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Xu W, Cheng H, Cheng J, Zhu S, Cui Y, Wang C, Wu J, Lan X, Cheng Y. A COBRA family protein, PtrCOB3, contributes to gelatinous layer formation of tension wood fibers in poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:323-337. [PMID: 38850037 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Angiosperm trees usually develop tension wood (TW) in response to gravitational stimulation. TW comprises abundant gelatinous (G-) fibers with thick G-layers primarily composed of crystalline cellulose. Understanding the pivotal factors governing G-layer formation in TW fiber remains elusive. This study elucidates the role of a Populus trichocarpa COBRA family protein, PtrCOB3, in the G-layer formation of TW fibers. PtrCOB3 expression was upregulated, and its promoter activity was enhanced during TW formation. Comparative analysis with wild-type trees revealed that ptrcob3 mutants, mediated by Cas9/gRNA gene editing, were incapable of producing G-layers within TW fibers and showed severely impaired stem lift. Fluorescence immunolabeling data revealed a dearth of crystalline cellulose in the tertiary cell wall (TCW) of ptrcob3 TW fibers. The role of PtrCOB3 in G-layer formation is contingent upon its native promoter, as evidenced by the comparative phenotypic assessments of pCOB11::PtrCOB3, pCOB3::PtrCOB3, and pCOB3::PtrCOB11 transgenic lines in the ptrcob3 background. Overexpression of PtrCOB3 under the control of its native promoter expedited G-layer formation within TW fibers. We further identified 3 transcription factors that bind to the PtrCOB3 promoter and positively regulate its transcriptional levels. Alongside the primary TCW synthesis genes, these findings enable the construction of a 2-layer transcriptional regulatory network for the G-layer formation of TW fibers. Overall, this study uncovers mechanistic insight into TW formation, whereby a specific COB protein executes the deposition of cellulose, and consequently, G-layer formation within TW fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiyao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Siran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yongyao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jianzhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xingguo Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Wang B, Yu J, Luo M, Yu J, Zhao H, Yin G, Lu X, Xia H, Sun H, Hu Y, Lei B. Aspartic proteases gene family: Identification and expression profiles during stem vascular development in tobacco. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135016. [PMID: 39181353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases (APs) constitute a large family in plants and are widely involved in diverse biological processes, like chloroplast metabolism, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and reproductive development. In this study, we focused on overall analysis of the APs genes in tobacco. Our analysis included the phylogeny and cis-elements in the cell wall-associated promoters of these genes. To characterize the expression patterns of APs genes in stem vascular development. The tissue expression analysis showed that NtAED3-like was preferentially expressed in the differentiating xylem and phloem cells of the vascular system. Based on histochemical staining analysis showed that the NtAED3-like gene was specifically expressed in stem vascular tissue, root vascular tissue, and petiole vascular tissue. The TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay illustrated a delayed progression of programmed cell death (PCD) within the xylem of the ko-ntaed3a-like mutant, relative to the wild type. The mutant ko-ntaed3a-like exhibited a phenotype of thinning stem circumference and changed in xylem structure and lignin content. In addition, the two-dimension heteronuclear single quantum coherent nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-HSQC) analysis of three milled wood lignins (MWLs) showed that the content of β-O-4 connection in ko-ntaed3a-like decreased slightly compared with wild type. In conclusion, this study provides our understanding of the regulation of vascular tissue development by the NtAED3-like gene in tobacco and provides a better basis for determining the molecular mechanism of the aspartic protease in secondary cell wall (SCW) development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, GuizhouAcademy of Tobacco Science, No. 29 Longtanba Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Jiabin Yu
- Guizhou Tobacco Company Guiyang Company, No.45 Zhonghua South Road, Nanming District, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Guizhou Medical University, School of Biology and Engineering, School of Health Medicine Modern Industry, No.6 Ankang Avenue, Gui 'an District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Jing Yu
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, GuizhouAcademy of Tobacco Science, No. 29 Longtanba Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, GuizhouAcademy of Tobacco Science, No. 29 Longtanba Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Guoying Yin
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, GuizhouAcademy of Tobacco Science, No. 29 Longtanba Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xianren Lu
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, GuizhouAcademy of Tobacco Science, No. 29 Longtanba Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Haiqian Xia
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, GuizhouAcademy of Tobacco Science, No. 29 Longtanba Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Hongquan Sun
- Guizhou Tobacco Company Tongren Company, No.41 Jinjiang North Road, Bijiang District, Tongren 554300, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Guizhou Tobacco Company Guiyang Company, No.45 Zhonghua South Road, Nanming District, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Bo Lei
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, GuizhouAcademy of Tobacco Science, No. 29 Longtanba Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 550081, China.
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Hu M, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Lu M, Song X. PagKNAT2/6b regulates tension wood formation and gravitropism by targeting cytokinin metabolism. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae090. [PMID: 39030690 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Tension wood is a specialized xylem tissue associated with gravitropism in angiosperm trees. However, few regulators of tension wood formation have been identified. The molecular mechanisms underpinning tension wood formation remain elusive. Here, we report that a Populus KNOTTED-like homeobox gene, PagKNAT2/6b, is involved in tension wood formation and gravity response. Transgenic poplar plants overexpressing PagKNAT2/6b displayed more sensitive gravitropism than controls, as indicated by increased stem curvature. Microscopic examination revealed greater abundance of fibre cells with a gelatinous cell wall layer (G-layer) and asymmetric growth of secondary xylem in PagKNAT2/6b overexpression lines. Conversely, PagKNAT2/6b dominant repression plants exhibited decreased tension wood formation and reduced response to gravity stimulation. Moreover, sensitivity to gravity stimulation showed a negative relationship with development stage. Expression of genes related to growth and senescence was affected in PagKNAT2/6b transgenic plants. More importantly, transcription activation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggested that PagKNAT2/6b promotes the expression of cytokinin metabolism genes. Consistently, cytokinin content was increased in PagKNAT2/6b overexpression plants. Therefore, PagKNAT2/6b is involved in gravitropism and tension wood formation, likely via modulation of cytokinin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Hongqizhong Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Wusu Street, Linan District, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Guo Y, He S, Wang HL, Lin H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. MicroRNA257 promotes secondary growth in hybrid poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108870. [PMID: 38914038 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Populus, a significant fast-growing tree species with global afforestation and energy potential, holds considerable economic value. The abundant production of secondary xylem by trees, which serves as a vital resource for industrial purposes and human sustenance, necessitates the orchestration of various regulatory mechanisms, encompassing transcriptional regulators and microRNAs (miRNAs). Nevertheless, the investigation of microRNA-mediated regulation of poplar secondary growth remains limited. In this study, we successfully isolated a novel microRNA (Pag-miR257) from 84 K poplar and subsequently integrated it into the 35 S overexpression vector. The overexpression of Pag-miR257 resulted in notable increases in plant height, stem diameter, and fresh weight. Additionally, the overexpression of Pag-miR257 demonstrated a significant enhancement in net photosynthetic rate. The findings from the examination of cell wall autofluorescence indicated a substantial increase in both xylem area and the number of vessels in poplar plants overexpressing Pag-miR257. Furthermore, the cell wall of the Pag-miR257 overexpressing plants exhibited thickening as observed through transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) analysis and phloroglucinol-HCl staining revealed an elevation in lignin content in Pag-miR257 overexpressing poplar plants. The findings of this study suggest that microRNA257 may play a role in the control of secondary growth in poplar stems, thereby potentially enhancing the development of wood engineering techniques for improved material and energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Dongguan No.1 Senior High School, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongxia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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5
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Zhu Y, Li L. Wood of trees: Cellular structure, molecular formation, and genetic engineering. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:443-467. [PMID: 38032010 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an invaluable asset to human society due to its renewable nature, making it suitable for both sustainable energy production and material manufacturing. Additionally, wood derived from forest trees plays a crucial role in sequestering a significant portion of the carbon dioxide fixed during photosynthesis by terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, with the expansion of the global population and ongoing industrialization, forest coverage has been substantially decreased, resulting in significant challenges for wood production and supply. Wood production practices have changed away from natural forests toward plantation forests. Thus, understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of wood formation is the foundation for developing high-quality, fast-growing plantation trees. Breeding ideal forest trees for wood production using genetic technologies has attracted the interest of many. Tremendous studies have been carried out in recent years on the molecular, genetic, and cell-biological mechanisms of wood formation, and considerable progress and findings have been achieved. These studies and findings indicate enormous possibilities and prospects for tree improvement. This review will outline and assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wood formation, as well as studies on genetically improving forest trees, and address future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Fu X, Xin Y, Shen G, Luo K, Xu C, Wu N. A cytokinin response factor PtCRF1 is involved in the regulation of wood formation in poplar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad156. [PMID: 38123505 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation is a complex developmental process under the control of multiple levels of regulatory transcriptional network and hormone signals in trees. It is well known that cytokinin (CK) signaling plays an important role in maintaining the activity of the vascular cambium. The CK response factors (CRFs) encoding a subgroup of AP2 transcription factors have been identified to mediate the CK-dependent regulation in different plant developmental processes. However, the functions of CRFs in wood development remain unclear. Here, we characterized the function of PtCRF1, a CRF transcription factor isolated from poplar, in the process of wood formation. The PtCRF1 is preferentially expressed in secondary vasculature, especially in vascular cambium and secondary phloem, and encodes a transcriptional activator. Overexpression of PtCRF1 in transgenic poplar plants led to a significant reduction in the cell layer number of vascular cambium. The development of wood tissue was largely promoted in the PtCRF1-overexpressing lines, while it was significantly compromised in the CRISPR/Cas9-generated double mutant plants of PtCRF1 and its closest homolog PtCRF2. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses showed that PtCRF1 repressed the expression of the typical CK-responsive genes. Furthermore, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that PtCRF1 competitively inhibits the direct interactions between histidine phosphotransfer proteins and type-B response regulator by binding to PtHP protein. Collectively, these results indicate that PtCRF1 negatively regulates CK signaling and is required for woody cell differentiation in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Fu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yufeng Xin
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gui Shen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nengbiao Wu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Xie J, Cao B, Xu K. Uncovering the dominant role of root lignin accumulation in silicon-induced resistance to drought in tomato. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129075. [PMID: 38161004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The role of lignin accumulation in silicon-induced resistance has not been fully elucidated. Based on the finding that the root cell wall is protected by silicon, this study explored the role of lignin accumulation in silicon-induced drought resistance in tomato. The decreased silicon concentration of the root confirmed the dominant role of lignin accumulation in silicon-induced drought resistance. The lignin monomer content in the root was enhanced by silicon, and was accompanied by the enhancement of drought resistance. Histochemical and transcriptional analyses of lignin showed that lignin accumulation was promoted by silicon under drought stress. In addition, in the root zone, silicon-induced lignin accumulation increased as the distance from the root tip increased under drought stress. Surprisingly, the Dwarf gene was upregulated by silicon in the roots. Micro Tom Dwarf gene mutation and Micro Tom-d + Dwarf gene functional complementation were further used to confirm that Dwarf regulates the spatial accuracy of SHR expression in the root. Therefore, root lignin accumulation plays a dominant role in silicon-induced drought resistance in tomato and the regulation of spatial accuracy of root lignification by silicon under drought stress is through the BR pathway, thereby avoiding the inhibition of root growth caused by root lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xie
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Bili Cao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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Zhang S, Cao L, Chang R, Zhang H, Yu J, Li C, Liu G, Yan J, Xu Z. Network Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Revealed Regulation of Different Nitrogen Concentrations on Hybrid Poplar Cambium Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1017. [PMID: 38256092 PMCID: PMC10816006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary development is a key biological characteristic of woody plants and the basis of wood formation. Exogenous nitrogen can affect the secondary growth of poplar, and some regulatory mechanisms have been found in the secondary xylem. However, the effect of nitrogen on cambium has not been reported. Herein, we investigated the effects of different nitrogen concentrations on cambium development using combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The results show that, compared with 1 mM NH4NO3 (M), the layers of hybrid poplar cambium cells decreased under the 0.15 mM NH4NO3 (L) and 0.3 mM NH4NO3 (LM) treatments. However, there was no difference in the layers of hybrid poplar cambium cells under the 3 mM NH4NO3 (HM) and 5 mM NH4NO3 (H) treatments. Totals of 2365, 824, 649 and 398 DEGs were identified in the M versus (vs.) L, M vs. LM, M vs. HM and M vs. H groups, respectively. Expression profile analysis of the DEGs showed that exogenous nitrogen affected the gene expression involved in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway and the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway. In M vs. L, M vs. LM, M vs. HM and M vs. H, differential metabolites were enriched in flavonoids, lignans, coumarins and saccharides. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome showed that some genes and metabolites in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways may be involved in nitrogen regulation in cambium development, whose functions need to be verified. In this study, from the point of view that nitrogen influences cambium development to regulate wood formation, the network analysis of the transcriptome and metabolomics of cambium under different nitrogen supply levels was studied for the first time, revealing the potential regulatory and metabolic mechanisms involved in this process and providing new insights into the effects of nitrogen on wood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (S.Z.); (R.C.)
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Ruhui Chang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (S.Z.); (R.C.)
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Chunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Junxin Yan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhiru Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (S.Z.); (R.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
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Zhou F, Hu B, Li J, Yan H, Liu Q, Zeng B, Fan C. Exogenous applications of brassinosteroids promote secondary xylem differentiation in Eucalyptus grandis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16250. [PMID: 38188140 PMCID: PMC10768668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play many pivotal roles in plant growth and development, especially in cell elongation and vascular development. Although its biosynthetic and signal transduction pathway have been well characterized in model plants, their biological roles in Eucalyptus grandis, a major hardwood tree providing fiber and energy worldwide, remain unclear. Here, we treated E. grandis plantlets with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), the most active BR and/or BR biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole. We recorded the plant growth and analyzed the cell structure of the root and stem with histochemical methods; then, we performed a secondary growth, BR synthesis, and signaling-related gene expression analysis. The results showed that the BRs dramatically increased the shoot length and diameter, and the exogenous BR increased the xylem area of the stem and root. In this process, EgrBRI1, EgrBZR1, and EgrBZR2 expression were induced by the BR treatment, and the expressions of HD-ZIPIII and cellulose synthase genes were also altered. To further verify the effect of BRs in secondary xylem development in Eucalyptus, we used six-month-old plants as the material and directly applied EBL to the xylem and cambium of the vertical stems. The xylem area, fiber cell length, and cell numbers showed considerable increases. Several key BR-signaling genes, secondary xylem development-related transcription factor genes, and cellulose and lignin biosynthetic genes were also considerably altered. Thus, BR had regulatory roles in secondary xylem development and differentiation via the BR-signaling pathway in this woody plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Yan
- School of Life Sciences Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingshan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunjie Fan
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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10
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Chen L, Liu L, Yang G, Li X, Dai X, Xue L, Yin T. Expression Quantitative Trait Locus of Wood Formation-Related Genes in Salix suchowensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:247. [PMID: 38203430 PMCID: PMC10778782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Shrub willows are widely planted for landscaping, soil remediation, and biomass production, due to their rapid growth rates. Identification of regulatory genes in wood formation would provide clues for genetic engineering of willows for improved growth traits on marginal lands. Here, we conducted an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis, using a full sibling F1 population of Salix suchowensis, to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation. Based on variants identified from simplified genome sequencing and gene expression data from RNA sequencing, 16,487 eQTL blocks controlling 5505 genes were identified, including 2148 cis-eQTLs and 16,480 trans-eQTLs. eQTL hotspots were identified, based on eQTL frequency in genomic windows, revealing one hotspot controlling genes involved in wood formation regulation. Regulatory networks were further constructed, resulting in the identification of key regulatory genes, including three transcription factors (JAZ1, HAT22, MYB36) and CLV1, BAM1, CYCB2;4, CDKB2;1, associated with the proliferation and differentiation activity of cambium cells. The enrichment of genes in plant hormone pathways indicates their critical roles in the regulation of wood formation. Our analyses provide a significant groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory network of wood formation in S. suchowensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liangjiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Poplar Germplasm Enhancement and Variety Improvement, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Poplar Germplasm Enhancement and Variety Improvement, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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11
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Urbancsok J, Donev EN, Sivan P, van Zalen E, Barbut FR, Derba-Maceluch M, Šimura J, Yassin Z, Gandla ML, Karady M, Ljung K, Winestrand S, Jönsson LJ, Scheepers G, Delhomme N, Street NR, Mellerowicz EJ. Flexure wood formation via growth reprogramming in hybrid aspen involves jasmonates and polyamines and transcriptional changes resembling tension wood development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2312-2334. [PMID: 37857351 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Stem bending in trees induces flexure wood but its properties and development are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of low-intensity multidirectional stem flexing on growth and wood properties of hybrid aspen, and on its transcriptomic and hormonal responses. Glasshouse-grown trees were either kept stationary or subjected to several daily shakes for 5 wk, after which the transcriptomes and hormones were analyzed in the cambial region and developing wood tissues, and the wood properties were analyzed by physical, chemical and microscopy techniques. Shaking increased primary and secondary growth and altered wood differentiation by stimulating gelatinous-fiber formation, reducing secondary wall thickness, changing matrix polysaccharides and increasing cellulose, G- and H-lignin contents, cell wall porosity and saccharification yields. Wood-forming tissues exhibited elevated jasmonate, polyamine, ethylene and brassinosteroids and reduced abscisic acid and gibberellin signaling. Transcriptional responses resembled those during tension wood formation but not opposite wood formation and revealed several thigmomorphogenesis-related genes as well as novel gene networks including FLA and XTH genes encoding plasma membrane-bound proteins. Low-intensity stem flexing stimulates growth and induces wood having improved biorefinery properties through molecular and hormonal pathways similar to thigmomorphogenesis in herbaceous plants and largely overlapping with the tension wood program of hardwoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Urbancsok
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N Donev
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pramod Sivan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elena van Zalen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Félix R Barbut
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Šimura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zakiya Yassin
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michal Karady
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Scheepers
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Liu G, Wu Z, Luo J, Wang C, Shang X, Zhang G. Genes expression profiles in vascular cambium of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis at different ages. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:500. [PMID: 37848837 PMCID: PMC10583469 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wood is a secondary xylem generated by vascular cambium. Vascular cambium activities mainly include cambium proliferation and vascular tissue formation through secondary growth, thereby producing new secondary phloem inward and secondary xylem outward and leading to continuous tree thickening and wood formation. Wood formation is a complex biological process, which is strictly regulated by multiple genes. Therefore, molecular level research on the vascular cambium of different tree ages can lead to the identification of both key and related genes involved in wood formation and further explain the molecular regulation mechanism of wood formation. RESULTS In the present study, RNA-Seq and Pac-Bio Iso-Seq were used for profiling gene expression changes in Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis (E. urograndis) vascular cambium at four different ages. A total of 59,770 non-redundant transcripts and 1892 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The expression trends of the DEGs related to cell division and differentiation, cell wall biosynthesis, phytohormone, and transcription factors were analyzed. The DEGs encoding expansin, kinesin, cycline, PAL, GRP9, KNOX, C2C2-dof, REV, etc., were highly expressed in E. urograndis at three years old, leading to positive effects on growth and development. Moreover, some gene family members, such as NAC, MYB, HD-ZIP III, RPK, and RAP, play different regulatory roles in wood formation because of their sophisticated transcriptional network and function redundantly. CONCLUSIONS These candidate genes are a potential resource to further study wood formation, especially in fast-growing and adaptable eucalyptus. The results may also serve as a basis for further research to unravel the molecular mechanism underlying wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianzhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chubiao Wang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiuhua Shang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guowu Zhang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China.
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13
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Wang D, Hao X, Xu L, Zhao M, Wang C, Yu X, Kong Y, Lu M, Zhou G, Chai G, Tang X. Fine-tuning brassinosteroid biosynthesis via 3'UTR-dependent decay of CPD mRNA modulates wood formation in Populus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1852-1858. [PMID: 37203882 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that regulate wood formation in trees. Currently, little is known about the post-transcriptional regulation of BR synthesis. Here, we show that during wood formation, fine-tuning BR synthesis requires 3'UTR-dependent decay of Populus CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF 1 (PdCPD1). Overexpression of PdCPD1 or its 3' UTR fragment resulted in a significant increase of BR levels and inhibited secondary growth. In contrast, transgenic poplars repressing PdCPD1 3' UTR expression displayed moderate levels of BR and promoted wood formation. We show that the Populus GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (PdGRP1) directly binds to a GU-rich element in 3' UTR of PdCPD1, leading to its mRNA decay. We thus provide a post-transcriptional mechanism underlying BRs synthesis during wood formation, which may be useful for genetic manipulation of wood biomass in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoning Hao
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengyan Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Congpeng Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xihao Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xianfeng Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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14
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Lu H, Chen M, Fu M, Yan J, Su W, Zhan Y, Zeng F. Brassinosteroids affect wood development and properties of Fraxinus mandshurica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1167548. [PMID: 37546264 PMCID: PMC10400452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Xylem development plays a crucial role in wood formation in woody plants. In recent years, there has been growing attention towards the impact of brassinosteroids (BRs) on this xylem development. In the present study, we evaluated the dynamic variation of xylem development in Fraxinus mandshurica (female parent, M8) and a novel interspecific hybrid F. mandshurica × Fraxinus sogdiana (1601) from May to August 2020. Methods We obtained RNA-Seq transcriptomes of three tissue types (xylem, phloem, and leaf) to identify the differences in xylem-differentially expressed genes (X-DEGs) and xylem-specifically expressed genes (X-SEGs) in M8 and 1601 variants. We then further evaluated these genes via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) alongside overexpressing FmCPD, a BR biosynthesis enzyme gene, in transient transgenic F. mandshurica. Results Our results indicated that the xylem development cycle of 1601 was extended by 2 weeks compared to that of M8. In addition, during the later wood development stages (secondary wall thickening) of 1601, an increased cellulose content (14%) and a reduced lignin content (11%) was observed. Furthermore, vessel length and width increased by 67% and 37%, respectively, in 1601 compared with those of M8. A total of 4589 X-DEGs were identified, including enzymes related to phenylpropane metabolism, galactose metabolism, BR synthesis, and signal transduction pathways. WGCNA identified hub X-SEGs involved in cellulose synthesis and BR signaling in the 1601 wood formation-related module (CESA8, COR1, C3H14, and C3H15); in contrast, genes involved in phenylpropane metabolism were significantly enriched in the M8 wood formation-related module (CCoAOMT and CCR). Moreover, overexpression of FmCPD in transient transgenic F. mandshurica affected the expression of genes associated with lignin and cellulose biosynthesis signal transduction. Finally, BR content was determined to be approximately 20% lower in the M8 xylem than in the 1601 xylem, and the exogenous application of BRs (24-epi brassinolide) significantly increased the number of xylem cell layers and altered the composition of the secondary cell walls in F. mandshurica. Discussion Our findings suggest that BR biosynthesis and signaling play a critical role in the differing wood development and properties observed between M8 and 1601 F. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fansuo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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15
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Xie Z, Gui J, Zhong Y, Li B, Sun J, Shen J, Li L. Screening genome-editing knockouts reveals the receptor-like kinase ASX role in regulations of secondary xylem development in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1972-1985. [PMID: 36922397 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In trees, secondary xylem development is essential for the growth of perennial stem increments. Many signals regulate the process of development, but our knowledge of the molecular components involved in signal transduction is still limited. In this study, we identified Attenuation of Secondary Xylem (ASX) knockouts by screening genome-editing knockouts of xylem-expressed receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in Populus. The ASX role in secondary xylem development in Populus was discovered using biochemical, cellular, and genomic analyses. The ASX knockout plants had abnormal secondary stem growth but had little effect on shoot apical primary growth. ASX and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK)2/4 were co-precipitated in developing xylem. Through their interaction, ASX is phosphorylated by SERK. Transcriptome analysis of developing xylem revealed that ASX deficiency inhibited the transcriptional activity of genes involved in xylem differentiation and secondary cell wall formation. By forming a complex, ASX and SERK may function as a signaling module for signal transduction required in the regulation of secondary xylem development in trees. This study shows that ASX, which encodes a RLKs, is required for secondary xylem development and sheds light on regulatory signals found in tree stem secondary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiayan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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16
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Xu S, Sun M, Yao JL, Liu X, Xue Y, Yang G, Zhu R, Jiang W, Wang R, Xue C, Mao Z, Wu J. Auxin inhibits lignin and cellulose biosynthesis in stone cells of pear fruit via the PbrARF13-PbrNSC-PbrMYB132 transcriptional regulatory cascade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37031416 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Stone cells are often present in pear fruit, and they can seriously affect the fruit quality when present in large numbers. The plant growth regulator NAA, a synthetic auxin, is known to play an active role in fruit development regulation. However, the genetic mechanisms of NAA regulation of stone cell formation are still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that exogenous application of 200 μM NAA reduced stone cell content and also significantly decreased the expression level of PbrNSC encoding a transcriptional regulator. PbrNSC was shown to bind to an auxin response factor, PbrARF13. Overexpression of PbrARF13 decreased stone cell content in pear fruit and secondary cell wall (SCW) thickness in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. In contrast, knocking down PbrARF13 expression using virus-induced gene silencing had the opposite effect. PbrARF13 was subsequently shown to inhibit PbrNSC expression by directly binding to its promoter, and further to reduce stone cell content. Furthermore, PbrNSC was identified as a positive regulator of PbrMYB132 through analyses of co-expression network of stone cell formation-related genes. PbrMYB132 activated the expression of gene encoding cellulose synthase (PbrCESA4b/7a/8a) and lignin laccase (PbrLAC5) binding to their promotors. As expected, overexpression or knockdown of PbrMYB132 increased or decreased stone cell content in pear fruit and SCW thickness in Arabidopsis transgenic plants. In conclusion, our study shows that the 'PbrARF13-PbrNSC-PbrMYB132' regulatory cascade mediates the biosynthesis of lignin and cellulose in stone cells of pear fruit in response to auxin signals and also provides new insights into plant SCW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhuo Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manyi Sun
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yongsong Xue
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangyan Yang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongxiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weitao Jiang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Runze Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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17
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SMRT and Illumina sequencing provide insights into mechanisms of lignin and terpenoids biosynthesis in Pinus massoniana Lamb. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123267. [PMID: 36657535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Wood and oleoresin are important industrial raw materials with high economic value; however, their molecular formation and biosynthesis mechanisms in different tissues of Pinus massoniana remain unexplored. Therefore, we used single-molecule real-time sequencing technology (SMRT) and Illumina RNA sequencing to establish a transcriptome dataset and explore the expression pattern of genes related to secondary metabolites involved in wood formation and oleoresin biosynthesis in six different P. massoniana tissues. In total, 63.58 Gb of polymerase reads were obtained, including 41,407 isoforms with an average length of 1822 bp. We identified 3939 and 8785 isoforms and 161 and 481 transcription factors with tissue expression specificity and in the reproductive and vegetative organs, respectively. Eighty isoforms were annotated as cellulose synthases and 224 isoforms involved in lignin biosynthesis were enriched. Additionally, we identified 217 isoforms involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway, with needles having the most tissue-specific genes for terpenoid biosynthesis. Some isoforms related to lignin biosynthesis were highly expressed in the xylem, according to the results of transcriptome sequencing and real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Our research confirmed the advantages of SMRT sequencing and provided valuable information for the transcriptional annotation of P. massoniana, which will be beneficial for producing better raw wood and oleoresin materials.
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18
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Huang Y, Qian C, Lin J, Antwi-Boasiako A, Wu J, Liu Z, Mao Z, Zhong X. CcNAC1 by Transcriptome Analysis Is Involved in Sudan Grass Secondary Cell Wall Formation as a Positive Regulator. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076149. [PMID: 37047127 PMCID: PMC10094045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudan grass is a high-quality forage of sorghum. The degree of lignification of Sudan grass is the main factor affecting its digestibility in ruminants such as cattle and sheep. Almost all lignocellulose in Sudan grass is stored in the secondary cell wall, but the mechanism and synthesis of the secondary cell wall in Sudan grass is still unclear. In order to study the mechanism of secondary cell wall synthesis in Sudan grass, we used an in vitro induction system of Sudan grass secondary cell wall. Through transcriptome sequencing, it was found that the NAC transcription factor CcNAC1 gene was related to the synthesis of the Sudan grass secondary cell wall. This study further generated CcNAC1 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis to study CcNAC1 gene function in secondary cell wall synthesis. It was shown that the overexpression of the CcNAC1 gene can significantly increase lignin content in Arabidopsis lines. Through subcellular localization analysis, CcNAC1 genes could be expressed in the nucleus of a plant. In addition, we used yeast two-hybrid screening to find 26 proteins interacting with CcNAC1. GO and KEGG analysis showed that CcNAC1 relates to the metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In summary, the synthesis of secondary cell wall of Sudan grass can be regulated by CcNAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Huang
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Key Laboratory for Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chen Qian
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Key Laboratory for Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianyu Lin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Augustine Antwi-Boasiako
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi P.O. Box 3785, Ghana
| | - Juanzi Wu
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Key Laboratory for Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Key Laboratory for Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhengfeng Mao
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhong
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Key Laboratory for Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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19
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Transcriptomic Evidence Reveals Low Gelatinous Layer Biosynthesis in Neolamarckia cadamba after Gravistimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010268. [PMID: 36613711 PMCID: PMC9820806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees can control their shape and resist gravity by producing tension wood (TW), which is a special wood that results from trees being put under stress. TW is characterized by the presence of a gelatinous layer (G layer) and the differential distribution of cell wall polymers. In this study, we investigated whether or not gravistimulation in N. cadamba resulted in TW with an obvious G layer. The results revealed an absence of an obvious G layer in samples of the upper side of a leaning stem (UW), as well as an accumulation of cellulose and a decrease in lignin content. A negligible change in the content of these polymers was recorded and compared to untreated plant (NW) samples, revealing the presence of a G layer either in much lower concentrations or in a lignified form. A transcriptomic investigation demonstrated a higher expression of cell wall esterase- and hydrolase-related genes in the UW, suggesting an accumulation of noncellulosic sugars in the UW, similar to the spectroscopy results. Furthermore, several G-layer-specific genes were also downregulated, including fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLA), beta-galactosidase (BGAL) and chitinase-like proteins (CTL). The gene coexpression network revealed a strong correlation between cell-wall-synthesis-related genes and G-layer-synthesis-specific genes, suggesting their probable antagonistic role during G layer formation. In brief, the G layer in N. cadamba was either synthesized in a very low amount or was lignified during an early stage of growth; further experimental validation is required to understand the exact mechanism and stage of G layer formation in N. cadamba during gravistimulation.
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20
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Fan C, Zhang W, Guo Y, Sun K, Wang L, Luo K. Overexpression of PtoMYB115 improves lignocellulose recalcitrance to enhance biomass digestibility and bioethanol yield by specifically regulating lignin biosynthesis in transgenic poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:119. [PMCID: PMC9636778 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Woody plants provide the most abundant biomass resource that is convertible for biofuels. Since lignin is a crucial recalcitrant factor against lignocellulose hydrolysis, genetic engineering of lignin biosynthesis is considered as a promising solution. Many MYB transcription factors have been identified to involve in the regulation of cell wall formation or phenylpropanoid pathway. In a previous study, we identified that PtoMYB115 contributes to the regulation of proanthocyanidin pathway, however, little is known about its role in lignocellulose biosynthesis and biomass saccharification in poplar.
Results
Here, we detected the changes of cell wall features and examined biomass enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production under various chemical pretreatments in PtoMYB115 transgenic plants. We reported that PtoMYB115 might specifically regulate lignin biosynthesis to affect xylem development. Overexpression of PtoMYB115 altered lignin biosynthetic gene expression, resulting in reduced lignin deposition, raised S/G and beta-O-4 linkage, resulting in a significant reduction in cellulase adsorption with lignin and an increment in cellulose accessibility. These alterations consequently improved lignocellulose recalcitrance for significantly enhanced biomass saccharification and bioethanol yield in the PtoMYB115-OE transgenic lines. In contrast, the knockout of PtoMYB115 by CRISPR/Cas9 showed reduced woody utilization under various chemical pretreatments.
Conclusions
This study shows that PtoMYB115 plays an important role in specifically regulating lignin biosynthesis and improving lignocellulose features. The enhanced biomass saccharification and bioethanol yield in the PtoMYB115-OE lines suggests that PtoMYB115 is a candidate gene for genetic modification to facilitate the utilization of biomass.
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21
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Wang Y, Hao Y, Guo Y, Shou H, Du J. PagDET2 promotes cambium cell division and xylem differentiation in poplar stem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923530. [PMID: 36092441 PMCID: PMC9459238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary growth of the woody tree stem is governed by meristematic cell division and differentiation in the vascular cambium. Multiple hormonal signals and endogenous developmental programs regulate vascular cambium activity. Brassinosteroids (BRs) significantly promote secondary stem growth and wood formation in poplar trees. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of BRs within the vascular tissue remain unclear. Genetic and anatomical approaches were used here to elucidate the role of PagDET2, the rate-limiting enzyme for BRs biosynthesis, in regulating secondary vascular cambium activity in Populus. This study showed that the elevated endogenous castasterone (CS) levels in tree stems through overexpressing PagDET2 could enhance cambium meristem cell activity and xylem (XY) differentiation to promote secondary stem growth. RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in BRs response, vascular cambium cell division, XY differentiation, and secondary cell wall synthesis were up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yakun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huixia Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Tian F, Han C, Chen X, Wu X, Mi J, Wan X, Liu Q, He F, Chen L, Yang H, Zhong Y, Qian Z, Zhang F. PscCYP716A1-Mediated Brassinolide Biosynthesis Increases Cadmium Tolerance and Enrichment in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:919682. [PMID: 35865284 PMCID: PMC9294640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), as one of the heavy metals with biological poisonousness, seriously suppresses plant growth and does harm to human health. Hence, phytoremediation was proposed to mitigate the negative effects from Cd and restore contaminated soil. However, the internal mechanisms of detoxification of Cd used in phytoremediation are not completely revealed. In this study, we cloned the cytochrome P450 gene PscCYP716A1 from hybrid poplar "Chuanxiang No. 1" and found that the PscCYP716A1 was transcriptionally upregulated by Cd stress and downregulated by the exogenous brassinolide (BR). Meanwhile, PscCYP716A1 significantly promoted the poplar growth and enhanced the Cd accumulation in poplar. Compared to wild-type poplars, overexpressed PscCYP716A1 lines produced higher levels of endogenous BR and showed a stronger tolerance to Cd, which revealed that PscCYP716A1 may reduce the oxidative stress damage induced by Cd stress through accelerating BR synthesis. In general, PscCYP716A1 has a potential superiority in regulating the plant's tolerance to Cd stress, which will provide a scientific basis and a new type of gene-modified poplar for Cd-pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Tian
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengyu Han
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxi Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolu Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxuan Mi
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Wan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianghua Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanbo Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongliang Qian
- Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Ganzi Prefecture, Kangding, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Current Understanding of the Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Wood Formation in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071181. [PMID: 35885964 PMCID: PMC9319765 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike herbaceous plants, woody plants undergo volumetric growth (a.k.a. secondary growth) through wood formation, during which the secondary xylem (i.e., wood) differentiates from the vascular cambium. Wood is the most abundant biomass on Earth and, by absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide, functions as one of the largest carbon sinks. As a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source, lignocellulosic biomass can help address environmental pollution and the global climate crisis. Studies of Arabidopsis and poplar as model plants using various emerging research tools show that the formation and proliferation of the vascular cambium and the differentiation of xylem cells require the modulation of multiple signals, including plant hormones, transcription factors, and signaling peptides. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the molecular mechanism of wood formation, one of the most important biological processes on Earth.
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24
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HD-Zip III Gene Family: Identification and Expression Profiles during Leaf Vein Development in Soybean. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131728. [PMID: 35807680 PMCID: PMC9269512 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leaf veins constitute the transport network for water and photosynthetic assimilates in vascular plants. The class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip III) gene family is central to the regulation of vascular development. In this research, we performed an overall analysis of the HD-Zip III genes in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Our analysis included the phylogeny, conservation domains and cis-elements in the promoters of these genes. We used the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to characterize the expression patterns of HD-Zip III genes in leaf vein development and analyze the effects of exogenous hormone treatments. In this study, twelve HD-Zip III genes were identified from the soybean genome and named. All soybean HD-Zip III proteins contained four highly conserved domains. GmHB15-L-1 transcripts showed steadily increasing accumulation during all stages of leaf vein development and were highly expressed in cambium cells. GmREV-L-1 and GmHB14-L-2 had nearly identical expression patterns in soybean leaf vein tissues. GmREV-L-1 and GmHB14-L-2 transcripts remained at stable high levels at all xylem developmental stages. GmREV-L-1 and GmHB14-L-2 were expressed at high levels in the vascular cambium and xylem cells. Overall, GmHB15-L-1 may be an essential regulator that is responsible for the formation or maintenance of soybean vein cambial cells. GmREV-L-1 and GmHB14-L-2 were correlated with xylem differentiation in soybean leaf veins. This study will pave the way for identifying the molecular mechanism of leaf vein development.
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25
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Sousa-Baena MS, Onyenedum JG. Bouncing back stronger: Diversity, structure, and molecular regulation of gelatinous fiber development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102198. [PMID: 35286861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gelatinous fibers (G-fibers) are specialized contractile cells found in a diversity of vascular plant tissues, where they provide mechanical support and/or facilitate plant mobility. G-fibers are distinct from typical fibers by the presence of an innermost thickened G-layer, comprised mainly of axially oriented cellulose microfibrils. Despite the disparate developmental origins-tension wood fibers from the vascular cambium or primary phloem fibers from the procambium-G-fiber development, composition, and molecular signatures are remarkably similar; however, important distinctions do exist. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of the phylogenetic diversity, compositional makeup, and the molecular profiles that characterize G-fiber development and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane S Sousa-Baena
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Joyce G Onyenedum
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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26
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Fathima AA, Sanitha M, Tripathi L, Muiruri S. Cassava (
Manihot esculenta
) dual use for food and bioenergy: A review. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Aliya Fathima
- Department of Bioinformatics Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India
| | - Mary Sanitha
- Department of Bioinformatics Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nairobi Kenya
| | - Samwel Muiruri
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Plant Sciences Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya
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27
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Yu J, Zhou C, Li D, Li S, Jimmy Lin YC, Wang JP, Chiang VL, Li W. A PtrLBD39-mediated transcriptional network regulates tension wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100250. [PMID: 35059630 PMCID: PMC8760142 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tension wood (TW) is a specialized xylem tissue formed in angiosperm trees under gravitational stimulus or mechanical stresses (e.g., bending). The genetic regulation that underlies this important mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we used laser capture microdissection of stem xylem cells coupled with full transcriptome RNA-sequencing to analyze TW formation in Populus trichocarpa. After tree bending, PtrLBD39 was the most significantly induced transcription factor gene; it has a phylogenetically paired homolog, PtrLBD22. CRISPR-based knockout of PtrLBD39/22 severely inhibited TW formation, reducing cellulose and increasing lignin content. Transcriptomic analyses of CRISPR-based PtrLBD39/22 double mutants showed that these two genes regulate a set of TW-related genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) was used to identify direct targets of PtrLBD39. We integrated transcriptomic analyses and ChIP-seq assays to construct a transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) mediated by PtrLBD39. In this TRN, PtrLBD39 directly regulates 26 novel TW-responsive transcription factor genes. Our work suggests that PtrLBD39 and PtrLBD22 specifically control TW formation by mediating a TW-specific TRN in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Danning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, China
| | - Jack P. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vincent L. Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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28
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Wang C, Liu N, Geng Z, Ji M, Wang S, Zhuang Y, Wang D, He G, Zhao S, Zhou G, Chai G. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis reveals brassinosteroid-mediated regulation of cambium initiation and patterning in woody stem. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6497794. [PMID: 35031795 PMCID: PMC8788366 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation involves sequential developmental events requiring the coordination of multiple hormones. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a key role in wood development, but little is known about the cellular and molecular processes that underlie wood formation in tree species. Here, we generated transgenic poplar lines with edited PdBRI1 genes, which are orthologs of Arabidopsis vascular-enriched BR receptors, and showed how inhibition of BR signaling influences wood development at the mRNA and/or proteome level. Six Populus PdBRI1 genes formed three gene pairs, each of which was highly expressed in basal stems. Simultaneous mutation of PdBRI1-1, -2, -3 and - 6, which are orthologs of the Arabidopsis vascular-enriched BR receptors BRI1, BRL1 and BRL3, resulted in severe growth defects. In particular, the stems of these mutant lines displayed a discontinuous cambial ring and patterning defects in derived secondary vascular tissues. Abnormal cambial formation within the cortical parenchyma was also observed in the stems of pdbri1-1;2;3;6. Transgenic poplar plants expressing edited versions of PdBRI1-1 or PdBRI1-1;2;6 exhibited phenotypic alterations in stem development at 4.5 months of growth, indicating that there is functional redundancy among these PdBRI1 genes. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of pdbri1-1;2;3;6 stems revealed differential expression of a number of genes/proteins associated with wood development and hormones. Concordant (16%) and discordant (84%) regulation of mRNA and protein expression, including wood-associated mRNA/protein expression, was found in pdbri1-1;2;3;6 stems. This study found a dual role of BRs in procambial cell division and xylem differentiation and provides insights into the multiple layers of gene regulation that contribute to wood formation in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congpeng Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Naixu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhao Geng
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Meijing Ji
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yamei Zhuang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guo He
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257000, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257000, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
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29
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Chery JG, Glos RAE, Anderson CT. Do woody vines use gelatinous fibers to climb? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:126-131. [PMID: 34160082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many plant movements are facilitated by contractile cells called gelatinous fibers (G-fibers), but how G-fibers function in the climbing movements of woody vines remains underexplored. In this Insight, we compare the presence and distribution of G-fibers in the stems of stem-twiners, which wrap around supports, with non-stem-twiners, which attach to supports via tendrils or adventitious roots. An examination of 164 species spanning the vascular plant phylogeny reveals that G-fibers are common in stem-twiners but scarce in non-stem-twiners, suggesting that G-fibers are preferentially formed in the organ responsible for movement. When present, G-fibers are in the xylem, phloem, pericycle, and/or cortex. We discuss the hypothesis that G-fibers are foundational to plant movement and highlight research opportunities concerning G-fiber development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Chery
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rosemary A E Glos
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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30
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Jiang C, Li B, Song Z, Zhang Y, Yu C, Wang H, Wang L, Zhang H. PtBRI1.2 promotes shoot growth and wood formation through a brassinosteroid-mediated PtBZR1-PtWNDs module in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6350-6364. [PMID: 34089602 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 (BRI1) plays important roles in various signalling pathways controlling plant growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanism of BRI1 in brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated signalling for shoot growth and wood formation in woody plants is largely unknown. In this study, PtBRI1.2, a brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 gene, was overexpressed in poplar. Shoot growth and wood formation of transgenic plants were examined and the regulatory genes involved were verified. PtBRI1.2 was localized to the plasma membrane, with a predominant expression in leaves. Ectopic expression of PtBRI1.2 in Arabidopsis bri1-201 and bri1-5 mutants rescued their retarded-growth phenotype. Overexpression of PtBRI1.2 in poplar promoted shoot growth and wood formation in transgenic plants. Further studies revealed that overexpression of PtBRI1.2 promoted the accumulation of PtBZR1 (BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1) in the nucleus, which subsequently activated PtWNDs (WOOD-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN transcription factors) to up-regulate expression of secondary cell wall biosynthesis genes involved in wood formation. Our results suggest that PtBRI1.2 plays a crucial role in regulating shoot growth and wood formation by activating BR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jiang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhizhong Song
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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Wang D, Chen Y, Li W, Li Q, Lu M, Zhou G, Chai G. Vascular Cambium: The Source of Wood Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700928. [PMID: 34484265 PMCID: PMC8416278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wood is the most abundant biomass produced by land plants and is mainly used for timber, pulping, and paper making. Wood (secondary xylem) is derived from vascular cambium, and its formation encompasses a series of developmental processes. Extensive studies in Arabidopsis and trees demonstrate that the initiation of vascular stem cells and the proliferation and differentiation of the cambial derivative cells require a coordination of multiple signals, including hormones and peptides. In this mini review, we described the recent discoveries on the regulation of the three developmental processes by several signals, such as auxin, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, ethylene, TDIF peptide, and their cross talk in Arabidopsis and Populus. There exists a similar but more complex regulatory network orchestrating vascular cambium development in Populus than that in Arabidopsis. We end up with a look at the future research prospects of vascular cambium in perennial woody plants, including interfascicular cambium development and vascular stem cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Fan F, Zhou Z, Qin H, Tan J, Ding G. Exogenous Brassinosteroid Facilitates Xylem Development in Pinus massoniana Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147615. [PMID: 34299234 PMCID: PMC8303313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known to be essential regulators for wood formation in herbaceous plants and poplar, but their roles in secondary growth and xylem development are still not well-defined, especially in pines. Here, we treated Pinus massoniana seedlings with different concentrations of exogenous BRs, and assayed the effects on plant growth, xylem development, endogenous phytohormone contents and gene expression within stems. Application of exogenous BR resulted in improving development of xylem more than phloem, and promoting xylem development in a dosage-dependent manner in a certain concentration rage. Endogenous hormone determination showed that BR may interact with other phytohormones in regulating xylem development. RNA-seq analysis revealed that some conventional phenylpropanoid biosynthesis- or lignin synthesis-related genes were downregulated, but the lignin content was elevated, suggesting that new lignin synthesis pathways or other cell wall components should be activated by BR treatment in P. massoniana. The results presented here reveal the foundational role of BRs in regulating plant secondary growth, and provide the basis for understanding molecular mechanisms of xylem development in P. massoniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Fan
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Huijuan Qin
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianhui Tan
- Timber Forest Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanning 530009, China;
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (G.D.)
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Li H, Chen G, Pang H, Wang Q, Dai X. Investigation Into Different Wood Formation Mechanisms Between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Tree Species at the Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Level. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:698602. [PMID: 34276747 PMCID: PMC8283789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.698602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enormous distinctions of the stem structure and cell types between gymnosperms and angiosperms tree species are expected to cause quite different wood physical and mechanical attributes, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differing wood morphology are still unclear. In this study, we compared the transcriptomes obtained by RNA-Seq between Populus alba × P. glandulosa clone 84K, and Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr trees. Available genome resource served as reference for P. alba × P. glandulosa and the Iso-Seq results of a three-tissues mixture (xylem, phloem, and leaf) were used as the reference for L. kaempferi to compare the xylem-specifically expressed genes and their alternative splicing model. Through screening, we obtained 13,907 xylem-specifically expressed genes (5,954 up-regulated, 7,953 down-regulated) in the xylem of P. alba × P. glandulosa, and 2,596 xylem-specifically expressed genes (1,648 up-regulated, 948 down-regulated) in the xylem of L. kaempferi. From the GO and KEGG analyses, some genes associated with two wood formation-related pathways, namely those for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism, were successfully screened. Then the distributions and gene expression models between P. alba × P. glandulosa and L. kaempferi in those pathways were compared, which suggested differential wood formation processes between the angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, a Weight Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) for total xylem-specifically expressed genes in two species was conducted, from which wood formation-related modules were selected to build a co-expression network for the two tree species. The genes within this co-expression network showed different co-expression relationships between the angiosperm and gymnosperm woody species. Comparing the alternative splicing events for wood formation-related genes suggests a different post-transcriptional regulation process exists between the angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Our research thus provides the foundation for the in-depth investigation of different wood formation mechanisms of angiosperm and gymnosperm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongying Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Liu YL, Wang LJ, Li Y, Guo YH, Cao Y, Zhao ST. A Small Guanosine Triphosphate Binding Protein PagRabE1b Promotes Xylem Development in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:686024. [PMID: 34149786 PMCID: PMC8213388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.686024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are the subfamily of the small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins which participated in the regulation of various biological processes. Recent studies have found that plant Rabs play some specific functions. However, the functions of Rabs in xylem development in trees remain unclear. In this study, functional identification of PagRabE1b in Populus was performed. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that PagRabE1b was highly accumulated in stems, especially in phloem and xylem tissues. Overexpression of PagRabE1b in poplar enhanced programmed cell death (PCD) and increased the growth rate and the secondary cell wall (SCW) thickness. Quantitative analysis of monosaccharide content showed that various monosaccharides were significantly increased in secondary xylem tissues of the overexpressed lines. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in PagRabE1b-OE lines is more than a wild type (WT), which indicated that PagRabE1b may play an important role in PCD. Further studies showed that overexpression of PagRabE1b increased the expression level of genes involved in SCW biosynthesis, PCD, and autophagy. Collectively, the results suggest that PagRabE1b plays a positive role in promoting the xylem development of poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Tang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Luo L, Zhu Y, Gui J, Yin T, Luo W, Liu J, Li L. A Comparative Analysis of Transcription Networks Active in Juvenile and Mature Wood in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675075. [PMID: 34122491 PMCID: PMC8193101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) have distinct physical and chemical characters, resulting from wood formation at different development phases over tree lifespan. However, the regulatory mechanisms that distinguish or modulate the characteristics of JW and MW in relation to each other have not been mapped. In this study, by employing the Populus trees with an identical genetic background, we carried out RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) in JW and MW forming tissue and analyzed the transcriptional programs in association with the wood formation in different phrases. JW and MW of Populus displayed different wood properties, including higher content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, less lignin, and longer and larger fiber cells and vessel elements in MW as compared with JW. Significant differences in transcriptional programs and patterns of DNA methylation were detected between JW and MW. The differences were concentrated in gene networks involved in regulating hormonal signaling pathways responsible for auxin distribution and brassinosteroids biosynthesis as well as genes active in regulating cell expansion and secondary cell wall biosynthesis. An observed correlation between gene expression profiling and DNA methylation indicated that DNA methylation affected expression of the genes related to auxin distribution and brassinosteroids signal transduction, cell expansion in JW, and MW formation. The results suggest that auxin distribution, brassinosteroids biosynthesis, and signaling be the critical molecular modules in formation of JW and MW. DNA methylation plays a role in formatting the molecular modules which contribute to the transcriptional programs of wood formation in different development phases. The study sheds light into better understanding of the molecular networks underlying regulation of wood properties which would be informative for genetic manipulation for improvement of wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laifu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongmin Yin
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenchun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Ye X, Huang HY, Wu FL, Cai LY, Lai NW, Deng CL, Guo JX, Yang LT, Chen LS. Molecular mechanisms for magnesium-deficiency-induced leaf vein lignification, enlargement and cracking in Citrus sinensis revealed by RNA-Seq. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:280-301. [PMID: 33104211 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck seedlings were fertigated with nutrient solution containing 2 [magnesium (Mg)-sufficiency] or 0 mM (Mg-deficiency) Mg(NO3)2 for 16 weeks. Thereafter, RNA-Seq was used to investigate Mg-deficiency-responsive genes in the veins of upper and lower leaves in order to understand the molecular mechanisms for Mg-deficiency-induced vein lignification, enlargement and cracking, which appeared only in the lower leaves. In this study, 3065 upregulated and 1220 downregulated, and 1390 upregulated and 375 downregulated genes were identified in Mg-deficiency veins of lower leaves (MDVLL) vs Mg-sufficiency veins of lower leaves (MSVLL) and Mg-deficiency veins of upper leaves (MDVUL) vs Mg-sufficiency veins of upper leaves (MSVUL), respectively. There were 1473 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MDVLL vs MSVLL and MDVUL vs MSVUL, 1463 of which displayed the same expression trend. Magnesium-deficiency-induced lignification, enlargement and cracking in veins of lower leaves might be related to the following factors: (i) numerous transciption factors and genes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathways, regulation of cell cycle and cell wall metabolism were upregulated; and (ii) reactive oxygen species, phytohormone and cell wall integrity signalings were activated. Conjoint analysis of proteome and transcriptome indicated that there were 287 and 56 common elements between DEGs and differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) identified in MDVLL vs MSVLL and MDVUL vs MSVUL, respectively, and that among these common elements, the abundances of 198 and 55 DAPs matched well with the transcript levels of the corresponding DEGs in MDVLL vs MSVLL and MDVUL vs MSVUL, respectively, indicating the existence of concordances between protein and transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feng-Lin Wu
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Ya Cai
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ning-Wei Lai
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chong-Ling Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, 40 Putuo Road, Qixing District, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiu-Xin Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Lopez D, Franchel J, Venisse JS, Drevet JR, Label P, Coutand C, Roeckel-Drevet P. Early transcriptional response to gravistimulation in poplar without phototropic confounding factors. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plaa071. [PMID: 33542802 PMCID: PMC7850117 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In response to gravistimulation under anisotropic light, tree stems showing an active cambium produce reaction wood that redirects the axis of the trees. Several studies have described transcriptomic or proteomic models of reaction wood relative to the opposite wood. However, the mechanisms leading to the formation of reaction wood are difficult to decipher because so many environmental factors can induce various signalling pathways leading to this developmental reprogramming. Using an innovative isotropic device where the phototropic response does not interfere with gravistimulation we characterized the early molecular responses occurring in the stem of poplar after gravistimulation in an isotropic environment, and without deformation of the stem. After 30 min tilting at 35° under anisotropic light, we collected the upper and lower xylems from the inclined stems. Controls were collected from vertical stems. We used a microarray approach to identify differentially expressed transcripts. High-throughput real-time PCR allowed a kinetic experiment at 0, 30, 120 and 180 min after tilting at 35°, with candidate genes. We identified 668 differentially expressed transcripts, from which we selected 153 candidates for additional Fluidigm qPCR assessment. Five candidate co-expression gene clusters have been identified after the kinetic monitoring of the expression of candidate genes. Gene ontology analyses indicate that molecular reprogramming of processes such as 'wood cell expansion', 'cell wall reorganization' and 'programmed cell death' occur as early as 30 min after gravistimulation. Of note is that the change in the expression of different genes involves a fine regulation of gibberellin and brassinosteroid pathways as well as flavonoid and phosphoinositide pathways. Our experimental set-up allowed the identification of genes regulated in early gravitropic response without the bias introduced by phototropic and stem bending responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Franchel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, TSA, Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Stéphane Venisse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, TSA, Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Joël R Drevet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD INSERM U1103-CNRS UMR 6293, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC (Centre de Recherche Bio-Clinique), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Label
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, TSA, Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Coutand
- INRAE, UR 115 PSH, Centre de recherche PACA, 228, route de l’aérodrome, CS, Avignon Cedex, France
| | - Patricia Roeckel-Drevet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, TSA, Aubière Cedex, France
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Simões MS, Ferreira SS, Grandis A, Rencoret J, Persson S, Floh EIS, Ferraz A, del Río JC, Buckeridge MS, Cesarino I. Differentiation of Tracheary Elements in Sugarcane Suspension Cells Involves Changes in Secondary Wall Deposition and Extensive Transcriptional Reprogramming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:617020. [PMID: 33469464 PMCID: PMC7814504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.617020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant lignocellulosic biomass, mostly composed of polysaccharide-rich secondary cell walls (SCWs), provides fermentable sugars that may be used to produce biofuels and biomaterials. However, the complex chemical composition and physical structure of SCWs hinder efficient processing of plant biomass. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SCW deposition is, thus, essential to optimize bioenergy feedstocks. Here, we establish a xylogenic culture as a model system to study SCW deposition in sugarcane; the first of its kind in a C4 grass species. We used auxin and brassinolide to differentiate sugarcane suspension cells into tracheary elements, which showed metaxylem-like reticulate or pitted SCW patterning. The differentiation led to increased lignin levels, mainly caused by S-lignin units, and a rise in p-coumarate, leading to increased p-coumarate:ferulate ratios. RNAseq analysis revealed massive transcriptional reprogramming during differentiation, with upregulation of genes associated with cell wall biogenesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism and downregulation of genes related to cell division and primary metabolism. To better understand the differentiation process, we constructed regulatory networks of transcription factors and SCW-related genes based on co-expression analyses. Accordingly, we found multiple regulatory modules that may underpin SCW deposition in sugarcane. Our results provide important insights and resources to identify biotechnological strategies for sugarcane biomass optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Siqueira Simões
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sávio Siqueira Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Grandis
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Ferraz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, Brazil
| | - José C. del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zheng C, Tan L, Sang M, Ye M, Wu R. Genetic adaptation of Tibetan poplar ( Populus szechuanica var. tibetica) to high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10974-10985. [PMID: 33144942 PMCID: PMC7593140 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant adaptation to high altitudes has long been a substantial focus of ecological and evolutionary research. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying such adaptation remain poorly understood. Here, we address this issue by sampling, genotyping, and comparing populations of Tibetan poplar, Populus szechuanica var. tibetica, distributed from low (~2,000 m) to high altitudes (~3,000 m) of Sejila Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Population structure analyses allow clear classification of two groups according to their altitudinal distributions. However, in contrast to the genetic variation within each population, differences between the two populations only explain a small portion of the total genetic variation (3.64%). We identified asymmetrical gene flow from high- to low-altitude populations. Integrating population genomic and landscape genomic analyses, we detected two hotspot regions, one containing four genes associated with altitudinal variation, and the other containing ten genes associated with response to solar radiation. These genes participate in abiotic stress resistance and regulation of reproductive processes. Our results provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCenter for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lizhi Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCenter for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mengmeng Sang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCenter for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meixia Ye
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCenter for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Rongling Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCenter for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Statistical GeneticsPennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPAUSA
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Ni Z, Han X, Yang Z, Xu M, Feng Y, Chen Y, Xu LA. Integrative analysis of wood biomass and developing xylem transcriptome provide insights into mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis in wood formation of Pinus massoniana. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1926-1937. [PMID: 32898541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an important renewable energy source as an excellent new battery fuel and ideal substitutes for the petrochemical industry. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lignin biosynthesis in wood formation of P. massoniana remains unexplored. Thus, an integrative analysis of wood biomass and the developing xylem transcriptome was performed to identify genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. A total of 1624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, consisting of 797 upregulated and 827 downregulated genes (MaxG vs MinG). Additionally, 122 candidate genes and 17 DEGs were successfully annotated to the lignin biosynthesis pathway. All upregulated MYB and NAC genes were regulators of secondary cell wall formation. Moreover, the qRT-PCR analyses shown that 9 lignin biosynthesis-related genes and 7 transcription factor-encoding genes were upregulated (MaxG vs MinG), which indicated that the downregulation of lignin biosynthesis-related genes might be the possible causes of growth retardation and dwarf phenotype in some P. massoniana individuals. The identification of lignin biosynthesis-related genes can provide valuable genetic basis and resource for further researches on molecular mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis and contribute to the future investigations of bioengineering and synthetic biology to regulate lignin content in wood formation for the pulp and wood utilization industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xin Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhangqi Yang
- Guangxi Institute of Forestry Science, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yuanheng Feng
- Guangxi Institute of Forestry Science, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China
| | - Yabin Chen
- Wuyi National Forest Farm Fujian Province, 808 Waihuan East Road, Zhangping 364400, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Xiao Y, Yi F, Ling J, Yang G, Lu N, Jia Z, Wang J, Zhao K, Wang J, Ma W. Genome-wide analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression and endogenous hormone regulation during tension wood formation in Catalpa bungei. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:609. [PMID: 32891118 PMCID: PMC7487903 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are the key factors regulating vascular development in plants, and they are also involved in tension wood (TW) formation. Although the theory of hormone distribution in TW formation is widely supported, the effects of endogenous hormones on TW formation have not yet been assessed. In this study, TW formation was induced in Catalpa bungei by artificial bending. The phytohormone content of TW, opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW) was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and transcriptome sequencing was performed. The hormone content and related gene expression data were comprehensively analyzed. RESULTS The results of analyses of the plant hormone contents indicated significantly higher levels of cis-zeatin (cZ), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in TW than in OW. Genes involved in the IAA and ABA synthesis pathways, such as ALDH (evm. MODEL group5.1511) and UGT (evm. MODEL scaffold36.20), were significantly upregulated in TW. and the expression levels of ARF (evm. MODEL group5.1332), A-ARR (evm. MODEL group0.1600), and TCH4 (evm. MODEL group2.745), which participate in IAA, cZ and Brassinolide (BR) signal transduction, were significantly increased in TW. In particular, ARF expression may be regulated by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the HD-ZIP transcription factor ATHB-15. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a multiple hormone-mediated network of C. bungei TW formation based on hormone levels and transcriptional expression profiles were identified during TW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Guijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Zirui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Junchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Luoyang, 471002, Henan Province, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China.
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Li JW, Zhang SB, Xi HP, Bradshaw CJA, Zhang JL. Processes controlling programmed cell death of root velamen radicum in an epiphytic orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:261-275. [PMID: 32318689 PMCID: PMC7380463 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Development of the velamen radicum on the outer surface of the root epidermis is an important characteristic for water uptake and retention in some plant families, particularly epiphytic orchids, for survival under water-limited environments. Velamen radicum cells derive from the primary root meristem; however, following this development, velamen radicum cells die by incompletely understood processes of programmed cell death (PCD). METHODS We combined the use of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray micro-tomography and transcriptome methods to characterize the major anatomical and molecular changes that occur during the development and death of velamen radicum cells of Cymbidium tracyanum, a typical epiphytic orchid, to determine how PCD occurs. KEY RESULTS Typical changes of PCD in anatomy and gene expression were observed in the development of velamen radicum cells. During the initiation of PCD, we found that both cell and vacuole size increased, and several genes involved in brassinosteroid and ethylene pathways were upregulated. In the stage of secondary cell wall formation, significant anatomical changes included DNA degradation, cytoplasm thinning, organelle decrease, vacuole rupture and cell wall thickening. Changes were found in the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin, which are instrumental in the formation of secondary cell walls, and are regulated by cytoskeleton-related factors and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. In the final stage of PCD, cell autolysis was terminated from the outside to the inside of the velamen radicum. The regulation of genes related to autophagy, vacuolar processing enzyme, cysteine proteases and metacaspase was involved in the final execution of cell death and autolysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the development of the root velamen radicum in an epiphytic orchid was controlled by the process of PCD, which included initiation of PCD, followed by formation of the secondary cell wall, and execution of autolysis following cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| | - Hui-Peng Xi
- Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Corey J A Bradshaw
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
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Groover A, Mansfield SD. An introduction to a Virtual Issue on Wood Biology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1401-1403. [PMID: 31957082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Groover
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre 4030, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Fan C, Yu H, Qin S, Li Y, Alam A, Xu C, Fan D, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhu W, Peng L, Luo K. Brassinosteroid overproduction improves lignocellulose quantity and quality to maximize bioethanol yield under green-like biomass process in transgenic poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:9. [PMID: 31988661 PMCID: PMC6969456 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-1652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a leading biomass feedstock, poplar plants provide enormous lignocellulose resource convertible for biofuels and bio-chemicals. However, lignocellulose recalcitrance particularly in wood plants, basically causes a costly bioethanol production unacceptable for commercial marketing with potential secondary pollution to the environment. Therefore, it becomes important to reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance by genetic modification of plant cell walls, and meanwhile to establish advanced biomass process technology in woody plants. Brassinosteroids, plant-specific steroid hormones, are considered to participate in plant growth and development for biomass production, but little has been reported about brassinosteroids roles in plant cell wall assembly and modification. In this study, we generated transgenic poplar plant that overexpressed DEETIOLATED2 gene for brassinosteroids overproduction. We then detected cell wall feature alteration and examined biomass enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production under various chemical pretreatments. RESULTS Compared with wild type, the PtoDET2 overexpressed transgenic plants contained much higher brassinosteroids levels. The transgenic poplar also exhibited significantly enhanced plant growth rate and biomass yield by increasing xylem development and cell wall polymer deposition. Meanwhile, the transgenic plants showed significantly improved lignocellulose features such as reduced cellulose crystalline index and degree of polymerization values and decreased hemicellulose xylose/arabinose ratio for raised biomass porosity and accessibility, which led to integrated enhancement on biomass enzymatic saccharification and bioethanol yield under various chemical pretreatments. In contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation of PtoDET2 showed significantly lower brassinosteroids level for reduced biomass saccharification and bioethanol yield, compared to the wild type. Notably, the optimal green-like pretreatment could even achieve the highest bioethanol yield by effective lignin extraction in the transgenic plant. Hence, this study proposed a mechanistic model elucidating how brassinosteroid regulates cell wall modification for reduced lignocellulose recalcitrance and increased biomass porosity and accessibility for high bioethanol production. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated a powerful strategy to enhance cellulosic bioethanol production by regulating brassinosteroid biosynthesis for reducing lignocellulose recalcitrance in the transgenic poplar plants. It has also provided a green-like process for biomass pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification in poplar and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfen Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Hua Yu
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shifei Qin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Yongli Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Aftab Alam
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Changzhen Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Di Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Wanbin Zhu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
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Tang X, Wang C, Liu Y, He G, Ma N, Chai G, Li S, Xu H, Zhou G. Brassinosteroid Signaling Converges With Auxin-Mediated C3H17 to Regulate Xylem Formation in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:586014. [PMID: 33193536 PMCID: PMC7652770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.586014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling has long been reported to have an effect on xylem development, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear, especially in tree species. In this study, we find PdC3H17, which was demonstrated to mediate xylem formation driven by auxin in our previous report, is also involved in BR-promoted xylem development. Y1H analysis, EMSA, and transcription activation assay confirmed that PdC3H17 was directly targeted by PdBES1, which is a key transcriptional regulator in BR signaling. Tissue specificity expression analysis and in situ assay revealed that PdC3H17 had an overlapping expression profile with PdBES1. Hormone treatment examinations verified that xylem phenotypes in PdC3H17 transgenic plants, which were readily apparent in normal condition, were attenuated by treatment with either brassinolide or the BR biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole. The subsequent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses further revealed that BR converged with PdC3H17 to influence transcription of downstream xylem-related genes. Additionally, the enhancement of xylem differentiation by auxin in PdC3H17 overexpression plants was significantly attenuated compared with wild-type and dominant negative plants due to BR deficiency, which suggested that the BR- and auxin-responsive gene PdC3H17 acted as an mediation of these two hormones to facilitate xylem development. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BR signaling converges with auxin-mediated PdC3H17 to regulate xylem formation in Populus and thus provide insight into the regulation mechanism of BRs and the crosstalk with auxin signaling on xylem formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Congpeng Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guo He
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Nana Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Xu,
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Gongke Zhou,
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