmann JR, Thiers B. speciesLink: rich data and novel tools for digital assessments of biodiversity. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2022-1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract speciesLink is a large-scale biodiversity information portal that exists thanks to a broad collaborative network of people and institutions. CRIA’s involvement with the scientific community of Brazil and other countries is responsible for the significant results achieved, currently reaching more than 15 million primary biodiversity data records, 95% of which are associated with preserved specimens and about 25% with high-quality digital images. The network provides data on over 200,000 species, of which over 110,000 occur in Brazil. This article describes thematic networks within speciesLink, as well as some of the most useful tools developed. The importance and contributions of speciesLink are outlined, as are concerns about securing stable budgetary support for such biodiversity data e-infrastructures. Here we review the value of speciesLink as a major source of biodiversity information for research, education, informed decision-making, policy development, and bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gil Nelson
- Integrated Digitized Biocollections, USA
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Italian Vascular Flora: New Findings, Updates and Exploration of Floristic Similarities between Regions. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tradition of floristic studies in Italy has made it possible to obtain a good knowledge of plant diversity both on a national and regional scale. However, the lack of knowledge for some areas, advances in plant systematics and human activities related to globalization, highlight the need for further studies aimed at improving floristic knowledge. In this paper, based on fieldwork and herbaria and literature surveys, we update the knowledge on the Italian vascular flora and analyze the floristic similarities between the administrative regions. Four taxa, all exotic, were recorded for the first time in Italy and Europe. In detail, Elaeodendron croceum, Kalanchoë blossfeldiana, and Sedum spathulifolium var. spathulifolium were found as casual aliens, while Oxalis brasiliensis was reported as historical record based on some herbarium specimens. Furthermore, Kalanchoë laxiflora was confirmed as a casual alien species for Italy and Europe. Status changes for some taxa were proposed at both national and regional levels, as well as many taxa were reported as new or confirmed at the regional level. Currently the Italian vascular flora comprises 9150 taxa of which 7547 are native (of which 1598 are Italian endemics) and 1603 are exotic at the national level. The multivariate analysis of updated floristic data on a regional scale showed a clear distribution along the latitudinal gradient, in accordance with the natural geographical location of the regions in Italy. This pattern of plants distribution was not affected by the introduction of alien species. Despite some taxonomic and methodological issues which are still open, the data obtained confirm the important role of floristic investigations in the field and in herbaria, as well as the collaborative approach among botanists, in order to improve the knowledge of the Italian and European vascular flora.
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Primack RB, Ellwood ER, Gallinat AS, Miller-Rushing AJ. The growing and vital role of botanical gardens in climate change research. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:917-932. [PMID: 33890323 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Botanical gardens make unique contributions to climate change research, conservation, and public engagement. They host unique resources, including diverse collections of plant species growing in natural conditions, historical records, and expert staff, and attract large numbers of visitors and volunteers. Networks of botanical gardens spanning biomes and continents can expand the value of these resources. Over the past decade, research at botanical gardens has advanced our understanding of climate change impacts on plant phenology, physiology, anatomy, and conservation. For example, researchers have utilized botanical garden networks to assess anatomical and functional traits associated with phenological responses to climate change. New methods have enhanced the pace and impact of this research, including phylogenetic and comparative methods, and online databases of herbarium specimens and photographs that allow studies to expand geographically, temporally, and taxonomically in scope. Botanical gardens have grown their community and citizen science programs, informing the public about climate change and monitoring plants more intensively than is possible with garden staff alone. Despite these advances, botanical gardens are still underutilized in climate change research. To address this, we review recent progress and describe promising future directions for research and public engagement at botanical gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 33430, USA
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
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Miller TK, Gallinat AS, Smith LC, Primack RB. Comparing fruiting phenology across two historical datasets: Thoreau's observations and herbarium specimens. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:159-170. [PMID: 33830225 PMCID: PMC8324031 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fruiting remains under-represented in long-term phenology records, relative to leaf and flower phenology. Herbarium specimens and historical field notes can fill this gap, but selecting and synthesizing these records for modern-day comparison requires an understanding of whether different historical data sources contain similar information, and whether similar, but not equivalent, fruiting metrics are comparable with one another. METHODS For 67 fleshy-fruited plant species, we compared observations of fruiting phenology made by Henry David Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts (1850s), with phenology data gathered from herbarium specimens collected across New England (mid-1800s to 2000s). To identify whether fruiting times and the order of fruiting among species are similar between datasets, we compared dates of first, peak and last observed fruiting (recorded by Thoreau), and earliest, mean and latest specimen (collected from herbarium records), as well as fruiting durations. KEY RESULTS On average, earliest herbarium specimen dates were earlier than first fruiting dates observed by Thoreau; mean specimen dates were similar to Thoreau's peak fruiting dates; latest specimen dates were later than Thoreau's last fruiting dates; and durations of fruiting captured by herbarium specimens were longer than durations of fruiting observed by Thoreau. All metrics of fruiting phenology except duration were significantly, positively correlated within (r: 0.69-0.88) and between (r: 0.59-0.85) datasets. CONCLUSIONS Strong correlations in fruiting phenology between Thoreau's observations and data from herbaria suggest that field and herbarium methods capture similar broad-scale phenological information, including relative fruiting times among plant species in New England. Differences in the timing of first, last and duration of fruiting suggest that historical datasets collected with different methods, scales and metrics may not be comparable when exact timing is important. Researchers should strongly consider matching methodology when selecting historical records of fruiting phenology for present-day comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara K Miller
- Boston University, Biology Department, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Linnea C Smith
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Rodrigues MF, Cogni R. Genomic Responses to Climate Change: Making the Most of the Drosophila Model. Front Genet 2021; 12:676218. [PMID: 34326859 PMCID: PMC8314211 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.676218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is pressing to understand how animal populations evolve in response to climate change. We argue that new sequencing technologies and the use of historical samples are opening unprecedented opportunities to investigate genome-wide responses to changing environments. However, there are important challenges in interpreting the emerging findings. First, it is essential to differentiate genetic adaptation from phenotypic plasticity. Second, it is extremely difficult to map genotype, phenotype, and fitness. Third, neutral demographic processes and natural selection affect genetic variation in similar ways. We argue that Drosophila melanogaster, a classical model organism with decades of climate adaptation research, is uniquely suited to overcome most of these challenges. In the near future, long-term time series genome-wide datasets of D. melanogaster natural populations will provide exciting opportunities to study adaptation to recent climate change and will lay the groundwork for related research in non-model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo F. Rodrigues
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Rodrigo Cogni
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kommineni VK, Tautenhahn S, Baddam P, Gaikwad J, Wieczorek B, Triki A, Kattge J. Comprehensive leaf size traits dataset for seven plant species from digitised herbarium specimen images covering more than two centuries. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e69806. [PMID: 34316273 PMCID: PMC8292298 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e69806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morphological leaf traits are frequently used to quantify, understand and predict plant and vegetation functional diversity and ecology, including environmental and climate change responses. Although morphological leaf traits are easy to measure, their coverage for characterising variation within species and across temporal scales is limited. At the same time, there are about 3100 herbaria worldwide, containing approximately 390 million plant specimens dating from the 16th to 21st century, which can potentially be used to extract morphological leaf traits. Globally, plant specimens are rapidly being digitised and images are made openly available via various biodiversity data platforms, such as iDigBio and GBIF. Based on a pilot study to identify the availability and appropriateness of herbarium specimen images for comprehensive trait data extraction, we developed a spatio-temporal dataset on intraspecific trait variability containing 128,036 morphological leaf trait measurements for seven selected species. New information After scrutinising the metadata of digitised herbarium specimen images available from iDigBio and GBIF (21.9 million and 31.6 million images for Tracheophyta; accessed date December 2020), we identified approximately 10 million images potentially appropriate for our study. From the 10 million images, we selected seven species (Salixbebbiana Sarg., Alnusincana (L.) Moench, Violacanina L., Salixglauca L., Chenopodiumalbum L., Impatienscapensis Meerb. and Solanumdulcamara L.) , which have a simple leaf shape, are well represented in space and time and have high availability of specimens per species. We downloaded 17,383 images. Out of these, we discarded 5779 images due to quality issues. We used the remaining 11,604 images to measure the area, length, width and perimeter on 32,009 individual leaf blades using the semi-automated tool TraitEx. The resulting dataset contains 128,036 trait records. We demonstrate its comparability to trait data measured in natural environments following standard protocols by comparing trait values from the TRY database. We conclude that the herbarium specimens provide valuable information on leaf sizes. The dataset created in our study, by extracting leaf traits from the digitised herbarium specimen images of seven selected species, is a promising opportunity to improve ecological knowledge about the adaptation of size-related leaf traits to environmental changes in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Krishna Kommineni
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany.,Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena Jena Germany
| | - Susanne Tautenhahn
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany
| | - Pramod Baddam
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany.,Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena Jena Germany
| | - Jitendra Gaikwad
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Barbara Wieczorek
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena Jena Germany
| | - Abdelaziz Triki
- University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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Hussein BR, Malik OA, Ong WH, Slik JWF. Automated Extraction of Phenotypic Leaf Traits of Individual Intact Herbarium Leaves from Herbarium Specimen Images Using Deep Learning Based Semantic Segmentation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4549. [PMID: 34283110 PMCID: PMC8271859 DOI: 10.3390/s21134549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increase in the digitization efforts of herbarium collections worldwide, dataset repositories such as iDigBio and GBIF now have hundreds of thousands of herbarium sheet images ready for exploration. Although this serves as a new source of plant leaves data, herbarium datasets have an inherent challenge to deal with the sheets containing other non-plant objects such as color charts, barcodes, and labels. Even for the plant part itself, a combination of different overlapping, damaged, and intact individual leaves exist together with other plant organs such as stems and fruits, which increases the complexity of leaf trait extraction and analysis. Focusing on segmentation and trait extraction on individual intact herbarium leaves, this study proposes a pipeline consisting of deep learning semantic segmentation model (DeepLabv3+), connected component analysis, and a single-leaf classifier trained on binary images to automate the extraction of an intact individual leaf with phenotypic traits. The proposed method achieved a higher F1-score for both the in-house dataset (96%) and on a publicly available herbarium dataset (93%) compared to object detection-based approaches including Faster R-CNN and YOLOv5. Furthermore, using the proposed approach, the phenotypic measurements extracted from the segmented individual leaves were closer to the ground truth measurements, which suggests the importance of the segmentation process in handling background noise. Compared to the object detection-based approaches, the proposed method showed a promising direction toward an autonomous tool for the extraction of individual leaves together with their trait data directly from herbarium specimen images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Rashid Hussein
- Digital Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; (B.R.H.); (W.-H.O.)
| | - Owais Ahmed Malik
- Digital Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; (B.R.H.); (W.-H.O.)
| | - Wee-Hong Ong
- Digital Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; (B.R.H.); (W.-H.O.)
| | - Johan Willem Frederik Slik
- Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei;
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Kozlov MV, Sokolova IV, Zverev V, Zvereva EL. Changes in plant collection practices from the 16th to 21st centuries: implications for the use of herbarium specimens in global change research. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:865-873. [PMID: 33556168 PMCID: PMC8225282 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Herbaria were recently advertised as reliable sources of information regarding historical changes in plant traits and biotic interactions. To justify the use of herbaria in global change research, we asked whether the characteristics of herbarium specimens have changed during the past centuries and whether these changes were due to shifts in plant collection practices. METHODS We measured nine characteristics from 515 herbarium specimens of common European trees and large shrubs collected from 1558 to 2016. We asked botanists to rank these specimens by their scientific quality, and asked artists to rank these specimens by their beauty. KEY RESULTS Eight of 11 assessed characteristics of herbarium specimens changed significantly during the study period. The average number of leaves in plant specimens increased 3-fold, whereas the quality of specimen preparation decreased. Leaf size negatively correlated with leaf number in specimens in both among-species and within-species analyses. The proportion of herbarium sheets containing plant reproductive structures peaked in the 1850s. The scientific value of herbarium specimens increased until the 1700s, but then did not change, whereas their aesthetic value showed no systematic trends. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that many characteristics of herbarium specimens have changed systematically and substantially from the 16th to 21st centuries due to changes in plant collection and preservation practices. These changes may both create patterns which could be erroneously attributed to environmental changes and obscure historical trends in plant traits. The utmost care ought to be taken to guard against the possibility of misinterpretation of data obtained from herbarium specimens. We recommend that directional changes in characters of herbarium specimens which occurred during the past 150‒200 years, primarily in specimen size and in the presence of reproductive structures, are accounted for when searching for the effects of past environmental changes on plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina V Sokolova
- Herbarium, V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Professora Popova Str. 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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