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Magnusson K, Johansson F, Przybylski AK. Harmful compared to what? The problem of gaming and ambiguous causal questions. Addiction 2024; 119:1478-1486. [PMID: 38698562 DOI: 10.1111/add.16516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There has been much concern regarding potential harmful effects of video game-play in the past 40 years, but limited progress in understanding its causal role. This paper discusses the basic requirements for identifying causal effects of video game-play and argues that most research to date has focused upon ambiguous causal questions. METHODS Video games and mental health are discussed from the perspective of causal inference with compound exposures; that is, exposures with multiple relevant variants that affect outcomes in different ways. RESULTS Not only does exposure to video games encompass multiple different factors, but also not playing video games is equally ambiguous. Estimating causal effects of a compound exposure introduces the additional challenge of exposure-version confounding. CONCLUSIONS Without a comparison of well-defined interventions, research investigating the effects of video game-play will be difficult to translate into actionable health interventions. Interventions that target games should be compared with other interventions aimed at improving the same outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Magnusson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Solna, Sweden
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Johansson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Hu Y, Zhang L, Zhao D, Gao X. Winning Exposure and Positive Illusions Among Chinese Lottery Gamblers: Moderating Effects of Lottery Winning Experience and Socioeconomic Status. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10307-5. [PMID: 38802626 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Positive illusions and winning exposure are key factors leading to problem lottery gambling, but few studies have examined the relationships between them. 402 Chinese lottery gamblers was conducted with the Winning Exposure Questionnaire, the Positive illusion Questionnaire, the Winning Experience Questionnaire, and the Social and Economic Status Questionnaire to investigate the relationship between winning exposure and positive illusions as well as the moderating role of winning experience and socioeconomic status. The results showed that winning exposure can significantly and positively predict the positive illusions (optimism bias, better than average bias, and illusion of control) of lottery gamblers. The highest winning amount and subjective socioeconomic status significantly moderated the relationship between winning exposure and optimism bias. That was to say, for lottery gamblers with smaller maximum winning amount and lower subjective socioeconomic status, the association between winning exposure and optimism bias was stronger. Furthermore, the moderating effect of highest winning amount in the relationship between winning exposure and better than average bias, and the moderating effects of occupational status and subjective socioeconomic status in the relationship between winning exposure and illusion of control were marginally significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- School of Education and Psychology, Tianjin University of Sport, No. 16 Donghai Road, West Tuanbo New Town, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Libin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Demao Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
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3
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Restrepo-Martínez M, Ramirez-Bermudez J, Chacon-Gonzalez J, Ruiz-Garcia R, Malik R, Finger E. Defining repetitive behaviours in frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2024; 147:1149-1165. [PMID: 38134315 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive behaviours are common manifestations of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Patients with FTD exhibit various types of repetitive behaviours with unique behavioural and cognitive substrates, including compulsivity, lack of impulse control, stereotypy and hoarding. Other sources of repetitive behaviours, such as restrictive interests and insistence on sameness, may also be seen in FTD. Although repetitive behaviours are highly prevalent and potentially discriminatory in this population, their expression varies widely between patients, and the field lacks consensus about the classification of these behaviours. Terms used to describe repetitive behaviours in FTD are highly heterogeneous and may lack precise definitions. This lack of harmonization of the definitions for distinct forms of repetitive behaviour limits the ability to differentiate between pathological behaviours and impedes understanding of their underlying mechanisms. This review examines established definitions of well-characterized repetitive behaviours in other neuropsychiatric disorders and proposes operational definitions applicable to patients with FTD. Building on extant models of repetitive behaviours in non-human and lesion work and models of social behavioural changes in FTD, we describe the potential neurocognitive bases for the emergence of different types of repetitive behaviours in FTD and their potential perpetuation by a predisposition towards habit formation. Finally, examples of distinct therapeutic approaches for different forms of repetitive behaviours are highlighted, along with future directions to accurately classify, measure and treat these symptoms when they impair quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Restrepo-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Deparment of Cognitive Neurology, Parkwood Institute, London, ON N6C 5J1, Canada
| | - Jesus Ramirez-Bermudez
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Chacon-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Ruiz-Garcia
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Rubina Malik
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Deparment of Cognitive Neurology, Parkwood Institute, London, ON N6C 5J1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Deparment of Cognitive Neurology, Parkwood Institute, London, ON N6C 5J1, Canada
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Noel JK, Rosenthal SR, Jacob S. Internet, App-Based, and Casino Gambling: Associations Between Modality, Problem Gambling, and Substance Use. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10284-9. [PMID: 38311694 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Technology-based gambling prevalence is not well understood since relevant questions are not included in health and disease surveillance studies. The current study sought to estimate the prevalence of internet-based and smartphone app-based gambling, along with casino gambling, in a sample of U.S. young adults and determine if gambling modality was associated with problem gambling symptoms or substance use. The 2022 Rhode Island Young Adult Survey included N = 1,022 students between the ages of 18 to 25 years old who had lived in Rhode Island, with n = 414 lifetime gamblers (40.5%) included in this study. Odds of gambling via a smartphone app and on the internet, respectively, were greater in heterosexual cis-males compared to heterosexual cis-females (OR[95%CI] = 3.14 [1.25,7.91]; OR[95%CI] = 6.30 [2.05,19.3]). Internet gambling amongst employed students was less common than among those who were not a student and not employed (OR[95%CI] = 0.25 [0.06,1.00]). Odds of problem gambling symptoms were higher among those who gambled via a smartphone app (OR[95%CI] = 3.23 [1.21,8.60]). All forms of gambling were associated with alcohol consumption, although the strength of the association was stronger in app and internet gamblers. Casino gamblers were more likely to be high risk marijuana and illicit drug users. The rising availability of app gambling coupled with its social, psychological, and cultural context may presents an alternative pathway to problem gambling. Bans on internet gambling and/or strict guidelines on the frequency of wagers and cash placed per wager, should be considered as viable methods to mitigate associated consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Samantha R Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Steve Jacob
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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5
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Nilsson A, Kuja‐Halkola R, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Lundström S, Fatouros‐Bergman H, Jayaram‐Lindström N, Molero Y. The genetics of gaming: A longitudinal twin study. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12179. [PMID: 38054048 PMCID: PMC10694538 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gaming is a popular past-time activity among children and adolescents, but it there is also a possible link to negative consequences such as psychological distress and lowered academic achievement. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps remaining regarding central characteristics of gaming such as heritability, stability over time, and sex differences. We examined the genetic and environmental contribution to gaming behavior, including sex differences, continuity and change, in a longitudinal cohort of twins. Methods This is the first longitudinal twin study on gaming, involving 32,006 twins in Sweden. Parents were asked about the twins' gaming at ages 9, 15 and 18. We used univariate and multivariate twin analyses to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences at each time-point as well as across time. Sex-differences were also explored. Results The results showed large sex differences, where genetics explained more of the variance for boys (31.3%-62.5% depending on age) than for girls (19.4%-23.4%). Genetic factors explained an increasing amount of the variance for boys (31.3% at age 9, 62.5% at age 15 and 53.9% at age 18). Shared environmental factors explained a larger proportion of the variance among girls, which remained relatively stable over time (70.5% at age 9, 61.8% at age 15 and 60.5% at age 18). The results also indicated that most of the variance came from genetic and environmental sources specific to each age. Conclusions Compared to many other behavioral phenotypes, such as gambling, gaming was relatively unstable with a large degree of genetic innovation. There were large sex differences in the contribution of genetic and environmental factors. This suggests that excessive gaming could be the result of age- and sex-specific genetic and environmental factors, and should be taken into account when mapping gaming behaviors, since these behaviors might be under continual etiological transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Nilsson
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCentre for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden
| | - Ralf Kuja‐Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry CentreInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Center for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM)Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Helena Fatouros‐Bergman
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCentre for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden
| | - Nitya Jayaram‐Lindström
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCentre for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden
| | - Yasmina Molero
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCentre for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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6
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Çıtak Ş. Latent profile analysis of gambling. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1293933. [PMID: 37965671 PMCID: PMC10641010 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1293933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Early age of gambling onset, ease of gambling with technological developments and lack of controlling online gambling games have led to unmanageable risk of gambling. Individual-centered approaches play a significant role in managing the risk that gambling poses on public health and discerning the heterogeneity of gambling addiction. Therefore, this study employed Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), one of the individual-centered approaches, to model the interactions across the psychosocial characteristics of gamblers. The study aims to reveal the latent profiles of gambling addiction. Unlike variable-centered approaches, LPA is a contemporary technique that provides objective information regarding individual psychological processes and behaviors. The profile indicators of the study involve psychosocial characteristics such as resilience, motives to gamble (excitement/fun, avoidance, making money, socializing), purposefulness, responsibility and worthiness. Data were collected from 317 volunteers (M = 68.9%; F = 31.1%; mean age = 25.16 ± 6.46) through the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Gambling Motives Scale (GMS) and Personal Virtues Scale (PVS). The emerging profiles were defined as adventurous players (14.2%), social gamblers (9.8%), professional gamblers (32.8%), problem gamblers (24.6%) and avoidant gamblers (18.6%). The individual-centered modeling is congruent with the literature on gambling and provides a complementary perspective to understand the heterogeneous structure of gambling. The results are expected to assist mental health professionals in developing educational and clinical intervention programs for gambling behavior. Finally yet importantly, it is recommended that new LPA models be offered through the use of different indicators related to gambling addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şenel Çıtak
- Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Department of Educational Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Türkiye
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Philander KS, Gainsbury SM. An Empirical Study of the Pathway Model Link Between Cognitive Distortions and Gambling Problems. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1189-1205. [PMID: 36413263 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This research empirically tests the relationship between gambling-related cognitive distortions and the development of gambling problems. In two separate studies using methodologies designed to support non-experimental causal inference, we demonstrate that holding false beliefs about gambling experiences is related to current and future risk of developing problems with gambling. In our first study, we use an instrumental variable estimation strategy on an internet sample (n = 184) and observe a statistically significant relationship between Gamblers' Belief Questionnaire scores and measures of loss chasing, overspending, and gambling problems. These findings were robust to linear and ordinal estimation strategies and multiple model specifications. In our second study, we examine five-year prospective longitudinal data (n = 1,431) to validate our initial findings and test whether irrational thoughts are also related to future problems with gambling. While controlling for current fallacies, we find that past Gambling Fallacies Measure scores are related to present gambling problems across two survey waves. The effect size of each of the past fallacy levels is roughly half of the effect size of present levels, suggesting meaningful impacts. Our findings support the Pathways Model of Problem and Pathological Gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlil S Philander
- School of Hospitality Business Management, Carson College of Business, Washington State University, 915 North Broadway, Everett, WA, 98201, USA.
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Sally M Gainsbury
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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Krébesz R, Ötvös DK, Fekete Z. Non-problem gamblers show the same cognitive distortions while playing slot machines as problem gamblers, with no loss of control and reduced reality control, though - An experimental study on gambling. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1175621. [PMID: 37284469 PMCID: PMC10239866 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1175621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive distortions can result in maladaptive interpretations of events and maladaptive behavior. In the case of gambling, such distortions can contribute to the maintenance of the disorder. Our current research aimed to conduct an experiment to possibly detect cognitive biases characteristic of persons with gambling addiction in a non-gambling sample of the general population, and to study the effect of "big win" on cognitive distortions. Methods A specifically designed and preprogrammed slot machine simulation was carried out, with 90 rounds split into 3 sections. During the simulation every participant verbalized their thoughts and feelings; the verbalizations were recorded. Then a content analysis was conducted to search for indications of cognitive distortions. The sample was separated into two experimental groups: one of the groups experienced the "big wins" in the first section, while the other group had them in the second section of the experiment. Results Content analysis revealed numerous cognitive biases. Cognitive distortions usually present in problem gambling were detected in our sample from the general population as well. However, we could not distinguish cognitive biases indicating serious loss of control, or distortion of reality control. A further finding is that early losses provoke the emergence of more cognitive distortions, while early big win leads to more intense loss-chasing in the later stages of gambling. Conclusion The appearance of reality-checking uncertainty or loss of control can be alarming for the development of gambling. Losses and big wins can provoke different cognitive distortions, encouraging the person into further gambling behavior.
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Nilsson A, Jonsson J. Editorial: What is addictive in gambling? Nine years after the gambling disorder diagnosis: Does gambling fit among the addictions? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1147345. [PMID: 36873210 PMCID: PMC9975748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1147345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden
| | - Jakob Jonsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden
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Garbusow M, Ebrahimi C, Riemerschmid C, Daldrup L, Rothkirch M, Chen K, Chen H, Belanger MJ, Hentschel A, Smolka MN, Heinz A, Pilhatsch M, Rapp MA. Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer across Mental Disorders: A Review. Neuropsychobiology 2022; 81:418-437. [PMID: 35843212 DOI: 10.1159/000525579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism known as Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) describes a phenomenon by which the values of environmental cues acquired through Pavlovian conditioning can motivate instrumental behavior. PIT may be one basic mechanism of action control that can characterize mental disorders on a dimensional level beyond current classification systems. Therefore, we review human PIT studies investigating subclinical and clinical mental syndromes. The literature prevails an inhomogeneous picture concerning PIT. While enhanced PIT effects seem to be present in non-substance-related disorders, overweight people, and most studies with AUD patients, no altered PIT effects were reported in tobacco use disorder and obesity. Regarding AUD and relapsing alcohol-dependent patients, there is mixed evidence of enhanced or no PIT effects. Additionally, there is evidence for aberrant corticostriatal activation and genetic risk, e.g., in association with high-risk alcohol consumption and relapse after alcohol detoxification. In patients with anorexia nervosa, stronger PIT effects elicited by low caloric stimuli were associated with increased disease severity. In patients with depression, enhanced aversive PIT effects and a loss of action-specificity associated with poorer treatment outcomes were reported. Schizophrenic patients showed disrupted specific but intact general PIT effects. Patients with chronic back pain showed reduced PIT effects. We provide possible reasons to understand heterogeneity in PIT effects within and across mental disorders. Further, we strengthen the importance of reliable experimental tasks and provide test-retest data of a PIT task showing moderate to good reliability. Finally, we point toward stress as a possible underlying factor that may explain stronger PIT effects in mental disorders, as there is some evidence that stress per se interacts with the impact of environmental cues on behavior by selectively increasing cue-triggered wanting. To conclude, we discuss the results of the literature review in the light of Research Domain Criteria, suggesting future studies that comprehensively assess PIT across psychopathological dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlotta Riemerschmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Daldrup
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Rothkirch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthew J Belanger
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Hentschel
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilan Pilhatsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Elblandklinikum, Radebeul, Germany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Brown D, Lamb M. Digital temperance: adapting an ancient virtue for a technological age. ETHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2022; 24:50. [PMID: 36465570 PMCID: PMC9685082 DOI: 10.1007/s10676-022-09674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In technological societies where excessive screen use and internet addiction are becoming constant temptations, the valuable yet intoxicating pleasures of digital technology suggest a need to recover and repurpose temperance, a virtue emphasized by ancient and medieval philosophers. This article reconstructs this virtue for our technological age by reclaiming the most relevant features of Aristotle's and Aquinas's accounts and suggesting five critical revisions needed to adapt the virtue for a contemporary context. The article then draws on this critical interpretation, along with empirical research analyzing the value and dangers of digital technology, to construct a normative account of digital temperance, a virtue that finds a mean between "digital insensibility," the vice of deficiency, and "digital overindulgence," the vice of excess. We conclude by showing how this virtue of digital temperance can help to promote human flourishing in a world saturated with tempting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Brown
- Philosophy Department, Duke University, 201 West Duke Bldg, Box 90743, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Michael Lamb
- Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, P. O. Box 7392, Winston-Salem, NC 27109 USA
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12
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Liebenow B, Jones R, DiMarco E, Trattner JD, Humphries J, Sands LP, Spry KP, Johnson CK, Farkas EB, Jiang A, Kishida KT. Computational reinforcement learning, reward (and punishment), and dopamine in psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:886297. [PMID: 36339844 PMCID: PMC9630918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the DSM-5, psychiatric diagnoses are made based on self-reported symptoms and clinician-identified signs. Though helpful in choosing potential interventions based on the available regimens, this conceptualization of psychiatric diseases can limit basic science investigation into their underlying causes. The reward prediction error (RPE) hypothesis of dopamine neuron function posits that phasic dopamine signals encode the difference between the rewards a person expects and experiences. The computational framework from which this hypothesis was derived, temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL), is largely focused on reward processing rather than punishment learning. Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by aberrant behaviors, expectations, reward processing, and hypothesized dopaminergic signaling, but also characterized by suffering and the inability to change one's behavior despite negative consequences. In this review, we provide an overview of the RPE theory of phasic dopamine neuron activity and review the gains that have been made through the use of computational reinforcement learning theory as a framework for understanding changes in reward processing. The relative dearth of explicit accounts of punishment learning in computational reinforcement learning theory and its application in neuroscience is highlighted as a significant gap in current computational psychiatric research. Four disorders comprise the main focus of this review: two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hyperdopaminergic function, addiction and schizophrenia, followed by two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hypodopaminergic function, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Insights gained from a reward processing based reinforcement learning framework about underlying dopaminergic mechanisms and the role of punishment learning (when available) are explored in each disorder. Concluding remarks focus on the future directions required to characterize neuropsychiatric disorders with a hypothesized cause of underlying dopaminergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Liebenow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Rachel Jones
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Emily DiMarco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Trattner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Humphries
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - L. Paul Sands
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kasey P. Spry
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina K. Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Evelyn B. Farkas
- Georgia State University Undergraduate Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth T. Kishida
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Çakıcı M, Sancar N, Buran A, Çakır Şahan G, Yılmaz B. Development and Validation of a Near Miss Scale for Assessing Gambling Tendency. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:1045-1058. [PMID: 34800240 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although near-miss is an important tendency indicator for gambling addiction, no scale has been developed to evaluate these feelings. In this study, the aim is to develop a Near Miss Scale (NMS) to assess the tendency of gambling. In the first step, a 38-item measurement tool was prepared by the first author, which was examined by 8 experts. According to their comments and opinions, a 32-item 5-point Likert-type pre-form was created. The study was conducted with 600 gamblers in Northern Cyprus between December 2018-March 2019 and data from 563 of them were included in the statistical analysis. In the questionnaire, Socio-demographic form, Gambling Craving Scale (GCS), South Oaks Gambling Screening Test (SOGST) and NMS were used. With the SPSS 23 and R Studio statistical programs, after calculating the item-total correlations of the items in the NMS form, items with low item total-correlation values were excluded from the scale and 30 items were analysed statistically. In the study, it was seen that the factor loads of the relevant items in NMS were between .715 and .896. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that a single factor model in the scale was valid. NMS had a positive correlation with SOGST (r = 0.601) and GCS (r = 0.752). The 2-week test-retest results of NMS with a Cronbach alpha of 0.981 were determined as 0.972. The validity and reliability results suggest that NMS is a valid and reliable as 30-item, one-dimensional measurement tool for assessing gambling tendency among gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Çakıcı
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Lefkoşa-Kibris 10, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Nuriye Sancar
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ayşe Buran
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Lefkoşa-Kibris 10, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Beniz Yılmaz
- Pembe Köşk Psychiatry Hospital, Karşıyaka, Cyprus
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Dezza IC, Noel X, Cleeremans A, Yu AJ. Distinct motivations to seek out information in healthy individuals and problem gamblers. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:408. [PMID: 34312367 PMCID: PMC8313706 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As massive amounts of information are becoming available to people, understanding the mechanisms underlying information-seeking is more pertinent today than ever. In this study, we investigate the underlying motivations to seek out information in healthy and addicted individuals. We developed a novel decision-making task and a novel computational model which allows dissociating the relative contribution of two motivating factors to seek out information: a desire for novelty and a general desire for knowledge. To investigate whether/how the motivations to seek out information vary between healthy and addicted individuals, in addition to healthy controls we included a sample of individuals with gambling disorder-a form of addiction without the confound of substance consumption and characterized by compulsive gambling. Our results indicate that healthy subjects and problem gamblers adopt distinct information-seeking "modes". Healthy information-seeking behavior was mostly motivated by a desire for novelty. Problem gamblers, on the contrary, displayed reduced novelty-seeking and an increased desire for accumulating knowledge compared to healthy controls. Our findings not only shed new light on the motivations driving healthy and addicted individuals to seek out information, but they also have important implications for the treatment and diagnosis of behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cogliati Dezza
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Noel
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Axel Cleeremans
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Angela J. Yu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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Betts GD, Hynes TJ, Winstanley CA. Pharmacological evidence of a cholinergic contribution to elevated impulsivity and risky decision-making caused by adding win-paired cues to a rat gambling task. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:701-712. [PMID: 33573446 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120972421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pairing rewards with sensory stimulation, in the form of auditory and visual cues, increases risky decision-making in both rats and humans. Understanding the neurobiological basis of this effect could help explain why electronic gambling machines are so addictive, and inform treatment development for compulsive gambling and gaming. Numerous studies implicate the dopamine system in mediating the motivational influence of reward-paired cues; recent data suggest the cholinergic system also plays a critical role. Previous work also indicates that cholinergic drugs alter decision-making under uncertainty. AIMS We investigated whether the addition of reward-concurrent cues to the rat gambling task (crGT) altered the effects of peripherally administered cholinergic compounds. METHODS Muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and antagonists were administered to 16 male, Long-Evans rats trained on the crGT. Measures of optimal/risky decision-making and motor impulsivity were the main dependent variables of interest. RESULTS The muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine improved decision-making overall, decreasing selection of one of the risky options while increasing choice of the more advantageous options. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine increased choice latency but did not significantly affect option preference. Neither the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine nor the agonist nicotine affected choice patterns, but mecamylamine decreased premature responding, an index of motor impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS These results contrast sharply from those obtained previously using the uncued rGT, and suggest that the deleterious effects of win-paired cues on decision-making and impulse control may result from elevated cholinergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme D Betts
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tristan J Hynes
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Obesity and Related Type 2 Diabetes: A Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System Controlling Gastrointestinal Function? GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic spread of obesity and type 2 diabetes is a serious health problem that cannot be contained with common therapies. At present, the most effective therapeutic tool is metabolic surgery, which substantially modifies the gastrointestinal anatomical structure. This review reflects the state of the art research in obesity and type 2 diabetes, describing the probable reason for their spread, how the various brain sectors are involved (with particular emphasis on the role of the vagal system controlling different digestive functions), and the possible mechanisms for the effectiveness of bariatric surgery. According to the writer’s interpretation, the identification of drugs that can modulate the activity of some receptor subunits of the vagal neurons and energy-controlling structures of the central nervous system (CNS), and/or specific physical treatment of cortical areas, could reproduce, non-surgically, the positive effects of metabolic surgery.
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Impulsivity facets and cognitive distortions associated with problem gambling: Differences between ADHD and non-ADHD gamblers. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2020.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Labrador M, Labrador FJ, Crespo M, Echeburúa E, Becoña E. Cognitive Distortions in Gamblers and Non-gamblers of a Representative Spanish Sample. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:207-222. [PMID: 31209738 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive biases or distortions related to gambling, present in all people, are considered a relevant factor in the development of gambling-related problems. OBJECTIVE to establish whether the presence of these biases or cognitive distortions, in gamblers and non-gamblers, is related to the presence of gambling problems. METHOD 3000 people aged 18-81 years, representative of the Spanish adult population, underwent a structured survey. RESULTS the presence of distortions was relevant to distinguish gamblers according to their level of gambling engagement and problems. There is a constant and significant tendency to have more cognitive distortions as gambling problems increase. But not all distortions have the same ability to distinguish between the different groups of gamblers. The results seem to group gamblers into three groups according to the presence of cognitive distortions, from less to more: (1) non-gamblers, (2) low-risk and at-risk gamblers, and (3) problem and pathological gamblers. The relevance of this research and its practical implications for both treatment and prevention work is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Labrador
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Ctra. de Húmera, s/n, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Labrador
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Ctra. de Húmera, s/n, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Crespo
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Ctra. de Húmera, s/n, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Echeburúa
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Tolosa Hiribidea, 70, 20018, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Elisardo Becoña
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Calle Xosé María Suárez Núñez, s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
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Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Family history of substance use disorders: Significance for mental health in young adults who gamble. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:289-297. [PMID: 32516117 PMCID: PMC7115917 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although family history of psychiatric disorders has often been considered potentially useful in understanding clinical presentations in patients, it is less clear what a positive family history means for people who gamble in the general community. We sought to understand the clinical and cognitive impact of having a first-degree relative with a substance use disorder (SUD) in a sample of non-treatment seeking young adults. METHODS 576 participants (aged 18-29 years) who gambled at least five times in the preceding year undertook clinical and neurocognitive evaluations. Those with a first-degree relative with a SUD were compared to those without on a number of demographic, clinical and cognitive measures. We used Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression to identify which variables (if any) were significantly associated with family history of SUDs, controlling for the influence of other variables on each other. RESULTS 180 (31.3%) participants had a first-degree family member with a SUD. In terms of clinical variables, family history of SUD was significantly associated with higher rates of substance use (alcohol, nicotine), higher rates of problem gambling, and higher occurrence of mental health disorders. Family history of SUD was also associated with more set-shifting problems (plus higher rates of obsessive-compulsive tendencies), lower quality of decision-making, and more spatial working memory errors. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that gamblers with a first-degree family member with a SUD may have a unique clinical and cognition presentation. Understanding these differences may be relevant to developing more individualized treatment approaches for disordered gambling. Compulsivity may be important as a proxy of vulnerability towards addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC-3077, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. Tel.: +1 773 834 1325; fax: +1 773 834 6761 E-mail:
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK
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Zack M, St George R, Clark L. Dopaminergic signaling of uncertainty and the aetiology of gambling addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109853. [PMID: 31870708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although there is increasing clinical recognition of behavioral addictions, of which gambling disorder is the prototype example, there is a limited understanding of the psychological properties of (non-substance-related) behaviors that enable them to become 'addictive' in a way that is comparable to drugs of abuse. According to an influential application of reinforcement learning to substance addictions, the direct effects of drugs to release dopamine can create a perpetual escalation of incentive salience. This article focusses on reward uncertainty, which is proposed to be the core feature of gambling that creates the capacity for addiction. We describe the neuro-dynamics of the dopamine response to uncertainty that may allow a similar escalation of incentive salience, and its relevance to behavioral addictions. We review translational evidence from both preclinical animal models and human clinical research, including studies in people with gambling disorder. Further, we describe the evidence for 1) the effects of the omission of expected reward as a stressor and to promote sensitization, 2) the effect of the resolution of reward uncertainty as a source of value, 3) structural characteristics of modern Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMs) in leveraging these mechanisms, 4) analogies to the aberrant salience hypothesis of psychosis for creating and maintaining gambling-related cognitive distortions. This neurobiologically-inspired model has implications for harm profiling of other putative behavioral addictions, as well as offering avenues for enhancing neurological, pharmacological and psychological treatments for gambling disorder, and harm reduction strategies for EGM design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zack
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Ross St George
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Cognitive control and reward/loss processing in Internet gaming disorder: Results from a comparison with recreational Internet game-users. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 44:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlthough playing of Internet games may lead to Internet gaming disorder (IGD), most game-users do not develop problems and only a relatively small subset experiences IGD. Game playing may have positive health associations, whereas IGD has been repeatedly associated with negative health measures, and it is thus important to understand differences between individuals with IGD, recreational (non-problematic) game use (RGU) and non-/low-frequency game use (NLFGU). Individuals with IGD have shown differences in neural activations from non-gamers, yet few studies have examined neural differences between individuals with IGD, RGU and NLFGU. Eighteen individuals with IGD, 21 with RGU and 19 with NFLGU performed a color-word Stroop task and a guessing task assessing reward/loss processing. Behavioral and functional imaging data were collected and compared between groups. RGU and NLFGU subjects showed lower Stroop effects as compared with those with IGD. RGU subjects as compared to those with IGD demonstrated less frontal cortical activation brain activation during Stroop performance. During the guessing task, RGU subjects showed greater cortico-striatal activations than IGD subjects during processing of winning outcomes and greater frontal brain during processing of losing outcomes. Findings suggest that RGU as compared with IGD subjects show greater executive control and greater activations of brain regions implicated in motivational processes during reward processing and greater cortical activations during loss processing. These findings suggest neural and behavioral features distinguishing RGU from IGD and mechanisms by which RGU may be motivated to play online games frequently yet avoid developing IGD.
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Ruiz de Lara CM, Perales JC. Psychobiology of gambling-related cognitions in gambling disorder. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Religiosity and Chance Beliefs in Persons with DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Enrolled in a Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. J Gambl Stud 2019; 35:849-860. [PMID: 31115747 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the association of public, private and intrinsic religiosity and chance beliefs (superstition, illusion of control) with gambling behavior in a longitudinal follow-up study of younger and older adult subjects with DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG) and an older adult comparison group without PG. One-hundred sixty-three subjects were enrolled including 60 younger adults with PG (≥ 18/< 40 years), 53 older adults with PG (≥ 60 years), and 50 older adults without PG (≥ 60). Subjects were assessed at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. The Duke University Religion Index for Religious Assessment and the Drake Beliefs About Chance scales were administered at baseline. Follow-up was a mean (SD) of 2.6 (1.4) years. Older adults with PG scored lower on measures of public and intrinsic aspects of religiosity than older adults without PG, and scored higher on superstition and illusion of control. Older adults with PG also scored higher than younger adults with PG on private and intrinsic religiosity, but not public religiosity. Superstition predicted intrinsic, but not other aspects of religiosity. Importantly, during follow-up, higher levels of public and intrinsic religiosity were protective against problematic (levels 2, 3) gambling; were protective against chronic PG; and were predictive of PG remission status. Lower illusion of control ratings were protective against problematic gambling and chronic PG; lower superstition ratings were predictive of remission. We conclude that higher levels of public and intrinsic religiosity and lower levels of chance beliefs are associated with a more benign PG course.
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Rehm J, Crépault JF, Hasan OSM, Lachenmeier DW, Room R, Sornpaisarn B. Regulatory Policies for Alcohol, other Psychoactive Substances and Addictive Behaviours: The Role of Level of Use and Potency. A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3749. [PMID: 31590298 PMCID: PMC6801613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The object of this contribution based on a systematic review of the literature is to examine to what degree the level of use and potency play a role in regulatory policies for alcohol, other psychoactive substances and gambling, and whether there is an evidence base for this role. Level of use is usually defined around a behavioural pattern of the user (for example, cigarettes smoked per day, or average ethanol use in grams per day), while potency is defined as a property or characteristic of the substance. For all substances examined (alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabis) and gambling, both dimensions were taken into consideration in the formulation of most regulatory policies. However, the associations between both dimensions and regulatory policies were not systematic, and not always based on evidence. Future improvements are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str., 8, b. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jean-François Crépault
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Omer S M Hasan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bundit Sornpaisarn
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada.
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Gomis-Vicent E, Thoma V, Turner JJD, Hill KP, Pascual-Leone A. Review: Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Behavioral Addictions: Insights from Direct Comparisons With Substance Use Disorders. Am J Addict 2019; 28:431-454. [PMID: 31513324 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Treatment models developed for substance use disorders (SUDs) are often applied to behavioral addictions (BAs), even though the correspondence between these forms of addiction is unclear. This is also the case for noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques being investigated as potential treatment interventions for SUDs and BAs. OBJECTIVES to contribute to the development of more effective NIBS protocols for BAs. METHODS Two literature searches using PubMed and Google Scholar were conducted identifying a total of 35 studies. The first search identified 25 studies examining the cognitive and neurophysiological overlap between BAs and SUDs. The second search yielded 10 studies examining the effects of NIBS in BAs. RESULTS Impulsivity and cravings show behavioral and neurophysiologic overlaps between BAs and SUDs, however, other outcomes like working-memory abilities or striatal connectivity, differ between BAs and SUDs. The most-employed NIBS target in BAs was dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which was associated with a decrease in cravings, and less frequently with a reduction of addiction severity. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Direct comparisons between BAs and SUDs revealed discrepancies between behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes, but overall, common and distinctive characteristics underlying each disorder. The lack of complete overlap between BAs and SUDs suggests that investigating the cognitive and neurophysiological features of BAs to create individual NIBS protocols that target risk-factors associated specifically with BAs, might be more effective than transferring protocols from SUDs to BAs. Individualizing NIBS protocols to target specific risk-factors associated with each BA might help to improve treatment interventions for BAs. (Am J Addict 2019;00:1-23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gomis-Vicent
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Applied Health and Communities, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Thoma
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Applied Health and Communities, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John J D Turner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Applied Health and Communities, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P Hill
- Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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The paradoxical relationship between emotion regulation and gambling-related cognitive biases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220668. [PMID: 31381598 PMCID: PMC6681951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gambling behavior presents substantial individual variability regarding its severity, manifestations, and psychological correlates. Specifically, differences in emotion regulation, impulsivity, and cognitive distortions have been identified as crucial to describe individual profiles with implications for the prevention, prognosis, and treatment of gambling disorder (GD). Aims and method The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of gambling-related cognitions (measured according to the GRCS model) with impulsivity (UPPS-P model) and emotion regulation (CERQ model), in a sample of 246 gamblers with different levels of gambling involvement, using mixed-effects modelling to isolate theoretically relevant associations while controlling for the potentially confounding effects of sociodemographic and clinical covariates. Results Affective/motivational dimensions of UPPS-P impulsivity positive urgency and sensation seeking, on the one hand, and CERQ emotion regulation strategies reappraisal, rumination and blaming others, on the other, independently and significantly predicted distorted gambling-related cognitions. Conclusions These results (a) reinforce the ones of previous studies stressing the relevance of emotional and motivational processes in the emergence of gambling-related cognitive distortions; and (b) replicate the seemingly paradoxical finding that gamblers use emotion regulation strategies customarily considered as adaptive (i.e. reappraisal) to strengthen and justify their biased beliefs about gambling outcomes and controllability.
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Clark L, Boileau I, Zack M. Neuroimaging of reward mechanisms in Gambling disorder: an integrative review. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:674-693. [PMID: 30214041 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD) was reclassified as a behavioral addiction in the DSM-5 and shares clinical and behavioral features with substance use disorders (SUDs). Neuroimaging studies of GD hold promise in isolating core features of the addiction syndrome, avoiding confounding effects of drug neurotoxicity. At the same time, a neurobiologically-grounded theory of how behaviors like gambling can become addictive remains lacking, posing a significant hurdle for ongoing decisions in addiction nosology. This article integrates research on reward-related brain activity (functional MRI) and neurotransmitter function (PET) in GD, alongside the consideration of structural MRI data as to whether these signals more likely reflect pre-existing vulnerability or neuroadaptive change. Where possible, we point to qualitative similarities and differences with established markers for SUDs. Structural MRI studies indicate modest changes in regional gray matter volume and diffuse reductions in white matter integrity in GD, contrasting with clear structural deterioration in SUDs. Functional MRI studies consistently identify dysregulation in reward-related circuitry (primarily ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex), but evidence is mixed as to the direction of these effects. The need for further parsing of reward sub-processes is emphasized, including anticipation vs outcome, gains vs. losses, and disorder-relevant cues vs natural rewards. Neurotransmitter PET studies indicate amplified dopamine (DA) release in GD, in the context of minimal differences in baseline DA D2 receptor binding, highlighting a distinct profile from SUDs. Preliminary work has investigated further contributions of opioids, GABA and serotonin. Neuroimaging data increasingly highlight divergent profiles in GD vs. SUDs. The ability of gambling to perpetually activate DA (via maximal uncertainty) may contribute to neuroimaging similarities between GD and SUDs, whereas the supra-physiological DA effects of drugs may partly explain differences in the neuroimaging profile of the two syndromes. Coupled with consistent observations of correlations with gambling severity and related clinical variables within GD samples, the overall pattern of effects is interpreted as a likely combination of shared vulnerability markers across GD and SUDs, but with further experience-dependent neuroadaptive processes in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vivian M. Rakoff PET Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Zack
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Clinical Neuroscience Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Li W, Wang H, Xie X, Li J. Neural mediation of greed personality trait on economic risk-taking. eLife 2019; 8:e45093. [PMID: 31033436 PMCID: PMC6506209 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispositional greed, characterized by the insatiable hunger for more and the dissatisfaction for not having enough, has often been associated with heightened impulsivity and excessive risk-taking. Despite its far-reaching implications in social sciences and economics, however, the exact neural mechanisms of how greed personality influences risk-taking are still ill understood. In the present study, we showed the correlation between subject's greed personality trait (GPT) score and risk-taking was selectively mediated by individual's loss aversion, but not risk attitude. In addition, our neuroimaging results indicated that gain and loss prospects were jointly represented in the activities of the ventral striatum and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Furthermore, mOFC responses also encoded the neural loss aversion signal and mediated the association between individual differences in GPT scores and behavioral loss aversion. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the specific neural mechanisms that mediate the effect of greed personality trait on risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of ManagementJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jian Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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30
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Sharif-Razi M, Hodgins DC, Goghari VM. Reactive and proactive control mechanisms of response inhibition in gambling disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:114-121. [PMID: 30580134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition, one component of cognitive control, refers to the ability to inhibit automatic responses and has been found to be impaired in gambling disorder. Recent models of cognitive control distinguish between two mechanisms: reactive control, the ability to stop in response to a stop-stimulus, and proactive control, the ability to anticipate and prepare for a stop. Previous studies have primarily focused on reactive modes of control in gambling disorder. The aim of the current study was to assess both reactive and proactive modes of response inhibition in individuals with gambling disorder (n = 27) and community controls (n = 21) using a variant of the stop-signal task. Second, the relationship between trait impulsivity, and reactive and proactive control was examined. No group differences in reactive or proactive control were found. However, premeditation, one domain of trait impulsivity, was associated with worse proactive control in the gambling group. These results suggest that difficulties with response inhibition may not be a core deficit in all forms of gambling disorder. Future research should continue to develop and test tasks that involve cognitive control processes in different presentations of gambling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sharif-Razi
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - David C Hodgins
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Vina M Goghari
- Clinical Neuroscience of Schizophrenia (CNS) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Yu CKC, Fu W. Information Technology Usage as a Moderator between Disordered Gambling, Internet Gaming Addiction, and Illusory Control. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-0033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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32
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Spirou A, Liu PP, Natsheh JY, Neuteboom E, Dobryakova E. Neural Correlates of Outcome Anticipation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 30140247 PMCID: PMC6094992 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcome anticipation is not only a mental preparation for upcoming consequences, but also an essential component of learning and decision-making. Thus, anticipation of consequences is a key process in everyday functioning. The striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are among the key regions that have been shown to be involved in outcome anticipation. However, while structural abnormalities of these regions as well as altered decision-making have been noted in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), neural correlates of outcome anticipation have not been explored in this population. Thus, we examined the neural correlates of outcome anticipation in MS by analyzing brain activation in individuals with MS while they performed a modified version of a card-guessing task. Seventeen MS and 13 healthy controls performed the task while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was obtained. To achieve maximal anticipatory response and prevent the possibility of differential performance on the task, participants were presented with monetary rewards only on 50% of the trials. While replicating previous evidence of structural abnormalities of the striatum in MS, our results further showed that individuals with MS exhibited greater activation in the putamen, right hippocampus, and posterior cingulate cortex during outcome anticipation compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, even though there was no strategy that participants could learn in order to predict outcomes, 76% of participants with MS indicated that they used strategies while performing the task. We thus propose that the increased neural activation observed in MS during outcome anticipation might be explained by a failure in recognizing the lack of regularity in the task structure that could result in using strategies to perform the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Spirou
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | - Pei-Pei Liu
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Joman Y Natsheh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.,Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | - Eliane Neuteboom
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Dobryakova
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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Majuri J, Joutsa J, Arponen E, Forsback S, Kaasinen V. Dopamine synthesis capacity correlates with µ-opioid receptor availability in the human basal ganglia: A triple-tracer PET study. Neuroimage 2018; 183:1-6. [PMID: 30077742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have suggested that dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter systems interact in brain regions that are relevant for reward functions, but data in humans are very limited. The interaction is potentially important in disorders affecting these neurotransmitter systems, such as addiction. Here, we investigated whether subcortical μ-opioid receptor (MOR) availability and presynaptic dopamine synthesis capacity are correlated in the healthy human brain or in pathological gamblers (PGs) using positron emission tomography with 6-[18F]fluoro-l-dopa and [11C]carfentanil. The specificity of the findings was further investigated by including a serotonin transporter ligand, [11C]MADAM, as a negative control. Thirteen PG patients and 15 age-, sex- and weight-matched controls underwent the scans. In both groups, presynaptic dopamine synthesis capacity was associated with MOR availability in the putamen, caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. No similar associations were observed between dopamine synthesis capacity and [11C]MADAM binding, supporting a specific interplay between presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission and opioid receptor function in the basal ganglia. Correlations were similar between the groups, suggesting that the dopamine-opioid link is general and unaffected by behavioral addiction. The results provide in vivo human evidence of a connection between endogenous opioid and dopamine signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Majuri
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland; Department of Neurology, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland; Department of Neurology, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eveliina Arponen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Valtteri Kaasinen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland; Department of Neurology, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Gambling behavior is partly the result of varied motivations leading individuals to participate in gambling activities. Specific motivational profiles are found in gamblers, and gambling motives are closely linked to the development of cognitive distortions. This cross-sectional study aimed to predict cognitive distortions from gambling motives in poker players. The population was recruited in online gambling forums. Participants reported gambling at least once a week. Data included sociodemographic characteristics, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Gambling Motives Questionnaire-Financial and the Gambling-Related Cognition Scale. This study was conducted on 259 male poker gamblers (aged 18–69 years, 14.3% probable pathological gamblers). Univariate analyses showed that cognitive distortions were independently predicted by overall gambling motives (34.8%) and problem gambling (22.4%) (p < .05). The multivariate model, including these two variables, explained 39.7% of cognitive distortions (p < .05). The results associated with the literature data highlight that cognitive distortions are a good discriminating factor of gambling problems, showing a close inter-relationship between gambling motives, cognitive distortions and the severity of gambling. These data are consistent with the following theoretical process model: gambling motives lead individuals to practice and repeat the gambling experience, which may lead them to develop cognitive distortions, which in turn favor problem gambling. This study opens up new research perspectives to understand better the mechanisms underlying gambling practice and has clinical implications in terms of prevention and treatment. For example, a coupled motivational and cognitive intervention focused on gambling motives/cognitive distortions could be beneficial for individuals with gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Mathieu
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes EA 4057, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 71 Avenue Édouard Vaillant, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Servane Barrault
- Laboratory of Ages of Life Psychology and Adaptation EA 2114, Psychology Department, University François Rabelais de Tours, 3 Rue des Tanneurs, 37041, Tours, France
- Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA 37), CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Paul Brunault
- Laboratory of Ages of Life Psychology and Adaptation EA 2114, Psychology Department, University François Rabelais de Tours, 3 Rue des Tanneurs, 37041, Tours, France
- Equipe de Liaison et de Soins en Psychiatrie, Psychiatry Department, CHRU de Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Varescon
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes EA 4057, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 71 Avenue Édouard Vaillant, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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van Holst RJ, Sescousse G, Janssen LK, Janssen M, Berry AS, Jagust WJ, Cools R. Increased Striatal Dopamine Synthesis Capacity in Gambling Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:1036-1043. [PMID: 28728675 PMCID: PMC6698370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that dopamine plays an important role in the pathophysiology of pathological gambling is pervasive. However, there is little to no direct evidence for a categorical difference between pathological gamblers and healthy control subjects in terms of dopamine transmission in a drug-free state. Here we provide evidence for this hypothesis by comparing dopamine synthesis capacity in the dorsal and ventral parts of the striatum in 13 pathological gamblers and 15 healthy control subjects. METHODS This was achieved using [18F]fluoro-levo-dihydroxyphenylalanine dynamic positron emission tomography scans and striatal regions of interest that were hand-drawn based on visual inspection of individual structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. RESULTS Our results show that dopamine synthesis capacity was increased in pathological gamblers compared with healthy control subjects. Dopamine synthesis was 16% higher in the caudate body, 17% higher in the dorsal putamen, and 17% higher in the ventral striatum in pathological gamblers compared with control subjects. Moreover, dopamine synthesis capacity in the dorsal putamen and caudate head was positively correlated with gambling distortions in pathological gamblers. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide empirical evidence for increased striatal dopamine synthesis in pathological gambling.
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Abstract
Electronic communications are an increasingly important part of people's lives, and much information is accessible through such means. Anecdotal clinical reports indicate that mental health professionals are beginning to use information from their patients' electronic activities in treatment and that their data-gathering practices have gone far beyond simply searching for patients online. Both academic and private sector researchers are developing mental health applications to collect patient information for clinical purposes. Professional societies and commentators have provided minimal guidance, however, about best practices for obtaining or using information from electronic communications or other online activities. This article reviews the clinical and ethical issues regarding use of patients' electronic activities, primarily focusing on situations in which patients share information with clinicians voluntarily. We discuss the potential uses of mental health patients' electronic footprints for therapeutic purposes, and consider both the potential benefits and the drawbacks and risks. Whether clinicians decide to use such information in treating any particular patient-and if so, the nature and scope of its use-requires case-by-case analysis. But it is reasonable to assume that clinicians, depending on their circumstances and goals, will encounter circumstances in which patients' electronic activities will be relevant to, and useful in, treatment.
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Cognitive distortions and gambling near-misses in Internet Gaming Disorder: A preliminary study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191110. [PMID: 29346434 PMCID: PMC5773168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cognitive distortions (i.e. biased processing of chance, probability and skill) are a key psychopathological process in disordered gambling. The present study investigated state and trait aspects of cognitive distortions in 22 individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and 22 healthy controls. Participants completed the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale as a trait measure of cognitive distortions, and played a slot machine task delivering wins, near-misses and full-misses. Ratings of pleasure (“liking”) and motivation to play (“wanting”) were taken following the different outcomes, and gambling persistence was measured after a mandatory phase. IGD was associated with elevated trait cognitive distortions, in particular skill-oriented cognitions. On the slot machine task, the IGD group showed increased “wanting” ratings compared with control participants, while the two groups did not differ regarding their “liking” of the game. The IGD group displayed increased persistence on the slot machine task. Near-miss outcomes did not elicit stronger motivation to play compared to full-miss outcomes overall, and there was no group difference on this measure. However, a near-miss position effect was observed, such that near-misses stopping before the payline were rated as more motivating than near-misses that stopped after the payline, and this differentiation was attenuated in the IGD group, suggesting possible counterfactual thinking deficits in this group. These data provide preliminary evidence for increased incentive motivation and cognitive distortions in IGD, at least in the context of a chance-based gambling environment.
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Rémond JJ, Romo L. Analysis of Gambling in the Media Related to Screens: Immersion as a Predictor of Excessive Use? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E58. [PMID: 29301311 PMCID: PMC5800157 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the intricacies between the player interface proposed by the screens, (in particular on smartphone applications or in video games) and gambling. Recent research indicates connections between "immersion" and excessive screen practice. We want to understand the causal-effects between online gambling and the "immersion" variable and understand their relationship and its contingencies. This article empirically investigates whether and how it is possible to observe immersion with its sub-dimensions in gambling on different screens. The objective of this study was to analyze: (1) the costs and benefits associated with gambling practice on screens (2) the link between gambling practice and screen practice (video game, Internet, mobile screen); (3) to observe the propensity to immersion for individuals practicing gambling on screens; and (4) to examine the comorbidities and cognitive factors associated with the practice of gambling on screen. A total of 432 adults (212 men, 220 women), recruited from Ile-de-France (France), responded to a battery of questionnaires. Our study suggests that immersion variables make it possible to understand the cognitive participation of individuals towards screens in general, the practice of gambling on screens and the excessive practice of screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Rémond
- Psychology Department, Laboratory EA CLIPSYD 4430, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France.
| | - Lucia Romo
- Psychology Department, Laboratory EA CLIPSYD 4430, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France.
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Reduced loss aversion in pathological gambling and alcohol dependence is associated with differential alterations in amygdala and prefrontal functioning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16306. [PMID: 29176580 PMCID: PMC5701119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence (AD) include repeated addictive behavior despite severe negative consequences. However, the concept of loss aversion (LA) as a facet of value-based decision making has not yet been used to directly compare these disorders. We hypothesized reduced LA in pathological gamblers (PG) and AD patients, correlation of LA with disorder severity, and reduced loss-related modulation of brain activity. 19 PG subjects, 15 AD patients and 17 healthy controls (HC) engaged in a LA task in a functional magnetic resonance imaging setting. Imaging analyses focused on neural gain and loss sensitivity in the meso-cortico-limbic network of the brain. Both PG and AD subjects showed reduced LA. AD subjects showed altered loss-related modulation of activity in lateral prefrontal regions. PG subjects showed indication of altered amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity. Although we observed reduced LA in both a behavioral addiction and a substance-related disorder our neural findings might challenge the notion of complete neuro-behavioral congruence of substance-use disorders and behavioral addictions.
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Mick I, Ramos AC, Myers J, Stokes PR, Chandrasekera S, Erritzoe D, Mendez MA, Gunn RN, Rabiner EA, Searle GE, Galduróz JCF, Waldman AD, Bowden-Jones H, Clark L, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. Evidence for GABA-A receptor dysregulation in gambling disorder: correlation with impulsivity. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1601-1609. [PMID: 27739164 PMCID: PMC5697606 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a behavioural addiction, gambling disorder (GD) provides an opportunity to characterize addictive processes without the potentially confounding effects of chronic excessive drug and alcohol exposure. Impulsivity is an established precursor to such addictive behaviours, and GD is associated with greater impulsivity. There is also evidence of GABAergic dysregulation in substance addiction and in impulsivity. This study therefore investigated GABAA receptor availability in 15 individuals with GD and 19 healthy volunteers (HV) using [11C]Ro15‐4513, a relatively selective α5 benzodiazepine receptor PET tracer and its relationship with impulsivity. We found significantly higher [11C]Ro15‐4513 total distribution volume (VT) in the right hippocampus in the GD group compared with HV. We found higher levels of the ‘Negative Urgency’ construct of impulsivity in GD, and these were positively associated with higher [11C]Ro15‐4513 VT in the amygdala in the GD group; no such significant correlations were evident in the HV group. These results contrast with reduced binding of GABAergic PET ligands described previously in alcohol and opiate addiction and add to growing evidence for distinctions in the neuropharmacology between substance and behavioural addictions. These results provide the first characterization of GABAA receptors in GD with [11C]Ro15‐4513 PET and show greater α5 receptor availability and positive correlations with trait impulsivity. This GABAergic dysregulation is potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Mick
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Anna C. Ramos
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
- Department of Psychobiology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Jim Myers
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Paul R. Stokes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; UK
| | - Samantha Chandrasekera
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Maria A. Mendez
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College; UK
| | - Roger N. Gunn
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
- Imanova Ltd.; Centre for Imaging Sciences; UK
| | - Eugenii A. Rabiner
- Imanova Ltd.; Centre for Imaging Sciences; UK
- Department of Neuroimaging; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College; UK
| | | | | | - Adam D. Waldman
- Department of Imaging, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine; Imperial College; UK
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology; University of British Columbia; Canada
| | - David J. Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Anne R. Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
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A narrative review of potential treatment strategies for food addiction. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:387-393. [PMID: 28589470 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) remains controversial with research being in the nascent stages; FA like any addiction can have a devastating impact on the lives of those afflicted. There exists a clinical need for treatment strategies for those affected. This article reviews potential treatment strategies for FA. The treatment strategies target four core behaviours of the addiction phenotype specifically craving through the opioid system, impulsivity as a personality trait, compulsivity through the serotonergic system and lastly motivation through the dopaminergic system. A range of pharmacological and psychological interventions are reviewed. Future research should seek to test and validate the proposed clinical treatment strategies.
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the degree to which different forms of legal gambling contribute to Problem and Pathological Gambling (PPG) in Canada. Legal gambling activities were compared using meta-analysis of publicly available data concerning Canada's legal gambling industry. The majority of revenues in the decade spanning 2002-2012 were drawn from Video Lottery Terminals and casino slot machines. Population surveys indicated that three quarters of Canadians reported some form of past-year gambling participation, but most did not play Electronic Gambling Machines. Annual revenues divided by estimated numbers of participants in various gambling activities showed that Video Lottery players spent more money on average than did participants in other forms of gambling. The relative risk of PPG was higher among Video Lottery players than it was for other common forms of gambling. Results from a community study of frequent Video Lottery players showed that the risk of frequent players reporting symptoms of PPG was elevated if they reported playing weekly, spending $50 or more per session, or playing for more than an hour per session. These studies provide converging evidence that Video Lottery is more hazardous to consumers than other forms of gambling that are commonly practised in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance Victor MacLaren
- Department of Psychology, Brandon University, 270 18th St., Brandon, MB, R7A-6A9, Canada.
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Fauth-Bühler M, Mann K. Neurobiological correlates of internet gaming disorder: Similarities to pathological gambling. Addict Behav 2017; 64:349-356. [PMID: 26621112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The number of massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) is on the rise worldwide along with the fascination that they inspire. Problems occur when the use of MMOs becomes excessive at the expense of other life domains. Although not yet formally included as disorder in common diagnostic systems, internet gaming disorder (IGD) is considered a "condition for further study" in section III of the DSM-5. The current review aims to provide an overview of cognitive and neurobiological data currently available on IGD, with a particular focus on impulsivity, compulsivity, and sensitivity to reward and punishment. Additionally, we also compare these findings on IGD with data from studies on pathological gambling (PG)-so far the only condition officially classified as a behavioral addiction in the DSM-5. Multiple similarities have been observed in the neurobiology of IGD and PG, as measured by alterations in brain function and behavior. Both patients with IGD and those with PG exhibited decreased loss sensitivity; enhanced reactivity to gaming and gambling cues, respectively; enhanced impulsive choice behavior; aberrant reward-based learning; and no changes in cognitive flexibility. In conclusion, the evidence base on the neurobiology of gaming and gambling disorders is beginning to illuminate the similarities between the two. However, as only a few studies have addressed the neurobiological basis of IGD, and some of these studies suffer from significant limitations, more research is required before IGD's inclusion as a second behavioral addiction in the next versions of the ICD and DSM can be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fauth-Bühler
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - K Mann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Romo L, Legauffre C, Guilleux A, Valleur M, Magalon D, Fatséas M, Chéreau-Boudet I, Luquiens A, Vénisse JL, Grall-Bronnec M, Challet-Bouju G. Cognitive distortions and ADHD in pathological gambling: A national longitudinal case-control cohort study. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:649-657. [PMID: 27774813 PMCID: PMC5370370 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The primary outcome of our study was to assess the links between the level of cognitive distortions and the severity of gambling disorder. We also aimed at assessing the links between patient gambling trajectories and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials and methods The study population (n = 628) was comprised of problem and non-problem gamblers of both sexes between 18 and 65 years of age, who reported gambling on at least one occasion during the previous year. Data encompassed socio-demographic characteristics, gambling habits, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Survey - 23, the Wender Utah Rating Scale - Child, and the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale. Results The cognitive distortions with the greatest correlation to the severity of gambling disorder were the "Chasing" and "Emotions." These two dimensions were able to distinguish between problem gamblers seeking treatment or not. While age of onset of gambling and length of gambling practice were not associated with the level of distorted cognitions, a period of abstinence of at least 1 month was associated with a lower level of distorted cognitions. The presence of ADHD resulted in a higher level of distorted cognitions. Conclusion Cognitive work is essential to the prevention, and the treatment, of pathological gambling, especially with respect to emotional biases and chasing behavior. The instauration of an abstinence period of at least 1 month under medical supervision could be a promising therapeutic lead for reducing gambling-related erroneous thoughts and for improving care strategies of pathological gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 CLIPSYD “CLInique PSYchanalyse Développement,” University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris, France, and Unité Inserm U894, CPN, Paris, France
- Louis Mourier Hospital of Colombes, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Cindy Legauffre
- EA 4430 CLIPSYD “CLInique PSYchanalyse Développement,” University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris, France, and Unité Inserm U894, CPN, Paris, France
- Louis Mourier Hospital of Colombes, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Alice Guilleux
- EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam,” Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Unit of Methodology and Biostatistics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Valleur
- Marmottan Medical Center, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Paris, France
| | - David Magalon
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Mélina Fatséas
- Psychiatry Laboratory, SANPSY CNRS USR 3413, University of Bordeaux and Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Amandine Luquiens
- Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Paul Brousse University Hospital of Villejuif, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vénisse
- EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam,” Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED “BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders,” Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - JEU Group
- EA 4430 CLIPSYD “CLInique PSYchanalyse Développement,” University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris, France, and Unité Inserm U894, CPN, Paris, France
- Louis Mourier Hospital of Colombes, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
- EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam,” Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Unit of Methodology and Biostatistics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Marmottan Medical Center, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Paris, France
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
- Psychiatry Laboratory, SANPSY CNRS USR 3413, University of Bordeaux and Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Paul Brousse University Hospital of Villejuif, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Villejuif, France
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED “BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders,” Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam,” Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED “BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders,” Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam,” Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED “BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders,” Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Assanangkornchai S, McNeil EB, Tantirangsee N, Kittirattanapaiboon P. Gambling disorders, gambling type preferences, and psychiatric comorbidity among the Thai general population: Results of the 2013 National Mental Health Survey. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:410-8. [PMID: 27648744 PMCID: PMC5264408 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims To estimate the prevalence of problem and pathological gambling, gender and age-group differences in gambling types, and comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders among the Thai general population. Methods Analysis was conducted on 4,727 participants of Thailand's 2013 National Mental Health Survey, a multistage stratified cluster survey, using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Diagnoses of problem and pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders were based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria with the following additional criteria for gamblers: more than 10 lifetime gambling episodes and a single year loss of at least 365 USD from gambling. Results The estimated lifetime prevalence rates of pathological and problem gambling were 0.90% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51-1.29] and 1.14% (95% CI: 0.58-1.70), respectively. The most popular type of gambling was playing lotteries [69.5%, standard error (SE) = 1.9], the prevalence of which was significantly higher among females and older age groups. The most common psychiatric disorders seen among pathological gamblers were alcohol abuse (57.4%), nicotine dependence (49.5%), and any drug use disorder (16.2%). Pathological gambling was highly prevalent among those who ever experienced major depressive episodes (5.5%), any drug dependence (5.1%), and intermittent explosive disorder (4.8%). The association between pathological gambling was strongest with a history of major depressive episode [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 10.4, 95% CI: 2.80-38.4]. Conclusion The study confirms the recognition of gambling disorders as a public health concern in Thailand and suggests a need for culturally specific preventive measures for pathological gamblers and those with a history of substance use disorders or major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitri Assanangkornchai
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand,Corresponding author: Sawitri Assanangkornchai; Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Phone: +66 74 451 165; Fax: +66 74 429 754; E-mail:
| | - Edward B. McNeil
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gambling disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1013-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Baño M, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Moragas L, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Tárrega S, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Compulsive Buying Behavior: Clinical Comparison with Other Behavioral Addictions. Front Psychol 2016; 7:914. [PMID: 27378999 PMCID: PMC4908125 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive buying behavior (CBB) has been recognized as a prevalent mental health disorder, yet its categorization into classification systems remains unsettled. The objective of this study was to assess the sociodemographic and clinic variables related to the CBB phenotype compared to other behavioral addictions. Three thousand three hundred and twenty four treatment-seeking patients were classified in five groups: CBB, sexual addiction, Internet gaming disorder, Internet addiction, and gambling disorder. CBB was characterized by a higher proportion of women, higher levels of psychopathology, and higher levels in the personality traits of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, and cooperativeness compared to other behavioral addictions. Results outline the heterogeneity in the clinical profiles of patients diagnosed with different behavioral addiction subtypes and shed new light on the primary mechanisms of CBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Baño
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Nursing Department of Mental Health, Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Nursing School, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Kervran C, Fatséas M, Serre F, Taillard J, Beltran V, Leboucher J, Debrabant R, Alexandre JM, Daulouède JP, Philip P, Auriacombe M. Association between morningness/eveningness, addiction severity and psychiatric disorders among individuals with addictions. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:1024-30. [PMID: 26250146 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that Evening-Type (ET) subjects used more stimulating and sedative substances, and presented more psychiatric disorders than Morning-Type (MT) subject. However, there is a lack of data on the chronotype of patients with addiction. The aim of our study was to describe chronotype and associated factors in a sample of outpatients beginning treatment for addiction. Subjects were assessed with the Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire of Hörne & Ostberg, the Addiction Severity Index and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. In the 333 subjects with an addiction, 20% were MT and 32% were ET. When comparing ET to MT, multivariate analysis showed that ET was significantly associated with poly-problematic addiction, non-substance addictions, cannabis addiction, and mood disorders, but not with severity of addiction. MT was associated with antisocial personality disorder. Results suggested that chronotype was associated with specific addiction pattern and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kervran
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Pôle Addictologie, CH Ch. Perrens et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélina Fatséas
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Pôle Addictologie, CH Ch. Perrens et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fuschia Serre
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Pôle Addictologie, CH Ch. Perrens et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Sleep and Attention Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| | - Virginie Beltran
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Centre d׳Addictologie, BIZIA et CH de Bayonne, Bayonne, France
| | - Juliette Leboucher
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Pôle Addictologie, CH Ch. Perrens et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Romain Debrabant
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Pôle Addictologie, CH Ch. Perrens et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alexandre
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Pôle Addictologie, CH Ch. Perrens et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Daulouède
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Centre d׳Addictologie, BIZIA et CH de Bayonne, Bayonne, France
| | - Pierre Philip
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Sleep and Attention Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Auriacombe
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Addiction Psychiatry Team, SANPsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France; Pôle Addictologie, CH Ch. Perrens et CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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Steffen KJ, Engel SG, Wonderlich JA, Pollert GA, Sondag C. Alcohol and Other Addictive Disorders Following Bariatric Surgery: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Possible Etiologies. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:442-50. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine J. Steffen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute; Fargo ND USA
| | | | | | | | - Cindy Sondag
- Department of Neuroscience; University of North Dakota; ND USA
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