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Delmas CEL, Bancal MO, Leyronas C, Robin MH, Vidal T, Launay M. Monitoring the phenology of plant pathogenic fungi: why and how? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1075-1084. [PMID: 38287495 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Phenology is a key adaptive trait of organisms, shaping biotic interactions in response to the environment. It has emerged as a critical topic with implications for societal and economic concerns due to the effects of climate change on species' phenological patterns. Fungi play essential roles in ecosystems, and plant pathogenic fungi have significant impacts on global food security. However, the phenology of plant pathogenic fungi, which form a huge and diverse clade of organisms, has received limited attention in the literature. This diversity may have limited the use of a common language for comparisons and the integration of phenological data for these taxonomic groups. Here, we delve into the concept of 'phenology' as applied to plant pathogenic fungi and explore the potential drivers of their phenology, including environmental factors and the host plant. We present the PhenoFun scale, a phenological scoring system suitable for use with all fungi and fungus-like plant pathogens. It offers a standardised and common tool for scientists studying the presence, absence, or predominance of a particular phase, the speed of phenological phase succession, and the synchronism shift between pathogenic fungi and their host plants, across a wide range of environments and ecosystems. The application of the concept of 'phenology' to plant pathogenic fungi and the use of a phenological scoring system involves focusing on the interacting processes between the pathogenic fungi, their hosts, and their biological, physical, and chemical environment, occurring during the life cycle of the pathogen. The goal is to deconstruct the processes involved according to a pattern orchestrated by the fungus's phenology. Such an approach will improve our understanding of the ecology and evolution of such organisms, help to understand and anticipate plant disease epidemics and their future evolution, and make it possible to optimise management models, and to encourage the adoption of cropping practices designed from this phenological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Odile Bancal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Ecosys, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | | | - Marie-Hélène Robin
- INRAE, INPT, ENSAT, EI Purpan, University of Toulouse, UMR AGIR, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Tiphaine Vidal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR Bioger, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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Vereschuk ML, Alvarenga AE, Zapata PD. Fungal Diseases in Yerba Mate: Status and Management Strategies. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:190. [PMID: 38795143 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.), with its health benefits and socioeconomic significance, plays a crucial role in Argentina and other South American countries like Brazil and Paraguay. Its cultivation in the Province of Misiones (Argentina) supports various sectors, contributes to regional development, and provides employment opportunities. However, the transition from extractive practices to monoculture, accompanied with increased demand, has led to phytosanitary challenges. Imbalanced native microbiota, disease development, and pathogen dispersion have become prevalent issues. Understanding the known pathogens associated with yerba mate plants is crucial for developing effective agricultural strategies. The primary objective of this study is to synthesise current knowledge on prevalent fungal diseases in yerba mate cultivation, as well as to provide agricultural management recommendations for effective disease control. Fungal diseases can cause significant damage to different parts of the plant, resulting in economic losses. The proximity of neighbouring plantations to yerba mate crops may contribute to the cross-contamination of pathogens, emphasizing the need for comprehensive epidemiology and accurate diagnosis. Multiple fungal genera have been reported to cause pathologies in yerba mate. Among the fungi causing foliar diseases are Ceratobasidium niltonsouzanum, Cylindrocladium spathulatum, Pseudocercospora mate, Asterina sphaerelloides, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides aff var. yerbae, and Phyllosticta sp. Caulinary diseases are caused by Alternaria sp., Phoma sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Ceratocystis fimbriata. Regarding root rot, the genera Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium sp., Fusarium sp., and Rosellinia sp. have been reported. Proper crop management practices and monitoring are essential for effective disease control. To reduce reliance on chemical compounds, the use of biocontrol agents like Trichoderma sp. has shown promise in regulating phytopathogenic fungi populations. Continued research is vital to preserve the yerba mate industry and ensure its long-term viability while minimizing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lizz Vereschuk
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), "Dra. María Ebe Reca", Ruta 12, km 7.5, C.P.: 3300, Miguel Lanús, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Elizabet Alvarenga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), "Dra. María Ebe Reca", Ruta 12, km 7.5, C.P.: 3300, Miguel Lanús, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Darío Zapata
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), "Dra. María Ebe Reca", Ruta 12, km 7.5, C.P.: 3300, Miguel Lanús, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Singh D, Mathur S, Ranjan R. Pattern recognition receptors as potential therapeutic targets for developing immunological engineered plants. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:525-555. [PMID: 38762279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to combat pathogen infestations in crop plants to ensure food security worldwide. To counter this, plants have developed innate immunity mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage- associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PRRs activate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), a defence mechanism involving intricate cell-surface and intracellular receptors. The diverse ligand-binding ectodomains of PRRs, including leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and lectin domains, facilitate the recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs. Pathogen resistance is mediated by a variety of PTI responses, including membrane depolarization, ROS production, and the induction of defence genes. An integral part of intracellular immunity is the Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine-rich Repeat proteins (NLRs) which recognize and respond to effectors in a potent manner. Enhanced understanding of PRRs, their ligands, and downstream signalling pathways has contributed to the identification of potential targets for genetically modified plants. By transferring PRRs across plant species, it is possible to create broad-spectrum resistance, potentially offering innovative solutions for plant protection and global food security. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update on PRRs involved in disease resistance, clarify the mechanisms by which PRRs recognize ligands to form active receptor complexes and present various applications of PRRs and PTI in disease resistance management for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Shivangi Mathur
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Rajiv Ranjan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India.
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Zanon MSA, Cavaglieri LR, Palazzini JM, Chulze SN, Chiotta ML. Bacillus velezensis RC218 and emerging biocontrol agents against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae in barley: in vitro, greenhouse and field conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110580. [PMID: 38246027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most common diseases in Argentina, affecting the quality and yield of barley grains. Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (ss) and Fusarium poae are causal agents of FHB and potential sources of mycotoxin contamination in barley. Conventional management strategies do not lead to a complete control of FHB; therefore, biological control emerges as an eco-friendly alternative in the integrated management of the disease. In the present work, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus inaquosorum, Bacillus nakamurai and Lactobacillus plantarum were evaluated as potential biocontrol agents against F. graminearum ss and F. poae on barley-based media. Bacillus velezensis RC218 was selected to carry out greenhouse and field trials in order to reduce FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. This strain was able to control growth of both Fusarium species and reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) production by 66 % and 79 %, respectively. Bacillus inaquosorum and B. nakamurai were more effective in controlling F. poae growth, and the mean levels of reduction in DON accumulation were 50 and 38 %, and 93 and 26 % for NIV, respectively. Lactobacillus plantarum showed variable biocontrol capacity depending on the strain, with no significant mycotoxin reduction. The biocontrol on incidence and severity of FHB in the greenhouse and field trials was effective, being more efficient against F. graminearum ss and DON accumulation than against F. poae and NIV occurrence. This study provides valuable data for the development of an efficient tool based on biocontrol agents to prevent FHB-producing Fusarium species development and mycotoxin occurrence in barley, contributing to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Silvina Alaniz Zanon
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | | | - Juan Manuel Palazzini
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Laura Chiotta
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET.
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5
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Ren P, Sun A, Jiao X, Chen QL, Li F, He JZ, Hu HW. National-scale investigation reveals the dominant role of phyllosphere fungal pathogens in sorghum yield loss. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108511. [PMID: 38382404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens threaten crop production and sustainable agricultural development. However, the environmental factors driving their diversity and nationwide biogeographic model remain elusive, impacting our capacity to predict their changes under future climate scenarios. Here, we analyzed potential fungal plant pathogens from 563 samples collected from 57 agricultural fields across China. Over 28.0% of fungal taxa in the phyllosphere were identified as potential plant pathogens, compared to 22.3% in the rhizosphere. Dominant fungal plant pathogen groups were Cladosporium (in the phyllosphere) and Fusarium (in the rhizosphere), with higher diversity observed in the phyllosphere than in rhizosphere soil. Deterministic processes played an important role in shaping the potential fungal plant pathogen community assembly in both habitats. Mean annual precipitation and temperature were the most important factor influencing phyllosphere fungal plant pathogen richness. Significantly negative relationships were found between fungal pathogen diversity and sorghum yield. Notably, compared to the rhizosphere, the phyllosphere fungal plant pathogen diversity played a more crucial role in sorghum yield. Together, our work provides novel insights into the factors governing the spatial patterns of fungal plant pathogens in the crop microbiome, and highlights the potential significance of aboveground phyllosphere fungal plant pathogens in crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Anqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiao
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hang-Wei Hu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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6
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Aldahasi RM, Shami A, Mohammed AE. Bimetallic nanoparticles and biochar produced by Adansonia Digitata shell and their effect against tomato pathogenic fungi. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17023. [PMID: 38440409 PMCID: PMC10911075 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Adansonia digitata L. is a royal tree that is highly valued in Africa for its medicinal and nutritional properties. The objective of this study was to use its fruit shell extract to develop new, powerful mono and bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) and biochar (BC) using an eco-friendly approach. Silver (Ag), iron oxide (FeO), the bimetallic Ag-FeO NPs, as well as (BC) were fabricated by A. digitata fruit shell extract through a reduction process and biomass pyrolysis, respectively, and their activity against tomato pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium venenatum were detected by agar dilution method. The Ag, FeO, Ag-FeONPs, and BC were characterized using a range of powerful analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. The fabricated Ag, FeO and Ag-FeO NPs have demonstrated a remarkable level of effectiveness in combating fungal strains. UV-Vis spectra ofAg, FeO, Ag-FeONPs, and BC show broad exhibits peaks at 338, 352, 418, and 480 nm, respectively. The monometallic, bimetallic NPs, and biochar have indicated the presence in various forms mostly in Spherical-shaped. Their size varied from 102.3 to 183.5 nm and the corresponding FTIR spectra suggested that the specific organic functional groups from the plant extract played a significant role in the bio-reduction process. Ag and Ag-FeO NPs exhibited excellent antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp., S. sclerotiorum, F. equiseti, and F. venenatum. The current study could be a significant achievement in the field of antifungal agents since has the potential to develop new approaches for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M. Aldahasi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah E. Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Tastassa AC, Sharaby Y, Lang-Yona N. Aeromicrobiology: A global review of the cycling and relationships of bioaerosols with the atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168478. [PMID: 37967625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms and biological matter (bioaerosols) play a key role in global biogeochemical cycling, human and crop health trends, and climate patterns. Their presence in the atmosphere is controlled by three main stages: emission, transport, and deposition. Aerial survival rates of bioaerosols are increased through adaptations such as ultra-violet radiation and desiccation resistance or association with particulate matter. Current research into modern concerns such as climate change, global gene transfer, and pathogenicity often neglects to consider atmospheric involvement. This comprehensive review outlines the transpiring of bioaerosols across taxa in the atmosphere, with significant focus on their interactions with environmental elements including abiotic factors (e.g., atmospheric composition, water cycle, and pollution) and events (e.g., dust storms, hurricanes, and wildfires). The aim of this review is to increase understanding and shed light on needed research regarding the interplay between global atmospheric phenomena and the aeromicrobiome. The abundantly documented bacteria and fungi are discussed in context of their cycling and human health impacts. Gaps in knowledge regarding airborne viral community, the challenges and importance of studying their composition, concentrations and survival in the air are addressed, along with understudied plant pathogenic oomycetes, and archaea cycling. Key methodologies in sampling, collection, and processing are described to provide an up-to-date picture of ameliorations in the field. We propose optimization to microbiological methods, commonly used in soil and water analysis, that adjust them to the context of aerobiology, along with other directions towards novel and necessary advancements. This review offers new perspectives into aeromicrobiology and calls for advancements in global-scale bioremediation, insights into ecology, climate change impacts, and pathogenicity transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel C Tastassa
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Sharaby
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Lang-Yona
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel.
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8
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Monteiro P, Valledor L, Osorio S, Camisón Á, Vallarino JG, Gómez-Cadenas A, Díez JJ, Pinto G. Physiological, metabolic and hormonal responses of two Pinus spp. with contrasting susceptibility to brown-spot needle blight disease. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae003. [PMID: 38195942 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Needle blights are serious fungal diseases affecting European natural and planted pine forests. Brown-spot needle blight (BSNB) disease, caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, causes canopy defoliation and severe productivity losses, with consequences depending on host susceptibility. To gain new insights into BSNB plant-pathogen interactions, constitutive and pathogen-induced traits were assessed in two host species with differential disease susceptibility. Six-month-old Pinus radiata D. Don (susceptible) and Pinus pinea L. (more resistant) seedlings were needle inoculated with L. acicola under controlled conditions. Eighty days after inoculation, healthy-looking needles from symptomatic plants were assessed for physiological parameters and sampled for biochemical analysis. Disease progression, plant growth, leaf gas-exchanges and biochemical parameters were complemented with hormonal and untargeted primary metabolism analysis and integrated for a holistic analysis. Constitutive differences between pine species were observed. Pinus pinea presented higher stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and higher amino and organic acids, abscisic acid as well as putrescine content than P. radiata. Symptoms from BSNB disease were observed in 54.54% of P. radiata and 45.45% of P. pinea seedlings, being more pronounced and generalized in P. radiata. For both species, plant height, sub-stomatal CO2 concentration and water-use efficiency were impacted by infection. In P. radiata, total soluble sugars, starch and total flavonoids content increased after infection. No differences in hormone content after infection were observed. However, secondary metabolism was induced in P. pinea visible through total phenolics, flavonoids and putrescine accumulation. Overall, the observed results suggest that P. pinea constitutive and induced traits may function as two layers of a defence strategy which contributed to an increased BSNB resistance in comparison with P. radiata. This is the first integrative study linking plant physiological and molecular traits in Pinus-Lecanosticta acicola pathosystem, contributing to a better understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms to BSNB disease in pines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Monteiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Luis Valledor
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Campus de El Cristo, Calle Catedrático Rodrigo Uría, 33071 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM), University of Málaga-Superior Council of Scientific Research, Campus de Teatinos, Avenida Louis Pasteur 49, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Álvaro Camisón
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Instituto de Investigación de la Dehesa (INDEHESA), Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura. Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, Plasencia 10600, Spain
| | - José Gabriel Vallarino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM), University of Málaga-Superior Council of Scientific Research, Campus de Teatinos, Avenida Louis Pasteur 49, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Avenida Vicent Sos Baynat, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Julio Javier Díez
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, Palencia 34071, Spain
| | - Glória Pinto
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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Xu Z, Guo X, Allen WJ, Yu X, Hu Y, Wang J, Li M, Guo W. Plant community diversity alters the response of ecosystem multifunctionality to multiple global change factors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17182. [PMID: 38348761 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Biodiversity is considered important to the mitigation of global change impacts on ecosystem multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems. However, potential mechanisms through which biodiversity maintains ecosystem multifunctionality under global change remain unclear. We grew 132 plant communities with two levels of plant diversity, crossed with treatments based on 10 global change factors (nitrogen deposition, soil salinity, drought, plant invasion, simulated grazing, oil pollution, plastics pollution, antibiotics pollution, heavy metal pollution, and pesticide pollution). All global change factors negatively impacted ecosystem multifunctionality, but negative impacts were stronger in high compared with low diversity plant communities. We explored potential mechanisms for this unexpected result, finding that the inhibition of selection effects (i.e., selection for plant species associated with high ecosystem functioning) contributed to sensitivity of ecosystem multifunctionality to global change. Specifically, global change factors decreased the abundance of novel functional plants (i.e., legumes) in high but not low diversity plant communities. The negative impacts of global change on ecosystem multifunctionality were also mediated by increased relative abundance of fungal plant pathogens (identified from metabarcoding of soil samples) and their negative relationship with the abundance of novel functional plants. Taken together, our experiment highlights the importance of protecting high diversity plant communities and legumes, and managing fungal pathogens, to the maintenance of ecosystem multifunctionality in the face of complex global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Xu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Warwick J Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
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10
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Waheed A, Shen L, Nkurikiyimfura O, Fang H, Wang Y, Andersson B, Zhan J, Yang L. Evaluating the contribution of historical and contemporary temperature to the oospore production of self-fertile Phytophthora infestans. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13643. [PMID: 38293269 PMCID: PMC10824702 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive systems play an important role in the ecological function of species, but little is known about how climate change, such as global warming, may affect the reproductive systems of microbes. In this study, 116 Phytophthora infestans isolates sampled from five different altitudes along a mountain were evaluated under five temperature regimes to determine the effects of historical and experimental temperature on the reproductive system of the pathogen. Both altitude, a proxy for historical pathogen adaptation to temperature, and temperature used in the experiment affected the sexual reproduction of the pathogen, with experimental temperature, that is, contemporary temperature, playing a role several times more important than historical temperature. Furthermore, the potential of sexual reproduction, measured by the number of oospores quantified, increased with the temperature breadth (i.e., difference between the highest and lowest temperature at which sexual reproduction takes place) of the pathogen and reached the maximum at the experimental temperature of 21°C, which is higher than the annual average temperature in many potato-producing areas. The results suggest that rising air temperature associated with global warming may increase the potential of sexual reproduction in P. infestans. Given the importance of sexuality in pathogenicity and ecological adaptation of pathogens, these results suggest that global warming may increase the threat of P. infestans to agricultural production and other ecological services and highlight that new epidemiological strategies may need to be implemented for future food security and ecological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lin‐Lin Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | | | - Han‐Mei Fang
- Institute of Plant PathologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life SciencesChengdu Normal UniversityChengduChina
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Li‐Na Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
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McTavish KJ, Almeida RND, Tersigni J, Raimundi MK, Gong Y, Wang PW, Gontijo GF, de Souza RM, de Resende MLV, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Pseudomonas syringae coffee blight is associated with the horizontal transfer of plasmid-encoded type III effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:409-429. [PMID: 37953378 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogens is an ongoing threat to human health and agriculture. While zoonotic spillovers received considerable attention, the emergence of crop diseases is less well studied. Here, we identify genomic factors associated with the emergence of Pseudomonas syringae bacterial blight of coffee. Fifty-three P. syringae strains from diseased Brazilian coffee plants were sequenced. Comparative and evolutionary analyses were used to identify loci associated with coffee blight. Growth and symptomology assays were performed to validate the findings. Coffee isolates clustered in three lineages, including primary phylogroups PG3 and PG4, and secondary phylogroup PG11. Genome-wide association study of the primary PG strains identified 37 loci, including five effectors, most of which were encoded on a plasmid unique to the PG3 and PG4 coffee strains. Evolutionary analyses support the emergence of coffee blight in PG4 when the coffee-associated plasmid and associated effectors derived from a divergent plasmid carried by strains associated with other hosts. This plasmid was only recently transferred into PG3. Natural diversity and CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid curing were used to show that strains with the coffee-associated plasmid grow to higher densities and cause more severe disease symptoms in coffee. This work identifies possible evolutionary mechanisms underlying the emergence of a new lineage of coffee pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J McTavish
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
| | - Renan N D Almeida
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tersigni
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
| | - Melina K Raimundi
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Yunchen Gong
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
| | - Pauline W Wang
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
| | - Guilherme F Gontijo
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M de Souza
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Mario L V de Resende
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6S 2Y1, Canada
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12
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Welgemoed T, Duong TA, Barnes I, Stukenbrock EH, Berger DK. Population genomic analyses suggest recent dispersal events of the pathogen Cercospora zeina into East and Southern African maize cropping systems. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad214. [PMID: 37738420 PMCID: PMC10627275 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A serious factor hampering global maize production is gray leaf spot disease. Cercospora zeina is one of the causative pathogens, but population genomics analysis of C. zeina is lacking. We conducted whole-genome Illumina sequencing of a representative set of 30 C. zeina isolates from Kenya and Uganda (East Africa) and Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa (Southern Africa). Selection of the diverse set was based on microsatellite data from a larger collection of the pathogen. Pangenome analysis of the C. zeina isolates was done by (1) de novo assembly of the reads with SPAdes, (2) annotation with BRAKER, and (3) protein clustering with OrthoFinder. A published long-read assembly of C. zeina (CMW25467) from Zambia was included and annotated using the same pipeline. This analysis revealed 790 non-shared accessory and 10,677 shared core orthogroups (genes) between the 31 isolates. Accessory gene content was largely shared between isolates from all countries, with a few genes unique to populations from Southern Africa (32) or East Africa (6). There was a significantly higher proportion of effector genes in the accessory secretome (44%) compared to the core secretome (24%). PCA, ADMIXTURE, and phylogenetic analysis using a neighbor-net network indicated a population structure with a geographical subdivision between the East African isolates and the Southern African isolates, although gene flow was also evident. The small pangenome and partial population differentiation indicated recent dispersal of C. zeina into Africa, possibly from 2 regional founder populations, followed by recurrent gene flow owing to widespread maize production across sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Welgemoed
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-11, Kiel 24118, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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13
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Riit T, Cleary M, Adamson K, Blomquist M, Burokienė D, Marčiulynienė D, Oliva J, Poimala A, Redondo MA, Strømeng GM, Talgø V, Tedersoo L, Thomsen IM, Uimari A, Witzell J, Drenkhan R. Oomycete Soil Diversity Associated with Betula and Alnus in Forests and Urban Settings in the Nordic-Baltic Region. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:926. [PMID: 37755034 PMCID: PMC10532727 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the differences and drivers of oomycete diversity and community composition in alder- and birch-dominated park and natural forest soils of the Fennoscandian and Baltic countries of Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden. For this, we sequenced libraries of PCR products generated from the DNA of 111 soil samples collected across a climate gradient using oomycete-specific primers on a PacBio high-throughput sequencing platform. We found that oomycete communities are most affected by temperature seasonality, annual mean temperature, and mean temperature of the warmest quarter. Differences in composition were partly explained by the higher diversity of Saprolegniales in Sweden and Norway, as both total oomycete and Saprolegniales richness decreased significantly at higher longitudes, potentially indicating the preference of this group of oomycetes for a more temperate maritime climate. None of the evaluated climatic variables significantly affected the richness of Pythiales or Peronosporales. Interestingly, the relative abundance and richness of Pythiales was higher at urban sites compared to forest sites, whereas the opposite was true for Saprolegniales. Additionally, this is the first report of Phytophthora gallica and P. plurivora in Estonia. Our results indicate that the composition of oomycetes in soils is strongly influenced by climatic factors, and, therefore, changes in climate conditions associated with global warming may have the potential to significantly alter the distribution range of these microbes, which comprise many important pathogens of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Riit
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, F. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (T.R.)
| | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 3, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, F. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (T.R.)
| | - Mimmi Blomquist
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 3, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Daiva Burokienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Diana Marčiulynienė
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 3, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepų Str. 1, LT-53101 Girionys, Lithuania
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC–Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Poimala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miguel Angel Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunn Mari Strømeng
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Høgskoleveien 7, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Venche Talgø
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Høgskoleveien 7, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Mycology and Microbiology Center, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Iben Margrete Thomsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne Uimari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
| | - Johanna Witzell
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 3, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Växjö, Sweden
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, F. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (T.R.)
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14
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Ferrandino A, Pagliarani C, Pérez-Álvarez EP. Secondary metabolites in grapevine: crosstalk of transcriptional, metabolic and hormonal signals controlling stress defence responses in berries and vegetative organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1124298. [PMID: 37404528 PMCID: PMC10315584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as temperature, heat waves, water limitation, solar radiation and the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, significantly influence the accumulation of secondary metabolites in grapevine berries at different developmental stages, and in vegetative organs. Transcriptional reprogramming, miRNAs, epigenetic marks and hormonal crosstalk regulate the secondary metabolism of berries, mainly the accumulation of phenylpropanoids and of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Currently, the biological mechanisms that control the plastic response of grapevine cultivars to environmental stress or that occur during berry ripening have been extensively studied in many worlds viticultural areas, in different cultivars and in vines grown under various agronomic managements. A novel frontier in the study of these mechanisms is the involvement of miRNAs whose target transcripts encode enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Some miRNA-mediated regulatory cascades, post-transcriptionally control key MYB transcription factors, showing, for example, a role in influencing the anthocyanin accumulation in response to UV-B light during berry ripening. DNA methylation profiles partially affect the berry transcriptome plasticity of different grapevine cultivars, contributing to the modulation of berry qualitative traits. Numerous hormones (such as abscisic and jasmomic acids, strigolactones, gibberellins, auxins, cytokynins and ethylene) are involved in triggering the vine response to abiotic and biotic stress factors. Through specific signaling cascades, hormones mediate the accumulation of antioxidants that contribute to the quality of the berry and that intervene in the grapevine defense processes, highlighting that the grapevine response to stressors can be similar in different grapevine organs. The expression of genes responsible for hormone biosynthesis is largely modulated by stress conditions, thus resulting in the numeourous interactions between grapevine and the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrandino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Eva Pilar Pérez-Álvarez
- Grupo VIENAP. Finca La Grajera, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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15
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Yang LN, Ren M, Zhan J. Modeling plant diseases under climate change: evolutionary perspectives. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:519-526. [PMID: 36593138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Infectious plant diseases are a major threat to global agricultural productivity, economic development, and ecological integrity. There is widespread concern that these social and natural disasters caused by infectious plant diseases may escalate with climate change and computer modeling offers a unique opportunity to address this concern. Here, we analyze the intrinsic problems associated with current modeling strategies and highlight the need to integrate evolutionary principles into polytrophic, eco-evolutionary frameworks to improve predictions. We particularly discuss how evolutionary shifts in functional trade-offs, relative adaptability between plants and pathogens, ecosystems, and climate preferences induced by climate change may feedback to future plant disease epidemics and how technological advances can facilitate the generation and integration of this relevant knowledge for better modeling predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Alkemade JA, Baroncelli R, Messmer MM, Hohmann P. Attack of the clones: Population genetics reveals clonality of Colletotrichum lupini, the causal agent of lupin anthracnose. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:616-627. [PMID: 37078402 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum lupini, the causative agent of lupin anthracnose, affects lupin cultivation worldwide. Understanding its population structure and evolutionary potential is crucial to design successful disease management strategies. The objective of this study was to employ population genetics to investigate the diversity, evolutionary dynamics, and molecular basis of the interaction of this notorious lupin pathogen with its host. A collection of globally representative C. lupini isolates was genotyped through triple digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, resulting in a data set of unparalleled resolution. Phylogenetic and structural analysis could distinguish four independent lineages (I-IV). The strong population structure and high overall standardized index of association (r̅d ) indicates that C. lupini reproduces clonally. Different morphologies and virulence patterns on white lupin (Lupinus albus) and Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) were observed between and within clonal lineages. Isolates belonging to lineage II were shown to have a minichromosome that was also partly present in lineage III and IV, but not in lineage I isolates. Variation in the presence of this minichromosome could imply a role in host-pathogen interaction. All four lineages were present in the South American Andes region, which is suggested to be the centre of origin of this species. Only members of lineage II have been found outside South America since the 1990s, indicating it as the current pandemic population. As a seedborne pathogen, C. lupini has mainly spread through infected but symptomless seeds, stressing the importance of phytosanitary measures to prevent future outbreaks of strains that are yet confined to South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris A Alkemade
- Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centre for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Enviromental Technology, Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Monika M Messmer
- Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Hohmann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
- Bonaplanta, BioCrops Innovations SL, Manresa, Spain
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17
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Semi-VOCs of Wood Vinegar Display Strong Antifungal Activities against Oomycete Species Globisporangium ultimum and Pythium aphanidermatum. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease outbreaks are increasingly exacerbated by climate change and the conditions of stress combinations. They are negatively affecting crop yield and driving threats to food security in many areas of the world. Although synthetic pesticides offer relative success in the control of pests and plant diseases, they are often overused, and this method faces numerous drawbacks, including environmental toxicity, soil degradation, and adverse effects on human health. Therefore, alternatives are being developed and examined, including the biocontrol of pests and pathogens and biomass pyrolysis leading to wood vinegar that has shown great promise in agriculture and organic farming. However, while wood vinegar use is expanding and allows the control of numerous pests and bacterial and fungal diseases, its application to control oomycete diseases is limited. This study aimed to test wood vinegar for the control of oomycete plant pathogens from which six wood vinegars of pistachio, pomegranate, almond, pine, cypress, and walnut were produced. The inhibitory effects of volatile metabolites (semi-VOCs) of different wood vinegars concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%) were examined against the hyphal growth of Globisporangium ultimum and Pythium aphanidermatum isolates. An in vitro analysis unambiguously demonstrated that for Globisporangium ultimum, the wood vinegar semi-VOCs of almond, pistachio (C 100% and 50%), and walnut (C 100%) totally inhibited mycelial growth. On the other hand, Pythium aphanidermatum, pistachio (C 100%, 50%, and 25%), and cypress (C 100%) expressed their abilities to completely inhibit the mycelial growth. Other treatments, including relevant concentrations of pine and pomegranate significantly inhibited the growth of mycelia of both species compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, wood vinegar could be considered a natural and organic product to use in agriculture to cope not only against pests, bacterial and fungal pests but also against emerging oomycete plant diseases.
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18
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Dobbs JT, Kim MS, Reynolds GJ, Wilhelmi N, Dumroese RK, Klopfenstein NB, Fraedrich SW, Cram MM, Bronson J, Stewart JE. Fusarioid community diversity associated with conifer seedlings in forest nurseries across the contiguous USA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104675. [PMID: 36818886 PMCID: PMC9930990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusarioid fungi that cause damping-off and root diseases can result in significant losses to conifer crops produced in forest nurseries across the USA. These nurseries are vital to reforestation and forest restoration efforts. Understanding the diversity of Fusarioid fungi associated with damping-off and root diseases of conifer seedlings can provide an approach for targeted management techniques to limit seedling losses and pathogen spread to novel landscapes. METHODS This study identifies 26 Fusarium spp. (F. acuminatum, F. annulatum, F. avenaceum, F. brachygibbosum, F. clavus, F. commune, F. cugenangense, F. diversisporum, F. elaeagni, F. elaeidis, F. flocciferum, F. fredkrugeri, F. fujikuroi, F. grosmichelii, F. ipomoeae, F. lactis, F. languescens, F. luffae, F. odoratissimum, F. oxysporum, F. queenslandicum, F. redolens, F. torulosum, F. triseptatum, F. vanleeuwenii, & F. verticillioides), 15 potential species within Fusarium and Neocosmospora species complexes (two from F. fujikuroi species complex, nine from F. oxysporum species complex, three from F. tricinctum species complex, and one from Neocosmospora species complex), and four Neocosmospora spp. (N. falciforme, N. metavorans, N. pisi, & N. solani) and associated host information collected from conifer-producing nurseries across the contiguous USA. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses identified Fusarioid fungi haplotypes that were associated with 1) host specificity, 2) localization to geographic regions, or 3) generalists found on multiple hosts across diverse geographic regions. DISCUSSION The haplotypes and novel species identified on conifer seedlings should be considered for further analysis to determine pathogenicity, pathogen spread, and assess management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Dobbs
- Colorado State University, Department of Agricultural Biology, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - M.-S. Kim
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - G. J. Reynolds
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection – Region 3, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - N. Wilhelmi
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection – Region 3, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - R. K. Dumroese
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - N. B. Klopfenstein
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - S. W. Fraedrich
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA, United States
| | - M. M. Cram
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection – Region 8, Athens, GA, United States
| | - J. Bronson
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection – Region 6, Medford, OR, United States
| | - J. E. Stewart
- Colorado State University, Department of Agricultural Biology, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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19
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D'Arcangelo KN, Wallace EC, Miles TD, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Carboxylic Acid Amide but Not Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicide Resistance Mutations Show Clade-Specific Occurrence in Pseudoperonospora cubensis Causing Downy Mildew in Commercial and Wild Cucurbits. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:80-89. [PMID: 35918851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0166-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since its reemergence in 2004, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), has experienced significant changes in fungicide sensitivity. Presently, frequent fungicide applications are required to control the disease in cucumber due to the loss of host resistance. Carboxylic acid amides (CAA) and quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) are two fungicide groups used to control foliar diseases in cucurbits, including CDM. Resistance to these fungicides is associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations. In this study, we used population analyses to determine the occurrence of fungicide resistance mutations to CAA and QoI fungicides in host-adapted clade 1 and clade 2 P. cubensis isolates. Our results revealed that CAA-resistant genotypes occurred more prominently in clade 2 isolates, with more sensitive genotypes observed in clade 1 isolates, while QoI resistance was widespread across isolates from both clades. We also determined that wild cucurbits can serve as reservoirs for P. cubensis isolates containing fungicide resistance alleles. Finally, we report that the G1105W substitution associated with CAA resistance was more prominent within clade 2 P. cubensis isolates while the G1105V resistance substitution and sensitivity genotypes were more prominent in clade 1 isolates. Our findings of clade-specific occurrence of fungicide resistance mutations highlight the importance of understanding the population dynamics of P. cubensis clades by crop and region to design effective fungicide programs and establish accurate baseline sensitivity to active ingredients in P. cubensis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N D'Arcangelo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-7825
| | - E C Wallace
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-7825
| | - T D Miles
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - L M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-7825
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20
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Raza MM, Bebber DP. Climate change and plant pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102233. [PMID: 36370642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Global food security is threatened by climate change, both directly through responses of crop physiology and productivity, and indirectly through responses of plant-associated microbiota, including plant pathogens. While the interactions between host plants, pathogens and environmental drivers can be complex, recent research is beginning to indicate certain overall patterns in how plant diseases will affect crop production in future. Here, we review the results of three methodological approaches: large-scale observational studies, process-based disease models and experimental comparisons of pathosystems under current and future conditions. We find that observational studies have tended to identify rising temperatures as the primary driver of disease impact. Process-based models suggest that rising temperatures will lead to latitudinal shifts in disease pressure, but drying conditions could mitigate disease risk. Experimental studies suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 will exacerbate disease impacts. Plant diseases may therefore counteract any crop yield increases due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Raza
- Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, UK; Joint Centre for Excellence in Environmental Intelligence, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Daniel P Bebber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, UK; Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, UK.
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Stafford E, Kot M. Optimal reduced-mixing for an SIS infectious-disease model. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2022; 16:746-765. [PMID: 36415142 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2148764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Which reduced-mixing strategy maximizes economic output during a disease outbreak? To answer this question, we formulate an optimal-control problem that maximizes the difference between revenue, due to healthy individuals, and medical costs, associated with infective individuals, for SIS disease dynamics. The control variable is the level of mixing in the population, which influences both revenue and the spread of the disease. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, we find a closed-form solution for our problem. We explore an example of our problem with parameters for the transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cows, and we perform sensitivity analyses to determine how model parameters affect optimal strategies. We find that less mixing is preferable when the transmission rate is high, the per-capita recovery rate is low, or when the revenue parameter is much smaller than the cost parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Stafford
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Kot
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Runno-Paurson E, Nassar H, Tähtjärv T, Eremeev V, Hansen M, Niinemets Ü. High Temporal Variability in Late Blight Pathogen Diversity, Virulence, and Fungicide Resistance in Potato Breeding Fields: Results from a Long-Term Monitoring Study. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182426. [PMID: 36145827 PMCID: PMC9502785 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term site-specific studies describing changes in the phenotypic variability of Phytophthora infestans populations allow quantitative predictions of pathogen spread and possible outbreaks of epidemics, and provide key input for regional resistance breeding programs. Late blight samples were collected from potato (Solanum tuberosum) breeding fields in Estonia during a twelve-year study period between 2001 and 2014. In total, 207 isolates were assessed for mating type and 235 isolates for metalaxyl resistance and 251 isolates for virulence factors. The frequency of mating types strongly fluctuated across the years, whereas the later period of 2010–2014 was dominated by the A2 mating. Despite fluctuations, both mating types were recorded in the same fields in most years, indicating sustained sexual reproduction of P. infestans with oospore production. Metalaxyl-resistant and intermediately resistant strains dominated in the first years of study, but with the progression of the study, metalaxyl-sensitive isolates became dominant, reaching up to 88%. Racial diversity, characterized by normalized Shannon diversity index decreased in time, varying from 1.00 in 2003 to 0.43 in 2013. The frequency of several virulence factors changed in a time-dependent manner, with R2 increasing and R6, R8, and R9 decreasing in time. Potato cultivar resistance background did not influence the frequency of P. infestans mating type, response to metalaxyl, and racial diversity. However, the diversity index decreased in time among isolates collected from resistant and susceptible cultivars, and remained at a high level in moderately resistant cultivars. These data demonstrate major time-dependent changes in racial diversity, fungicide resistance, and virulence factors in P. infestans, consistent with alterations in the control strategies and popularity of potato cultivars with different resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Runno-Paurson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence:
| | - Helina Nassar
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terje Tähtjärv
- Estonian Crop Research Institute, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - Viacheslav Eremeev
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merili Hansen
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Rodrigues ASB, Silva DN, Várzea V, Paulo OS, Batista D. Worldwide Population Structure of the Coffee Rust Fungus Hemileia vastatrix Is Strongly Shaped by Local Adaptation and Breeding History. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1998-2011. [PMID: 35322716 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0376-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The devastating disease coffee leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix, has been a major constraint to worldwide coffee production. Recently, H. vastatrix populations were shown to be structured into three divergent genetic lineages with marked host specialization (C1, C2, and C3). However, there is yet no overall understanding of the population dynamics and adaptation of the most widespread and epidemiological relevant H. vastatrix group (C3). We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to generate 13,804 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across a worldwide collection of 99 H. vastatrix isolates. Phylogenetic analyses uncovered a well-supported structuring within C3, with three main subgroups (SGs; SGI, SGII, and SGIII), which seem to reflect the historical distribution, breeding, and exchange of coffee cultivars. SGI shows a ladder-like diversification pattern and occurs across all four continents sampled, SGII is mainly restricted to Africa, and SGIII is observed only in Timor, revealing a higher genetic differentiation. Outlier and association tests globally identified 112 SNPs under putative positive selection, which impacted population structure. In particular, 29 overlapping SNPs per se seemed to have an extremely strong effect on H. vastatrix population divergence. We also found exclusive and fixed alleles associated with the SGs supporting local adaptation. Functional annotation revealed that transposable elements may play a role in host adaptation. Our study provides a higher-resolution perspective on the evolutionary history of H. vastatrix on cultivated coffee, showing its strong ability to adapt and the strength of the selective force imposed by coffee hosts, which should be taken into account when designing strategies for pathogen dissemination control and selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia B Rodrigues
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group (CoBiG2), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Nuno Silva
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group (CoBiG2), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro (CIFC)/Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor Várzea
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro (CIFC)/Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Octávio S Paulo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group (CoBiG2), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Batista
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group (CoBiG2), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro (CIFC)/Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Xu J. Assessing global fungal threats to humans. MLIFE 2022; 1:223-240. [PMID: 38818220 PMCID: PMC10989982 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Fungi are an integral part of the earth's biosphere. They are broadly distributed in all continents and ecosystems and play a diversity of roles. Here, I review our current understanding of fungal threats to humans and describe the major factors that contribute to various threats. Among the 140,000 or so known species out of the estimated six million fungal species on Earth, about 10% directly or indirectly threaten human health and welfare. Major threats include mushroom poisoning, fungal allergies, infections of crop plants, food contamination by mycotoxins, and mycoses in humans. A growing number of factors have been identified to impact various fungal threats, including human demographics, crop distributions, anthropogenic activities, pathogen dispersals, global climate change, and/or the applications of antifungal drugs and agricultural fungicides. However, while models have been developed for analyzing various processes of individual threats and threat managements, current data are primarily descriptive and incomplete, and there are significant obstacles to integration of the diverse factors into accurate quantitative assessments of fungal threats. With increasing technological advances and concerted efforts to track the spatial and temporal data on climate and environmental variables; mycotoxins in the feed and food supply chains; fungal population dynamics in crop fields, human and animal populations, and the environment; human population demographics; and the prevalence and severities of fungal allergies and diseases, our ability to accurately assess fungal threats will improve. Such improvements should help us develop holistic strategies to manage fungal threats in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology and Institute of Infectious Diseases ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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25
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Gao M, Li H, Li M. Effect of No Tillage System on Soil Fungal Community Structure of Cropland in Mollisol: A Case Study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:847691. [PMID: 35783398 PMCID: PMC9244396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.847691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation tillage is generally regarded as a sustainable farming system for the future. The fungal community structure has a strong response to conservation tillage. However, how the conservation tillage system affects the soil fungal community structure is little known. Using the high-throughput sequencing technology, the soil fungal community was explored under no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) in Northeast China Mollisol. The copy number of fungal genes in NT20 was significantly lower than that in other treatments. NT changed the composition of soil fungal communities at the taxonomic level of phylum and genus. The diversity indices of the soil fungal community in no tillage at soil depths of 0–5 cm (NT5) were significantly higher than those in soil depths of 5–20 cm (NT20). The fungal community under NT and CT could form a good cluster distribution and NT5, conventional tillage at soil depths of 0–5 cm (CT5) and 5–20 cm (CT20) had specific indicator species. Most of the potential pathogens were significantly higher in NT5 than in NT20. Tillage and soil depth could explain 64% of the diversity and 95% of the composition of the fungal community, which indirectly changed the diversity and composition of fungi by using soil organic carbon, pH value, and soil bulk density. Furthermore, soil organic carbon (SOC) best explained the soil fungal community, followed by soil pH. The study indicated that the NT system had a comprehensive effect on the soil fungal community and SOC is the most crucial factor in determining this community.
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26
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Romero F, Cazzato S, Walder F, Vogelgsang S, Bender SF, van der Heijden MGA. Humidity and high temperature are important for predicting fungal disease outbreaks worldwide. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1553-1556. [PMID: 33713447 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Romero
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Cazzato
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - Florian Walder
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Vogelgsang
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - S Franz Bender
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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27
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Van der Heyden H, Dutilleul P, Duceppe M, Bilodeau GJ, Charron J, Carisse O. Genotyping by sequencing suggests overwintering of Peronospora destructor in southwestern Québec, Canada. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:339-354. [PMID: 34921486 PMCID: PMC8828460 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Several Peronospora species are carried by wind over short and long distances, from warmer climates where they survive on living plants to cooler climates. In eastern Canada, this annual flow of sporangia was thought to be the main source of Peronospora destructor responsible for onion downy mildew. However, the results of a recent study showed that the increasing frequency of onion downy mildew epidemics in eastern Canada is associated with warmer autumns, milder winters, and previous year disease severity, suggesting overwintering of the inoculum in an area where the pathogen is not known to be endogenous. In this study, genotyping by sequencing was used to investigate the population structure of P. destructor at the landscape scale. The study focused on a particular region of southwestern Québec-Les Jardins de Napierville-to determine if the populations were clonal and regionally differentiated. The data were characterized by a high level of linkage disequilibrium, characteristic of clonal organisms. Consequently, the null hypothesis of random mating was rejected when tested on predefined or nonpredefined populations, indicating that linkage disequilibrium was not a function of population structure and suggesting a mixed reproduction mode. Discriminant analysis of principal components performed with predefined population assignment allowed grouping P. destructor isolates by geographical regions, while analysis of molecular variance confirmed that this genetic differentiation was significant at the regional level. Without using a priori population assignment, isolates were clustered into four genetic clusters. These results represent a baseline estimate of the genetic diversity and population structure of P. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Van der Heyden
- Cie de Recherche PhytodataSherringtonQuébecCanada
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Pierre Dutilleul
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | | | | | | | - Odile Carisse
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSt‐Jean‐sur‐RichelieuQuébecCanada
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28
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The Epidemiology of Sudden Oak Death Disease Caused by Phytophthora ramorum in a Mixed Bay Laurel-Oak Woodland Provides Important Clues for Disease Management. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020250. [PMID: 35215194 PMCID: PMC8874385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological models are important for the understanding of disease progression in plants and for the design of control strategies. Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen responsible for the disease known as Sudden Oak Death, causes lethal infection on several oaks but relies on California bay laurels for transmission. Here, repeated surveys of bay laurels and oaks indicated that bay laurel disease incidence was positively correlated with rainfall, bay laurel density, and an eastern aspect, and negatively correlated with bay laurel basal area. Oak infection only occurred in years when rainfall was higher than the 30-year average, and although infection rates were greater among larger trees, mortality was greater among smaller trees. Additionally, larger oaks closer to infected bay laurels exhibited greater infection rates. Disease incidence differed among sites, and only a fraction of bay laurels were disease superspreaders, while even fewer individuals were refugial trees harboring active infections during dry periods. Based on this study, reducing bay laurel density in denser stands and the number of superspreaders or refugial trees in less dense stands may reduce disease incidence. However, the selective removal of bay laurel trees 0–10 m from oaks is likely to be more effective in preventing infection of specific oaks.
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29
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Kozhar O, Kim M, Ibarra Caballero J, Klopfenstein NB, Cannon PG, Stewart JE. Long evolutionary history of an emerging fungal pathogen of diverse tree species in eastern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2013-2031. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kozhar
- Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Mee‐Sook Kim
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis OR USA
| | | | | | - Phil G. Cannon
- USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection Vallejo CA USA
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30
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Gardiner LJ, Krishna R. Bluster or Lustre: Can AI Improve Crops and Plant Health? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122707. [PMID: 34961177 PMCID: PMC8707749 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In a changing climate where future food security is a growing concern, researchers are exploring new methods and technologies in the effort to meet ambitious crop yield targets. The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) including Machine Learning (ML) methods in this area has been proposed as a potential mechanism to support this. This review explores current research in the area to convey the state-of-the-art as to how AI/ML have been used to advance research, gain insights, and generally enable progress in this area. We address the question-Can AI improve crops and plant health? We further discriminate the bluster from the lustre by identifying the key challenges that AI has been shown to address, balanced with the potential issues with its usage, and the key requisites for its success. Overall, we hope to raise awareness and, as a result, promote usage, of AI related approaches where they can have appropriate impact to improve practices in agricultural and plant sciences.
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31
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Gougherty AV, Davies TJ. Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200359. [PMID: 34538142 PMCID: PMC8450633 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogens and insect pests, hereafter pests, play an important role in structuring ecological communities, yet both native and introduced pests impose significant pressure on wild and managed systems, and pose a threat to food security. Global changes in climate and land use, and transportation of plants and pests around the globe are likely to further increase the range, frequency and severity of pest outbreaks in the future. Thus, there is a critical need to expand on current ecological theory to address these challenges. Here, we outline a phylogenetic framework for the study of plant and pest interactions. In plants, a growing body of work has suggested that evolutionary relatedness, phylogeny, strongly structures plant-pest associations-from pest host breadths and impacts, to their establishment and spread in new regions. Understanding the phylogenetic dimensions of plant-pest associations will help to inform models of invasive species spread, disease and pest risk in crops, and emerging pest outbreaks in native plant communities-which will have important implications for protecting food security and biodiversity into the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Gougherty
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
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32
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ElSaied A, Farouk H, Elhady M, Almarid ZD, Hashim AM. Environmental monitoring of anthropogenic impacts and climate change: a case study from the national network of roads in Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63391-63411. [PMID: 34231143 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Economic development and land use/land cover (LULC) changes are deeply connected. Egypt has started the National Road Project to add 7000 km new roads to the 23.500 km existing network. The present study aimed at assessing anthropogenic impacts of the establishment and development of one of the newly developed arterial roads (Wadi Al-Natroun Al-Alamin road) on the LULC of surrounding region in relation to climate change during the period from 1986 to 2019. Using RS (remote sensing) techniques and four satellite images from 1986, 1999, 2011, and 2019, five classes were identified (vegetation, urban, water, agriculturally affected soils, and bare soils). The study area was divided based on different human activities into six areas of interest (AOIs). Results showed that massive changes have occurred during the 33-year period along the six AOIs and the five identified classes. Four climatic variables (annual mean temperature, maximum temperature of the warmest month, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month) have been used to investigate climatic conditions of the study area in 1986 and 2018 and link it to the continuous development in the study area. Results showed an average increase of 2°C in annual temperature and maximum temperature of the hottest month. In contrary, a significant decrease in the annual precipitation and precipitation of the wettest month has been documented. Statistical analysis results showed significant correlations between climatic conditions and economic development along the study area. Climate change and human development stress on both natural and artificial ecosystems of the study area have been discussed, and recommended measures for sustainable development and natural resources perseveration have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- AlBaraa ElSaied
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haitham Farouk
- Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Elhady
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Al-Baha University, Al Mandaq, Al Baha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab D Almarid
- Biology Department, Faculty of Education, Zawia University, Zwara, Libya
| | - Ahmed M Hashim
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11865, Egypt
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33
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Wang M, Kriticos DJ, Ota N, Brooks A, Paini D. A general trait-based modelling framework for revealing patterns of airborne fungal dispersal threats to agriculture and native flora. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1506-1518. [PMID: 34338336 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens are of economic and ecological importance to global agriculture and natural ecosystems. Long-distance atmospheric dispersal of fungal spores (LAD) can pose threats to agricultural and native vegetation lands. An understanding of such patterns of fungal spore dispersal and invasion pathways can provide valuable insights into plant protection. Spore traits affect their dispersal abilities. We propose a general trait-based framework for modelling LAD to reveal dispersal patterns and pathways, and assess subsequent threats of arrival (TOA) quantitatively in the context of biosecurity. To illustrate the framework, we present a study of Australia and its surrounding land masses. The overall dispersal pattern covered almost the entire continent of Australia. Fungal spores in the size class of 10 and 20 µm (aerodynamic diameter) posed the greatest TOA. Our study shows the effects of morphological traits on these potential TOA, and how they varied between source regions, size classes, and seasons. Our framework revealed spore dispersal patterns and pathways. It also facilitates comparisons of spatio-temporal dispersal dynamics among fungal classes, gaining insights into atmospheric long-distance dispersal of fungi as a whole, and provides a basis for assessing fungal pest threats in potential source regions based on easily measured spore characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Darren J Kriticos
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Noboru Ota
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Aaron Brooks
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dean Paini
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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34
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Chen QL, Hu HW, Yan ZZ, Li CY, Nguyen BAT, Zhu YG, He JZ. Precipitation increases the abundance of fungal plant pathogens in Eucalyptus phyllosphere. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7688-7700. [PMID: 34407308 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the current and future distributions of plant pathogens is critical to predict the plant performance and related economic benefits in the changing environment. Yet, little is known about the roles of environmental drivers in shaping the profiles of fungal plant pathogens in phyllosphere, an important habitat of microbiomes on Earth. Here, using a large-scale investigation of Eucalyptus phyllospheric microbiomes in Australia and the multiple linear regression model, we show that precipitation is the most important predictor of fungal taxonomic diversity and abundance. The abundance of fungal plant pathogens in phyllosphere exhibited a positive linear relationship with precipitation. With this empirical dataset, we constructed current and future atlases of phyllosphere plant pathogens to estimate their spatial distributions under different climate change scenarios. Our atlases indicate that the abundance of fungal plant pathogens would increase especially in the coastal regions with up to 100-fold increase compared with the current abundance. These findings advance our understanding of the distributions of fungal plant pathogens in phyllospheric microbiomes under the climate change, which can improve our ability to predict and mitigate their impacts on plant productivity and economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lin Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Hang-Wei Hu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Zhen-Zhen Yan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Chao-Yu Li
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Bao-Anh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
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Paul NC, Park SW, Liu H, Choi S, Ma J, MacCready JS, Chilvers MI, Sang H. Plant and Fungal Genome Editing to Enhance Plant Disease Resistance Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700925. [PMID: 34447401 PMCID: PMC8382960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Crop production has been substantially reduced by devastating fungal and oomycete pathogens, and these pathogens continue to threaten global food security. Although chemical and cultural controls have been used for crop protection, these involve continuous costs and time and fungicide resistance among plant pathogens has been increasingly reported. The most efficient way to protect crops from plant pathogens is cultivation of disease-resistant cultivars. However, traditional breeding approaches are laborious and time intensive. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been utilized to enhance disease resistance among different crops such as rice, cacao, wheat, tomato, and grape. This system allows for precise genome editing of various organisms via RNA-guided DNA endonuclease activity. Beyond genome editing in crops, editing the genomes of fungal and oomycete pathogens can also provide new strategies for plant disease management. This review focuses on the recent studies of plant disease resistance against fungal and oomycete pathogens using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. For long-term plant disease management, the targeting of multiple plant disease resistance mechanisms with CRISPR/Cas9 and insights gained by probing fungal and oomycete genomes with this system will be powerful approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Chandra Paul
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Park
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sungyu Choi
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jihyeon Ma
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Joshua S. MacCready
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Martin I. Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Schultink A, Steinbrenner AD. A playbook for developing disease-resistant crops through immune receptor identification and transfer. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102089. [PMID: 34333377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are resistant to most pathogens because of an immune system that perceives invading microbes and activates defense. A large repertoire of innate immune receptors mediates specific direct or indirect recognition of pathogen-derived molecules. Disease is often a consequence of insufficient immune surveillance, and the transfer of immune receptor genes from resistant plants to susceptible crop varieties is an effective strategy for combating disease outbreaks. We discuss approaches for identifying intracellular and cell surface immune receptors, with particular focus on recently developed and emerging methodologies. We also review considerations for the transfer of immune receptor genes into crop species, including additional host factors that may be required for immune receptor function. Together, these concepts lay out a broadly applicable playbook for developing crop varieties with durable disease resistance.
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Domínguez-Begines J, Ávila JM, García LV, Gómez-Aparicio L. Disentangling the role of oomycete soil pathogens as drivers of plant-soil feedbacks. Ecology 2021; 102:e03430. [PMID: 34105778 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among plant species and their soil biota drive plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) that play a major role in the dynamics and diversity of plant communities. Among the different components of the soil community, pathogens are considered to be the main drivers of negative PSFs. Despite this, the number of studies that have experimentally quantified the contribution of soil pathogens to PSFs remains considerably low. Here we conducted a greenhouse experiment with oomycete-specific fungicide to quantify the contribution of soil pathogens, and particularly oomycete pathogens, to individual and pairwise PSFs in forest communities. We used as a case study Mediterranean mixed forests dominated by Quercus suber and invaded by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The fungicide treatment was crossed with a competition treatment to explore how conspecific neighbors might modify pathogen effects. To place the results of the experiment in a wider context, we also conducted a systematic review of published papers that explicitly used fungicide to explore the role of pathogens in PSF experiments. Our experimental results showed that oomycete pathogens were the main drivers of individual PSFs in the study forests. Oomycete effects varied among tree species according to their susceptibility to P. cinnamomi, driving negative PSFs in the highly susceptible Q. suber but not in the coexistent Olea europaea. Oomycete-driven PSFs were not modified by intraspecific competition. Oomycete pathogens were also major contributors to negative pairwise PSFs assumed to promote species coexistence. Results from the systematic review supported the novelty of our experimental results, since only three studies had previously used oomycete-specific fungicide in a PSF context and none in systems invaded by exotic oomycetes. Overall, our results provide novel evidence of oomycete pathogens (including the exotic P. cinnamomi) as fundamental drivers of negative individual and pairwise PSFs with implications for species coexistence in invaded communities. Although in the short-term invasive pathogens might contribute to species coexistence by causing self-limitation in dominant species, strong inter-specific variation in self-limitation might undermine coexistence in the long-term. Because of the increasing number of exotic oomycetes worldwide, further attention should be given to oomycetes as drivers of PSFs in plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Domínguez-Begines
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - José M Ávila
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Luis V García
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Lorena Gómez-Aparicio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
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Ishii H, Nishimura K, Tanabe K, Yamaoka Y. Pathogenic Specialization of Venturia nashicola, Causal Agent of Asian Pear Scab, and Resistance of Pear Cultivars Kinchaku and Xiangli. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:990-1000. [PMID: 32910743 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0220-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scab caused by Venturia nashicola is one of the most serious diseases of Asian pears, including Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta) and Chinese pears (P. bretschneideri and P. ussuriensis). Breeding scab-resistant pear cultivars is essential to minimize fungicide use and development of fungicide resistance. A survey of pathogenic specialization in V. nashicola is needed to ensure durable scab resistance in cultivated pears. V. nashicola race 1, 2, and 3 isolates, each differing in pathogenicity to Japanese pear cultivar Kousui and Asian pear strain Mamenashi 12, have been reported in Japan. In this study, isolates collected from scabbed pears in China and Taiwan were classified as V. nashicola based on conidial size and mating ability. However, various isolates had pathogenicity distinct from races 1, 2, and 3 according to tests on seven differential host genotypes of pear cultivars from Japan (Kousui and strain Mamenashi 12), China (Jingbaili, Yali, Linyuli, and Nanguoli), and Taiwan (Hengshanli). These new races were designated as races 4 to 7. Progenies characteristic of race 3 isolates were produced using a cross between race 1 and race 2 isolates, suggesting the possible role of sexual recombination in the emergence of novel races. Japanese pear cultivar Kinchaku and Chinese P. sinkiangensis 'Xiangli' (a Korla fragrant pear grown in China) did not show visible symptoms after inoculation with any of the seven races. Broad scab resistance in Kinchaku and Xiangli makes them a promising genetic resource for resistance breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ishii
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
- University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nishimura
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanabe
- Tottori University, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
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Adhikari P, Mideros SX, Jamann TM. Differential Regulation of Maize and Sorghum Orthologs in Response to the Fungal Pathogen Exserohilum turcicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675208. [PMID: 34113371 PMCID: PMC8185347 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens that infect more than one host offer an opportunity to study how resistance mechanisms have evolved across different species. Exserohilum turcicum infects both maize and sorghum and the isolates are host-specific, offering a unique system to examine both compatible and incompatible interactions. We conducted transcriptional analysis of maize and sorghum in response to maize-specific and sorghum-specific E. turcicum isolates and identified functionally related co-expressed modules. Maize had a more robust transcriptional response than sorghum. E. turcicum responsive genes were enriched in core orthologs in both crops, but only up to 16% of core orthologs showed conserved expression patterns. Most changes in gene expression for the core orthologs, including hub genes, were lineage specific, suggesting a role for regulatory divergent evolution. We identified several defense-related shared differentially expressed (DE) orthologs with conserved expression patterns between the two crops, suggesting a role for parallel evolution of those genes in both crops. Many of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the incompatible interaction were related to quantitative disease resistance (QDR). This work offers insights into how different hosts with relatively recent divergence interact with a common pathogen. Our results are important for developing resistance to this critical pathogen and understanding the evolution of host-pathogen interactions.
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What Do We Know about Botryosphaeriaceae? An Overview of a Worldwide Cured Dataset. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae-related diseases occur worldwide in a wide variety of plant hosts. The number of studies targeting the distribution, diversity, ecology, and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species are consistently increasing. However, with the lack of consistency in species delimitation, the name of hosts, and the locations of studies, it is almost impossible to quantify the presence of these species worldwide, or the number of different host–fungus interactions that occur. In this review, we collected and organized Botryosphaeriaceae occurrences in a single cured dataset, allowing us to obtain for the first time a complete perspective on species’ global diversity, dispersion, host association, ecological niches, pathogenicity, communication efficiency of new occurrences, and new host–fungus associations. This dataset is freely available through an interactive and online application. The current release (version 1.0) contains 14,405 cured isolates and 2989 literature references of 12,121 different host–fungus interactions with 1692 different plant species from 149 countries.
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Tan J, De Zutter N, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Tran TM, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, Willems A, Vandamme P, Ameye M, Audenaert K. Presence of the Weakly Pathogenic Fusarium poae in the Fusarium Head Blight Disease Complex Hampers Biocontrol and Chemical Control of the Virulent Fusarium graminearum Pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641890. [PMID: 33679858 PMCID: PMC7928387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is caused by a consortium of mutually interacting Fusarium species. In the field, the weakly pathogenic F. poae often thrives on the infection sites of the virulent F. graminearum. In this ecological context, we investigated the efficacy of chemical and biocontrol agents against F. graminearum in wheat ears. For this purpose, one fungicide comprising prothioconazole + spiroxamine and two bacterial biocontrol strains, Streptomyces rimosus LMG 19352 and Rhodococcus sp. R-43120 were tested for their efficacy to reduce FHB symptoms and mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, DON) production by F. graminearum in presence or absence of F. poae. Results showed that the fungicide and both actinobacterial strains reduced FHB symptoms and concomitant DON levels in wheat ears inoculated with F. graminearum. Where Streptomyces rimosus appeared to have direct antagonistic effects, Rhodococcus and the fungicide mediated suppression of F. graminearum was linked to the archetypal salicylic acid and jasmonic acid defense pathways that involve the activation of LOX1, LOX2 and ICS. Remarkably, this chemical- and biocontrol efficacy was significantly reduced when F. poae was co-inoculated with F. graminearum. This reduced efficacy was linked to a suppression of the plant's intrinsic defense system and increased levels of DON. In conclusion, our study shows that control strategies against the virulent F. graminearum in the disease complex causing FHB are hampered by the presence of the weakly pathogenic F. poae. This study provides generic insights in the complexity of control strategies against plant diseases caused by multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Tan
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie De Zutter
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Trang Minh Tran
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Willems
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hessenauer P, Feau N, Gill U, Schwessinger B, Brar GS, Hamelin RC. Evolution and Adaptation of Forest and Crop Pathogens in the Anthropocene. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:49-67. [PMID: 33200962 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0358-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropocene marks the era when human activity is making a significant impact on earth, its ecological and biogeographical systems. The domestication and intensification of agricultural and forest production systems have had a large impact on plant and tree health. Some pathogens benefitted from these human activities and have evolved and adapted in response to the expansion of crop and forest systems, resulting in global outbreaks. Global pathogen genomics data including population genomics and high-quality reference assemblies are crucial for understanding the evolution and adaptation of pathogens. Crops and forest trees have remarkably different characteristics, such as reproductive time and the level of domestication. They also have different production systems for disease management with more intensive management in crops than forest trees. By comparing and contrasting results from pathogen population genomic studies done on widely different agricultural and forest production systems, we can improve our understanding of pathogen evolution and adaptation to different selection pressures. We find that in spite of these differences, similar processes such as hybridization, host jumps, selection, specialization, and clonal expansion are shaping the pathogen populations in both crops and forest trees. We propose some solutions to reduce these impacts and lower the probability of global pathogen outbreaks so that we can envision better management strategies to sustain global food production as well as ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hessenauer
- Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Nicolas Feau
- Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Upinder Gill
- College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Gurcharn S Brar
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Tabima JF, Gonen L, Gómez-Gallego M, Panda P, Grünwald NJ, Hansen EM, McDougal R, LeBoldus JM, Williams NM. Molecular Phylogenomics and Population Structure of Phytophthora pluvialis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:108-115. [PMID: 33048632 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0232-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pluvialis is an oomycete that was first isolated from soil, water, and tree foliage in mixed Douglas-fir-tanoak forests of the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). It was then identified as the causal agent of red needle cast of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) in New Zealand (NZ). Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to obtain 1,543 single nucleotide polymorphisms across 145 P. pluvialis isolates to characterize the population structure in the PNW and NZ. We tested the hypothesis that P. pluvialis was introduced to NZ from the PNW using genetic distance measurements and population structure analyses among locations between countries. The low genetic distance, population heterozygosity, and lack of geographic structure in NZ suggest a single colonization event from the United States followed by clonal expansion in NZ. The PNW Coast Range was proposed as a presumptive center of origin of the currently known distribution of P. pluvialis based on its geographic range and position as the central cluster in a minimum spanning network. The Coastal cluster of isolates were located at the root of every U.S. cluster and emerged earlier than all NZ clusters. The Coastal cluster had the highest degree of heterozygosity (Hs = 0.254) and median pairwise genetic distance (0.093) relative to any other cluster. Finally, the rapid host diversification between closely related isolates of P. pluvialis in NZ indicate that this pathogen has the potential to infect a broader range of hosts than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Clark University, The Lasry Center for Bioscience, Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A
| | - Lilah Gonen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Mireia Gómez-Gallego
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- UMR IAM-Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Preeti Panda
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Research Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Everett M Hansen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca McDougal
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Peavy Forest Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Nari M Williams
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand
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Singh NK, Dutta A, Puccetti G, Croll D. Tackling microbial threats in agriculture with integrative imaging and computational approaches. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:372-383. [PMID: 33489007 PMCID: PMC7787954 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens and pests are one of the major threats to agricultural productivity worldwide. For decades, targeted resistance breeding was used to create crop cultivars that resist pathogens and environmental stress while retaining yields. The often decade-long process of crossing, selection, and field trials to create a new cultivar is challenged by the rapid rise of pathogens overcoming resistance. Similarly, antimicrobial compounds can rapidly lose efficacy due to resistance evolution. Here, we review three major areas where computational, imaging and experimental approaches are revolutionizing the management of pathogen damage on crops. Recognizing and scoring plant diseases have dramatically improved through high-throughput imaging techniques applicable both under well-controlled greenhouse conditions and directly in the field. However, computer vision of complex disease phenotypes will require significant improvements. In parallel, experimental setups similar to high-throughput drug discovery screens make it possible to screen thousands of pathogen strains for variation in resistance and other relevant phenotypic traits. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence can capture rich phenotypic information across pathogen genotypes. Through genome-wide association mapping approaches, phenotypic data helps to unravel the genetic architecture of stress- and virulence-related traits accelerating resistance breeding. Finally, joint, large-scale screenings of trait variation in crops and pathogens can yield fundamental insights into how pathogens face trade-offs in the adaptation to resistant crop varieties. We discuss how future implementations of such innovative approaches in breeding and pathogen screening can lead to more durable disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anik Dutta
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Puccetti
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Wytinck N, Manchur CL, Li VH, Whyard S, Belmonte MF. dsRNA Uptake in Plant Pests and Pathogens: Insights into RNAi-Based Insect and Fungal Control Technology. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1780. [PMID: 33339102 PMCID: PMC7765514 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to develop more environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional broad-spectrum pesticides in agriculture have recently turned to RNA interference (RNAi) technology. With the built-in, sequence-specific knockdown of gene targets following delivery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), RNAi offers the promise of controlling pests and pathogens without adversely affecting non-target species. Significant advances in the efficacy of this technology have been observed in a wide range of species, including many insect pests and fungal pathogens. Two different dsRNA application methods are being developed. First, host induced gene silencing (HIGS) harnesses dsRNA production through the thoughtful and precise engineering of transgenic plants and second, spray induced gene silencing (SIGS) that uses surface applications of a topically applied dsRNA molecule. Regardless of the dsRNA delivery method, one aspect that is critical to the success of RNAi is the ability of the target organism to internalize the dsRNA and take advantage of the host RNAi cellular machinery. The efficiency of dsRNA uptake mechanisms varies across species, and in some uptake is negligible, rendering them effectively resistant to this new generation of control technologies. If RNAi-based methods of control are to be used widely, it is critically important to understand the mechanisms underpinning dsRNA uptake. Understanding dsRNA uptake mechanisms will also provide insight into the design and formulation of dsRNAs for improved delivery and provide clues into the development of potential host resistance to these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark F. Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (N.W.); (C.L.M.); (V.H.L.); (S.W.)
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The Molecular Priming of Defense Responses is Differently Regulated in Grapevine Genotypes Following Elicitor Application against Powdery Mildew. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186776. [PMID: 32942781 PMCID: PMC7555711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular changes associated with response to powdery mildew (PM) caused by Erysiphe necator have been largely explored in Vitis vinifera cultivars, but little is known on transcriptional and metabolic modifications following application of resistance elicitors against this disease. In this study, the whole transcriptome sequencing, and hormone and metabolite analyses were combined to dissect long-term defense mechanisms induced by molecular reprogramming events in PM-infected ‘Moscato’ and ‘Nebbiolo’ leaves treated with three resistance inducers: acibenzolar-S-methyl, potassium phosphonate, and laminarin. Although all compounds were effective in counteracting the disease, acibenzolar-S-methyl caused the most intense transcriptional modifications in both cultivars. These involved a strong down-regulation of photosynthesis and energy metabolism and changes in carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning that most likely shifted the plant growth-defense trade-off towards the establishment of disease resistance processes. It was also shown that genotype-associated metabolic signals significantly affected the cultivar defense machinery. Indeed, ‘Nebbiolo’ and ‘Moscato’ built up different defense strategies, often enhanced by the application of a specific elicitor, which resulted in either reinforcement of early defense mechanisms (e.g., epicuticular wax deposition and overexpression of pathogenesis-related genes in ‘Nebbiolo’), or accumulation of endogenous hormones and antimicrobial compounds (e.g., high content of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and viniferin in ‘Moscato’).
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Wallace EC, D'Arcangelo KN, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Population Analyses Reveal Two Host-Adapted Clades of Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the Causal Agent of Cucurbit Downy Mildew, on Commercial and Wild Cucurbits. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1578-1587. [PMID: 32314948 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0009-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is an airborne, obligate oomycete pathogen that re-emerged in 2004 and causes foliar disease and yield losses in all major cucurbit crops in the United States. Approximately 60 species in the family Cucurbitaceae have been reported as hosts of P. cubensis. Commercial hosts including cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, squash, and watermelon are grown in North Carolina and many host species occur in the wild as weeds. Little is known about the contribution of wild cucurbits to the yearly epidemic; thus, this study aimed to determine the role of commercial and wild cucurbits in the structuring of P. cubensis populations in North Carolina, a region with high pathogen diversity. Ten microsatellite markers were used to analyze 385 isolates from six commercial and four wild cucurbits from three locations representing different growing regions across North Carolina. Population analyses revealed that wild and commercial cucurbits are hosts of P. cubensis in the United States, that host is the main factor structuring P. cubensis populations, and that P. cubensis has two distinct, host-adapted clades at the cucurbit species level, with clade 1 showing random mating and evidence of recombination and clade 2 showing nonrandom mating and no evidence of recombination. Our findings have implications for disease management because clade-specific factors such as host susceptibility and inoculum availability of each clade by region may influence P. cubensis outbreaks in different commercial cucurbits, timing of fungicide applications, and phenotyping for breeding efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Wallace
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - K N D'Arcangelo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - L M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
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de Vries S, Stukenbrock EH, Rose LE. Rapid evolution in plant-microbe interactions - an evolutionary genomics perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1256-1262. [PMID: 31997351 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Access to greater genomic resolution through new sequencing technologies is transforming the field of plant pathology. As scientists embrace these new methods, some overarching patterns and observations come into focus. Evolutionary genomic studies are used to determine not only the origins of pathogen lineages and geographic patterns of genetic diversity, but also to discern how natural selection structures genetic variation across the genome. With greater and greater resolution, we can now pinpoint the targets of selection on a large scale. At multiple levels, crypsis and convergent evolution are evident. Host jumps and shifts may be more pervasive than once believed, and hybridization and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) likely play important roles in the emergence of genetic novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- The Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garden 9-11, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Figlan S, Ntushelo K, Mwadzingeni L, Terefe T, Tsilo TJ, Shimelis H. Breeding Wheat for Durable Leaf Rust Resistance in Southern Africa: Variability, Distribution, Current Control Strategies, Challenges and Future Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:549. [PMID: 32499800 PMCID: PMC7242648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Leaf or brown rust of wheat caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt) is one of the most damaging diseases globally. Considerable progress has been made to control leaf rust through crop protection chemicals and host plant resistance breeding in southern Africa. However, frequent changes in the pathogen population still present a major challenge to achieve durable resistance. Disease surveillance and monitoring of the pathogen have revealed the occurrence of similar races across the region, justifying the need for concerted efforts by countries in southern Africa to develop and deploy more efficient and sustainable strategies to manage the disease. Understanding the genetic variability and composition of Pt is a pre-requisite for cultivar release with appropriate resistance gene combinations for sustainable disease management. This review highlights the variability and distribution of the Pt population, and the current control strategies, challenges and future prospects of breeding wheat varieties with durable leaf rust resistance in southern Africa. The importance of regular, collaborative and efficient surveillance of the pathogen and germplasm development across southern Africa is discussed, coupled with the potential of using modern breeding technologies to produce wheat cultivars with durable resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandiswa Figlan
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain, Bethlehem, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Khayalethu Ntushelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Learnmore Mwadzingeni
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain, Bethlehem, South Africa
| | - Tarekegn Terefe
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain, Bethlehem, South Africa
| | - Toi J. Tsilo
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain, Bethlehem, South Africa
| | - Hussein Shimelis
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Li P, Lu YJ, Chen H, Day B. The Lifecycle of the Plant Immune System. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 39:72-100. [PMID: 33343063 PMCID: PMC7748258 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the "lifecycle" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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