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Hu W, Zhao P. Soil warming affects sap flow and stomatal gas exchange through altering functional traits in a subtropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170581. [PMID: 38309334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming influences the structure and function of ecosystems. However, the mechanisms of plant water use and gas exchange responses to climate warming have been less studied, especially from the perspective of different functional traits. We conducted a field experiment to investigate how soil warming (+2 °C) affects sap flow and stomatal gas exchange through plant functional traits and nutrient characteristics in a subtropical forest. We measured stomatal gas exchange of trees (Acacia auriculiformis and Schima superba) and shrubs (Castanea henryi and Psychotria asiatica), and monitored long-term sap flow of both tree species. Besides, plant leaf nutrient contents, functional traits, and soil nutrients were also studied. It is demonstrated that soil warming significantly increased maximum sap flow density (Js_max, 35.1 %) and whole-tree transpiration (EL, 46.0 %) of A. auriculiformis, but decreased those of S. superba (15.6 % and 14.9 %, respectively). Warming increased the photosynthetic rate of P. asiatica (18.0 %) and water use efficiency of S. superba (47.2 %). Leaf nutrients and stomatal anatomical characteristics of shrubs were less affected by soil warming. Soil warming increased (+42.7 %) leaf K content of A. auriculiformis in dry season. Decomposition of soil total carbon, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen was accelerated under soil warming, and soil exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were decreased. Trees changed stomatal and anatomic traits to adapt to soil warming, while shrubs altered leaf water content and specific leaf area under soil warming. Warming had a greater effect on sap flow of trees, as well as on their leaf gas exchange (total effect: -0.27) than on that of shrubs (total effect: 0.06). In summary, our results suggest that the combination of functional and nutrient traits can help to better understand plant water use and gas exchange responses under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Everingham SE, Offord CA, Sabot MEB, Moles AT. Leaf morphological traits show greater responses to changes in climate than leaf physiological traits and gas exchange variables. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10941. [PMID: 38510539 PMCID: PMC10951557 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changing conditions is one of the strategies plants may use to survive in the face of climate change. We aimed to determine whether plants' leaf morphological and physiological traits/gas exchange variables have changed in response to recent, anthropogenic climate change. We grew seedlings from resurrected historic seeds from ex-situ seed banks and paired modern seeds in a common-garden experiment. Species pairs were collected from regions that had undergone differing levels of climate change using an emerging framework-Climate Contrast Resurrection Ecology, allowing us to hypothesise that regions with greater changes in climate (including temperature, precipitation, climate variability and climatic extremes) would be greater trait responses in leaf morphology and physiology over time. Our study found that in regions where there were greater changes in climate, there were greater changes in average leaf area, leaf margin complexity, leaf thickness and leaf intrinsic water use efficiency. Changes in leaf roundness, photosynthetic rate, stomatal density and the leaf economic strategy of our species were not correlated with changes in climate. Our results show that leaves do have the ability to respond to changes in climate, however, there are greater inherited responses in morphological leaf traits than in physiological traits/variables and greater responses to extreme measures of climate than gradual changes in climatic means. It is vital for accurate predictions of species' responses to impending climate change to ensure that future climate change ecology studies utilise knowledge about the difference in both leaf trait and gas exchange responses and the climate variables that they respond to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Everingham
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- The Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden Mount AnnanMount AnnanNew South WalesAustralia
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Catherine A. Offord
- The Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden Mount AnnanMount AnnanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Manon E. B. Sabot
- Climate Change Research CentreUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate ExtremesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Angela T. Moles
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Ndah FA, Maljanen M, Kasurinen A, Rinnan R, Michelsen A, Kotilainen T, Kivimäenpää M. Acclimation of subarctic vegetation to warming and increased cloudiness. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10130. [PMID: 38323130 PMCID: PMC10840376 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Subarctic ecosystems are exposed to elevated temperatures and increased cloudiness in a changing climate with potentially important effects on vegetation structure, composition, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated the individual and combined effects of warming and increased cloudiness on vegetation greenness and cover in mesocosms from two tundra and one palsa mire ecosystems kept under strict environmental control in climate chambers. We also investigated leaf anatomical and biochemical traits of four dominant vascular plant species (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and Rubus chamaemorus). Vegetation greenness increased in response to warming in all sites and in response to increased cloudiness in the tundra sites but without associated increases in vegetation cover or biomass, except that E. hermaphroditum biomass increased under warming. The combined warming and increased cloudiness treatment had an additive effect on vegetation greenness in all sites. It also increased the cover of graminoids and forbs in one of the tundra sites. Warming increased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus and R. chamaemorus, and glandular trichome density of V. myrtillus and decreased spongy intercellular space of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis-idaea. Increased cloudiness decreased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus, palisade thickness of E. hermaphroditum, and stomata density of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis-idaea, and increased leaf area and epidermis thickness of V. myrtillus, leaf shape index and nitrogen of E. hermaphroditum, and palisade intercellular space of V. vitis-idaea. The combined treatment caused thinner leaves and decreased leaf carbon for V. myrtillus, and increased leaf chlorophyll of E. hermaphroditum. We show that under future warmer increased cloudiness conditions in the Subarctic (as simulated in our experiment), vegetation composition and distribution will change, mostly dominated by graminoids and forbs. These changes will depend on the responses of leaf anatomical and biochemical traits and will likely impact carbon gain and primary productivity and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flobert A. Ndah
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Marja Maljanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Anne Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Center for Volatile Interactions (VOLT), Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | | | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandSuonenjokiFinland
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Simin T, Davie-Martin CL, Petersen J, Høye TT, Rinnan R. Impacts of elevation on plant traits and volatile organic compound emissions in deciduous tundra shrubs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155783. [PMID: 35537508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The northernmost regions of our planet experience twice the rate of climate warming compared to the global average. Despite the currently low air temperatures, tundra shrubs are known to exhibit high leaf temperatures and are increasing in height due to warming, but it is unclear how the increase in height will affect the leaf temperature. To study how temperature, soil moisture, and changes in light availability influence the physiology and emissions of climate-relevant volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we conducted a study on two common deciduous tundra shrubs, Salix glauca (separating males and females for potential effects of plant sex) and Betula glandulosa, at two elevations in South Greenland. Low-elevation Salix shrubs were 45% taller, but had 37% lower rates of net CO2 assimilation and 63% lower rates of isoprene emission compared to high-elevation shrubs. Betula shrubs showed 40% higher stomatal conductance and 24% higher glandular trichome density, in the low-elevation valley, compared to those from the high-elevation mountain slope. Betula green leaf volatile emissions were 235% higher at high elevation compared to low elevation. Male Salix showed a distinct VOC blend and emitted 55% more oxygenated VOCs, compared to females, possibly due to plant defense mechanisms. In our light response curves, isoprene emissions increased linearly with light intensity, potentially indicating adaptation to strong light. Leaf temperature decreased with increasing Salix height, at 4 °C m-1, which can have implications for plant physiology. However, no similar relationship was observed for B. glandulosa. Our results highlight that tundra shrub traits and VOC emissions are sensitive to temperature and light, but that local variations in soil moisture strongly interact with temperature and light responses. Our results suggest that effects of climate warming, alone, poorly predict the actual plant responses in tundra vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Simin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Cleo L Davie-Martin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Julie Petersen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Toke T Høye
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Kivimäenpää M, Riikonen J, Valolahti H, Elina H, Holopainen JK, Holopainen T. Effects of elevated ozone and warming on terpenoid emissions and concentrations of Norway spruce depend on needle phenology and age. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1570-1586. [PMID: 35183060 PMCID: PMC9366870 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) trees are affected by ongoing climate change, including warming and exposure to phytotoxic levels of ozone. Non-volatile terpenoids and volatile terpenoids (biogenic organic volatile compounds, BVOCs) protect spruce against biotic and abiotic stresses. BVOCs also affect the atmosphere's oxidative capacity. Four-year-old Norway spruce were exposed to elevated ozone (EO) (1.4 × ambient) and warming (1.1 °C + ambient air) alone and in combination on an open-field exposure site in Central Finland. Net photosynthesis, needle terpenoid concentrations and BVOC emissions were measured four times during the experiment's second growing season: after bud opening in May, during the mid-growing season in June, and after needle maturation in August and September. Warming increased terpene concentrations in May due to advanced phenology and decreased them at the end of the growing season in matured current-year needles. Ozone enhanced these effects of warming on several compounds. Warming decreased concentrations of oxygenated sesquiterpenes in previous-year needles. Decreased emissions of oxygenated monoterpenes by warming and ozone alone in May were less prominent when ozone and warming were combined. A similar interactive treatment response in isoprene, camphene, tricyclene and α-pinene was observed in August when the temperature and ozone concentration was high. The results suggest long-term warming may reduce the terpenoid-based defence capacity of young spruce, but the defence capacity can be increased during the most sensitive growth phase (after bud break), and when high temperatures or ozone concentrations co-occur. Reduced BVOC emissions from young spruce may decrease the atmosphere's oxidative capacity in the warmer future, but the effect of EO may be marginal because less reactive minor compounds are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Valolahti
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- Ramboll, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti 15140, Finland
| | - Häikiö Elina
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- South Savo Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, PO Box 164, Mikkeli 50101, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Toini Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
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Ndah F, Valolahti H, Schollert M, Michelsen A, Rinnan R, Kivimäenpää M. Influence of increased nutrient availability on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and leaf anatomy of subarctic dwarf shrubs under climate warming and increased cloudiness. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:443-455. [PMID: 35029638 PMCID: PMC8944702 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Climate change is subjecting subarctic ecosystems to elevated temperature, increased nutrient availability and reduced light availability (due to increasing cloud cover). This may affect subarctic vegetation by altering the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and leaf anatomy. We investigated the effects of increased nutrient availability on BVOC emissions and leaf anatomy of three subarctic dwarf shrub species, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Cassiope tetragona and Betula nana, and if increased nutrient availability modifies the responses to warming and shading. METHODS Measurements of BVOCs were performed in situ in long-term field experiments in the Subarctic using a dynamic enclosure system and collection of BVOCs into adsorbent cartridges analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Leaf anatomy was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS Increased nutrient availability increased monoterpene emission rates and altered the emission profile of B. nana, and increased sesquiterpene and oxygenated monoterpene emissions of C. tetragona. Increased nutrient availability increased leaf tissue thicknesses of B. nana and C. tetragona, while it caused thinner epidermis and the highest fraction of functional (intact) glandular trichomes for E. hermaphroditum. Increased nutrient availability and warming synergistically increased mesophyll intercellular space of B. nana and glandular trichome density of C. tetragona, while treatments combining increased nutrient availability and shading had an opposite effect in C. tetragona. CONCLUSIONS Increased nutrient availability may enhance the protection capacity against biotic and abiotic stresses (especially heat and drought) in subarctic shrubs under future warming conditions as opposed to increased cloudiness, which could lead to decreased resistance. The study emphasizes the importance of changes in nutrient availability in the Subarctic, which can interact with climate warming and increased cloudiness effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Valolahti
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
- Ramboll, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Michelle Schollert
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
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Rieksta J, Li T, Michelsen A, Rinnan R. Synergistic effects of insect herbivory and changing climate on plant volatile emissions in the subarctic tundra. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5030-5042. [PMID: 34185349 PMCID: PMC8518364 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increases the insect abundance, especially in Arctic ecosystems. Insect herbivory also significantly increases plant emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are highly reactive in the atmosphere and play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry and physics. However, it is unclear how the effects of insect herbivory on VOC emissions interact with climatic changes, such as warming and increased cloudiness. We assessed how experimental manipulations of temperature and light availability in subarctic tundra, that had been maintained for 30 years at the time of the measurements, affect the VOC emissions from a widespread dwarf birch (Betula nana) when subjected to herbivory by local geometrid moth larvae, the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) and the winter moth (Operophtera brumata). Warming and insect herbivory on B. nana stimulated VOC emission rates and altered the VOC blend. The herbivory-induced increase in sesquiterpene and homoterpene emissions were climate-treatment-dependent. Many herbivory-associated VOCs were more strongly induced in the shading treatment than in other treatments. We showed generally enhanced tundra VOC emissions upon insect herbivory and synergistic effects on the emissions of some VOC groups in a changing climate, which can have positive feedbacks on cloud formation. Furthermore, the acclimation of plants to long-term climate treatments affects VOC emissions and strongly interacts with plant responses to herbivory. Such acclimation complicates predictions of how climate change, together with interacting biotic stresses, affects VOC emissions in the high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Rieksta
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
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Simin T, Tang J, Holst T, Rinnan R. Volatile organic compound emission in tundra shrubs - Dependence on species characteristics and the near-surface environment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 184:104387. [PMID: 33814646 PMCID: PMC7896103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the key abiotic factors during the life of plants, especially in the Arctic region which is currently experiencing rapid climate change. We evaluated plant traits and environmental variables determining leaf temperature in tundra shrubs and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions with field measurements on deciduous tundra shrubs, Salix myrsinites and Betula nana, and evergreen Cassiope tetragona and Rhododendron lapponicum. Higher leaf-to-air temperature difference was observed in evergreen, compared to deciduous shrubs. Evergreen shrubs also showed continuously increasing photosynthesis with increasing temperature, suggesting high thermal tolerance. For the deciduous species, the optimum temperature for net photosynthesis was between our measurement temperatures of 24 °C and 38 °C. Air temperature and vapor pressure deficit were the most important variables influencing leaf temperature and VOC emissions in all the studied plants, along with stomatal density and specific leaf area in the deciduous shrubs. Using climate data and emission factors from our measurements, we modelled total seasonal tundra shrub VOC emissions of 0.3-2.3 g m-2 over the main growing season. Our results showed higher-than-expected temperature optima for photosynthesis and VOC emission and demonstrated the relative importance of plant traits and local environments in determining leaf temperature and VOC emissions in a subarctic tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Simin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Jing Tang
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Holst
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Terry MI, Ruiz-Hernández V, Águila DJ, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. The Effect of Post-harvest Conditions in Narcissus sp. Cut Flowers Scent Profile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:540821. [PMID: 33488635 PMCID: PMC7817618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.540821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus flowers are used as cut flowers and to obtain high quality essential oils for the perfume industry. As a winter crop in the Mediterranean area, it flowers at temperatures ranging between 10 and 15°C during the day and 3-10°C during the night. Here we tested the impact of different light and temperature conditions on scent quality during post-harvest. These two types of thermoperiod and photoperiod. We also used constant darkness and constant temperatures. We found that under conditions of 12:12 Light Dark and 15-5°C, Narcissus emitted monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Increasing the temperature to 20°-10°C in a 12:12 LD cycle caused the loss of cinnamyl acetate and emission of indole. Under constant dark, there was a loss of scent complexity. Constant temperatures of 20°C caused a decrease of scent complexity that was more dramatic at 5°C, when the total number of compounds emitted decreased from thirteen to six. Distance analysis confirmed that 20°C constant temperature causes the most divergent scent profile. We found a set of four volatiles, benzyl acetate, eucalyptol, linalool, and ocimene that display a robust production under differing environmental conditions, while others were consistently dependent on light or thermoperiod. Scent emission changed significantly during the day and between different light and temperature treatments. Under a light:dark cycle and 15-5°C the maximum was detected during the light phase but this peak shifted toward night under 20-10°C. Moreover, under constant darkness the peak occurred at midnight and under constant temperature, at the end of night. Using Machine Learning we found that indole was the volatile with a highest ranking of discrimination followed by D-limonene. Our results indicate that light and temperature regimes play a critical role in scent quality. The richest scent profile is obtained by keeping flowers at 15°-5°C thermoperiod and a 12:12 Light Dark photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I. Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Diego J. Águila
- Las Cabezuelas Sociedad Cooperativa, Alhama de Murcia, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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10
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Li T, Tiiva P, Rinnan Å, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Michelsen A, Rinnan R. Long-term effects of elevated CO2, nighttime warming and drought on plant secondary metabolites in a temperate heath ecosystem. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:1065-1075. [PMID: 32157285 PMCID: PMC7262464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant secondary metabolites play critical roles in plant stress tolerance and adaptation, and are known to be influenced by the environment and climate changes, yet the impacts and interactions of multiple climate change components are poorly understood, particularly under natural conditions. METHODS Accumulation of phenolics and emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were assessed on heather, Calluna vulgaris, an abundant evergreen dwarf shrub in European heathlands, after 6 years of exposure to elevated CO2, summer drought and nighttime warming. KEY RESULTS Drought alone had the strongest effects on phenolic concentrations and compositions, with moderate effects of elevated CO2 and temperature. Elevated CO2 exerted the greatest impact on VOC emissions, mainly by increasing monoterpene emissions. The response magnitudes varied among plant tissue types and chemical constituents, and across time. With respect to interactive effects of the studied climate change components, the interaction between drought and elevated CO2 was most apparent. Drought mainly reduced phenolic accumulation and VOC emissions, while elevated CO2 mitigated such effects. CONCLUSIONS In natural ecosystems, co-occurring climate factors can exert complex impacts on plant secondary metabolite profiles, which may in turn alter ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Päivi Tiiva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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11
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Hartikainen K, Kivimäenpää M, Nerg AM, Mäenpää M, Oksanen E, Rousi M, Holopainen T. Elevated temperature and ozone modify structural characteristics of silver birch (Betula pendula) leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:467-483. [PMID: 31860708 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of slightly elevated temperature and ozone (O3) on leaf structural characteristics of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), saplings of four clonal genotypes of this species were exposed to elevated temperature (ambient air temperature +0.8-1.0 °C) and elevated O3 (1.3-1.4× ambient O3), alone and in combination, in an open-air exposure field over two growing seasons (2007 and 2008). So far, the impacts of moderate elevation of temperature or the combination of elevated temperature and O3 on leaf structure of silver birch have not been intensively studied, thus showing the urgent need for this type of studies. Elevated temperature significantly increased leaf size, reduced non-glandular trichome density, decreased epidermis thickness and increased plastoglobuli size in birch leaves during one or both growing seasons. During the second growing season, O3 elevation reduced leaf size, increased palisade layer thickness and decreased the number of plastoglobuli in spongy cells. Certain leaf structural changes observed under a single treatment of elevated temperature or O3, such as increase in the amount of chloroplasts or vacuole, were no longer detected at the combined treatment. Leaf structural responses to O3 and rising temperature may also depend on timing of the exposure during the plant and leaf development as indicated by the distinct changes in leaf structure along the experiment. Genotype-dependent cellular responses to the treatments were detected particularly in the palisade cells. Overall, this study showed that even a slight but realistic elevation in ambient temperature can notably modify leaf structure of silver birch saplings. Leaf structure, in turn, influences leaf function, thus potentially affecting acclimation capacity under changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Anne-Marja Nerg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Maarit Mäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Yliopistokatu 2, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Yliopistokatu 2, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 2, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Toini Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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12
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Angot H, McErlean K, Hu L, Millet DB, Hueber J, Cui K, Moss J, Wielgasz C, Milligan T, Ketcherside D, Bret-Harte MS, Helmig D. Biogenic volatile organic compound ambient mixing ratios and emission rates in the Alaskan Arctic tundra. BIOGEOSCIENCES (ONLINE) 2020; 17:6219-6236. [PMID: 35222652 PMCID: PMC8872036 DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-6219-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid Arctic warming, a lengthening growing season, and the increasing abundance of biogenic volatile-organic-compound-emitting shrubs are all anticipated to increase atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the Arctic atmosphere, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks. Quantifying these changes requires an accurate understanding of the underlying processes driving BVOC emissions in the Arctic. While boreal ecosystems have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to Arctic tundra environments. Here, we report terpenoid (isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) ambient mixing ratios and emission rates from key dominant vegetation species at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W) in northern Alaska during two back-to-back field campaigns (summers of 2018 and 2019) covering the entire growing season. Isoprene ambient mixing ratios observed at TFS fell within the range of values reported in the Eurasian taiga (0-500 parts per trillion by volume - pptv), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene ambient mixing ratios were respectively close to and below the instrumental quantification limit (~ 2 pptv). Isoprene surface emission rates ranged from 0.2 to 2250 μgC m-2 h-1 (mean of 85 μgC m-2 h-1) and monoterpene emission rates remained, on average, below 1 μgC m-2 h-1 over the course of the study. We further quantified the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions from local vegetation, including Salix spp. (a known isoprene emitter), and compared the results to predictions from the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1). Our observations suggest a 180 %-215 % emission increase in response to a 3-4°C warming, and the MEGAN2.1 temperature algorithm exhibits a close fit with observations for enclosure temperatures in the 0-30°C range. The data presented here provide a baseline for investigating future changes in the BVOC emission potential of the under-studied Arctic tundra environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Angot
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Katelyn McErlean
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jacques Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kaixin Cui
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jacob Moss
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Catherine Wielgasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Tyler Milligan
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Damien Ketcherside
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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13
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Zhou Y, Deng J, Tai Z, Jiang L, Han J, Meng G, Li MH. Leaf Anatomy, Morphology and Photosynthesis of Three Tundra Shrubs after 7-Year Experimental Warming on Changbai Mountain. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080271. [PMID: 31394735 PMCID: PMC6724111 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tundra is one of the most sensitive biomes to climate warming. Understanding plant eco-physiological responses to warming is critical because these traits can give feedback on the effects of climate-warming on tundra ecosystem. We used open-top chambers following the criteria of the International Tundra Experiment to passively warm air and soil temperatures year round in alpine tundra. Leaf size, photosynthesis and anatomy of three dominant species were investigated during the growing seasons after 7 years of continuous warming. Warming increased the maximal light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax) by 43.6% for Dryas. octopetala var. asiatica and by 26.7% for Rhododendron confertissimum across the whole growing season, while warming did not significantly affect the Pmax of V. uliginosum. The leaf size of Dr. octopetala var. asiatica and Rh. confertissimum was increased by warming. No marked effects of warming on anatomical traits of Dr. octopetala var. asiatica were observed. Warming decreased the leaf thickness of Rh. confertissimum and Vaccinium uliginosum. This study highlights the species-specific responses to climate warming. Our results imply that Dr. octopetala var. asiatica could be more dominant because it, mainly in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity and size, seems to have advantages over the other two species in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhou
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jifeng Deng
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zhijuan Tai
- Department of Tourism Economy, Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Baihe 133633, China
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jianqiu Han
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Gelei Meng
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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14
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Schollert M, Kivimäenpää M, Michelsen A, Blok D, Rinnan R. Leaf anatomy, BVOC emission and CO2 exchange of arctic plants following snow addition and summer warming. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:433-445. [PMID: 28064192 PMCID: PMC5314650 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Climate change in the Arctic is projected to increase temperature, precipitation and snowfall. This may alter leaf anatomy and gas exchange either directly or indirectly. Our aim was to assess whether increased snow depth and warming modify leaf anatomy and affect biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and CO2 exchange of the widespread arctic shrubs Betula nana and Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum METHODS: Measurements were conducted in a full-factorial field experiment in Central West Greenland, with passive summer warming by open-top chambers and snow addition using snow fences. Leaf anatomy was assessed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. BVOC emissions were measured using a dynamic enclosure system and collection of BVOCs into adsorbent cartridges analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carbon dioxide exchange was measured using an infrared gas analyser. KEY RESULTS Despite a later snowmelt and reduced photosynthesis for B. nana especially, no apparent delays in the BVOC emissions were observed in response to snow addition. Only a few effects of the treatments were seen for the BVOC emissions, with sesquiterpenes being the most responsive compound group. Snow addition affected leaf anatomy by increasing the glandular trichome density in B. nana and modifying the mesophyll of E. hermaphroditum The open-top chambers thickened the epidermis of B. nana, while increasing the glandular trichome density and reducing the palisade:spongy mesophyll ratio in E. hermaphroditum CONCLUSIONS: Leaf anatomy was modified by both treatments already after the first winter and we suggest links between leaf anatomy, CO2 exchange and BVOC emissions. While warming is likely to reduce soil moisture, melt water from a deeper snow pack alleviates water stress in the early growing season. The study emphasizes the ecological importance of changes in winter precipitation in the Arctic, which can interact with climate-warming effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schollert
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Daan Blok
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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