1
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Piña I, Garrido-Salinas M, Seguel O, Opazo I, Faúndez-Urbina C, Verdugo-Vásquez N, Villalobos-Soublett E. Coordination between water relations strategy and carbon investment in leaf and stem in six fruit tree species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24008. [PMID: 39222466 DOI: 10.1071/fp24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The water relation strategy is a key issue in climate change. Given the difficulty of determining water relations strategy, there is a need for simple traits with a solid theoretical basis to estimate it. Traits associated with resource allocation patterns along a 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum are particularly compelling, reflecting trade-offs between growth rate and carbon allocation. Avocado (Persea americana ), fig tree (Ficus carica ), mandarin (Citrus reticulata ), olive (Olea europaea ), pomegranate (Punica granatum ), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera ) were characterised in terms of iso-anisohydric strategy through stomatal behaviour, water potential at the turgor loss point (TLP), and hydroscape area. Additionally, the association of these metrics with leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WDen) was explored. We observed high coordination between LMA and WDen, and both traits were related to metrics of water relation strategy. More anisohydric species tended to invest more carbon per unit leaf area or unit stem volume, which has implications for hydraulic efficiency and water stress tolerance. WDen and TLP were the most powerful traits in estimating the water relation strategy for six fruit species. These traits are easy to measure, time-cost efficient, and appear central to coordinating multiple traits and behaviours along the water relations strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Piña
- Programa de Magister en Manejo de Suelo y Aguas, Escuela de Postgrado Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Garrido-Salinas
- Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Serena, Avenida La Paz 1108, Ovalle 1842646, Chile
| | - Oscar Seguel
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Ismael Opazo
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Carlos Faúndez-Urbina
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco S/N, Quillota 2260000, Chile
| | - Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Intihuasi, Colina San Joaquín s/n, La Serena, Chile
| | - Emilio Villalobos-Soublett
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Delzon S, Boivin T, Burlett R, Cailleret M, Corso D, Delmas CEL, De Caceres M, Diaz-Espejo A, Fernández-Conradi P, Guillemot J, Lamarque LJ, Limousin JM, Mantova M, Mencuccini M, Morin X, Pimont F, De Dios VR, Ruffault J, Trueba S, Martin-StPaul NK. Plant hydraulics at the heart of plant, crops and ecosystem functions in the face of climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:984-999. [PMID: 38098153 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant hydraulics is crucial for assessing the plants' capacity to extract and transport water from the soil up to their aerial organs. Along with their capacity to exchange water between plant compartments and regulate evaporation, hydraulic properties determine plant water relations, water status and susceptibility to pathogen attacks. Consequently, any variation in the hydraulic characteristics of plants is likely to significantly impact various mechanisms and processes related to plant growth, survival and production, as well as the risk of biotic attacks and forest fire behaviour. However, the integration of hydraulic traits into disciplines such as plant pathology, entomology, fire ecology or agriculture can be significantly improved. This review examines how plant hydraulics can provide new insights into our understanding of these processes, including modelling processes of vegetation dynamics, illuminating numerous perspectives for assessing the consequences of climate change on forest and agronomic systems, and addressing unanswered questions across multiple areas of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BIOGECO, Pessac, 33615, France
| | | | - Regis Burlett
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BIOGECO, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
| | - Déborah Corso
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BIOGECO, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Chloé E L Delmas
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, SAVE, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, 41012, Spain
| | | | - Joannes Guillemot
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, 34394, France
- Eco&Sols, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, 34394, France
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 05508-060, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, G9A 5H7, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marylou Mantova
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, 34394, France
| | | | - Victor Resco De Dios
- Department of Forest and Agricultural Science and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- JRU CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Trueba
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BIOGECO, Pessac, 33615, France
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3
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Blackman CJ, Billon LM, Cartailler J, Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H. Key hydraulic traits control the dynamics of plant dehydration in four contrasting tree species during drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1772-1783. [PMID: 37318310 PMCID: PMC10652334 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trees are at risk of mortality during extreme drought, yet our understanding of the traits that govern the timing of drought-induced hydraulic failure remains limited. To address this, we tested SurEau, a trait-based soil-plant-atmosphere model designed to predict the dynamics of plant dehydration as represented by the changes in water potential against those observed in potted trees of four contrasting species (Pinus halepensis Mill., Populus nigra L., Quercus ilex L. and Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carriére) exposed to drought. SurEau was parameterized with a range of plant hydraulic and allometric traits, soil and climatic variables. We found a close correspondence between the predicted and observed plant water potential (in MPa) dynamics during the early phase drought, leading to stomatal closure, as well as during the latter phase of drought, leading to hydraulic failure in all four species. A global model's sensitivity analysis revealed that, for a common plant size (leaf area) and soil volume, dehydration time from full hydration to stomatal closure (Tclose) was most strongly controlled by the leaf osmotic potential (Pi0) and its influence on stomatal closure, in all four species, while the maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax) also contributed to Tclose in Q. ilex and C. atlantica. Dehydration times from stomatal closure to hydraulic failure (Tcav) was most strongly controlled by Pi0, the branch residual conductance (gres) and Q10a sensitivity of gres in the three evergreen species, while xylem embolism resistance (P50) was most influential in the deciduous species P. nigra. Our findings point to SurEau as a highly useful model for predicting changes in plant water status during drought and suggest that adjustments made in key hydraulic traits are potentially beneficial to delaying the onset of drought-induced hydraulic failure in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France
| | - Lise-Marie Billon
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France
| | - Julien Cartailler
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France
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4
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Potkay A, Feng X. Do stomata optimize turgor-driven growth? A new framework for integrating stomata response with whole-plant hydraulics and carbon balance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:506-528. [PMID: 36377138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Every existing optimal stomatal model uses photosynthetic carbon assimilation as a proxy for plant evolutionary fitness. However, assimilation and growth are often decoupled, making assimilation less ideal for representing fitness when optimizing stomatal conductance to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Instead, growth should be considered a closer proxy for fitness. We hypothesize stomata have evolved to maximize turgor-driven growth, instead of assimilation, over entire plants' lifetimes, improving their abilities to compete and reproduce. We develop a stomata model that dynamically maximizes whole-stem growth following principles from turgor-driven growth models. Stomata open to assimilate carbohydrates that supply growth and osmotically generate turgor, while stomata close to prevent losses of turgor and growth due to negative water potentials. In steady state, the growth optimization model captures realistic stomatal, growth, and carbohydrate responses to environmental cues, reconciles conflicting interpretations within existing stomatal optimization theories, and explains patterns of carbohydrate storage and xylem conductance observed during and after drought. Our growth optimization hypothesis introduces a new paradigm for stomatal optimization models, elevates the role of whole-plant carbon use and carbon storage in stomatal functioning, and has the potential to simultaneously predict gross productivity, net productivity, and plant mortality through a single, consistent modeling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Potkay
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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5
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Cardoso AA, Kane CN, Rimer IM, McAdam SAM. Seeing is believing: what visualising bubbles in the xylem has revealed about plant hydraulic function. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:759-772. [PMID: 35718950 DOI: 10.1071/fp21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining water transport in the xylem is critical for vascular plants to grow and survive. The drought-induced accumulation of embolism, when gas enters xylem conduits, causes declines in hydraulic conductance (K ) and is ultimately lethal. Several methods can be used to estimate the degree of embolism in xylem, from measuring K in tissues to directly visualising embolism in conduits. One method allowing a direct quantification of embolised xylem area is the optical vulnerability (OV) technique. This method has been used across different organs and has a high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we review studies using the OV technique, discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of this method, and summarise key advances arising from its use. Vulnerability curves generated by the OV method are regularly comparable to other methods, including the centrifuge and X-ray microtomography. A major advantage of the OV technique over other methods is that it can be simultaneously used to determine in situ embolism formation in leaves, stems and roots, in species spanning the phylogeny of land plants. The OV method has been used to experimentally investigate the spreading of embolism through xylem networks, associate embolism with downstream tissue death, and observe embolism formation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ian M Rimer
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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6
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Klein T, Torres-Ruiz JM, Albers JJ. Conifer desiccation in the 2021 NW heatwave confirms the role of hydraulic damage. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:722-726. [PMID: 35084498 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented heatwave which hit the Pacific northwest of North America in late June-early July 2021 impacted ecosystems and communities, yet evidence for and analysis of this impact are still missing. Here we bring a unique dataset quantifying the impact on conifer trees, which are keystone species of many northwest ecosystems. Moreover, we take advantage of this exceptional event as a broad, extreme, 'field experiment' to test a fundamental theory in plant physiology and prepare our forests for a harsher future. Overall, the data collected confirm the role of hydraulic vulnerability in drought-induced injury to trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jose M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - John J Albers
- Albers Marcovina Vista Gardens, Bremerton, WA 98310-2150, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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7
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Avila RT, Guan X, Kane CN, Cardoso AA, Batz TA, DaMatta FM, Jansen S, McAdam SAM. Xylem embolism spread is largely prevented by interconduit pit membranes until the majority of conduits are gas-filled. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1204-1215. [PMID: 34984700 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylem embolism resistance varies across species influencing drought tolerance, yet little is known about the determinants of the embolism resistance of an individual conduit. Here we conducted an experiment using the optical vulnerability method to test whether individual conduits have a specific water potential threshold for embolism formation and whether pre-existing embolism in neighbouring conduits alters this threshold. Observations were made on a diverse sample of angiosperm and conifer species through a cycle of dehydration, rehydration and subsequent dehydration to death. Upon rehydration after the formation of embolism, no refilling was observed. When little pre-existing embolism was present, xylem conduits had a conserved, individual embolism-resistance threshold that varied across the population of conduits. The consequence of a variable conduit-specific embolism threshold is that a small degree of pre-existing embolism in the xylem results in apparently more resistant xylem in subsequent dehydrations, particularly in angiosperms with vessels. While our results suggest that pit membranes separating xylem conduits are critical for maintaining a conserved individual conduit threshold for embolism when little pre-existing embolism is present, as the percentage of embolized conduits increases, gas movement, local pressure differences and connectivity between conduits increasingly contribute to embolism spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Avila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Cade N Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Timothy A Batz
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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8
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Wang Z, Ding X, Li Y, Xie J. The compensation effect between safety and efficiency in xylem and role in photosynthesis of gymnosperms. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13617. [PMID: 35199364 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The classical theory of safety-efficiency trade-off is a common theme in plant sciences. Despite safety and efficiency partly compensating for each other physiologically (namely, there is a compensation effect, CE, among traits from the "whole" organism perspective), they are always mathematically described as a trade-off against one another. However, the compensation effect has never been defined and quantified, let alone its role in the xylem water transport and subsequently photosynthesis. Here, we developed an alternative theory to define the CE as a positive relationship between safety and efficiency, and further define a new trade-off index, SETO, that is expressed as CE multiplied by a trade-off factor (differing from the classical average trade-off value). Then, we tested SETO- and CE-photosynthetic rate relationships across different levels based on a common garden experiment using nine conifers and published data for gymnosperms. The results demonstrated that the compensation effect in xylem functions was the dominant force in facilitating photosynthetic rates from species- to phylum-scale. By integrating the compensation effect into the xylem hydraulic functional strategy, our study clearly indicated that the compensation effect is the evolutionary basis for the coordination of xylem hydraulic and photosynthesis physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang, China
| | - Jiangbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Lemaire C, Quilichini Y, Brunel-Michac N, Santini J, Berti L, Cartailler J, Conchon P, Badel É, Herbette S. Plasticity of the xylem vulnerability to embolism in Populus tremula x alba relies on pit quantity properties rather than on pit structure. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1384-1399. [PMID: 33554260 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on variations of drought resistance traits are needed to predict the potential of trees to acclimate to coming severe drought events. Xylem vulnerability to embolism is a key parameter related to such droughts, and its phenotypic variability relies mainly on environmental plasticity. We investigated the structural determinants controlling the plasticity of vulnerability to embolism, focusing on the key elements involved in the air bubble entry in vessels, especially the intervessel pits. Poplar saplings (Populus tremula x alba (Aiton) Sm., 1804) grown in contrasted water availability or light exposure exhibited differences in the vulnerability to embolism (P50) in a range of 0.76 MPa. We then characterized the structural changes in features related to pit quantity and pit structure, from the pit ultrastructure to the organization of xylem vessels, using different microscopy techniques (transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy). A multispectral combination of X-ray microtomography and light microscopy analysis allowed measuring the vulnerability of each single vessel and testing some of the relationships between structural traits and vulnerability to embolism inside the xylem. The pit ultrastructure did not change, whereas the vessel dimensions increased with the vulnerability to embolism and the grouping index and fraction of intervessel cell wall both decreased with the vulnerability to embolism. These findings hold when comparing between trees or between the vessels inside the xylem of an individual tree. These results evidenced that plasticity of vulnerability to embolism in hybrid poplar occurs through changes in the pit quantity properties such as pit area and vessel grouping rather than changes on the pit structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lemaire
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yann Quilichini
- CNRS-Università di Corsica, UMR 6134 SPE, 20250 Corti, France
| | | | - Jérémie Santini
- CNRS-Università di Corsica, UMR 6134 SPE, 20250 Corti, France
| | - Liliane Berti
- CNRS-Università di Corsica, UMR 6134 SPE, 20250 Corti, France
| | - Julien Cartailler
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Conchon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Éric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Herbette
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Feng F, Losso A, Tyree M, Zhang S, Mayr S. Cavitation fatigue in conifers: a study on eight European species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1580-1590. [PMID: 33905499 PMCID: PMC8260135 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
After drought-induced embolism and repair, tree xylem may be weakened against future drought events (cavitation fatigue). As there are few data on cavitation fatigue in conifers available, we quantified vulnerability curves (VCs) after embolism/repair cycles on eight European conifer species. We induced 50% and 100% loss of conductivity (LC) with a cavitron, and analyzed VCs. Embolism repair was obtained by vacuum infiltration. All species demonstrated complete embolism repair and a lack of any cavitation fatigue after 50% LC . After 100% LC, European larch (Larix decidua), stone pine (Pinus cembra), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and silver fir (Abies alba) remained unaffected, while mountain pine (Pinus mugo), yew (Taxus baccata), and common juniper (Juniperus communis) exhibited 0.4-0.9 MPa higher vulnerability to embolism. A small cavitation fatigue observed in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was probably biased by incomplete embolism repair, as indicated by a correlation of vulnerability shifts and conductivity restoration. Our data demonstrate that cavitation fatigue in conifers is species-specific and depends on the intensity of preceding LC. The lack of fatigue effects after moderate LC, and relevant effects in only three species after high LC, indicate that conifers are relatively resistant against cavitation fatigue. This is remarkable considering the complex and delicate conifer pit architecture and may be important considering climate change projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Huoditang, Ningshan, Shaanxi 711600, China
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Melvin Tyree
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Shuoxin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Huoditang, Ningshan, Shaanxi 711600, China
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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11
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Potkay A, Trugman AT, Wang Y, Venturas MD, Anderegg WRL, Mattos CRC, Fan Y. Coupled whole-tree optimality and xylem hydraulics explain dynamic biomass partitioning. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2226-2245. [PMID: 33521942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees partition biomass in response to resource limitation and physiological activity. It is presumed that these strategies evolved to optimize some measure of fitness. If the optimization criterion can be specified, then allometry can be modeled from first principles without prescribed parameterization. We present the Tree Hydraulics and Optimal Resource Partitioning (THORP) model, which optimizes allometry by estimating allocation fractions to organs as proportional to their ratio of marginal gain to marginal cost, where gain is net canopy photosynthesis rate, and costs are senescence rates. Root total biomass and profile shape are predicted simultaneously by a unified optimization. Optimal partitioning is solved by a numerically efficient analytical solution. THORP's predictions agree with reported tree biomass partitioning in response to size, water limitations, elevated CO2 and pruning. Roots were sensitive to soil moisture profiles and grew down to the groundwater table when present. Groundwater buffered against water stress regardless of meteorology, stabilizing allometry and root profiles as deep as c. 30 m. Much of plant allometry can be explained by hydraulic considerations. However, nutrient limitations cannot be fully ignored. Rooting mass and profiles were synchronized with hydrological conditions and groundwater even at considerable depths, illustrating that the below ground shapes whole-tree allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Potkay
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Martin D Venturas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Caio R C Mattos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
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12
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Billon LM, Blackman CJ, Cochard H, Badel E, Hitmi A, Cartailler J, Souchal R, Torres-Ruiz JM. The DroughtBox: A new tool for phenotyping residual branch conductance and its temperature dependence during drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1584-1594. [PMID: 32187686 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylem hydraulic failure is a major driver of tree death during drought. However, to better understand mortality risk in trees, especially during hot-drought events, more information is required on both rates of residual water-loss from small branches (gres ) after stomatal closure, as well as the phase transition temperature (Tp ), beyond which gres significantly increases. Here, we describe and test a novel low-cost tool, the DroughtBox, for phenotyping gres and Tp across species. The system consists of a programmable climatically controlled chamber in which branches dehydrate and changes in the mass recorded. Test measurements show that the DroughtBox maintains stable temperature and relative humidity across a range of set points, a prerequisite for getting accurate gres and Tp values. Among a study group of four conifer and one angiosperm species, we observed a range of gres (0.44-1.64 mmol H2 O m-2 s-1 ) and Tp (39.4-43.8°C) values. Furthermore, the measured time to hydraulic failure varied between two conifers species and was shortened in both species following a heatwave event. The DroughtBox is a reliable and customizable tool for phenotyping gres and Tp , as well as for testing models of time to hydraulic failure that will improve our ability to assess climate change impacts on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adnane Hitmi
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Romain Souchal
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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13
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Mayr S, Schmid P, Beikircher B, Feng F, Badel E. Die hard: timberline conifers survive annual winter embolism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:13-20. [PMID: 31677276 PMCID: PMC7065000 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During winter, timberline trees are exposed to drought and frost, factors known to induce embolism. Studies indicated that conifers cope with winter embolism by xylem refilling. We analysed the loss of hydraulic conductivity (LC) in Picea abies branch xylem over 10 years, and correlated winter embolism to climate parameters. LC was investigated by direct X-ray micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) observations and potential cavitation fatigue by Cavitron measurements. Trees showed up to 100% winter embolism, whereby LC was highest, when climate variables indicated frost drought and likely freeze-thaw stress further increased LC. During summer, LC never exceeded 16%, due to hydraulic recovery. Micro-CT revealed homogenous embolism during winter and that recovery was based on xylem refilling. Summer samples exhibited lower LC in outermost compared to older tree rings, although no cavitation fatigue was detected. Long-term data and micro-CT observations demonstrate that timberline trees can survive annual cycles of pronounced winter-embolism followed by xylem refilling. Only a small portion of the xylem conductivity cannot be restored during the first year, while remaining conduits are refilled without fatigue during consecutive years. We identify important research topics to better understand the complex induction and repair of embolism at the timberline and its relevance to general plant hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mayr
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestr. 156020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Peter Schmid
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestr. 156020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestr. 156020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Feng Feng
- College of ForestryNorthwest A&F University3 Taicheng RdYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, PIAFUniversité Clermont AuvergneF‐63000Clermont–FerrandFrance
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14
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López R, Nolf M, Duursma RA, Badel E, Flavel RJ, Cochard H, Choat B. Mitigating the open vessel artefact in centrifuge-based measurement of embolism resistance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:143-155. [PMID: 30085232 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Centrifuge-based techniques to assess xylem vulnerability to embolism are increasingly being used, although we are yet to reach a consensus on the nature and extent of artefactual embolism observed in some angiosperm species. In particular, there is disagreement over whether these artefacts influence both the spin (Cavitron) and static versions of the centrifuge technique equally. We tested two methods for inducing embolism: bench dehydration and centrifugation. We used three methods to measure the resulting loss of conductivity: gravimetric flow measured in bench-dehydrated and centrifuged samples (static centrifuge), in situ flow measured under tension during spinning in the centrifuge (Cavitron) and direct imaging using X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) observations in stems of two species of Hakea that differ in vessel length. Both centrifuge techniques were prone to artefactual embolism in samples with maximum vessel length longer than, or similar to, the centrifuge rotor diameter. Observations with microCT indicated that this artefactual embolism occurred in the outermost portions of samples. The artefact was largely eliminated if flow was measured in an excised central part of the segment in the static centrifuge or starting measurements with the Cavitron at pressures lower than the threshold of embolism formation in open vessels. The simulations of loss of conductivity in centrifuged samples with a new model, CAVITOPEN, confirmed that the impact of open vessels on the vulnerability to embolism curve was higher when vessels were long, samples short and when embolism is formed in open vessels at less negative pressures. This model also offers a robust and quantitative tool to test and correct for artefactual embolism at low xylem tensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana López
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 5, chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Nolf
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 5, chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard J Flavel
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Elm Avenue, 2351 Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 5, chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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15
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Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Carins Murphy MR, Lucani C, Brodribb TJ. Mapping xylem failure in disparate organs of whole plants reveals extreme resistance in olive roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1025-1035. [PMID: 29528498 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of plant species to resist xylem cavitation is an important determinant of resistance to drought, mortality thresholds, geographic distribution and productivity. Unravelling the role of xylem cavitation vulnerability in plant evolution and adaptation requires a clear understanding of how this key trait varies between the tissues of individuals and between individuals of species. Here, we examine questions of variation within individuals by measuring how cavitation moves between organs of individual plants. Using multiple cameras placed simultaneously on roots, stems and leaves, we were able to record systemic xylem cavitation during drying of individual olive plants. Unlike previous studies, we found a consistent pattern of root > stem > leaf in terms of xylem resistance to cavitation. The substantial variation in vulnerability to cavitation, evident among individuals, within individuals and within tissues of olive seedlings, was coordinated such that plants with more resistant roots also had more resistant leaves. Preservation of root integrity means that roots can continue to supply water for the regeneration of drought-damaged aerial tissues after post-drought rain. Furthermore, coordinated variation in vulnerability between leaf, stem and root in olive plants suggests a strong selective pressure to maintain a fixed order of cavitation during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeline R Carins Murphy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Christopher Lucani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
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16
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Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Choat B, Jansen S, López R, Tomášková I, Padilla-Díaz CM, Badel E, Burlett R, King A, Lenoir N, Martin-StPaul NK, Delzon S. Xylem resistance to embolism: presenting a simple diagnostic test for the open vessel artefact. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:489-499. [PMID: 28467616 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to embolism represents an essential trait for the evaluation of the impact of hydraulics in plant function and ecology. The standard centrifuge technique is widely used for the construction of vulnerability curves, although its accuracy when applied to species with long vessels remains under debate. We developed a simple diagnostic test to determine whether the open-vessel artefact influences centrifuge estimates of embolism resistance. Xylem samples from three species with differing vessel lengths were exposed to less negative xylem pressures via centrifugation than the minimum pressure the sample had previously experienced. Additional calibration was obtained from non-invasive measurement of embolism on intact olive plants by X-ray microtomography. Results showed artefactual decreases in hydraulic conductance (k) for samples with open vessels when exposed to a less negative xylem pressure than the minimum pressure they had previously experienced. X-Ray microtomography indicated that most of the embolism formation in olive occurs at xylem pressures below -4.0 MPa, reaching 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity at -5.3 MPa. The artefactual reductions in k induced by centrifugation underestimate embolism resistance data of species with long vessels. A simple test is suggested to avoid this open vessel artefact and to ensure the reliability of this technique in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, University of Clermont-Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brendan Choat
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rosana López
- PIAF, INRA, University of Clermont-Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ivana Tomášková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen M Padilla-Díaz
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eric Badel
- PIAF, INRA, University of Clermont-Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Regis Burlett
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, 91190 Saint-Aubin - BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Lenoir
- CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat, F-33608, Pessac, France
| | | | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France
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17
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Venturas MD, Sperry JS, Hacke UG. Plant xylem hydraulics: What we understand, current research, and future challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:356-389. [PMID: 28296168 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in the context of plant physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on current and future research opportunities. We explain the physics of water transport in plants and the limits of this transport system, highlighting the relationships between xylem structure and function. We describe the great variety of techniques existing for evaluating xylem resistance to cavitation. We address several methodological issues and their connection with current debates on conduit refilling and exponentially shaped vulnerability curves. We analyze the trade-offs existing between water transport safety and efficiency. We also stress how little information is available on molecular biology of cavitation and the potential role of aquaporins in conduit refilling. Finally, we draw attention to how plant hydraulic traits can be used for modeling stomatal responses to environmental variables and climate change, including drought mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Venturas
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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