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Porter A, Langford R, Summerbell C, Tinner L, Kipping R. A qualitative exploration of food portion size practices and awareness of food portion size guidance in first-time parents of one- to two-year-olds living in the UK. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1779. [PMID: 37704981 PMCID: PMC10500748 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food portion size guidance resources aimed at parents of young children in the UK are freely available from a number of credible sources. However, little is known about whether parents are aware of, and use, any of these resources to guide their food portioning practices. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the food portion size practices used by first-time parents living in the UK when feeding their one- to two-year-old child, and their awareness of and views on six food portion size guidance resources. METHODS Participants were recruited via parent Facebook groups and online parent forums. Online 1-1 semi-structured interviews were conducted, during which parents were shown images of six food portion size guidance resources to facilitate discussion. Data was analysed in NVivo 11 using a Reflexive Thematic Analysis approach. RESULTS Of the 27 participants, most were women (n = 25), white (n = 18), and educated to first degree level or higher (n = 24). First-time parents mostly relied on their own judgement and "instinct" to portion foods, based on their learned experience of how much their child ate on a day-to-day basis. This experience was used alongside physical indicators of food portion size, such as the size of children's dishware and food packaging. Most participants were unaware of any of the six food portion size guidance resources we showed them; only four had read any of the resources. Parents suggested they had previously sought advice about weaning from a range of sources (e.g. online, friends, community groups) but would be unlikely to seek out specific food portion size guidance. Parents suggested recommendations on food portion size should acknowledge and highlight parents' perception that "every child is different". CONCLUSIONS Existing food portion size guidance resources for parents of young children in the UK are ineffective as they have poor reach and impact. We suggest parents should be involved in developing novel strategies to promote age-appropriate consumption and healthy weight gain in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Porter
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- School for Public Health Research, NIHR, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca Langford
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- School for Public Health Research, NIHR, London, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Laura Tinner
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth Kipping
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School for Public Health Research, NIHR, London, UK
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Lattanzi G, Di Rosa C, Spiezia C, Sacco R, Cattafi S, Romano L, Benvenuto D, Fabris S, De Gara L, Khazrai YM. "Nutripiatto": A tool for nutritional education. A survey to assess dietary habits in preschool children. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282748. [PMID: 36881589 PMCID: PMC9990952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a global public health concern linked to metabolic and psychological comorbidities. There is growing evidence that children's lifestyle habits are shifting towards obesity, with dire consequences for their future well-being and healthcare costs. In this interventional study, we enrolled 115 children aged between 4-5 years (53% females and 47% males) and carried out nutrition education interventions to improve their dietary habits. We introduced "Nutripiatto", a visual plate icon and easy guide, which was used by the children during the study. We investigated the children's dietary habits using a Food Frequency Questionnaire at the beginning and end of the study, after one month of using "Nutripiatto". The results showed that the children significantly increased the portion sizes and frequency of vegetable consumption (P<0.001) and reduced the consumption of several junk foods such as French fries and crisps (P<0.001), reaching the recommended dietary allowances and frequency of consumption. Daily consumption of water also significantly increased, reaching the suggested amount of six glasses per day. Based on these results, "Nutripiatto" can be considered an effective visual guide and helpful tool to achieve small changes and empower families to make healthier food choices. It can also be considered an effective educational tool for nutritionists and healthcare professionals to improve children's dietary behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Lattanzi
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Rosa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Spiezia
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Unit of Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samanta Cattafi
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Romano
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Benvenuto
- Unit of Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fabris
- Unit of Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yeganeh Manon Khazrai
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Patel C, Walasek L, Karasouli E, Meyer C. Content and Validity of Claims Made about Food Parenting Practices in United Kingdom Online News Articles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095053. [PMID: 35564446 PMCID: PMC9105157 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to qualitatively summarise the content of online news articles pertaining to food parenting practices and determine whether this content is substantiated by the scientific literature. News article data were identified and collected from United Kingdom online news published during 2010–2017 period using the News on the Web corpus. A coding framework was used to categorise the content of news articles to identify information related to food parenting practices. Then, claims made about food parenting practices were extracted from relevant news articles. Each claim was evaluated to determine the extent to which any claims were supported by the available scientific research evidence. The study identified ten claims across thirty-two relevant online news articles. Claims made across the news articles reported on the following food parenting practices: food restrictions, food-based threats and bribes, pressure to eat, use of food to control negative emotions, food availability, food preparation, and meal and snack routines. Eight out of the ten claims identified did not refer to scientific research evidence. News articles frequently lacked detail and information to explain to readers why and how the use of certain food parenting practices could have a lasting impact on children’s health outcomes. Considering the influence that news media has on parents, the reporting of food parenting practices in news articles should aim to provide a balanced view of the published scientific evidence and recognise the difficulties and barriers that prevent the use of helpful and healthy food parenting practices. The study results in this paper could be used to aid and structure of the dissemination of food parenting practice research findings in the media, inform public health education to influence perceptions of unhelpful food parenting practices, and promote parental use of responsive food parenting practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Patel
- Warwick Manufacturting Group, Behaviour and Wellbeing Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lukasz Walasek
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Eleni Karasouli
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Caroline Meyer
- Warwick Manufacturting Group, Behaviour and Wellbeing Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
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Skelly LJ, Smyth PP, Donnelly MP, Leslie JC, Leader G, Simpson L, McDowell C. Factors that potentially influence successful weight loss for adults with intellectual disabilities: A qualitative comparison. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2021; 25:458-475. [PMID: 32578470 PMCID: PMC8649414 DOI: 10.1177/1744629520931681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities are more at risk of obesity than the general population. Emerging literature indicates that multicomponent interventions are most effective, however, individual results are variable and little research exists as to why this is the case. METHODS Focus groups were conducted to explore lived experiences between two groups of adults with intellectual disabilities; an overweight group (n = 6) and a group identified as successful in losing weight (n = 6). Similarities and differences were explored across four domains. Transcripts were produced and analysed using Theoretical Thematic Analysis. RESULTS Similarities included service centre supports, basic food knowledge and issues restricting independence. The successful weight loss group had also internalised health messages, engaged with external reinforcement programmes, responded to positive feedback and demonstrated healthier dietary habits. CONCLUSION Weight management interventions would benefit from understanding the influence that internalisation of health messages, effective reinforcement systems and positive feedback can have on supporting the adoption of healthier habits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philomena P Smyth
- Ulster University, UK; National University of
Ireland Galway, Ireland
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Philippe K, Issanchou S, Roger A, Feyen V, Monnery-Patris S. How Do French Parents Determine Portion Sizes for Their Pre-Schooler? A Qualitative Exploration of the Parent-Child Division of Responsibility and Influencing Factors. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082769. [PMID: 34444929 PMCID: PMC8399289 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Large portion sizes can make children overeat, alter their self-regulation abilities and induce weight gain. However, little is known about how parents determine portion sizes for their children. Using semi-structured interviews with 5 fathers and 32 mothers of pre-schoolers, this study examined French parents' food portioning practices. The division of responsibility between parent and child in deciding portion sizes was explored, as well as the influencing factors and possible sources of information. Parents described a wide range of practices. For most, determining portion sizes is an intuitive action that depends on habits and mainly arises from experiences with feeding their child and his/her appetitive traits. Few parents grant autonomy to their child for portioning and serving food, especially for the first serving. Many influencing factors were identified, including child-related (e.g., appetite, food preferences), parent-related (e.g., avoiding food waste), and external factors (e.g., influence of siblings, French food culture). Most parents do not search for information/recommendations to guide their practices. Stimulating optimal self-regulation of eating in children is important and parents can play a crucial role in this. This study identified barriers and facilitators to guide parents in providing appropriate portion sizes and help include children in this decision process.
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Dörsam AF, Weiland A, Sauer H, Giel KE, Stroebele-Benschop N, Zipfel S, Enck P, Mack I. The Role of Dishware Size in the Perception of Portion Size in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062062. [PMID: 34208625 PMCID: PMC8235649 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The influence of dishware on portion size perception in children and adolescents is inconclusive. This study investigated how children and adolescents with both obesity and a normal weight perceived portion size in different sized and shaped dishware items. Methods: The study included 60 children and adolescents with overweight and obesity (OBE) and 27 children and adolescents with normal weight (NW) aged from 9 to 17 years. The participants estimated quantities in three pairs of drinking glasses, one pair of bowls and two pairs of plates which varied in size and shape. The children were instructed to state intuitively which portion they would choose for big or small thirst/hunger. Thereafter they were asked to determine the exact amount by answering which dishware item contained the larger/smaller portion (cognitive evaluation). Results: There were no substantial differences in the intuitive evaluation of portion sizes between OBE and NW. During the cognitive evaluation, OBE estimated the amount of water in the glasses more correctly compared to NW (61% vs. 43%; p = 0.008); OBE estimated the amount of lentils in the bowls and on the plates significantly less correctly (39%) compared to NW (56%; p = 0.013). Conclusions: Habit formation and environmental stimuli might play a greater role in estimating food amounts in dishware than the child’s and adolescent’s body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Franziska Dörsam
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.D.); (A.W.); (H.S.); (K.E.G.); (S.Z.); (P.E.)
| | - Alisa Weiland
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.D.); (A.W.); (H.S.); (K.E.G.); (S.Z.); (P.E.)
| | - Helene Sauer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.D.); (A.W.); (H.S.); (K.E.G.); (S.Z.); (P.E.)
| | - Katrin Elisabeth Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.D.); (A.W.); (H.S.); (K.E.G.); (S.Z.); (P.E.)
| | | | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.D.); (A.W.); (H.S.); (K.E.G.); (S.Z.); (P.E.)
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.D.); (A.W.); (H.S.); (K.E.G.); (S.Z.); (P.E.)
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.D.); (A.W.); (H.S.); (K.E.G.); (S.Z.); (P.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-29-85614
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes clinical management of early-onset severe obesity, defined here as severe obesity in children ≤ 5 years old. It summarizes current information regarding (1) assessment, specifically growth, genetics, cardiometabolic risk, health behaviors, developmental considerations, and psychosocial factors, and (2) treatment, focusing on lifestyle modification including parent training and a brief summary of pharmacotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS Prevalence of severe obesity in young children has remained stable yet most of these children will become adults with obesity. Interventions that address multiple health domains, such as eating habits, physical activity, and parenting skills, are necessary for addressing early-onset severe obesity. Research into pharmacotherapy remains limited but may provide future strategies for management. Early-onset severe obesity significantly influences children's long-term health and management should focus on intervention to promote BMI reduction. Further research into effective strategies is necessary to address the needs of this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Raatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Amy C Gross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
- , Minneapolis, USA.
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8
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Shubayr MA, Mattoo KA. Parental neglect of feeding in obese individuals. A review of scientific evidence and its application among Saudi population. Saudi Med J 2021; 41:451-458. [PMID: 32373910 PMCID: PMC7253827 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2020.5.25049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings encountered malnutrition during the twentieth century and obesity in the very next century. This is how the future will look when the present becomes a slice of history. Obesity is threatening the healthy being of many youngsters throughout the world. Environmental influences have indicated to effect even genetically safe subjects among which parental neglect seems to be most alarming. Two extensively and globally investigated variables, the feeding style and the physical activity, provide some hope in its prevention. Despite the high rise of obesity prevalence in Saudi Arabia, there is scant research on these topics. The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive assessment of these 2-obesity associated parental variables. The composed literature could provide an insight to the dominant surge of obesity in the Arab nations and stimulate research on current parenting practices in the Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosa A Shubayr
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Williams J, Buoncristiano M, Nardone P, Rito AI, Spinelli A, Hejgaard T, Kierkegaard L, Nurk E, Kunešová M, Musić Milanović S, García-Solano M, Gutiérrez-González E, Brinduse LA, Cucu A, Fijałkowska A, Farrugia Sant’Angelo V, Abdrakhmanova S, Pudule I, Duleva V, Yardim N, Gualtieri A, Heinen M, Bel-Serrat S, Usupova Z, Peterkova V, Shengelia L, Hyska J, Tanrygulyyeva M, Petrauskiene A, Rakhmatullaeva S, Kujundzic E, Ostojic SM, Weghuber D, Melkumova M, Spiroski I, Starc G, Rutter H, Rathmes G, Bunge AC, Rakovac I, Boymatova K, Weber M, Breda J. A Snapshot of European Children's Eating Habits: Results from the Fourth Round of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Nutrients 2020; 12:E2481. [PMID: 32824588 PMCID: PMC7468747 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming a healthy diet in childhood helps to protect against malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This cross-sectional study described the diets of 132,489 children aged six to nine years from 23 countries participating in round four (2015-2017) of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Children's parents or caregivers were asked to complete a questionnaire that contained indicators of energy-balance-related behaviors (including diet). For each country, we calculated the percentage of children who consumed breakfast, fruit, vegetables, sweet snacks or soft drinks "every day", "most days (four to six days per week)", "some days (one to three days per week)", or "never or less than once a week". We reported these results stratified by country, sex, and region. On a daily basis, most children (78.5%) consumed breakfast, fewer than half (42.5%) consumed fruit, fewer than a quarter (22.6%) consumed fresh vegetables, and around one in ten consumed sweet snacks or soft drinks (10.3% and 9.4%, respectively); however, there were large between-country differences. This paper highlights an urgent need to create healthier food and drink environments, reinforce health systems to promote healthy diets, and continue to support child nutrition and obesity surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Williams
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation; (M.B.); (G.R.); (A.C.B.); (I.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Marta Buoncristiano
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation; (M.B.); (G.R.); (A.C.B.); (I.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Paola Nardone
- Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore Di Sanità), 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Ana Isabel Rito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1600 560 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Angela Spinelli
- Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore Di Sanità), 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.N.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Lene Kierkegaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen K, Denmark;
| | - Eha Nurk
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Institute for Health Development, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Marie Kunešová
- Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Unit, 116 94 Prague, Czechia;
| | - Sanja Musić Milanović
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marta García-Solano
- Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, 28014 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
| | | | - Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse
- Department of Public Health and Management, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 030167 Bucharest, Romania; (L.A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexandra Cucu
- Department of Public Health and Management, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 030167 Bucharest, Romania; (L.A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Fijałkowska
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Shynar Abdrakhmanova
- National Center of Public health, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 010000 Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan;
| | - Iveta Pudule
- Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, LV-1005 Latvia, Riga;
| | - Vesselka Duleva
- National Center of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nazan Yardim
- Turkish Ministry of Health, Public Health General Directorate, 34400 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Andrea Gualtieri
- Health Authority, Department of Health and Social Security, 47893 San Marino, San Marino;
| | - Mirjam Heinen
- National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (M.H.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Silvia Bel-Serrat
- National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (M.H.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Zhamyla Usupova
- Republican Center for Health Promotion and Mass Communication, 720040 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Valentina Peterkova
- Institute of Paediatric Endocrinology, National Medical Research Centre for Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117036 Moscow, Russian Federation;
| | - Lela Shengelia
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 0198 Tbilisi, Georgia;
| | | | - Maya Tanrygulyyeva
- Internal Diseases Department of the Scientific Clinical Centre of Mother and Child Health, 744036 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan;
| | - Ausra Petrauskiene
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Sanavbar Rakhmatullaeva
- Department for Organization of Health Services to Children, Mothers, Adolescents and Family Planning, Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Population, 734025 Dushanbe, Tajikistan;
| | - Enisa Kujundzic
- Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Marina Melkumova
- Arabkir Medical Centre-Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia;
| | - Igor Spiroski
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Giulia Rathmes
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation; (M.B.); (G.R.); (A.C.B.); (I.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Anne Charlotte Bunge
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation; (M.B.); (G.R.); (A.C.B.); (I.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation; (M.B.); (G.R.); (A.C.B.); (I.R.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Martin Weber
- WHO Child and Adolescent Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - João Breda
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation; (M.B.); (G.R.); (A.C.B.); (I.R.); (J.B.)
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Porter A, Kipping R, Summerbell C, Dobrescu A, Johnson L. What guidance is there on portion size for feeding preschool-aged children (1 to 5 years) in the United Kingdom and Ireland? A systematic grey literature review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13021. [PMID: 32219990 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Large portion sizes of food can lead to excessive energy intake and weight gain in young children. Although portion size guidance is available, parents are often unaware it exists. Our systematic grey literature review aimed to identify the portion size guidance resources in the United Kingdom and Ireland, aimed at users (e.g., parents and childcare providers) responsible for feeding preschool-aged children. We describe who the resources are aimed at, how they are informed and whether the recommended portion sizes are consistent across resources. Resources were identified via advanced Google searches, searching reference lists and contacting experts. Resources that provided quantifiable portion size information (e.g., grammes) were included. Portion sizes (g) were extracted and energy equivalents (kcal) were calculated. Portion sizes were analysed by food group and by eating occasion. Twenty-two resources were identified. Median portion sizes were consistent across resources for fruit (40 g [IQR = 40-50]) and vegetables (40 g [IQR = 30-40]). Variability was observed in portion size and/or energy content for dairy (60 g [IQR = 25-93]), protein (72 kcal [IQR = 44-106]) and starchy (41 g/71 kcal [IQR = 25-80/56-106]) food groups. The range in size of an average eating occasion was large (90-292 g). This review identifies resources that could help caregivers to choose appropriate portion sizes for preschool-aged children but also highlights how future resources could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Porter
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth Kipping
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anca Dobrescu
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Reale S, Simpson RM, Marr C, Carstairs SA, Cecil JE, Hetherington MM, Caton SJ. Snack Portion Sizes for Preschool Children Are Predicted by Caregiver Portion Size, Caregiver Feeding Practices and Children's Eating Traits. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3020. [PMID: 31835571 PMCID: PMC6950396 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caregivers are mostly responsible for the foods young children consume; however, it is unknown how caregivers determine what portion sizes to serve. This study examined factors which predict smaller or larger than recommended snack portion sizes in an online survey. Caregivers of children aged 2 to 4 years were presented with 10 snack images, each photographed in six portion sizes. Caregivers (n = 659) selected the portion they would usually serve themselves and their child for an afternoon snack. Information on child eating traits, parental feeding practices and demographics were provided by caregivers. Most caregivers selected portions in line with recommended amounts for preschool children, demonstrating their ability to match portion sizes to their child's energy requirements. However, 16% of caregivers selected smaller than recommended low energy-dense (LED, e.g., fruits and vegetables) snacks for their child which was associated with smaller caregiver's own portion size, reduced child food liking and increased satiety responsiveness. In contrast, 28% of caregivers selected larger than recommended amounts of high energy-dense (HED, e.g., cookies, crisps) snacks for their child which were associated with larger caregiver's own portion size, greater frequency of consumption, higher child body mass index (BMI), greater pressure to eat and lower child food liking. These findings suggest that most caregivers in this study select portions adjusted to suit their child's age and stage of development. Future interventions could provide support to caregivers regarding the energy and nutrient density of foods given the relatively small portion sizes of LED and large portions of HED snacks offered to some children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reale
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Rebecca M. Simpson
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Colette Marr
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Sharon A. Carstairs
- Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK; (S.A.C.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Joanne E. Cecil
- Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK; (S.A.C.); (J.E.C.)
| | | | - Samantha J. Caton
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
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Blundell-Birtill P, Hetherington MM. Determinants of Portion Size in Children and Adolescents: Insights from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008-2016). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122957. [PMID: 31817139 PMCID: PMC6950001 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large portion sizes have been identified as contributing to overweight and obesity, particularly in children and adolescents. This study examined predictors of portion sizes of high energy snack foods eaten by children aged 1.5–18 years. Specifically, we examined whether portion sizes were adjusted for age, and what external features of the environment might be linked to large portion sizes. Portion sizes were derived from four-day food diaries that form the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Diaries from 5942 children were examined and multilevel models were used to discover whether age, gender, location, time of day, household income, and watching TV while eating predicted portion sizes of savoury snacks, chocolate, confectionery and biscuits. Portion sizes of all the target foods were predicted by age. Boys had larger portions, and portion sizes were larger when target foods were consumed later in the day. Portion sizes were larger outside the home, for example in leisure venues, but the target foods were eaten more frequently in the home. As dietary patterns change to include more snack intake outside the home, these locations could be an important space to target for interventions for portion control.
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13
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Mack I, Teufel M, Enck P. What role does tableware size play in energy consumption of children and adults? Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:595-596. [PMID: 30941662 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Martin Teufel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR-University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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