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Singh VP, Jaiswal S, Wang Y, Feng S, Tripathi DK, Singh S, Gupta R, Xue D, Xu S, Chen ZH. Evolution of reactive oxygen species cellular targets for plant development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:865-877. [PMID: 38519324 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key players in regulating developmental processes of plants. Plants have evolved a large array of gene families to facilitate the ROS-regulated developmental process in roots and leaves. However, the cellular targets of ROS during plant evolutionary development are still elusive. Here, we found early evolution and large expansions of protein families such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the evolutionarily important plant lineages. We review the recent advances in interactions among ROS, phytohormones, gasotransmitters, and protein kinases. We propose that these signaling molecules act in concert to maintain cellular ROS homeostasis in developmental processes of root and leaf to ensure the fine-tuning of plant growth for better adaptation to the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India.
| | - Saumya Jaiswal
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Shouli Feng
- Xianghu Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Stress Physiology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Department of Botany, S.N. Sen B.V. Post Graduate College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208001, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Xianghu Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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2
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Roy BG, Fuchs M. A single viral amino acid shapes the root system architecture of a plant host upon virus infection. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:267. [PMID: 39030475 PMCID: PMC11264730 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is one of the most detrimental viral pathogens of grapevines worldwide but no information is available on its effect on the root system architecture (RSA) of plant hosts. We used two wildtype GFLV strains and their single amino acid mutants to assess RSA traits in infected Nicotiana benthamiana and evaluate transcriptomic changes in host root gene expression in replicated time course 3'RNA-Seq experiments. Mutations targeted the multi-functional GFLV-encoded protein 1EPol*/Sd, a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and determinant of foliar symptoms in N. benthamiana plants. RESULTS Plant infection with wildtype GFLV strain GHu and mutant GFLV strain F13 1EPol G802K, both carrying a lysine in position 802 of protein 1EPol*/Sd, resulted in a significantly lower number of root tips (-30%), and a significantly increased average root diameter (+ 20%) at 17 days post inoculation (dpi) in comparison with roots of mock inoculated plants. In contrast, the RSA of plants infected with wildtype GFLV strain F13 and mutant GFLV strain GHu 1EPol K802G, both carrying a glycine in position 802 of protein 1EPol*/Sd, resembled that of mock inoculated plants. Modifications of RSA traits were not associated with GFLV titer. Root tissue transcriptome analysis at 17 dpi indicated dysregulation of pattern recognition receptors, plant hormones, RNA silencing, and genes related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For wildtype GFLV strain GHu, RSA modifications were correlated with an abundant accumulation of ROS in the pericycle of primary roots at 7 dpi and the duration of vein clearing symptom expression in apical leaves. Dysegulation of a hypersensitive response was an overarching gene ontology found through enrichment analyses of 3'RNA-Seq data. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed the causative role of lysine in position 802 of protein 1EPol*/Sd in a novel RSA phenotype during viral infection and documented GFLV-N. benthamiana interactions at the root level based on (i) antiviral response, (ii) receptor mediated production of ROS, and (iii) hormone regulation. A correlation between above and below ground symptoms was reported for the first time in plants infected with wildtype GFLV strain GHu. Further work is warranted to test whether the modified RSA of a plant host might impact GFLV acquisition and transmission by the ectoparasitic dagger nematode Xiphinema index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G Roy
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
| | - Marc Fuchs
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
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Baiyin B, Xiang Y, Shao Y, Son JE, Yamada S, Tagawa K, Yang Q. Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow on Lettuce Root Morphology in Hydroponics: A Multi-Omics Analysis of Hormone Synthesis and Signal Transduction. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14435. [PMID: 39036950 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
This study examined how the nutrient flow environment affects lettuce root morphology in hydroponics using multi-omics analysis. The results indicate that increasing the nutrient flow rate initially increased indicators such as fresh root weight, root length, surface area, volume, and average diameter before declining, which mirrors the trend observed for shoot fresh weight. Furthermore, a high-flow environment significantly increased root tissue density. Further analysis using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and Weighted Protein Co-expression Network Analysis (WPCNA) identified modules that were highly correlated with phenotypes and hormones. The analysis revealed a significant enrichment of hormone signal transduction pathways. Differences in the expression of genes and proteins related to hormone synthesis and transduction pathways were observed among the different flow conditions. These findings suggest that nutrient flow may regulate hormone levels and signal transmission by modulating the genes and proteins associated with hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways, thereby influencing root morphology. These findings should support the development of effective methods for regulating the flow of nutrients in hydroponic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bateer Baiyin
- Research Center for Smart Horticulture Engineering, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xiang
- Research Center for Smart Horticulture Engineering, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jung Eek Son
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tagawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Qichang Yang
- Research Center for Smart Horticulture Engineering, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
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Kong X, Yu S, Xiong Y, Song X, Nevescanin-Moreno L, Wei X, Rao J, Zhou H, Bennett MJ, Pandey BK, Huang G. Root hairs facilitate rice root penetration into compacted layers. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2039-2048.e3. [PMID: 38653244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Compacted soil layers adversely affect rooting depth and access to deeper nutrient and water resources, thereby impacting climate resilience of crop production and global food security. Root hair plays well-known roles in facilitating water and nutrient acquisition. Here, we report that root hair also contributes to root penetration into compacted layers. We demonstrate that longer root hair, induced by elevated auxin response during a root compaction response, improves the ability of rice roots to penetrate harder layers. This compaction-induced auxin response in the root hair zone is dependent on the root apex-expressed auxin synthesis gene OsYUCCA8 (OsYUC8), which is induced by compaction stress. This auxin source for root hair elongation relies on the auxin influx carrier AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (OsAUX1), mobilizing this signal from the root apex to the root hair zone. Mutants disrupting OsYUC8 and OsAUX1 genes exhibit shorter root hairs and weaker penetration ability into harder layers compared with wild type (WT). Root-hair-specific mutants phenocopy these auxin-signaling mutants, as they also exhibit an attenuated root penetration ability. We conclude that compaction stress upregulates OsYUC8-mediated auxin biosynthesis in the root apex, which is subsequently mobilized to the root hair zone by OsAUX1, where auxin promotes root hair elongation, improving anchorage of root tips to their surrounding soil environment and aiding their penetration ability into harder layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Kong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Suhang Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Xiong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Lucia Nevescanin-Moreno
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliang Rao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Bipin K Pandey
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China.
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Yan M, Yang D, He Y, Ma Y, Zhang X, Wang Q, Gao J. Alfalfa Responses to Intensive Soil Compaction: Effects on Plant and Root Growth, Phytohormones and Internal Gene Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:953. [PMID: 38611482 PMCID: PMC11013635 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The perennial legume alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is of high value in providing cheap and high-nutritive forages. Due to a lack of tillage during the production period, the soil in which alfalfa grows prunes to become compacted through highly mechanized agriculture. Compaction deteriorates the soil's structure and fertility, leading to compromised alfalfa development and productivity. However, the way alfalfa responses to different levels of soil compaction and the underlying molecular mechanism are still unclear. In this study, we systematically evaluated the effects of gradient compacted soil on the growth of different cultivars of alfalfa, especially the root system architecture, phytohormones and internal gene expression profile alterations. The results showed that alfalfa growth was facilitated by moderate soil compaction, but drastically inhibited when compaction was intensified. The inhibition effect was universal across different cultivars, but with different severity. Transcriptomic and physiological studies revealed that the expression of a set of genes regulating the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids was significantly repressed in compaction treated alfalfa roots, and this might have resulted in a modified secondary cell wall and xylem vessel formation. Phytohormones, like ABA, are supposed to play pivotal roles in the regulation of the overall responses. These findings provide directions for the improvement of field soil management in alfalfa production and the molecular breeding of alfalfa germplasm with better soil compaction resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Yan
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dongming Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yijun He
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Ma
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Quanzhen Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinghui Gao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Tyagi A, Ali S, Park S, Bae H. Deciphering the role of mechanosensitive channels in plant root biology: perception, signaling, and adaptive responses. PLANTA 2023; 258:105. [PMID: 37878056 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that rapidly translate extrinsic or intrinsic mechanical tensions into biological responses. They can serve as potential candidates for developing smart-resilient crops with efficient root systems. Mechanosensitive (MS) calcium channels are molecular switches for mechanoperception and signal transduction in all living organisms. Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding mechanoperception and signal transduction in bacteria and animals, this remains largely unknown in plants. However, identification and validation of MS channels such as Mid1-complementing activity channels (MCAs), mechanosensitive-like channels (MSLs), and Piezo channels (PIEZO) has been the most significant discovery in plant mechanobiology, providing novel insights into plant mechanoperception. This review summarizes recent advances in root mechanobiology, focusing on MS channels and their related signaling players, such as calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and phytohormones. Despite significant advances in understanding the role of Ca2+ signaling in root biology, little is known about the involvement of MS channel-driven Ca2+ and ROS signaling. Additionally, the hotspots connecting the upstream and downstream signaling of MS channels remain unclear. In light of this, we discuss the present knowledge of MS channels in root biology and their role in root developmental and adaptive traits. We also provide a model highlighting upstream (cell wall sensors) and downstream signaling players, viz., Ca2+, ROS, and hormones, connected with MS channels. Furthermore, we highlighted the importance of emerging signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and neurotransmitters (NTs), and their association with root mechanoperception. Finally, we conclude with future directions and knowledge gaps that warrant further research to decipher the complexity of root mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suvin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Siao W, Wang P, Zhao X, Vu LD, De Smet I, Russinova E. Phosphorylation of ADAPTOR PROTEIN-2 μ-adaptin by ADAPTOR-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 regulates the tropic growth of Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3504-3521. [PMID: 37440281 PMCID: PMC10473204 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
ADAPTOR-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (AAK1) is a known regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammals. Human AAK1 phosphorylates the μ2 subunit of the ADAPTOR PROTEIN-2 (AP-2) complex (AP2M) and plays important roles in cell differentiation and development. Previous interactome studies discovered the association of AAK1 with AP-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but its function was unclear. Here, genetic analysis revealed that the Arabidopsis aak1 and ap2m mutants both displayed altered root tropic growth, including impaired touch- and gravity-sensing responses. In Arabidopsis, AAK1-phosphorylated AP2M on Thr-163, and expression of the phospho-null version of AP2M in the ap2m mutant led to an aak1-like phenotype, whereas the phospho-mimic forms of AP2M rescued the aak1 mutant. In addition, we found that the AAK1-dependent phosphorylation state of AP2M modulates the frequency distribution of endocytosis. Our data indicate that the phosphorylation of AP2M on Thr-163 by AAK1 fine-tunes endocytosis in the Arabidopsis root to control its tropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Siao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiuyang Zhao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Li E, Tang J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Hua B, Jiang J, Miao M. The Roles of Hormone Signals Involved in Rhizosphere Pressure Response Induce Corm Expansion in Sagittaria trifolia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12345. [PMID: 37569720 PMCID: PMC10419225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil is the base for conventional plant growth. The rhizosphere pressure generated from soil compaction shows a dual effect on plant growth in agricultural production. Compacted soil leads to root growth stagnation and causes bending or thickening, thus affecting the growth of aboveground parts of plants. In arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia L.), the corms derived from the expanded tips of underground stolons are its storage organ. We found that the formation of corms was significantly delayed under hydroponic conditions without rhizosphere pressure originating from soil/sand. In the initial stage of corm expansion, the anatomic structure of arrowhead corm-forming parts harvested from hydroponics and sand culture was observed, and we found that the corm expansion was derived from cell enlargement and starch accumulation. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that the corm expansion was closely related to the change in endogenous hormone levels. Endogenous abscisic acid and salicylic acid concentrations were significantly increased in sand-cultured corms. Higher ethylene and jasmonic acid contents were also detected in all arrowhead samples, demonstrating that these hormones may play potential roles in the rhizosphere pressure response and corm expansion. The expression of genes participating in hormone signaling could explain the rising accumulation of certain hormones. Our current results draw an extensive model to reveal the potential regulation mechanism of arrowhead corm expansion promoted by rhizosphere pressure, which will provide important references for further studying the molecular mechanism of rhizosphere pressure modulating the development of underground storage organs in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjiao Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jing Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiexia Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiezeng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Minmin Miao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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9
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Serre NBC, Wernerová D, Vittal P, Dubey SM, Medvecká E, Jelínková A, Petrášek J, Grossmann G, Fendrych M. The AUX1-AFB1-CNGC14 module establishes a longitudinal root surface pH profile. eLife 2023; 12:e85193. [PMID: 37449525 PMCID: PMC10414970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots navigate in the soil environment following the gravity vector. Cell divisions in the meristem and rapid cell growth in the elongation zone propel the root tips through the soil. Actively elongating cells acidify their apoplast to enable cell wall extension by the activity of plasma membrane AHA H+-ATPases. The phytohormone auxin, central regulator of gravitropic response and root development, inhibits root cell growth, likely by rising the pH of the apoplast. However, the role of auxin in the regulation of the apoplastic pH gradient along the root tip is unclear. Here, we show, by using an improved method for visualization and quantification of root surface pH, that the Arabidopsis thaliana root surface pH shows distinct acidic and alkaline zones, which are not primarily determined by the activity of AHA H+-ATPases. Instead, the distinct domain of alkaline pH in the root transition zone is controlled by a rapid auxin response module, consisting of the AUX1 auxin influx carrier, the AFB1 auxin co-receptor, and the CNCG14 calcium channel. We demonstrate that the rapid auxin response pathway is required for an efficient navigation of the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson BC Serre
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Daša Wernerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Pruthvi Vittal
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Adriana Jelínková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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10
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Gil MF, Azzara N, Fassolari M, Berón CM, Battaglia ME. Hormone released by the microalgae Neochlorisaquatica and alkalinization influence growth of terrestrial and floating aquatic plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107635. [PMID: 36933508 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The microalgae Neochloris aquatica were previously evaluated as a potential biological control agent and source of bioactive compounds against immature stages of Culex quinquefasciatus. Larvae reared on microalgae suspension showed mortality or drastic effects with morphological alterations and damage in the midgut. N. aquatica have nutritional and toxic effects, resulting in delayed life cycle and incomplete adult development. Given the possibility of its use as a biological control agent, in this work we evaluate the effect of microalgae on other organisms of the environment, such as plants. Arabidopsis thaliana, a terrestrial plant, and Lemna sp., a floating aquatic plant, were selected as examples. Interaction assays and compound evaluations showed that the microalgae release auxins causing root inhibition, smaller epidermal cells and hairy root development. In Lemna sp., a slight decrease in growth rate was observed, with no deleterious effects on the fronds. On the other hand, we detected a detrimental effect on plants when interactions were performed in a closed environment, in a medium containing soluble carbonate, in which microalgae culture rapidly modifies the pH. The experiments showed that alkalinization of the medium inhibits plant growth, causing bleaching of leaves or fronds. This negative effect in plants was not observed when plants and microalgae were cultured in carbonate-free media. In conclusion, the results showed that N. aquatica can modify plant growth without being harmful, but the rapid alkalinization produced by carbon metabolism of microalgae under CO2-limiting conditions, could regulate the number of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, 3103, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nayla Azzara
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, 3103, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Marisol Fassolari
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, 3103, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Corina M Berón
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, 3103, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Marina E Battaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, 3103, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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11
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Mechanical Stimulation Decreases Auxin and Gibberellic Acid Synthesis but Does Not Affect Auxin Transport in Axillary Buds; It Also Stimulates Peroxidase Activity in Petunia × atkinsiana. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062714. [PMID: 36985685 PMCID: PMC10053601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thigmomorphogenesis (or mechanical stimulation-MS) is a term created by Jaffe and means plant response to natural stimuli such as the blow of the wind, strong rain, or touch, resulting in a decrease in length and an increase of branching as well as an increase in the activity of axillary buds. MS is very well known in plant morphology, but physiological processes controlling plant growth are not well discovered yet. In the current study, we tried to find an answer to the question if MS truly may affect auxin synthesis or transport in the early stage of plant growth, and which physiological factors may be responsible for growth arrest in petunia. According to the results of current research, we noticed that MS affects plant growth but does not block auxin transport from the apical bud. MS arrests IAA and GA3 synthesis in MS-treated plants over the longer term. The main factor responsible for the thickening of cell walls and the same strengthening of vascular tissues and growth arrestment, in this case, is peroxidase (POX) activity, but special attention should be also paid to AGPs as signaling molecules which also are directly involved in growth regulation as well as in cell wall modifications.
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12
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Mukherjee S, Corpas FJ. H 2 O 2 , NO, and H 2 S networks during root development and signalling under physiological and challenging environments: Beneficial or toxic? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:688-717. [PMID: 36583401 PMCID: PMC10108057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a key modulator of the development and architecture of the root system under physiological and adverse environmental conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) also exert myriad functions on plant development and signalling. Accumulating pieces of evidence show that depending upon the dose and mode of applications, NO and H2 S can have synergistic or antagonistic actions in mediating H2 O2 signalling during root development. Thus, H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk might essentially impart tolerance to elude oxidative stress in roots. Growth and proliferation of root apex involve crucial orchestration of NO and H2 S-mediated ROS signalling which also comprise other components including mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), and Ca2+ flux. This assessment provides a comprehensive update on the cooperative roles of NO and H2 S in modulating H2 O2 homoeostasis during root development, abiotic stress tolerance, and root-microbe interaction. Furthermore, it also analyses the scopes of some fascinating future investigations associated with strigolactone and karrikins concerning H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur CollegeUniversity of KalyaniWest BengalIndia
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signalling in PlantsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC)GranadaSpain
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13
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The Course of Mechanical Stress: Types, Perception, and Plant Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020217. [PMID: 36829495 PMCID: PMC9953051 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. Accordingly, the current work distils existing mechanical stress knowledge by bringing in side-by-side the research conducted on both stem and roots. First, the various types of mechanical stress encountered by plants are defined. Second, plant perception mechanisms are outlined. Finally, the different strategies employed by the plant stem and roots to counteract the perceived mechanical stresses are summarized, depicting the corresponding morphological, phytohormonal, and molecular characteristics. The comprehensive literature on both perennial (woody) and annual plants was reviewed, considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of the two plant types, which allowed us to highlight current gaps in knowledge as areas of interest for future research.
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14
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Schneider HM. Functional implications of multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma for soil resource capture and crop improvement. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac050. [PMID: 36545297 PMCID: PMC9762723 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal nutrient and water availability are primary constraints to crop growth. Global agriculture requires crops with greater nutrient and water efficiency. Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma (MCS), a root anatomical trait characterized by small cells with thick cell walls encrusted with lignin in the outer cortex, has been shown to be an important trait for adaptation in maize and wheat in mechanically impeded soils. However, MCS has the potential to improve edaphic stress tolerance in a number of different crop taxa and in a number of different environments. This review explores the functional implications of MCS as an adaptive trait for water and nutrient acquisition and discusses future research perspectives on this trait for incorporation into crop breeding programs. For example, MCS may influence water and nutrient uptake, resistance to pests, symbiotic interactions, microbial interactions in the rhizosphere and soil carbon deposition. Root anatomical phenotypes are underutilized; however, important breeding targets for the development of efficient, productive and resilient crops urgently needed in global agriculture.
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15
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Li D, Jia Z. How do plant roots overcome physical barriers? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4612-4614. [PMID: 35950462 PMCID: PMC9366319 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Bello-Bello E, Rico-Chambrón TY, Ortiz Ramírez LA, Rellán Álvarez R, Herrera Estrella L. 2022. ROOT PENETRATION INDEX 3, a major quantitative trait locus associated with root system penetrability in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 73, 4716–4732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyan Li
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
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16
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Bello Bello E, Rico Cambron TY, Ortiz Ramírez LA, Rellán Álvarez R, Herrera-Estrella L. ROOT PENETRATION INDEX 3, a major quantitative trait locus associated with root system penetrability in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4716-4732. [PMID: 35512438 PMCID: PMC9366324 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil mechanical impedance precludes root penetration, confining root system development to shallow soil horizons where mobile nutrients are scarce. Using a two-phase-agar system, we characterized Arabidopsis responses to low and high mechanical impedance at three root penetration stages. We found that seedlings whose roots fail to penetrate agar barriers show a significant reduction in leaf area, root length, and elongation zone and an increment in root diameter, while those capable of penetrating show only minor morphological effects. Analyses using different auxin-responsive reporter lines, exogenous auxins, and inhibitor treatments suggest that auxin responsiveness and PIN-mediated auxin distribution play an important role in regulating root responses to mechanical impedance. The assessment of 21 Arabidopsis accessions revealed that primary root penetrability varies widely among accessions. To search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated to root system penetrability, we evaluated a recombinant inbred population derived from Landsberg erecta (Ler-0, with a high primary root penetrability) and Shahdara (Sha, with a low primary root penetrability) accessions. QTL analysis revealed a major-effect QTL localized in chromosome 3, ROOT PENETRATION INDEX 3 (q-RPI3), which accounted for 29.98% (logarithm of odds=8.82) of the total phenotypic variation. Employing an introgression line (IL-321) with a homozygous q-RPI3 region from Sha in the Ler-0 genetic background, we demonstrated that q-RPI3 plays a crucial role in root penetrability. This multiscale study reveals new insights into root plasticity during the penetration process in hard agar layers, natural variation, and genetic architecture behind primary root penetrability in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elohim Bello Bello
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/LANGEBIO, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, México
| | - Thelma Y Rico Cambron
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/LANGEBIO, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, México
| | - Lesly Abril Ortiz Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/LANGEBIO, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, México
| | - Rubén Rellán Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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17
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Bello-Bello E, López-Arredondo D, Rico-Chambrón TY, Herrera-Estrella L. Conquering compacted soils: uncovering the molecular components of root soil penetration. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:814-827. [PMID: 35525799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global agriculture and food security face paramount challenges due to climate change and land degradation. Human-induced soil compaction severely affects soil fertility, impairing root system development and crop yield. There is a need to design compaction-resilient crops that can thrive in degraded soils and maintain high yields. To address plausible solutions to this challenging scenario, we discuss current knowledge on plant root penetration ability and delineate potential approaches based on root-targeted genetic engineering (RGE) and genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) for developing crops with enhanced root system penetrability (RSP) into compacted soils. Such approaches could lead to crops with improved resilience to climate change and marginal soils, which can help to boost CO2 sequestration and storage in deeper soil strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elohim Bello-Bello
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/LANGEBIO, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, México
| | - Damar López-Arredondo
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Thelma Y Rico-Chambrón
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/LANGEBIO, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, México
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/LANGEBIO, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, México; Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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18
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Matthus E, Wilkins KA, Mohammad-Sidik A, Ning Y, Davies JM. Spatial origin of the extracellular ATP-induced cytosolic calcium signature in Arabidopsis thaliana roots: wave formation and variation with phosphate nutrition. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:863-873. [PMID: 35395136 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) increases cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) as a specific second messenger 'signature' through the plasma membrane DORN1/P2K1 receptor. Previous studies revealed a biphasic signature in Arabidopsis thaliana roots that is altered by inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation. The relationship between the two phases of the signature and possible wave formation have been tested as a function of Pi nutrition. The bioluminescent aequorin and intensiometric GCaMP3 reporters were used to resolve the spatial origin of the eATP [Ca2+ ]cyt signature in Arabidopsis root tips. Application of eATP only to the root apex allowed [Ca2+ ]cyt wave resolution without the confounding effects of eATP delivery by superfusion. The first apical millimetre of the root generates the first [Ca2+ ]cyt increase by eATP, regardless of nutritional status. The second increase occurs sub-apically in the root hair zone, has some autonomy and is significantly reduced in Pi-starved roots. A significant component of the Pi-replete signature does not require DORN1/P2K1, but Pi-starved roots appear to have an absolute requirement for that receptor. Application of eATP specifically to the root apex provides evidence for cell-to-cell propagation of a [Ca2+ ]cyt wave that diminishes sub-apically. The apex maintains a robust [Ca2+ ]cyt increase (even under Pi starvation) that is the basis of a propagative wave, with implications for the ability of the root's eATP signalling systems to signal systemically. Partial autonomy of the sub-apical region may be relevant to the perception of eATP from microbes. eATP-induced [Ca2+ ]cyt increase may not have always have an obligate requirement for DORN1/P2K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - K A Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Mohammad-Sidik
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Y Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Ethylene inhibits rice root elongation in compacted soil via ABA- and auxin-mediated mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201072119. [PMID: 35858424 PMCID: PMC9335218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201072119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive agriculture and changing tillage practices are causing soils to become increasingly compacted. Hard soils cause roots to accumulate the hormone ethylene, triggering reduced root elongation and increased radial swelling. We demonstrate that ethylene regulates these distinct root growth responses using different downstream signals, auxin, and abscisic acid (ABA). Auxin is primarily required to reduce cell elongation during a root compaction response, whereas ABA promotes radial cell expansion. Radial swelling was originally thought to aid root penetration in hard soil, yet rice ABA-deficient mutants disrupted in radial swelling of root tips penetrate compacted soil better than wild-type plants. The combined growth responses to auxin and ABA function to reduce the ability of roots to penetrate compacted soil. Soil compaction represents a major agronomic challenge, inhibiting root elongation and impacting crop yields. Roots use ethylene to sense soil compaction as the restricted air space causes this gaseous signal to accumulate around root tips. Ethylene inhibits root elongation and promotes radial expansion in compacted soil, but its mechanistic basis remains unclear. Here, we report that ethylene promotes abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and cortical cell radial expansion. Rice mutants of ABA biosynthetic genes had attenuated cortical cell radial expansion in compacted soil, leading to better penetration. Soil compaction-induced ethylene also up-regulates the auxin biosynthesis gene OsYUC8. Mutants lacking OsYUC8 are better able to penetrate compacted soil. The auxin influx transporter OsAUX1 is also required to mobilize auxin from the root tip to the elongation zone during a root compaction response. Moreover, osaux1 mutants penetrate compacted soil better than the wild-type roots and do not exhibit cortical cell radial expansion. We conclude that ethylene uses auxin and ABA as downstream signals to modify rice root cell elongation and radial expansion, causing root tips to swell and reducing their ability to penetrate compacted soil.
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20
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Chen W, Chen Y, Siddique KH, Li S. Root penetration ability and plant growth in agroecosystems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 183:160-168. [PMID: 35605464 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root penetration ability is critical for plant growth and development. When roots encounter soil impedance, hormones are activated that affect cells and tissues, leading to changes in root morphology and configuration that often increase root penetration ability. Factors, such as root system architecture, root anatomic traits, rhizosphere exudation and root-induced phytohormones, influencing root penetration ability and how they affect plant performance under soil impedance were summarized. Root penetration ability affects plant capturing water and nutrients, and thus determines plant performance and productivity in adverse environments. Great efforts have been made in searching for the underlying mechanisms of root penetration ability, and tools have been developed for phenotyping variability in root penetration ability. Therefore, with the continued development of agroecosystems based on the advocated low input costs and controlled tillage, crops or genotypes of a crop species with stronger root penetration ability may have the potential for developing new varieties with enhanced adaptation and grain yield under mechanical impedance in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, And School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6155, Australia
| | - Kadambot Hm Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, And School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6155, Australia
| | - Shiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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21
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Vanhees DJ, Schneider HM, Sidhu JS, Loades KW, Bengough AG, Bennett MJ, Pandey BK, Brown KM, Mooney SJ, Lynch JP. Soil penetration by maize roots is negatively related to ethylene-induced thickening. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:789-804. [PMID: 34453329 PMCID: PMC9291135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Radial expansion is a classic response of roots to a mechanical impedance that has generally been assumed to aid penetration. We analysed the response of maize nodal roots to impedance to test the hypothesis that radial expansion is not related to the ability of roots to cross a compacted soil layer. Genotypes varied in their ability to cross the compacted layer, and those with a steeper approach to the compacted layer or less radial expansion in the compacted layer were more likely to cross the layer and achieve greater depth. Root radial expansion was due to cortical cell size expansion, while cortical cell file number remained constant. Genotypes and nodal root classes that exhibited radial expansion in the compacted soil layer generally also thickened in response to exogenous ethylene in hydroponic culture, that is, radial expansion in response to ethylene was correlated with the thickening response to impedance in soil. We propose that ethylene insensitive roots, that is, those that do not thicken and can overcome impedance, have a competitive advantage under mechanically impeded conditions as they can maintain their elongation rates. We suggest that prolonged exposure to ethylene could function as a stop signal for axial root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien J. Vanhees
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLeicestershireUK
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieUK
| | - Hannah M. Schneider
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jagdeep Singh Sidhu
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieUK
- School of Science and EngineeringThe University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLeicestershireUK
| | - Bipin K. Pandey
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLeicestershireUK
| | - Kathleen M. Brown
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sacha J. Mooney
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLeicestershireUK
| | - Jonathan P. Lynch
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLeicestershireUK
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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22
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García-González J, Lacek J, Weckwerth W, Retzer K. Throttling Growth Speed: Evaluation of aux1-7 Root Growth Profile by Combining D-Root system and Root Penetration Assay. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050650. [PMID: 35270119 PMCID: PMC8912881 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Directional root growth control is crucial for plant fitness. The degree of root growth deviation depends on several factors, whereby exogenous growth conditions have a profound impact. The perception of mechanical impedance by wild-type roots results in the modulation of root growth traits, and it is known that gravitropic stimulus influences distinct root movement patterns in concert with mechanoadaptation. Mutants with reduced shootward auxin transport are described as being numb towards mechanostimulus and gravistimulus, whereby different growth conditions on agar-supplemented medium have a profound effect on how much directional root growth and root movement patterns differ between wild types and mutants. To reduce the impact of unilateral mechanostimulus on roots grown along agar-supplemented medium, we compared the root movement of Col-0 and auxin resistant 1-7 in a root penetration assay to test how both lines adjust the growth patterns of evenly mechanostimulated roots. We combined the assay with the D-root system to reduce light-induced growth deviation. Moreover, the impact of sucrose supplementation in the growth medium was investigated because exogenous sugar enhances root growth deviation in the vertical direction. Overall, we observed a more regular growth pattern for Col-0 but evaluated a higher level of skewing of aux1-7 compared to the wild type than known from published data. Finally, the tracking of the growth rate of the gravistimulated roots revealed that Col-0 has a throttling elongation rate during the bending process, but aux1-7 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Kramer EM, Masle J, Robinson S, Topp CN. Accumulation of the gaseous hormone ethylene helps roots sense compact soil. Fac Rev 2022; 11:20. [PMID: 35979143 PMCID: PMC9354732 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil compaction, in which soil grains are pressed together leaving less pore space for air and water, is a persistent problem in mechanized agriculture. Most plant roots fail to penetrate soil if it is too dense. One might assume that they are physically unable to penetrate the compact soil. However, new research demonstrates a more complex mechanism that requires the build-up of the volatile plant hormone ethylene in the rhizosphere1. Ethylene itself can arrest growth and, in compact soil, it is present in higher concentrations near roots due to its reduced ability to diffuse. Roots that lack the ethylene response pathway grow better through compact soil, demonstrating that it is physically possible to do so. The work suggests new levers for crop improvement in increasingly degraded soils.
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24
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Chen H, Bullock DA, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. To Fight or to Grow: The Balancing Role of Ethylene in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010033. [PMID: 35009037 PMCID: PMC8747122 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants often live in adverse environmental conditions and are exposed to various stresses, such as heat, cold, heavy metals, salt, radiation, poor lighting, nutrient deficiency, drought, or flooding. To adapt to unfavorable environments, plants have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms that serve to balance the trade-off between abiotic stress responses and growth. These mechanisms enable plants to continue to develop and reproduce even under adverse conditions. Ethylene, as a key growth regulator, is leveraged by plants to mitigate the negative effects of some of these stresses on plant development and growth. By cooperating with other hormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroids (BR), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and cytokinin (CK), ethylene triggers defense and survival mechanisms thereby coordinating plant growth and development in response to abiotic stresses. This review describes the crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones in tipping the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress responses.
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25
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Hartmann FP, Tinturier E, Julien JL, Leblanc-Fournier N. Between Stress and Response: Function and Localization of Mechanosensitive Ca 2+ Channels in Herbaceous and Perennial Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11043. [PMID: 34681698 PMCID: PMC8538497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, how plants sense and respond to mechanical stress has become a flourishing field of research. The pivotal role of mechanosensing in organogenesis and acclimation was demonstrated in various plants, and links are emerging between gene regulatory networks and physical forces exerted on tissues. However, how plant cells convert physical signals into chemical signals remains unclear. Numerous studies have focused on the role played by mechanosensitive (MS) calcium ion channels MCA, Piezo and OSCA. To complement these data, we combined data mining and visualization approaches to compare the tissue-specific expression of these genes, taking advantage of recent single-cell RNA-sequencing data obtained in the root apex and the stem of Arabidopsis and the Populus stem. These analyses raise questions about the relationships between the localization of MS channels and the localization of stress and responses. Such tissue-specific expression studies could help to elucidate the functions of MS channels. Finally, we stress the need for a better understanding of such mechanisms in trees, which are facing mechanical challenges of much higher magnitudes and over much longer time scales than herbaceous plants, and we mention practical applications of plant responsiveness to mechanical stress in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P. Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.T.); (J.-L.J.)
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Del Bianco M, Kepinski S. How plants get round problems: new insights into the root obstacle avoidance response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:8-10. [PMID: 34060664 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Del Bianco
- Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, Rome, 00133, Italy
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Liu S, Chen H. Ethylene Signaling Facilitates Plant Adaption to Physical Barriers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697988. [PMID: 34394151 PMCID: PMC8358396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The morphological changes are usually observed in the terrestrial plants to respond to physical barriers. The phytohormone ethylene plays an essential role in the morphological development of plants encountering exogenous mechanical impedance, which enables plants to grow optimally in response to physical barriers. Ethylene is shown to regulate these developmental processes directly or in concert with other phytohormones, especially auxin. In this mini review, the involvement of ethylene action in seedling emergence from the soil, root movement within the soil, and parasitic plant invasion of the host plant are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Simu Liu,
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Hui Chen, ;
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